A NEW 

MEDICAL DICTIONARY. 






INDEX OF TABLES. 

PAGE 

Abbreviations used in General Medicine, . vii 
Abbreviations used in Electro-therapeu- 
tics, ix 

Abbreviations used in Ophthalmology, . . ix 

Abbreviations, sundry, ix 

Prefixes and Suffixes used in Medical 

Terms, x 

Arteries, 53 

Bacilli, 65 

Ganglia, 169 

Leucomaines, 237 

Micrococci, 263 

Muscles, 280 

Nerves, 299 

Plexuses, 350 

Ptomaines, 367 

Spectacle-lenses, numbering of, 408 

Thermometers, comparison of, 437 

Tumors, 447 

Wave-lengths of Light, 464 

Weights and Measures, 465 

Weights and Measures — comparative 

scales 467 

Mineral Springs of the U. S., 473 

Vital Statistics, 506 






ANEW 



Medical Dictionary 



INCLUDING ALL THE WORDS AND PHRASES USED IN 
MEDICINE, WITH THEIR PROPER PRONUNCIA- 
TION AND DEFINITIONS. 



BASED ON RECENT MEDICAL LITERATURE. 



/ BY 

GEORGE M. GOULD, B.A., M.D, 

OPHTHALMIC SURGEON TO THE PHILADELPHIA HOSPITAL AND CLINICAL CHIEF 

OPHTHALMOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT, GERMAN HOSPITAL, 

PHILADELPHIA. 




WITH ELABORATE TABLES OF THE BACILLI, MICROCOCCI, LEUCOMAINES, PTOMAINES, 

ETC.; OF THE ARTERIES, GANGLIA, MUSCLES, NERVES AND PLEXUSES; OF 

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, THERMOMETERS, ETC.; AND APPENDICES 

CONTAINING CLASSIFIED TABLES WITH ANALYSES, OF THE 

WATERS OF THE MINERAL SPRINGS OF THE U. S., 

AND TABLES OF VITAL STATISTICS. 




PHILADELPHIA: 
P. BLAKISTON, SON & CO., 

1012 Walnut Street. 
1890. 










Copyrighted, 1890, by P. Blakiston, Son & Co. 



WM. F. FELL & CO., 

Electrotypers and Printers, 

1220-24 sansom street, philadelphia. 



PREFACE. 



Throughout the preparation of this Dictionary my work has been shaped 
to meet the following distinct purposes : — 

i. To include those New Words and Phrases created during the past 
ten years — a period rich in coinages — which appeared destined to continuous 
usage. There are certainly thousands of these ; and in their compilation I 
have especially endeavored to cover the latest results in the study of Bacteri- 
ology, Ptomaines and Leucomai'nes, Electro-therapeutics, Physiology, Path- 
ology, and in the various special branches of medicine, such as Ophthalmology, 
Otology, Laryngology, Gynaecology, Antiseptic Surgery, etc. 

2. To frame all Definitions by the direct aid of New, Standard and 
Authoritative Text-Books, instead of making a patchwork of mechanical 
copyings from older vocabularies. 

3. To omit Obsolete Words not pertinent to medicine, except in a remote 
or factitious sense, while neglecting nothing of positive value. 

4. To make a volume that will answer the needs of the medical student 
and busy practitioner by its compactness and logicalness of arrange- 
ment, its CONCISENESS OF DEFINITIONS, its ELIMINATION OF THE USELESS, and 

its convenience of size and price. It would not have been half the labor 
to make a volume double or treble the size of this one. 

I have to express my appreciation of the services rendered the work 
by Professor Jacques W. Redway, in the compilation of the departments of 
Chemistry, Materia Medica and Physical Science; by Professor A. P. Brubaker, 
with continuous advice and help ; by Dr. Judson Daland, in unreservedly giving 
the results of long study and labor concerning the mineral springs of the 
United States ; by Professor J. W. Holland, Dr. J. M. Keating, Professor Henry 
Leffmann and others. 



GEORGE M. GOULD. 



ng South Seventeenth St., Philadelphia. 
February, i8go. 



ABBREVIATIONS. 



I. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN GENERAL MEDICINE. 

aa ana Of each. 

Abdom Abdomen The belly. 

Abs. feb Absente febre When fever is absent. 

Abstr Abstractum Abstract. 

Ad Adde Add. 

Ad lib Ad libitum To the desired amount. 

Admov Admoveatur Let it be applied. 

Ad pond, om Ad pondus omnium To the weight of the whole. 

Alt. dieb Alterius diebus Every other day. 

Alt. hor Alterius horis Every other hour. 

Alv. adstrict Alvo adstricta The bowels being confined. 

Alv. deject Alvi dejectiones The evacuations. 

Aq Aqua Water. 

Aq. bull Aqua bulliens Boiling water. 

Aq. dest Aqua destillata . . Distilled water. 

Aq. ferv Aqua fervens Hot water. 

Aq. font Aqua fontis Spring water. 

Aq. mar Aqua marina Ocean water. 

B. A., or B. S Balneum arenae Sand bath. 

Bals Balsamum Balsam. 

Bib Bibe Drink. 

Bis ind Bis in dies Twice daily. 

Bol Bolus A large pill. 

Bull Bulliat Let it boil. 

B. v Balneum vaporis Vapor bath. 

C Congius, Centigrade A gallon ; centigrade. 

c.c Cubic centimeter. 

Cap Capiat Let him take. 

Cm Cras mane . To-morrow morning. 

cm Centimeter. 

C. m. s Cras mane sumendus To be taken to-morrow morning. 

C n Cras nocte To-morrow night. 

Cochl Cochleare Spoonful. 

Cochl. ampl " amplum A tablespoonful. 

" infant " infantis A teaspoonful. 

" mag " magnum A tablespoonful 

" med " medium A dessertspoonful. 

"■ parv " parvum A teaspoonful. 

Col Cola Strain. 

Colat Colatus Strained. 

Comp Compositus Compound. 

Cong. Congius A gallon. 

Contin Continuatur Let it be continued. 

Cont. rem Continuetur remedium . . . . Let the medicine be continued. 

Coq Coque Boil. 

Cort • . . Cortex Bark. 

Crast Crastinus For to-morrow. 

Cuj . . Cujus Of which. 

Cyath Cyathus A glassful. 

D Dosis A dose. 

Decub Decubitus Lying down. 

Ded.ind De die in diem From day to day. 

Destill Destilla Distill. 

Det Detur Let it be given. 

Dieb. alt . Diebus alterius On alternate days. 

" tert " tertius Every third day. 

Dil Dilue Let it be dissolved. 

Dilut Dilutus Dilute. 

Dim Dimidius One-half. 

Dist Distilla Distill. 

Div Divide Divide. 

D. in p. seq Divide in partes aequales . . . Divide into equal parts. 

Donee alv. sol. fuerit. . . Donee alvus soluta fuerit . . . Until the bowels be open. 
D. P Directione propria ..... . With a proper direction. 

vii 



viii ABBREVIATIONS. 

Ejusd Ejusdem Of the same. 

Enem Enema Enema. 

Ext Extractum ... Extract. 

Exhib Exhibeatur Let it be given. 

F Fahrenheit Fahrenheit. 

Feb. dur Febre durante The fever continuing. 

F. ; Ft Fac, Fiat Make. 

Filt Filtra Filter. 

Fid Fluidus Fluid. 

Flor Flores Flowers. 

F. m Fiat mistura Make a mixture. 

Fol Foliae Leaves. 

F. p Fiat potio Make a potion. 

F. pil Fiat pilulae Make pills. 

F. s. a Fiat secundum artem Prepare skillfully. 

Gr Granum Grain. 

Gtt Guttae Drops. 

Guttat Guttatim By drops. 

Hor. decub Hora decubitus At bed time 

H. s Hora somni At bed time. 

Inj Injectio An injection. 

Liq Liquor Liquor. 

M Misce Mix. 

Mac Macera Macerate. 

Mass. pil Massa pilularum Pill mass. 

Mod. prescript Modo praescripto In the manner directed. 

Mor. sol More solito In the usual way. 

Muc Mucilago Mucilage. 

No Numero Number. 

Noct Nocte By night. 

O „ . . . Octarius A pint. 

Ol Oleum Oil. 

Ol. res Oleoresina Oleoresin. 

Ol. oliv Oleum olivae Olive oil. 

O. m Omni mane Every morning. 

Omn. bih Omni bihora Every two hours. 

Omn. hor Omni hora Every hour. 

Omn. noct Omni nocte Every night. 

Oz Uncia Ounce. 

Part aeq Partes aequales Equal parts. 

P. B Pharmacopeia Britannica . . . British Pharmacopeia. 

P. G " Germanica . . German Pharmacopeia. 

Pil Pilula • . . Pill. 

Pond Pondere By weight. 

Pot Potassa Potassa. 

Ppt Preparata . Prepared. 

P. rat. aetat Pro rata aetatis In proportion to age. 

P. r. n Pro re nata When required. 

Pulv Pulvis . . Powder. 

Q. 1 Quantum libet According as required. 

Q. p " placeat At will. 

Q. s " sufficit A sufficient quantity. 

I* Recipe Take. 

Rad Radix Root. 

R Reaumur Reaumur. 

Rect Rectificatus Rectified. 

Rep Repetatur Let it be repeated. 

Sp. Gr Specific gravity. 

S Signa Label. 

Sig Signetur Let it be labeled. 

Sig. n. pr Signa nomine proprio .... Label with common name. 

Sing Singulorum Of each. 

Si non yal Si non valeat If it do not answer. 

Si op. sit Si opus sit If requisite. 

Solv Solve Dissolve. 

Sp., or Spir Spiritus . . Spirit. 

Ss Semi, semissis One-half. 

St Stet Let it stand. 

Sum Sumat Let him take. 

Syr Syrupus Syrup. 

T. d Ter in die Three times a day. 

Tr. Tinct Tinctura Tincture. 

Ung Unguentum Ointment. 

Vesic Vesicatorum A blister. 

TT1 Minimum Minim. 

5 Drachma Drachm. 

3 Scrupulum Scruple. 

5 Uncia Ounce. 



ABBREVIATIONS. 



IX 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN ELECTROTHERAPEUTICS. 



A., or An. Anode. 

A. C. C. . Anodal Closure Contraction. 

A. D. . . . Anodal Duration. 

A. O. . . . Anodal Opening. 

A. O. C. . Anodal Opening Contraction. 

C Cathode. 

C. C. . . Cathodal Closure. 
C. C. C. . Cathodal Closure Contraction. 
C. C C". . Various Degrees of Contraction. 
C. O. C. . Cathodal Opening Contraction. 
C. S. . . . Current Strength. 

D Duration. 

D Density. 

De. R. . . Reaction of Degeneration. 

E Electromotive Force. 

K Kathode. 



Kl._. . . . Klang (Sound). 

Kathodal Closing. 

Kathodal Closing Contraction. 

Kathodal Contraction, Tonic. 

Kathodal Duration (or Period of 
Closure of Circuit). 

Kathodal Duration Tetanus. 

Milliampere. 

Opening of Circuit. 
Te. .... Tetanic Contraction. 
R. . . . . Resistance. 

Z Zuckung (Contraction). 

+ Anode or Positive Pole. 

— Kathode or Negative Pole. 

> Greater than, as, K > A. 

< Less than. 



K. 


c 




K. 


c. 


C. . 


K. 


c. 


T. . 


K. 


D 




K. 


D 


T. . 


Ma. 




O. 







III. ABBREVIATIONS USED 

Ace. . . . Accommodation. 

Ah Hyperopic Astigmatism. 

Am. . . . Myopic Astigmatism. 

As Astigmatism. 

cm Centimeter. 

Cyl. . . . Cylinder, Cylindrical Lens. 

D Diopter. 

E Emmetropia, Emmetropic. 

F Formula. 

H Hyperopia, Hyperopic. 

L. E. . . . Left Eye. 

M Myopia, Myopic. 



IN OPHTHALMOLOGY. 



mm. 
O. D. 
O. S. 
p.p. 
p. r. 
R. E. 
Sph. 
V. . 
+ ,— , 

00 . . 

o . . 


= 





Millimeter. 

. Right Eye. 

Left Eye. 

Punctum proximum, Near Point. 
Punctum remotum, Far Point. 
Right Eye. 

Spherical, Spherical Lens. 
Vision, Visual Acuity. 
Plus, Minus, Equal to. 
Infinity, 20 ft. distance. 
Combined with. 
Degree. 



IV. SUNDRY ABBREVIATIONS. 



Adj. . 
Adv. . 
Am. . 
Arab. 
A. S. . 
Bot. . 
Celt. . 
Chem. 
Colloq. 
Comp. 
Dim. . 
e.g. . 
Elec. . 
Eng. . 
Etym. 
Fr. . . 

Geog. 
Geol. 
Geom. 
Ger. . 
Gr. . . 
Heb. . 
Ichth. 
It. . . 



Adjective. 


Lat. . . . 


Adverb. 


Masc. . 


American. 


Math. . 


Arabic. 


Med. . . 


Anglo-Saxon. 


Nat. Hist 


Botany, Botanical. 


Neg. . . 


Celtic. 


Obs. . . 


Chemistry, Chemical. 


Ophth. . . 


Colloquial. 


Path. . . 


Compounded, Compound. 


Phil. . . . 


Diminutive. 


Phys. . . 


For example. 


pi. . . . 


Electricity. 


priv. . . 


English. 


Pron. . . 


Etymology, Etymological. 


q.v. 
Sax. . . 


French. 


Feminine. 


Sing. . . 


Geography, Geographical. 


Sp. . . . 


Geology, Geological. 


Surg. . . 


Geometry, Geometrical. 


Unof. . 


German. 


v 


Greek. 


v. 1. 


Hebrew. 


V. t. . . 


Ichthyology. 


Zool. . . 


Italian. 





Latin. 

Masculine. 

Mathematics. 

Medicine, Medical. 

Natural History. 

Negative. 

Obsolete. 

Ophthalmology, Ophthalmological. 

Pathology, Pathological. 

Philosophy, Philosophical. 

Phvsiology, Physiological. 

Plural. 

Privative. 

Pronounced, Pronunciation. 

(Quod vide) which see. 

Saxon. 

Singular. 

Spanish. 

Surgery, Surgical. 

Unofficial. 

Verb. 

Intransitive verb. 

Transitive verb. 

Zoology, Zoological. 



PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES USED IN MEDICAL TERMS. 



I. -PREFIXES. 



A-, an-, called alpha privative (Gr. a, av, or ap.). The equivalent of our prefix, un-, or in-; denotes, 

an absence or want of the thing or quality expressed by the principal, e.g., adynamia, 

i obic, aphasia, apraxia, apyrexia, astigmatism, atony, etc. a, is used before consonants, 

an, before vowels, and, rarely, am before bl, or br. (To be distinguished from ana, below. j 

Amphi- (or amph-) (ap.0i) upon both sides, in two ways, as in amphiarthrosis, amphibia, etc. 

Ana- v ava). Up, through again, e.g., anabolism, anasarca, anatomy, etc. 

Anti- \,or ant- 1 1 aim). Against, opposed to, opposite of, as antaphrodisiac, antipyretic, antiseptic, etc. 

Apo- (airo). Off, away, upon, e.g., aponeurosis, apoplexy, etc. 

Dia- [Sia). Through. Examples: Diabetes, Diagnosis, Diaphragm, Diarrhosa, etc. 

Dys- (<5v?). Difficult, defective, painful, e.g., Dyse?itery, Dyspticea, Dysuria. 

Ec-, Ex-, Ecto- (sk, e£. 6kto?). Out, outside, away from. As in Ecchymoses, Ecdemic, Eclampsia, 
Exostosis, Exanthema, Ectropion, Ectoderm. 

En-, Em- ier, ep.). In, within. As in Embryo, Embolism, Endemic, etc. 

Endo-, Ento- (ei^os, ei-ros). Within, internal, e.g., Endarteritis, Endoscope, Entoblast, Entoptic. 

Entero- [ei-epoi'). The intestine. As in E?iterocele, Enterostomy, etc. 

Epi- (e-t). Upon, over, above, e.g., Epiblast, Epicranium, Epistaxis, Epidemic, etc. 

Extra- (Lat.). Outside, e. g., Extravasation, Extroversion. 

Gastro- (yao-rqp). The stomach ; relation to the stomach, e.g., Gastrocele, Gastrocnemitis, Gas- 
troenterosto?ny, etc. 

Haema-, Haemato- or Hemo- (cup.<0. The Blood ; pertaining to the blood. See Hematomesis, 
Hczmatoma, Hemorrhage, etc. 

Hemi- (tj^i-tj/xio-vs). Half. As in Hemiachromatopsia, Hemicrania, Hemiplegia. 

Hetera- (erepos). Different; opposite, e.g., Heteroinfection, Heterologous, Heteropathy. 

Hydro-, Hydr- (vSup). Water; resembling or relating to water, dropsy, etc., as in Hydremia, 
Hydragogue, Hydrate, Hydrocephalus, etc. 

Hyper- (v?repi. Excess; exaggerated abnormality in amount, size, quality, etc. See Hyperes- 
thesia, Hypermetropia, Hyperpyrexia, Hypertrophy, and others. 

Hypo- (vt7o). Diminution as to degree, amount, size ; quality, etc., or that located under or beneath. 
e. g., Hyposthcnia, Hypoblast, Hypochondriac , Hypodermic, Hypoglossal. 

Hystera-, Hystero- (vcrrepa). The uterus or womb ; relation to the same, e.g., Hysterectomy, 
Hystero-epilepsy, Hysteropexia, etc. 

Im,- In- {In). Privative; negative, as Imperforate, Incarceration, Insane, Incontinence. 

In- («-). In, within, upon, by ; as Incubation, Infarction, Infl 'animation, Inoculatioti, etc. 

Infra- {Infra). Beneath, Below; e.g., Inframaxillary, Infrascapular. 

Inter- {Inter). Between. See Intercellular, Intercostal, Intertrigo, and others. 

Leuco- (Aeuxos). Whiteness, e.g., leuchemia, leucocyte, Leucamaines, leucorrhcea. 

Lith-, Litho- (Ai0os). Pertaining to stone, calculus, or lithic acid. See lithemia, Lithiasis, 
lithotripsy, etc. 

Macro- (p.axpos). Largeness, Hypertrophy, as in Macroglossia, Macromelia. 

Melano- (p.eAa?). Blackness, Pigmentation, e.g., Melancholia, Melano-sarcoma. 

Meso- (pea-os). The middle. See Mesoblast, Mesocolon, etc. 

Meta- {fj-erat. With, amidst, e.g., Metabolistn, Metatarsus. 

Micro- (^Kcpos). Smallness. e.g., Micrococcus, Microglossia, Microscope. 

Mon-, Mono- (/jlovos). Singleness. For example, Munamine, Monomania, Monorchis. 

Multi- (multus). Number, many, e.g., Multilocular, Multiparous. 

Myelo- (jLLveAos). Referring to the brain or spinal cord, as in Myeloid, Myelitis. 

Myo- (p-vs). Pertaining to a muscle or muscularity. See Myocarditis , Myoma, Myopathia. 

Neuro- {vevpov). Relating to a nerve or neurology. As, e.g., Neuralgia, Neurasthenia, Neuri- 
lemma, Neuroglia. 

Odonto- (oBovs). Of the teeth, as in Odontology, Odontalgia. 

Oligo- (oAiyos). Fewness or lack of, as Oligocythemia. 

Ophthalmo- {o<\>0a\no<;). Pertaining to the eye, as in Ophthalmia, Ophthalmoplegia. 

Osteo- (oo-xeoi/). Referring to bone. See Osteoblast, Osteomyelitis, Osteoplastic. 

Oxy- (o£us). Denoting the presence of oxygen, or acidity, as in Oxygen, Oxyhemoglobin. 

Para- {rrapa). Through, near, by, by the side of, abnormality. Examples : Paracentesis, Paresthe- 
sia, Parenchyma, Parotid. 

Peri- (7T€pi). About, around. See, e. g., Pericardium, Perbneter, Perineum, Perineoplasty, 
Periosteu?n. 

Poly-, Pol- (ttoAvs). Many, much, e.g., Polycoria, Polygalactia, Polyuria. 

Prae-, Pre- {Pre). Before, e.g., Precordia, Prepuce. 

Pro- (-n-po). Before, down, as in Process, Procidentia, Prolapse, Proptosis. 

Pseudo- (i^evSTjs). False, spurious, as in Pseudarthrosis, Pseudocyesis. 

Pyo- (ttvov). Pertaining to pus, or purulency. e.g., Pyoge?iic, Pyosalpinx. 

Pyr-, Pyro- (rrvp). Concerning fire or heat, or inflammation, e.g., Pyrogenous, Pyrexia. 

Retro- (Retro). Backward, behind, e.g., Retrofex, Retroversion. 

Sub- {Sub). Beneath, under; and also Partialty or Deficiency of, as, Subclavian, Subluxation. 

Super- (Super). Above, upon ; excess of. e. g'., Supercilium, Superfecundation. 

Supra- 'Supra). Above, upon, superior to, as Supraorbital, Supraspinatus. 

Sym-, Syn- {<rvv). With, together, same. See, e.g., Symblepharon, Symphysis , Synalgia, Synchon- 
drosis. 

X 



PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES USED IN MEDICAL TERMS. xi 

II. SUFFIXES. 

-semia (di/ua, blood). Denotes a condition of the blood, or ingredient in the same expressed by 
preceding word, e.g., Hydreemia, Lithcemia, Pycrmia, Urcemia. 

-agogue (ay to, 10 bear off, carry away). Signifies an agent stimulating the function of excretion or 
secretion of the product. Thus, Erumenagogue, Hydragogue, Sialagogue, etc. 

-agra (aypa, an attack, seizure). Denotes an acute attack of pain in the part, as Arlhragra, 
Podagra. 

-algia (aAyos, pain). Pain in a part, expressed by the chief word, e.g., Cephalalgia, Gastralgia, 
Nostalgia. 

-atresia (arprjcrta). Imperforate, as in Proctatresia. 

-cele {K-qA-q). A tumor, hernia or protrusion. See Cystocele, Hydrocele, Meningocele. 

-ectomy (eKTe^voj). Excision, exsection, as in Oophorectomy, Nephrectomy, Splenectomy. 

-graph, graphy (ypa</>io, to write). An instrument; a treatise or description, e.g., Sphygnio- 
graph, Demography. 

-itis (ins). An inflammation, as Gastritis, Otitis, etc. 

-logy (Aoyo?, discourse). A treatise upon, as Bacteriology, Derniatology, Pathology. 

-malacia (/uaAaKos, soft). Abnormal softness, as in osteo-malacia. 

-mania (/utavia, madness). The chief word denotes the principal symptom of the mental affection : 
e.g., Erotomania, Kleptomania, etc. 

-odynia (oSvur], excessive pain). The principal word denotes the seat of great pain, as Coccyo- 
dynia. 

-oid (eiSo?, form). Similar in shape, etc., as inChoroid, Cuboid, Sphenoid, Xiphoid. 

-oma (coma). A tumor. See Glioma, Sarcoma. 

-opia (unjj). Pertaining to the eye or vision, as in Amblyopia, Myopia, etc. 

-pathy (n-aflos). A condition of disease, and also a method of cure. As, e.g., Adenopathy, Psycho- 
pathy, Homceopathy, Hydropathy. 

-phobia (</>o/3o?, fear). Excessive fear or dread, as Agoraphobia, Photophobia. 

-plasty (7rAaa-o-oo, to form). Surgical plastic operation upon a part, e.g., Blepharoplasty, Rhino- 
plasty. 

-rhaphy (pat^rj, a suture). A stitching or suturing of a part, as Enterorrhaphy , Perineorrhaphy . 

-rhagia {p-qyvv^i, to burst forth). A hemorrhage or excessive discharge, e.g., Blennorrhagia, 
Metrorrhagia. 

-rhcea (peto, to flow). An excessive discharge or excretion, as in Blennorrhcea, Diarrhosa, Leucor- 
rhcea. 

-scopy (o-K07reto). An examination, as Ophthalmoscopy. The instrument by which the examina- 
tion is made takes the termination scope, as in Laryngoscope. 

-tomy (Tep-vto, to cut). Incision, e.g., Laparotomy, Tenotomy. 

-uria (ovpeto, to urinate). Abnormalities of the urine or of urination. As Albuminuria, Polyuria. 

CONCERNING PRONUNCIATION. 

The syllable marked with a single acute accent, is the accented syllable. 

Quantity of Vowels. 

Accented vowels are usually long, except i followed by a consonant and i, as in inhibition, 
imbibition, beneficial, etc. 

Diphthongs are usually long, but in a few words, such as haemorrhage, which are often spelled 
with a single vowel, the e is short. 

In words ending in ite, the i is long, 

In words ending in itis, the i of the penult is always long, as bronchitis, neuritis, etc. 

Final i, o, and u are long; final e, unless silent, is long. It is marked with a grave accent if 
sounded. 

A vowel which is obscure in quantity has usually the long sound. 

A vowel before two or more consonants, except as previously noted, is short. 

The i in words ending in ine is short. 

The vowel i at the end of an unaccented syllable is short. 

When in one syllable a vowel is followed by a consonant, the vowel has the usual short English 
sound, as in man, men, fm, not, staff, mystery, e.g., macula, pectoral, dzploe, lcbulus, suppurate, 
sjystemic. 

Quality of Vowels. 

Final a has the Italian sound of a, as in father. 

In words ending in dine, such as ptomaine, the a has the Italian sound. 

<z and ce are pronounced as e, in mete. 

au (diphthong) has the sound of aw in saw. 

eu (diphthong) has the sound of ew in yew. 

CONSONANTS. 

In words of Latin and Greek derivation ch is hard, like k. 
The letters ph, representing the Greek </>, have the sound of/. 
In Greek words th has the soft sound, as in thin. 

The combination phth, </>#, has the sound of t at the beginning of a word. 

Before e,i,y, ce, and ce, c has the sound of s, and.?-, ofj. e.g., cceliac, cephalic, gynecology, 
ginglymus. In other cases c and g have the hard sound. 



NEW DICTIONARY 



Medical Words and Phrases. 



A (a, av, or a/z, without). The Greek letter 
alpha, called alpha privative, equivalent to 
the prefix un or in. It denotes absence 
or want of the thing or quality expressed 
by the root of the word, a- is used before 
consonant, and an- before vowel sounds ; 
am is sometimes used before bl or be. 
Also, the symbol of anode. 

Aa [ava, of each). An abbreviation, writ- 
ten aa, used in prescriptions to denote repe- 
tition of the same quantity for each item. 

Ab {ab, from). A Latin prefix signifying 
from. 

Abact'us Venter [abigere, to drive out). 
An abortion procured by artificial means. 

Abaptis'ton (a, not, ficnrTioToc;, immersed). 
A trephine so shaped that penetration of 
the brain is impossible. 

Abarticula / tion [ab, from, articulatio, 
joint). Same as diarthrosis, a term more 
frequently used. 

Aba / sia (a neg., fiaoiq, a step). Motor in- 
co-ordination in walking. See Astasia. 

Abbe's Apochromatic Lenses. See 
Apochromatic Lenses. 

Abbreviations. See List of Abbrevia- 
tions, p. vii. 

Abdo / men {abdere, to hide). The large 
inferior cavity of the trunk, extending from 
the pelvic cavity to the diaphragm, and 
bounded in front and at the sides by the 
lower ribs and abdominal muscles; behind 
by the vertebral column, psoas and quadra- 
tus lumborum muscles. It is artificially 
divided into nine regions by two circular 
2 17 



lines, the upper parallel with the cartilages 
of the ninth ribs, the lower with the iliac 
crests, and by two lines from the cartilages 
of the eighth rib to the center of Poupart's 
ligament. The regions thus formed are, 
above, the right hypochondriac, the epigas- 
tric, and the left hypochondriac; secondly, 
the right lumbar, umbilical, and left lum- 
bar; and below, the right inguinal, the 
hypogastric and the left inguinal. Pen- 
dulous A. A relaxed and pendulous 
condition of the abdominal walls. 

Abdom / inal. Pertaining to or connected 
with the abdomen. A. Aorta. Set Artery. 
A. Ganglia. See Ganglia. A. Gesta- 
tion. See Pregnancy, Extra-uterine. A. 
Muscles, the Internal and External 
Obliques, the Transversalis, Rectus, Pyra- 
midalis, and Quadratus Lumborum. A. 
Reflex, an involuntary contraction of the 
abdominal muscles when the skin over the 
abdomen is stimulated. A. Regions. See 
Abdomen. A. Respiration, R. carried 
on chiefly by the diaphragm and abdominal 
muscles. A. Ring, External, a triangu- 
lar opening in the fibres of the aponeurosis 
of the external oblique muscle transmitting 
the spermatic cord of the male and the 
round ligament of the female. A. Ring, 
Internal, an oval aperture in the fascia 
transversalis which transmits the spermatic 
cord of the male and the round ligament 
of the female. 

Abdominos'copy {abdomen, cuoirea), to 
examine). Examination of the abdomen 



ABDUCENS 



13 



ABORTION 



for diagnostic purposes, by inspection, pal- 
pation, measurement, percussion, etc. 
Abdu'cens [ab, from, duco, to lead). A 
term applied to certain muscles, or their 
nerves, that draw the related part from the 
median line of the body. Also, the sixth 
pair of nerves supplying the external recti 
of the eye. A. Oculi. See Muscle. 
Abdu'cent. See Abducens. 
Abduct / or. Same as Abducens, q. v. A. 

Auris. See Muscle. 
Aberrant [ab, erro, to wander). Deviating 
from the normal or regular type, in ap- 
pearance, structure, course, etc. e. g., aber- 
rant duct of the testis or liver, aberrant 
arteries, etc. 

Aberration (ab, errd). Deviation from the 
normal, especially mental derangement, 
fcetal malformation, vicarious menstruation, 
escape of the fluids of the body by any 
unnatural channel. In optics, any imper- 
fection of focalization or refraction of 
a lens. A., Chromatic, the dispersion 
arising from unequal refraction of light of 
different parts of the spectrum. The violet 
rays being more refrangible than the red 
rays, are brought to a focus nearer the lens, 
and the image is surrounded by a halo of 
colors. A., Spherical, the excess of re- 
fraction of the peripheral part of a convex 
lens over the central area, producing an 
imperfect focus and a blurred image. 
A / bies. A genus of coniferous plants, in- 
cluding the fir, hemlock and spruce. 
Abiogen / esis (a neg., fitoQ, life, yiyvofiai, 
to beget). The production of living by 
non-living matter. The older term was 
spontaneous generation. Other synonyms 
of the word are generatio cequivoca, 
generatio primaria, archigenesis, arche- 
biosis, etc. The theory has been supported 
by Pouchet, Haeckel, Huxley, Bastian 
and others. Those opposed to the doctrine 
are called panspermists or heterogenists. 
The dispute is one of the most fundamental 
in biology. 
Abirritation {ab, irrito, to irritate). Di- 
minished tissue irritability, synonymous 
with asthenia. 
Ablactation {ab, from, lacto, to give suck). 
The end of the suckling period. The 
weaning of a child. 
Ablation {ablatio, removal). Removal 
of a part of the body, as a tumor, by am- 
putation, excision, etc. 
Ableph'aion (a, fi?.e(j>apov, the eyelid). 

Congenital absence of the eyelids. 
Ab'luent (abluo, to wash away). Deter- 
gent. That which cleanses or washes away. 



Ablu/tion. Washing or cleansing the 
body. Separation of chemical impurities 
by washing. 

Abnormal (ab, away from, norma, a law). 
A term used to describe anything opposed 
to the natural order or law, as A. Pigmen- 
tation, any excess, deficiency or uncom- 
mon distribution of the natural pigment 
cells in the rete mucosum. Sometimes 
caused artificially either by mechanical 
means, such as tattooing, or by the reduc- 
tion and deposition under the epidermis of 
metallic salts administered as medicine, 
such as nitrate of silver, etc. 

Aboma / sum (ab, omasum, the paunch). 
The fourth, or true stomach of ruminating 
animals, called also the rennet, which is 
used for coagulating milk. 

Abort 7 (aborior, to pass away). To mis- 
carry; to expel the foetus before it is 
viable. Also, to prevent the full develop- 
ment of a disease, as in abortive small- 
pox or varioloid, in which the eruption is 
limited to the vesicular stage. 

Aborticide {abortus, a miscarriage, cado, 
to kill). The killing of the unborn foetus. 

Abortifa / cient (abortus, facio, to make). 
A drug, or agent inducing the expulsion of 
the foetus. Ergot, rue, cotton-root, digitalis, 
etc., are examples. They act by causing 
uterine contractions. See oxytocic and 
ecbolic. 

Abor / tion (abortus) . The expulsion of the 
foetus before it is viable. By some authors 
expulsion of the ovum during the first three 
months is abortion; from this time to via- 
bility, it is termed immature delivery, or 
miscarriage, and from the period of viability 
to that of maturity, pre?natu7'e delivery. A., 
Artificial, that produced intentionally. A., 
Criminal, when not demanded for thera- 
peutic reasons. A., Embryonic, up to 
the fourth month. A., External causes 
of, those acting from without to pro- 
duce A., as violence, pressure, injections, 
etc. A., Fcetal, taking place subsequent 
to the fourth month. A., Incomplete, 
when the membranes or placenta is re- 
tained. A., Inevitable, is when the em- 
bryo or foetus is dead, or when there is an 
extensive detachment or rupture of the 
ovum. A., Internal Causes of, are 
those due to abnormal conditions or dis- 
eases of the mother. A., Missed, the 
death of the foetus and not followed with- 
in two weeks by its expulsion. A., Ovu- 
lar, that occurring during the first three 
weeks after conception. A., Paternal 
and Maternal Causes of, those due to 



ABOULOMANIA 



19 



ABSORBENTS 



disease of the father or of the mother re- 
spectively. A., Spontaneous, that not 
induced by artificial means. 

Abouloma'nia (a priv., ftovlij, w\\\, /uavia, 
madness) . A disease of the mind charac- 
terized by imperfect or lost will-power. 

Abrach / ia (a priv., /fya^wv, the arm). 
An armless monster. 

Abra'sion {ab priv., rado, to rub). Excori- 
ation of the cutaneous or mucous surface 
by mechanical means. In dentistry ap- 
plied to the destruction of the dentine and 
enamel, or the cutting edges of the teeth, 
whether by mechanical or chemical means. 

A'brine. The chemical ferment or poison- 
ous principle of jequirity, erroneously sup- 
posed to be due to a specific microbe. 

A'brus. Jequirity. The seeds of A. pre- 
catorius, or wild liquorice. Properties are 
thought to be due to the presence of cer- 
tain ferments. Non-sterilized infusions 
applied to the conjunctiva or to any mucous 
surface induce violent purulent inflamma- 
tion with growth of false membrane. It is 
used in producing artificial conjunctivitis. 
A. Infusum : semina iij, aqua dest. ^ss. 
Macerate and add aq. ^ ss. All unofficial. 

Ab / scess (abscessus, a departure or separa- 
tion — of the matter). A pus formation 
within some cavity of the body, the result 
of localized inflammation. According to 
location, abscesses are named Dorsal, Iliac, 
Mammary, Ischio-rectal, Peri-typhlitic,Re- 
tro-pharyngeal, Urethral, etc. A., Alve- 
olar, abscess in the gum or alveolus. A. 
of Brain, due to local injury, or to suppu- 
rative inflammation near or distant, such, 
especially, as diseases of the ear. The 
symptoms are those of pressure, impaired 
function of the part affected, meningitis, 
headache, optic neuritis, etc. A., Bursal, 
abscess in the bursa?, the most frequent 
being in the bursa? patellae, commonly 
called Housemaid'' s Knee. A., Chronic, 
or Cold Abscess, one of slow and appa- 
rently non-inflammatory development, usu- 
ally about a bone, joint, or gland. A., 
Congestive, the pus appears at a point 
distant from where it is formed. A., Con- 
stitutional, due to some systemic disor- 
der. A., Critical, occurring at some 
critical period of an acute disease. A., 
Embolic, formed in the clot of an embol- 
ism. A., Fecal, one developing in the 
rectum or large intestine. A., Gangre- 
nous, one attended with death of adjacent 
parts. A., Lacunar, one in the lacunas of 
the urethra. A., Metastatic. See Pye- 
mia. A., Miliary. See Pycemia. A., 



Milk, or A., Mammary, one in the female 
breast. A., Multiple. See Pycemia. A., 
Perforating, one perforating the cornea, 
the lung or other containing wall. A., 
Phlegmonous, an acute A. A., Point- 
ing of, the point where the abscess tends 
to break through its external confining wall. 
A., Psoas, one arising from disease of the 
lumbar or lower dorsal vertebras, the pus 
descending in the sheath of the psoas 
muscle, and usually pointing beneath Pou- 
part's ligament. A., Pyaemic. See Py- 
emia. A., Residual, about the products 
of some old result of inflammation. A., 
Stercoraceous. See Fecal A. A., 
Symptomatic, one indicative of some 
other affection. A., Thecal, in the 
sheaths of tendons. 

Ab / scess Root. The root of Polei?ionium 
reptans. Alterative, astringent and ex- 
pectorant. Dose of fid. ex. ^ss-ij. Unof. 

Abscis / sae (Fr. abscisse). The transverse 
lines cutting vertical ones at right angles, 
to show by a diagram the relations of two 
series of facts, as, e. g., the number of 
pulse-beats, or the temperature record in 
given periods of time. 

Abscission {ab, from, scindo, to cut off). 
Removal of a part, as the prepuce, or a 
fractured bone, by cutting. Applied par- 
ticularly to a surgical operation upon a sta- 
phylomatous cornea, in which the bulging 
portion is excised, the parts brought to- 
gether so that the posterior and chief part 
of the globe forms a "stump" for an arti- 
ficial eye. 

Absinthe. See Absinthium. 

Absinth / ism. A disease similar to alco- 
holism, the result of the excessive use of 
absinthe. It is characterized by general 
muscular debility and mental disturbances, 
which may proceed to convulsions, acute 
mania, general softening of the brain, or 
general paralysis. 

Absinthium. Wormwood. The leaves of 
Artemisia absinthium. Contains a vola- 
tile oil and an intensely bitter principle, 
Absinthin, C 16 H 20 O 4 , which is a narcotic 
poison. A. increases cardiac action, pro- 
duces tremor and epileptiform convulsions. 
Dose gr. xx-xl. Absinthe, a French 
liquor, is an alcoholic solution of the oil 
exhibited with oils of anise, marjoram and 
other aromatic oils. 

Absorb'ents (ab, sorbere, to suck). In 
physiology, an organ or part which absorbs, 
withdraws, or' takes up. A term applied 
to the lacteals and lymphatics, q.v. In 
materia medica, a name applied to a drug 



ABSORPTION 



20 



ACCOMMODATION 



or medicine which produces absorption or 
. :on of diseased tissue. In surgery, 

applied to substances which mechanically 
op excreted matter, as 

A. Glands. See L ymph- 

Absorp'tion. Trie permeation or imbibi- 
tion of one body by another. The process 
whereby nourishment, medicines, morbid 
produ; - metamorpl: - - 

taken up by the lymphatic and venous sys- 
tems. In ophthalmology the process by 
which the lens is disintegrated and carried 
lex the capsule has been ruptured. 
A. Lines or Bands, the lines of the 
spectrum, called Fraunhofer's lines; they 
are dark lines caused by the arrestation or 
absorption of the ethereal waves of certain 
lengths and rapidities, mainly by vapors of 
the sun's atmosphere. 

Abste'mious \abs, from, temetum, wine). 
Abstinence from wine. Temperance, or 
moderation in matters of diet. 

Abster'gent (abs, tergeo, to cleanse). 
Cleansing, detergent. See Deterg 

Abstinence \abs. tineo, to hold or keep). 
Privation or self-denial in regard to food, 
liquors, etc. 

Abstract {abstraho, to draw from). A 
preparation containing the soluble princi- 
ples of the drug evaporated and mixed 
with sugar of milk. It represents twice 
the strength of the drug or its fluid extract. 

Abstraction {abstraho). Blood-letting. 
In pharmacy, the process of distillation. 
Also, attention to one idea to the exclusion 
of others. Generalization or classification 
of the qualities common to the individuals 
of a group. 

Abstrac / tum. See Abstract. 

Abu'lia (a priv., Sovat;, will). Loss or 
defect of will power. 

Aca'cia. Gum Arabic. A nearly white 
transparent gum exuding from several 
species of acacia. Soluble in water. 
Used in manufacture of mucilage. Con- 
;' rabin, C 12 H. 2: ,0 11 , identical in com- 
position with cane sugar. A. Mucilago, 
acacia 34, water 1 00 parts ; incompatible 
with alcoholic tinctures. A. Syrup, muci- 
lage 25, syrup, simp. 75. Used in vari- 
ous mixtures, as a demulcent, and to sus- 
pend insoluble powders. 

Acard'ia [a neg., napSia, heart). A mon- 
strosity without heart, developed simulta- 
neously with a normal fcetus. 

Aca / rus (a neg., necpo, to cut [because so 
small]). The mite or tick, a parasite of 
man and animals. A. Autumnalis, the 



harvest-bug. A. Scabiei, the sarcoptes 
. or itch parasite. 

Accel'erans Nerve. A nerve from the 
accelerans center in the medulla to the 
heart, intermediating acceleration of its 
rhythm. 

Accelerator Urinae. A muscle of the 
penis whose function is to expel the last 
drops in urination, to expel the semen and 
to assist erection. The sphincter vaginae 
is its analogue in the female. 

Accession [ad, to, ca:do, to draw). The 
insult, beginning, or onset of a disease, or 
of a stage of the same ; applied especially 
to periodical diseases. 

Accessory. A term applied to certain 
muscles, ducts, nerves, arteries, etc., that 
are often inconstant, but always auxiliary 
in function, course, etc., to the principal. 
A. of the Parotid, the sccia parotidis. 
A. Willisii, the spinal accessory nerve, 
named after the discoverer. A. Gland of 
the Pancreas, Brunner's glands. 

Accidental Hemorrhage. See Hemor- 
rhage. 

Acclimatization [ad, clima, climate). 
The act of becoming accustomed to the 
climate, soil, water, etc., of a country to 
which a plant, animal, person or a people 
have removed. 

Accommodation of the Eye {accom- 
modo, to adjust). That function of the 
ciliary muscle and lens whereby objects at 
different distances are clearly seen. It 
depends upon the inherent elasticity of the 
lens, which when the ciliary muscle of an 
emmetropic eye is at rest, is adapted to the 
proper focalization of parallel rays of light, 
or of such rays as proceed from an infinite 
distance, or from the horizon of the ob- 
server. Objects nearer, to be clearly seen, 
require a greater refracting power on the 
part of the eye because the rays from such 
objects are more divergent. This addi- 
tional refracting power is gained by an 
increased antero-posterior diameter of the 
lens brought about by the contraction of 
the ciliary muscle which occasions a 
loosening of the suspensory ligament and 
a thickening of the lens by its own elas- 
ticity-. A., Absolute, the accommoda- 
tion of either eye separately. A., Anom- 
alies of, departures from the normal in 
the action of the mechanism of accommo- 
dation. A., Negative, the eye passive 
or at rest. A., Paralysis of, paralysis of 
the ciliary muscle. A. Phosphenes, the 
peripheral light streak seen in the dark 
after the act of accommodation. A., 



ACCRETION 



21 



ACHEILIA 



Range of, the distance between the punc- 
tum proximum, or nearest of distinct vis- 
ion, and the punctwn remotissimum, or 
most distant point. 
Accretion {ad, to, c res cere, to increase). A 
term denoting the manner by which crys- 
talline and certain organic forms increase 
their material substance. Also, the ad- 
herence of parts that are normally sepa- 
rate. 

Accouchee (Fr. a,to, couche, a bed). A 
woman delivered of a child. 

Accouchement (ad,to, couche, abed). The 
French term for labor, or delivery of a 
child. The act of childbirth. A. Force, 
rapid and forceful delivery with the hand 
during severe hemorrhage. 

Accoucheur. A man-midwife. 

Accrementition {ad, crescere). A term 
applied to growths in which increase takes 
place by interstitial development from 
blastema, and also by reproduction of 
cells by fission. 

Accoucheuse. A midwife. 

A. C. E. Mixture. An anaesthetic mix- 
ture, not so depressing as chloroform : al- 
cohol, I part; chloroform, 2 parts; ether, 
3 parts. 

Acepha / lia (a neg., ne<palr), head). A 
monstrosity without a head. The term is 
compounded with others to denote the ab- 
sence of the head and some other part. 
Thus : Acephalobra / chia, without head 
and arms. Acephalocar / dia, without 
head and heart. Acephalochei'ria, 
without head and hands. Acephalogas'- 
tria, without head and belly. Acepha- 
lopo / dia, without head and feet. Aceph- 
alora'chia, without head and vertebral 
column. Acephalothora / cica, without 
head and chest. 

Acepb/alocyst (kvotlq, a bladder). The 
bladder- worm. A headless, sterile hyda- 
tid, found in the liver and other organs. 
A. Racemosa, the hydatid mole of the 
uterus. 

Acerb / ity {acerbitas, sharpness, sourness). 
Acidity combined with astringency. 

Acerv'ulus Cerebri. A term applied by 
Sommering to certain concretionary matter 
near the base of the pineal gland, consist- 
ing of alkaline phosphates and carbonates, 
with amyloid matter. 

Aces / cence {acesco, to grow sour). A 
disease of wines, whereby they become sour 
owing to the agency of mycoderma aceti. 

Acetabulum {acetabulum, a vinegar cup). 
The cup-shaped cavity which receives the 
socket of the hip-bone. 



Ac / etal {acctuni, vinegar). Ethidene di- 
ethylate, a colorless liquid having the 
composition C 6 H u 0. 2 , formed by the oxida- 
tion of common alcohol. 

Ac / etate. Any salt of acetic acid. 

Acetan / ilide. See Antifebrin. 

Acet / ic. Pertaining to acctum or vinegar; 
sour. See Acid, Acetic. 

Acet / ic Ac'id and Ferrocyanide Test 
for Albumin. Strongly acidulate the 
sample of urine and add a few drops of 
recently prepared potassic ferrocyanide 
solution. (It precipitates hemialbumose, 
but does not affect peptone.) 

Acetom / etry {acetuvi, /uerpov, measure). 
The quantitative estimation of the amount 
of acetic acid in vinegar. Usually made 
by an acetometer. 

Acetonemia [acetone, ai/ua, blood). The 
presence of acetone in the organism. It 
may result from a number of diseases, but 
is characteristic of chronic diabetes, and is 
associated with dyspnoea, subnormal tem- 
perature, lowered pulse-rate, etc. The 
patient finally falls into coma. The treat- 
ment consists in increasing the secretions 
and by removing the causes of the disease, 

Ac / etone {aceo, to be sour), C 3 H 6 0. Di- 
methyl Ketone, Methyl Acetyl. A color- 
less, inflammable liquid prepared by dry 
distillation of the acetates. It is developed 
in the body by the fermentation of organic 
matters, and is found in such diseases as 
diabetes, some febrile diseases, alcoholism, 
etc. 

Acetonu / ria {acetone, ovpov, urine). Ace- 
tone in the urine. 

Acetphenit / idin. See Phenacetine. 

Acetophe / none. Hypnone. A hypnotic 
and antiseptic. Without satisfactoiy re- 
sults. 

Ace / tum. Vinegar. An impure, dilute 
acetic acid produced by acetous fermenta- 
tion of wine, cider or other fruit juice. 
See Fermentation. In pharmacy a solu- 
tion of the active principles of certain drugs 
in dilute acetic acid. There are four official 
aceta, each of which contains the soluble 
principles of 10 per cent, of its weight. 

Ac / etylene. A name given to a series of 
hydrocarbons having the structure C n H 2 n 
— 2 - Also, applied to ethinc, the second 
member of the series, a gaseous sul stance 
formed during the incomplete combustion 
of hydrocarbon fuels. 

Ache (a^oc, affliction). Any continuous or 
throbbing pain. 

Achei / lia [a, without, x el ^°C, a n p)- The 
congenital absence of lips. 



ACHEIRIA 



2-2 



ACID 



Achei'ria (a, without, \eip, a hand). The 
congenital absence of hands. 
Achei'rus. See Acheiria. 

Achil'lea {Achilles, its reputed discoverer). 
Milfoil, Yarrow. The herb A. millefolium. 
Properties due to a bitter, aromatic, astrin- 
gent, tonic extractive, achillein, and a vola- 
tile oil. It has long been used as a vul- 
nerary, and has been highly recommended 
for intermittents, and in low, exanthematous 
fevers. Dose of an 5J to Oj infusion, ad 
lib. ; of the extractive, 3 j- 3 iij ; of the vola- 
tile oil, gtt. v-xv. Unof. 

Achil'les Tendon. See Tendon. 

Achlorops'ia (a neg., x'-upog, green, oipig, 
vision V Green-blindness. See Blindness. 

AchoTia (a priv., x o/J l> bile). Non-secre- 
tion or non-excretion of bile. 

AchoTous (a, x°^V, bile). Pertaining to 
Acholia, q. v. 

A / chor (a^wp, chaff, scurf, or dandruff). 
Crusta lactea. A small pustule, followed 
by a scab, upon the heads of infants. 

Acho / rion (axup.) A name given to 
several species of fungous (or fungoid) 
organisms (possibly modified forms of 
Penicilium glaucuni), found in the skin, 
especially the hair-follicles. A. Kerato- 
phagus, the form causing onycho?nycosis, 
q. v. A. Lebertii, the parasite of tinea 
tonsurans. A. Schonleinii, the species 
occurring in ringworm or tinea favosi. 

Achroi / a (a, without, xP ola > surface color). 
Same as Achroma, q. v. 

Achro / ma (a, ^pw«a, color). Absence of 
color. Pallor. Paleness, from whatsoever 
cause. A., Congenital. See Albinism. 

Achromatic (a, xP u , ua )- Pertaining to 
achroma; without color. A. Lens, one 
whose dispersing power is exactly neutral- 
ized by another lens having the same 
curvature but of tcnequal refractive index. 
See also Aberration. 

Achro / matin. The substance in the nu- 
cleus of a cell prior to division. So called 
because not readily stained by coloring 
agents. See Cell Body. 

Achromatism (a, xpufia). Absence of 
chromatic aberration. 

AchromatopsTa (a, ^poua, oipic, eyesight). 
Color-blindness, Daltonism, dyschroma- 
topsia. See Blindness. 
Achroddex / trin. A reducing dextrin 
formed by the action of the diastatic fer- 
ment of saliva upon starch or glycogen. 
Achylo / sis (a neg., x v/x> £> juice). De- 
ficient chylification. 
Achymo / sis (a neg., x v H-°£> chyme). De- 
ficient chymification. 



Acic / ular {acus, a needle). Needle-like. 

AcTd {acere, to be sour). A name loosely 
applied to any substance having a sour 
taste. A compound of an electro-negative 
element with one or more atoms of hydro- 
gen which can be replaced by electro-posi- 
tive or basic atoms. Acids vary in their 
terminations according to the quantity of 
oxygen or other electro-negative they con- 
tain. Those having the maximum of oxy- 
gen end in -ic ; those of a lower degree in 
-ous. "Where there are more than two com- 
binations the preposition hyper- is prefixed 
to the highest, and hypo- to the lowest. 
Acids which end in -ic, as sulphunr acid, 
form salts terminating in -ate ; those end- 
ing in -ous form salts terminating in -ite. 
Physiologically, acids in concentrated form 
act as caustics; diluted and in medicinal 
doses they check acid-producing and in- 
crease alkaline secretions. A., Acetic, 
an acid solution composed of 36 parts of 
absolute acetic acid, C 2 H 4 2 , and 64 parts 
w T ater. Has strong acid properties. Mis- 
cible with water and alcohol. A., Acetic, 
Glacial, the absolute acid in crystalline 
form. A., Acetic, Dilute, contains 6 per 
cent, of absolute acid. Dose gj-ij. An 
impure form obtained by the destructive 
distillation of wood is known as wood vine- 
gar, or pyroligneous acid. A., Arse- 
nious, and Arsenic. See Arsenic. A., 
Aromatic, a name applied to certain or- 
ganic acids occurring in the balsams, resins 
and other odoriferous principles. Also, in 
pharmacy, a dilute mineral acid reinforced 
by aromatic substances in order to modify 
their flavor. A., Boric. See Boron. A., 
Butyric {butyrum, butter), an acid, C 4 H 8 
O 2 , having a viscid appearance and rancid 
smell. It is obtained commercially by the 
fermentation of a mixture of sugar and 
butter or cheese in the presence of an alka- 
line carbonate, but occurs in various plants. 
Combined with glycerine as glyceryl buty- 
rate it is essentially butter. The ether de- 
rived from butyric acid is the natural flavor 
of the pineapple. A., Carbolic, pkenylic 
alcohol, or phenol, an alcoholic product of 
the distillation of coal-tar having the com- 
position C 6 H 6 0. It occurs in pinkish 
acicular crystals, highly soluble in water, 
alcohol, ether, glycerine, and oil. It is a 
powerful antiseptic and germicide, and a 
violent poison. Internally it is useful in 
nausea and phthisis. Dose gr. ^- A., 
Carb., Glycerite, contains acid I, gly- 
cerine 4 parts. A., Carb., Solutions, vary 
from I to 5 per cent, in water. A., Carb., 



ACID 



23 



ACID 



Unguent, contains acid 10, ointment 
90 parts. A., Chromic, Cr6 3 , used as 
an escharotic for the destruction of syphi- 
litic warts and similar growths. A solu- 
tion of I : 40 is used as an antiseptic wash 
for putrid sores and wounds. See Potas- 
sium.. A., Citric. See Limon. A., Flu- 
oric, HF, gaseous and soluble in water. 
The dilute acid, I : 200, is used as an in- 
ternal remedy in goitre. Dose TT^xx-xxx. 
A., Formic [formica, an ant), an organic 
acid, CH 2 2 , and the first of a series 
formed by the oxidation of alcohols. It is 
secreted naturally by the ant, and is also 
thought to be identical with the venom of 
the bee. A., Gallic, HC 7 H 5 5 , an acid 
prepared from nutgalls. Similar in pro- 
perties to tannic acid, q. v. Occurs in fine 
acicular crystals. Astringent and disin- 
fectant. Useful in night sweats, diabetes 
and chronic diarrhoea. A., Gallic, Un- 
guent, benzoated lard 90, gallic acid 
10. A., Pyrogallic (unofficial), obtained 
from gallic acid by heating the latter. 
Recommended locally in phagedenic chan- 
cres. A., Hydrobromic, HBr, the dilute 
acid, which is the chief form used, consists 
of 10 per cent, acid and 90 per cent, water. 
A good solvent for quinine. Useful in 
hysteria, congestive headaches and neural- 
gia. Is recommended as a substitute for 
potassium and sodium bromides. Dose 
mjcx-gij. A., Hydrochloric, Muriatic 
Acid, HC1, a liquid consisting of 32 per 
cent, of HC1 gas in 68 per cent, of water. 
Colorless, pungent and intensely acid. Val- 
uable as an aid to digestion. A., Hydro- 
chlor., Dilute, a 10 per cent, solution of 
absolute acid in water. Dose tt\nj-x. A., 
Hydrocyanic, Dilute, Prussic Acid, 
HCN, a liquid consisting of 2 per cent, of 
the acid with 98 per cent, of water and 
alcohol. Prussic acid is found in the bitter 
almond, the leaves of the peach, and in 
the cherry laurel, from the leaves of which 
it is distilled. It is the most violent poison 
known, death from complete asphyxia 
being almost instantaneous. Valuable for 
its sedative and antispasmodic effects in 
vomiting, whooping-cough, and spasmodic 
affections. Dose H\j-v. The following 
preparations are employed : Aqua Lauro- 
cerasi, water distilled from the leaves of 
the cherry laurel. Dose rr\v-xxx, with 
caution. ScheeWs Dilute Hydrocyanic 
Acid, in 4 or 5 per cent, solution ; danger- 
ous. Amygdala amara, oil of bitter al- 
mond; used in cosmetics. A., Lactic, 
HC 3 H 5 3 , a liquid containing 25 per cent. 



of absolute acid in 75 per cent, of water. 
Produced in the fermentation of milk. 
Generally found impure from subsequent 
fermentation except when freshly made. 
Useful in aiding digestion, in diabetes, and 
as a solvent of false membrane in diph- 
theria. Dose gss-^ss. A., Muriatic. 
See Acid Hydrochloric. A., Nitric, HN0 3 , 
a liquid consisting of about 64 per cent, 
absolute acid in 31 per cent, of water. 
The pure acid is colorless, fuming, and 
highly caustic. A very powerful escharotic, 
used in cauterization of chancres and 
phagedenic ulcers. A., Nit., Dilute, con- 
tains 10 per cent, absolute acid. Dose 
TT\,iij-xv, well diluted. A., Nitro-hydro- 
chloric, Aqua Regia, a golden yellow, 
fuming mixture of 4 parts nitric and 15 of 
hydrochloric acid. A ready solvent of 
gold. Valuable in affections of the liver. 
Dose TTLv-xx, very dilute. A., Oleic, 
HC 18 H 33 2 , a constituent acid present in 
many fats and oils. Obtained in the manu- 
facture of stearine candles. Soluble in 
alcohol, benzol and the essential oils; in- 
soluble in water. Saponifies when heated 
with alkaline bases. A., Osmic, the 
oxide of osmium, one of the rarer elements. 
Has been recommended for hypodermatic 
use in sciatica, strumous glands, and can- 
cer. A., Oxalic, a colorless crystalline 
solid, C 2 H 2 4 , obtained by treating sawdust 
with caustic soda and potash. In ]/ 2 gr. 
doses a depressant to respiratory centers. 
In large doses a violent poison. Unof. A., 
Phosphoric, Orthophosphoric Acid, H 3 - 
P0 4 , contains 50 per cent, aa acid and 
water. Of value in strumous affections, 
and thought to be serviceable in dissolving 
phosphatic deposits. Has none of the 
effects derived from free phosphorus or 
the hypophosphites. A., Phosphor., Dil., 
contains 10 per cent, of absolute acid. 
Dose TT\v-xxx. See Sodium, Potassium, 
Calcium, etc. A., Picric, Carbazotic Acid, 
C 6 H 3 (N0 2 ) 3 0, obtained by the action 
of nitric on carbolic acid. A saturated 
solution is of some value as a wash in ery- 
sipelas. An excellent test for albumen and 
sugar in urine. Dose gr. v-xv. A., Pyro- 
gallic. See A., Gallic. A., Sulphu- 
ric, Oil of Vitriol, H 2 S0 4 , a heavy, oily, 
corrosive acid, consisting of not less than 
96 per cent, sulphuric anhydride and 10 
per cent, of water. Of value in lead poi- 
soning. Sometimes used as a caustic. A., 
Sulph., Dilute, contains 10 per cent. 
strong acid to 90 of water. Dose TT^x-xv, 
well diluted. A., Sulph., Aromatic, con- 



ACID- ALBUMIN 



24 



ACOLOGY 



tain? 20 per cent, acid, diluted with alcohol 
and flavored with cinnamon and ginger. 
Dose m^v-xv. A., Sulphurous, H 2 S0 3 , 
a colorless acid containing about 3^ per 
cent, of sulphurous anhydride in 96 j4 per 
cent, of water. The gas (S0 2 ) is a very 
valuable disinfectant. The acid is used as 
a spray or lotion in diphtheria, stomatitis, 
and as a wash for indolent and syphilitic 
ulcers. The various hyposulphites are 
mainly valuable in that they decompose 
and give off sulphur dioxide. Dose V\\- 
3J. See, also, Sodium, Potassium, and 
Magnesium. A., Tannic, Tannin, C M - 
H 10 O 9 , an astringent acid obtained from 
nutgalls, occurring in yellowish, scaly 
crystals. Soluble in water and alcohol. 
Internally it is an antidote in poisoning by 
alkaloids and tartar emetic, and in hemor- 
rhoids and catarrh of mucous membrane. 
Useful mainly as an astringent lotion in 
many skin diseases. Dose gr. j-xx. A., 
Tan., Unguent, a 10 per cent, ointment 
of the acid incorporated with benzoated 
lard. A., Tan., Troches, each contain 
1 gr. of tannic acid. A., Tan., Sup- 
positories, 1 part of tannin to 20 of butter 
of cacao. A., Tan., Glycerite, I part 
tannin in 4 of glycerine. A., Tartaric, 
H 2 C 4 H 4 6 , the acid principle of the grape 
and many other fruits. Obtained in color- 
less, transparent crystals ; chiefly employed 
in refrigerant drinks and in baking powders ; 
20 grains neutralize 27 of potassium dicar- 
bonate, 22 of sodium dicar Donate and 15 j^ 
of ammonium carbonate. Dose gr. x-xxx. 

Acid-AFbumin. A derived albumin. A 
proteid, having been acted upon or dis- 
solved in the stronger acids, and yielding 
an acid reaction. 

Acidim'etry (acidus, acid, /nerpov, a 
measure). Determination of the free acid 
in a solution, by an acidimeter, or by 
chemical reactions. 

Acid Phenyl Sulphate. A solution of 
3 grammes of phenol in 20 c.c. of strong 
sulphuric acid. Used for the detection of 
nitrates in water. 

Ac / idum. See Acid. 

Acine / sia (a, without, Kuvriaiq, motion). A 
name used to denote loss of motion in 
any or all parts of the body. Also, the 
interval between consecutive throbs of the 
heart. • See also Diastole. 

Acin'iform {acinus, a grape). Grape-like. 

Acinus {pi. acini). The smallest lobules 
of conglomerate glands; the saccules of 
compound racemose glands; the lobules 
of the liver, etc. 



Acleitocard / ia {axAeiros, unclosed, mpdia, 
the heart). A term applied to the imper- 
fect closure of the foramen ovale, a foetal 
opening between the auricles of the heart, 
which prevents perfect aeration of the 
blood. It is thought to be connected 
with the disease variously known as 
cyanapathy, " Blue Disease," " Blue Jaun- 
dice," etc. 

Ac'me {aKfiTj, a point). The critical stage 
of a disease; the crisis. The highest 
point or degree of anything. 

Ac / ne. Varus. A general term used to 
designate lesions arising from pustular 
inflammation about the sebaceous glands 
and hair follicles. The forms commonly 
distinguished are A. Rosacea, A. Vari- 
oliformis, and A. Vulgaris. A. Ade- 
noid, a disseminated form of A. Vul- 
garis, q. v. A. Adolescentum. See 
Acne Vulgaris. A. Albida. See Mili- 
um. A. Atrophica. See Acne Varioli- 
formis. A. Disseminata. See Acne 
Vulgaris. A. Erythematosa. See 
Acne Rosacea. A. Frontalis. See 
Acne Varioliformis. A. Hypertrophica, 
Whiskey Nose, an extreme development 
of A. Rosacea, q. v. A. Keloid. See 
Dermatitis Papillaris Capillitii. A. 
Keratosa, a form of A. Vulgaris, dis- 
tinguished by a horny plug in the hair fol- 
licle. A. Rhinophyma, an extreme 
development of Acne Rosacea, q. v. A. 
Rosacea, a chronic congestion of the 
skin and subcutaneous tissue of the face, 
attended with seborrhoea, and resulting in 
permanent vascular dilatation. May hyper- 
trophy the tip and sides of the nose 
{A. hypertrophica, "whiskey nose"), or 
expand it into a pendulous tumor (A. 
rhinophyma). A. Sebacea. See Sebor- 
rhoea. A. Varioliforme. See Mollus- 
cum Contagiosum. A. Varioliformis 
(not to be confused with A. Varioli- 

forme). A pustular eruption confined 
mainly to the face and scalp, which 
leaves pitted scars. The papules and 
pustules are indurated and grouped. A. 
Vulgaris, stone pock ; an inflam- 
mation of the sebaceous glands, arising 
from, obstructed or retained secretion. 
Occurs mainly in children or youth. 
May be indurated, punctate or pustular 
in form. 

Acce / lius (a priv., ndi?ua, the belly). 
Without a belly ; applied to those ex- 
tremely emaciated. 

AcoUogy (a hoc, remedy, / oyoc, a dis- 
course). The science of remedies. 



ACOMIA 



25 



ACTION 



Aco / mia (anfiog, bald). Baldness. A 
general term applied to the deficiency of 
hair, arising from any cause. 

Aconite, or A / conite. 

Acon / itum. The root of Aconitum na- 

pellus. Possesses a bitter, pungent taste. 
Produces numbness and persistent tingling 
in the tongue and lips. Violently poison- 
ous. Exerts great depression of the heart, 
respiration, circulation and nerves. The 
active principle is Aconitine. Highly bene- 
ficial in fevers, acute throat affections and 
inflammation of the respiratory organs. 
Dose gr. ss-ij. A. Abstractum, has 
double the strength of the powdered drug 
or its fluid ext. Dose gr. %-y A. Ex- 



tractum. Dose gr. 



A. Ext. 



Fluid., has a strength of one drop to the 
grain of powdered drug. Dose TTL^-ij. 
A. Tinct., contains, aconite 40, tartaric 
acid 0.4, alcohol 100 parts. Dose Ttb^-ij. 
The following are unofficial : Aconitia 
(aconitine), an amorphous solid. Dose gr. 
27o~5 1 o- AconitincB, Oleatum, a 2 per cent, 
solution of aconitine in oleic acid. Napel- 
lina. Dose gr. \~\ . St. Jacob's Oil, a 
weak aconite liniment. 

Acor'mus [a, nop/uog, the trunk). A mon- 
ster without a trunk or body. 

Ac / orus. See Catamus. 

Acou / meter, or Acouom / eter (aaovu, to 
hear, fterpov, a measure). An instrument 
for measuring the acuteness of hearing. 

Acous / tic. Relating to the ear or sense 
of hearing. A. Tetanus, the rapidity of 
the induction shocks in a frog's nerve-muscle 
preparation, as measured by the pitch of a 
vibrating rod. A. Nerve, portio mollis 
of the seventh pair. See Nerves. 

Acoustics. The science of sound. 

Acquired Movements. Those brought 
under the influence of the will only after 
conscious and attentive effort and practice, 
in distinction from reacquired movements, 
those reinstated in their former proficiency 
after injury to the motor regions of the 
brain. 

Acra / nia (a priv., upaviov, the skull). A 
monster with partial or complete absence 
of the cranium. 

Acrature / sis (aKpareta, without strength, 
ovpTjaig, micturition). Inability to mictu- 
rate from atony of the bladder. 

Acrodyn / ia (anpog, an extremity, odwrj, 
pain). A disease closely allied to pellagra 
and ergotism ; attended with acute hyper- 
aesthesia of the palms and soles, troubles 
of motility, disordered nutrition of the skin 
and mucous membranes, followed by an 



erythematous eruption, with excess of dark 
brown pigmentation. Thought to be caused 
by diseased grain. 

Acro / leine (acer, sharp, oleum, oil). Acrylic 
Aldehyde. A highly volatile liquid hav- 
ing the composition C 3 H 4 ; derived from 
the decomposition or the destructive dis- 
tillation of glycerine. 

Acromegalia (anpog, /j.eya?.og, large). Ab- 
normal development of the extremities. 

Acro / mion (attpov, a summit, Dfiog, the 
shoulder). The triangular-shaped process 
at the summit of the scapula, which forms 
the attachment of the deltoid muscle. 

Acrompha'lus (atcpov, ofi<pa?iog, the navel). 
The center of the umbilicus, to which the 
cord is attached. 

Acro'nyx (aicpov, ovv^, a nail). The in- 
growing of the nail. 

Ac / rotism (a, without, Kporoc, striking). A 
term used to designate any defective beat- 
ing of the pulse. 

Actin / ic (auric, a ray). Referring to those 
wave-lengths of the spectrum correspond- 
ing to the violet and ultra-violet parts of 
the same which produce chemical changes 
in the haloid salts of silver, and are there- 
fore valuable in photography. 

Actinomyces (aung, fivnog, mucous). 
Vegetable parasites, the origin of the dis- 
ease actinomycosis. Called also the Ray 
Fungus. 

Actinomycosis (aung, ftvKyg, a fungus). 
A parasitical, infectious, inoculable dis- 
ease first observed in cattle, also in 
man, due to the presence, in abscesses 
and sinuses, of the leptothrix-streptothrix. 
The most frequent, and most curable, form 
is when the abscesses form about the jaws 
and teeth. The treatment is prophylactic, 
guarding, by the choice of meat and by its 
proper cooking, against the transference of 
the parasite ; and curative, the evacuation 
and antiseptic treatment of abscesses, sin- 
uses, carious teeth, etc. When the para- 
site has found a nidus in the lungs or di- 
gestive tract, all treatment is so far use- 
less. 

Actinospo'ra Charta / rum. A parasitic 
fungus developing on paper and books. 

Actinozo'a (aung, tjoov, an animal). One 
of the two divisions of the coelenterata, 
including the sea anemones, stone corals, 
etc. ; called also anthozoa. 

Action (ago, to do or perform). In 
physiology, a term used to denote the 
function of an organ. A., Reflex, a 
movement of an organ or part of the body 
resulting from an impression carried by a 



ACTIVE 



26 



ADENOGRAPHY 



sensor}- or afferent nerve to a subordinate 
center, and then sent back by an efferent 
nerve to some point at or near the source 
of irritation. 

Act'ive. In medicine, a term applied to 
treatment the reverse of passive, that is, 
where the pathological conditions are 
acted upon directly rather than partly 
controlled. 

Active Insufficiency of Muscles. See 
Insufficiency. 

Actual Caut / ery. See Cautery. 

Acu'ity (acuo, to sharpen). Acuteness or 
clearness of visual power in the percep- 
tion of small or distant objects. 

Acupressure (acus, sharp, premo, to 
press). An operation to stop haemorrhage 
or aneurysm by the compression of a needle 
inserted into the tissues upon either side, 
either above or below the vessel. 

Acupuncture {acus, pungo, to prick). 
Puncture of the skin or tissue by one or 
more needles for the relief of pain, the 
exit of fluid, the coagulation of blood in 
an aneurysm, etc. 

Acute' (acus). Used of disease, and 
signifying rapid and severe onset, pro- 
gress and termination. When applied 
to pain, sound, vision, etc., means sharp, 
keen. 

Acutenac'ulum. A needle-holder. 

Acute / ness. Pertaining to the acute stage 
of a disease. Referring to vision, used as 
a synonym for keenness or acuity. 

Acyanops / ia. See Blindness. 

Acye / sis (a, without, kvtjoiq, pregnancy). 
Sterility of the female. 

Ad (ad, to). A Latin prefix of words and 
terms, signifying to, toward, at, etc. Ad 
deliquium, to fainting. Ad libitum, at 
pleasure, or, according to discretion. 

Ad, or Add. A contraction of Adde, or 
Additur, meaning, add, or let there be 
added ; used in prescription-writing. 

Adact / ylous (a, without, da/crvAoc, a 
finger). Without fingers. In biology, 
certain crustaceans the arms of which 
are without claws. 

Ad / am's Apple. See Pomum Adami. 

Addepha / gia. See Bulimia. 

Ad / dison's Diseased Melasma supra- 
renale, Dermato-melasma-supra-renale, or 
cutis aerea (" bronzed skin "), a disease of 
the supra-renal capsules, first described by 
Dr. Addison, and characterized by tuber- 
cular infiltration of the capsules, discolora- 
tion of the skin, progressive anaemia and 
asthenia, ending in death from exhaus- 
tion. 



Adduction (adduco, to bring toward). 
Movements whereby a part is brought 
toward another or toward the median line 
of the body. 

Adduct / or. Applied to muscles effecting 
adduction. 

Adelomorphous. See Delomorphous. 

Ademo / nia (a, drjfiovici) trouble, distress). 
Mental distress. 

A / den (adr]v, an acorn, a gland). A gland, 
a bubo. 

Adenal'gia (adrjv, alyog, pain) . Glandular 
pain. 

Adenecto / pia (adr/v, ektottoc, away from 
a place). A condition in which the gland 
does not occupy its proper position. 

Adenemphrax / is (adrjv and e/jfpat-ig, to 
obstruct). Glandular obstruction. 

Ade / nia. See Lymp/iadenoma. 

Aden / iform (adrjv, forma, resemblance). 
Of the shape of a gland ; glandlike. 

Ad / enine (adr/v, a. gland, — first discovered 
in pancreatic glands). A leucomaine, dis- 
covered in 1885 by Kossel; the simplest 
member of the uric acid group of leuco- 
maines. A relation exists between hydro- 
cyanic acid and all the members of this 
group, and the base Adenine seems to be 
formed by polymerization of hydrocyanic 
acid. It occurs, with other bases, as a de- 
composition product of nuclein, and may 
be obtained from all animal and vegetable 
tissues rich in nucleated cells. It exists 
largely in the liver and urine of leuco- 
cythaemic patients, as a result of the 
breaking up of the nucleated white blood 
corpuscles. It appears to be necessary 
to the formation and building up of 
organic matter, playing an important part, 
together with guanine, in the physio- 
logical function of the cell nucleus. Non- 
nucleated cells, though capable of living, 
are incapable of reproduction ; the nucleus 
appears to be the seat of the functional 
activity of the cell, indeed, of the entire 
organism. Nuclein, the parent of ade- 
nine and guanine, has been credited 
with a direct relation to the reproductive 
powers of the cell. Adenine is not poi- 
sonous. Its physiological action is not 
definitely known. 

Adeni / tis (adr/v and itis, inflammation). 
Inflammation of a gland. See Bubo. 

Ade'no-. A Greek prefix to denote rela- 
tion to glands. 

Aden / ocele. See Adenoma. 

Adenodyn / ia. See Adenalgia. 

Adenography (adrjv, ypa<bu, to write). A 
treatise on the glandular system. 



ADENOID 



27 



ADVENTITIA 



Ad / enoid [adrjv, etdog , resemblance). Re- 
sembling a gland. A. Body, the pros- 
tate gland. A. Tissue. See Animal 
Tissue. 

Adenol'ogy (adqv and luyog, a discourse). 
The science of the glandular system. 

Adeno / ma (adr/v, o/ua, tumor). A tumor 
that has sprung from a gland, or con- 
structed after the type of a secreting 
gland. 

Adenomyxo'ma {adrjv, fiv^a, mucous). A 
composite growth having the characters of 
adenoma and myxoma. 

Adenopathy {adijv, iradog, disease). Dis- 
ease of glands. 

Adenophlegmon (adrjv, (fkeyfiovrf). Sup- 
purative inflammation of a lymphatic gland 
complicating a wound. 

Adenosarco / ma [adqv, sarcoma). A 
tumor with the characters of adenoma and 
sarcoma. 

Adenosclero / sis (adijv, sclerosis). A hard- 
ening of a gland, with or without swelling. 

Adenoses [adrpj). Chronic abnormality 
of the glands. 

A / deps. Lard. The fat obtained from the 
abdomen of the pig. Composed of 38 
per cent, stearin and margarin, and 62 
per cent, olein. Forms 70 per cent, of 
ceratum, and 80 of unguentum, q. v. A. 
Anserinus, goose grease. A. Benzoa- 
tus contains 2 per cent, of benzoin. A. 
Ovillus, mutton suet. Adipis Oleum, 
a fixed oil expressed from lard. 

Ader'mia (a priv., depua, skin). Ab- 
sence or defect of the skin. 

Adhe / sion (adhcero, to stick to). Abnor- 
mal union of two surfaces as a result of 
abrasion, inflammation, etc. A., Primary, 
called also Healing by First Intention, and 
by Immediate Union, a method of healing 
of wounds by the production of lymph, 
followed by the vascularization and cica- 
trization of the exudate. A., Secondary, 
or Healing by Second Intention, or by 
Granulation, is that mode of healing at- 
tended by the production of pus and the 
formation of granulations. A. Plaster. 
See Emplastrum. 

Adhesive Plaster. See Resin and Em- 
plastrum. 

Adiaphore / sis {a priv., fiiatyopsvco, to per- 
spire). Deficient sweat. 

Adiapneus / tia (a, dcairveo, to perspire) . A 
word used to denote stoppage of perspi- 
ration. 

Adiathe / sia (a, dia-&ecng, condition). A 
term used to denote a condition or partic- 
ular disease which is not congenital. 



Adenine. See Adenine. 

Ad / ipic Acid. An oxidation product of 
the fatty acids, having the composition 
C 6 H 10 O 4 . It is dibasic and diatomic. 

Ad / ipocere {adeps, fat, cera, wax). A 
wax-like substance formed by the expo- 
sure of fleshy tissue to moisture, with the 
exclusion of air, i. e., in the earth or under 
water. It consists of the fatty acids in 
combination with the alkaline earths and 
ammonium. Human bodies in moist burial 
places often undergo this change. 

Adipog / enous [adeps, fat, genero, to pro- 
duce). That which produces fat and adi- 
pose tissue. 

Ad'ipose. Fatty. A. Tissue, fat cells, 
united by connective tissue ; distributed 
extensively through the body. It is com- 
posed of triolein, tripalmitine and tristear- 
ine, and is liquid during life or at the tem- 
perature of the living body. 

Adjuvant {adjuvo, to assist). A medi- 
cine that assists the action of another to 
which it is added. 

Adolescence {adolesco, to grow). Youth, 
or the period between puberty and ma- 
turity, usually reckoned as extending in 
males from about 14 to 25 years, and in 
females from 12 to 21. 

Ado / nis EstivaTis. A plant much used 
in Italy as a cardiac tonic. Similar pro- 
perties possessed by A. Vernalis. Dose 
tablespoonful of ,^j to 3 xl. Unofficial. 

Adoscula / tion [ad, to, osculor, to kiss). 
Impregnation by external contact without 
intromission. 

Adre / nals {ad, pev, the kidney). The 
supra-renal capsules. 

Adru'e. Anti-emetic root. The root of Cy- 
perus articulatus. Strongly recommended 
to check black vomit of yellow fever. Dose 
of the fld. ext. gtt. xx-xxx. Unof. 

Adult 7 {adolesco, to grow). Mature. 

Adulteration [adultero, to counterfeit). 
The admixture of inferior, impure, inert, 
or less valuable ingredients to an article 
for gain, deception or concealment. Medi- 
cines, wines, foods, etc., are largely adul- 
terated, the latter to a shameless extent. 

Advancement. An operation to remedy 
strabismus, generally in conjunction with 
tenotomy, whereby the opposite tendon 
from the over-acting one is also cut and 
brought forward, so that, growing fast in a 
more advanced position, it shall have more 
power to act upon the globe of the eye. 

Adventi / tia {adventitius, foreign). The 
external covering or coat of the blood- 
vessels. 



ADVENTITIOUS 



28 



AFTER-BIRTH 



Adventitious. Accidental, foreign, ac- 
quired, as opposed to natural or hereditary. 

Adyna'mia (a priv., dvia/uog, power). 
Deficiency or loss of vital or muscular 
power. 

./Edceag'raphy (atfiota, the generative 
organs, - t paou. to write). A description 
of the generative organs. 

./Edceol'ogy (aidoia, /.oyog, a discourse). 
A treatise or monograph on the organs of 
generation. 

^gagro / pili {ail; [gen. ay tog], ayptog, a 
wild goat, rrt/.og, hair). Intestinal concre- 
tion formed of hair, found in animals and 
occasionally in man. A bezoar. 

^gilops (at!;, uxb, eye). Abscess with per- 
foration at the inner canthus of the eye, 
supposed to be a result of lachrymal fistula. 
See Anchylops. 

^goph / ony (at!;, Quvt}, the voice). In 
auscultation, a terra meaning a modification 
of bronchophony in which the voice sounds 
sharp and tremulous, like that of a kid. 

^quabiFiter just / o ma'jor, or mi / nor 
PeFvis. See Pelvis. 

A'erated (arjp, the atmosphere). Impreg- 
nated or charged with carbon dioxide. 

Aerhaemocto'nia (ar/p, air, atjua, blood, 
ttrovog. killing). Death by the entrance of 
air into the veins. 

Aero'bia (arjp, air, /3tog, life). The quality 
of living in the presence of oxygen. A., 
Facultative, normally or usually anae- 
robic, but under certain circumstances 
acquiring aerobic power. 

Aerobic. Pertaining to microbes requiring 
oxygen (air) in order to live. 

^roco / mia Sclerocarpa. A South Ameri- 
can plant, very popular as a remedy in 
leucorrhcea, diarrhoea and albuminuria. It 
is astringent. Unof. 

Aerom'eter (arjp, fierpov, a measure). An 
instrument for ascertaining the density of 
gases. 

Aerophobia (arjp, (f>o{3og, fear). Dread 
of a current of air. A symptom of hydro- 
phobia and hysteria. 

A'eroscope (ar/p, gkotteu, to observe). An 
instrument for the examination of air 
dust. Also, an instrument for estimating 
the purity of the air. 

Aerotherapeu'tics. A mode of treating 
disease by varying the pressure or the 
composition of the air breathed. 

Aerteriver'sion (aqp, rrjpecj, to hold, verto, 
to turn). A method of arresting haemor- 
rhage by everting the cut end of an artery, 
invaginating the vessel in itself and fixing 
the parts by a needle. 



iEs'culin. A glucoside in the bark of the 
horse chestnut having the composition 
C 21 H 24 13 . 

i^s / thesin (ato^rjatg, sensibility). A name 
given by Thudichum to an anhydrous 
compound of sphyngosin and neurostearic 
ether occurring in brain-tissue. 

.^Esthesiom'eter. An instrument for 
measuring tactile sensibility. 

^sthesod / ic (atadrjatg, odog, path). Re- 
lating to the gray substance of the cord 
that conducts sensory impressions to the 
brain. Kinesodic parts conduct the motor 
impulses from the centers to the muscles. 

^stua / rium (cestus, heat). A vapor-bath. 
Also a stove designed to apply warm, dry 
air to all parts of the body at the same 
time. 

M'ther. See Ether. 

^tioFogy. See Etiology. 

Affection (officio, to affect). A synonym 
of disease. 

Afferent (ad, to, fero, to carry to). A term 
applied to vessels, nerves, etc., that con- 
vey their contents or impulses from the 
periphery to the center. An efferent 
nerve, impulse or current is in the reverse 
direction. 

Affinity (affinis, akin to). Relationship; 
a synonym of attraction. A., Chemical, 
the force exerted at inappreciable dis- 
tances, and between definite and invari- 
able weights of two or more combining 
substances, whereby bodies of dissimilar 
nature unite to form new compounds. 
Contradistinguished from cohesion, which 
is an attraction between molecules. A., 
Elective, the preference of one sub- 
stance for another rather than for a third 
or fourth. 

Af 'flux (affliw, to flow toward). The flow 
of the blood or other liquid to a particular 
part. 

Affu'sion (off undo, to pour upon). Pour- 
ing water upon a substance to cleanse it, 
or upon the body in fevers to reduce tem- 
perature and calm nervous symptoms. 

African Lethargy. A " sleeping sick- 
ness " affecting negroes of the West 
African coast. Increasing somnolence is 
the characteristic symptom. Very fatal. 
Death after emaciation follows in from 
three to six months. The cause is un- 
known, and- post-mortem examination has 
revealed only hyperaemia of the arachnoid. 
No treatment avails. 

After-birth. The popular designation of 
the placenta, cord and membranes, some- 
times called the secundines. 



AFTER-IMAGES 



29 



AGRYPNIA. 



After-images. Continued retinal im- 
pressions after the stimulus of the light or 
image has ceased to act. A positive after- 
image is a simple prolongation of the sen- 
sation; a negative after-image is the ap- 
pearance of the image in complementary 
colors. After-sensations may be also ex- 
perienced with other senses. 

After-pains. See Pains. 

After-sensation. A sensation lasting 
longer than the stimulus producing it. 

Agalactia (a, yaXa, milk). Failure or 
insufficiency of the mother's milk after 
childbirth. 

Agamogen / esis (aya/uog, without mar- 
riage, yeveccg, generation). Reproduction 
without fecundation, as, e.g., by gemma- 
tion. See Parthenogenesis. 

A / gar-a / gar. A Ceylon moss. A kind of 
glue made from certain mosses, used in 
medicine to make suppositories, and in 
bacteriological studies to make a solution 
in which micro-organisms are bred or kept. 
See Gelose. 

Agar / icine. The active principle of Agar- 
icus albus. It has proved useful in the 
night sweats of phthisis, where atropia has 
failed. Dose gr. ^"tV Unof. 

Agar / icus. A genus of the family of 
Agaricini or mushroom. The edible va- 
riety, A. Campestris, is characterized 
by a brownish color, which does not 
change when cut, and an agreeable taste. 
A. Albus, Purging Agaric, unof., a fun- 
gus parasitic upon the European larch; 
contains an alkaloid agaricin and agaric 
acid. Used as a drastic purgative, valuable 
in night sweats. Dose gr. xxx-^j. A. 
Cheirurgorum, a parasitic fungus for- 
merly used for moxa, q. v. Soaked in so- 
lution of potassium nitrate it forms spunk. 
A. Muscarius, a poisonous mushroom, 
containing an alkaloid mziscarine, q. v., 
a powerful cardiac depressant. Dose of 
the alkaloid gr. ^-ij. Muscarine nitrate, 
used hypodermically. Dose gr. t X q— f. 

Age. A period of life. The age of 
infancy, up to the third year ; of child- 
hood, from 3 to 12; of adolescence, from 
about 12 to 25; of maturity, from 25 to 
50 ; of decline or senility, from 50 to 
death. The word is sometimes used to de- 
note the last period alone. Other divi- 
sions may be made, as, e. g., those of em- 
bryonic life, of immaturity, of maturity, 
of sterility, etc. 

Agenesia [a, yeveatg, generation). A 
term somewhat loosely used to designate 
abnormal or imperfect development. Also 



impotence and sterility. In botany, the 
asexual development of the flower. 

Agens Morbi. See Morbi. 

A'gent {ago, to act, to do). A substance 
or force that by its action effects changes 
in the human body. 

Ageifsia [a, yevacg, taste). Abolition of 
the sense of taste. 

Agglutination (agglutino, to glue upon 
or to). A joining together; applied to the 
healing of wounds; it is called imme- 
diate, if by the first intention ; mediate, if 
through the inteiposition of some sub- 
stance in the lips of the wound. 

Agghftinatives. Substances with adhe- 
sive properties, fitted to retain the edges 
of wounds in apposition. Such are caout- 
chouc, collodion, etc. 

AglobuTia (a negative, and globulus, a 
globule). A decrease in the quantity of 
red blood corpuscles, with corresponding 
increase of serum. 

Aglos / sia (a priv., y/lwaaa, the tongue). 
Congenital absence of tongue. 

Ag / minate Glands. See Glands, Pey- 
er's. 

Ag / nail. Hangnail. 

Agna'thia (a priv., yvadog, a jaw). Ab- 
sence or defective development of the 
jaws. 

-ago / ga, -agogues (ayoyog, one who 
leads). A suffix, denoting agents that 
drive out other substances, as emmena- 
gogues, lithagogues, etc. 

Agoraphobia (ayopa, a market-place, 
(poj3og, fear). A symptom of mental dis- 
ease characterized by a morbid fear of 
open places or spaces. 

-agra (ay pa, a seizure). A Greek word 
added as a suffix to various roots to denote 
seizure, severe pain ; as podagra, etc. 

Agram/matism (a, ypafifir], a word). A 
phenomenon of aphasia consisting in the 
inability to form words grammatically, or 
the suppression of certain words of a 
phrase. 

Agrapb/ia (a neg., ypacpu, to write). In- 
ability to express ideas by writing. In 
some cases not a single letter can be 
formed; in others, words, and a number 
of words, without meaning, can be written. 
See Aphasia. 

A'gria (ayptog, wild). A certain pustular 
eruption. 

Ag / rimony. The root of Agrimonia eu- 
patoria. A mild astringent. Dose of fid. 
ext. .^ss-ij. Unof. 

Agryp'nia (aypioq, restless, vrrvog, sleep). 
Loss of sleep, sleeplessness, insomnia, q. v. 



AGUE 



30 



ALBUMIN 



A'gue (acutus, sharp, acute, Fr. aigu). 
Malarial or intermittent fever, character- 
ized by paroxysms or stages of chill, fever, 
and sweating at regularly recurring times, 
and followed by an interval or intermission 
whose length determines the epithet, quo- 
tidian, tertian, etc. In some cases there is 
a double paroxysm, and hence called, 
double quotidian, double tertian, etc. In 
dumb ague the paroxysms are masked. 
Splenic enlargement follows ague, and is 
called A. -cake. A. -drop, a solution of 
the arseniate of potash, and for which 
Fowler's solution is substituted. 

Ailan / thus. The bark of A. glandulosa, 
commonly known as Tree of Heaven. 
Properties due to an oleoresin and a vola- 
tile oil. A nauseant and drastic purgative, 
constituting an excellent anthelmintic 
against tape-worm. A., Ext. fid., dose 
Tt\x-3j. A., Tinct., dose TT^x-^ij. 

Ain'hum (negro word, meaning to saw). 
A disease in Guinea and Hindostan, pe- 
culiar to negroes, in which the little toes 
are slowly and spontaneously amputated 
at about the digito-plantar fold. The pro- 
cess is very slow, does not affect other toes 
or parts, is unaccompanied by any consti- 
tutional symptoms, and its cause is un- 
known. Sometimes attacks the great toe. 

Air (aep, from aco to blow or breathe). 
The chief part of the atmosphere. At- 
mospheric air consists of a mixture of 77 
parts by weight, or 79.19 by volume, of 
nitrogen, and 23 parts by weight or 20.81 
by volume of oxygen, with 3.7 to 6.2 parts 
by volume of C0 2 in 10,000 parts. 100 
cubic inches weigh 30,935 grains. The 
pressure of the air at sea-level is about 14^ 
lbs. upon the sq. in. A., Complemental, 
is that that can still be inhaled after an 
ordinary inspiration. A., Reserve or 
Supplemental, that that can still be ex- 
haled after an ordinary expiration. A., 
Residual, that which remains in the lungs 
after the most complete expiration possible. 
A., Tidal, that taken in and given out at 
each respiration. A. Vesicles, the 
rounded terminations of the bronchial 
tubes, the alveoli. See Atmosphere. 

Air-space. A space in tissue filled with 
air or other gases arising from the separa- 
tion, rupture, or absorption of cells. 

Ajo / wan. Bishop's Weed. The fruit of 
A. Carum. Carminative and antiseptic. 
Has been recommended in colic, diarrhoea, 
etc. Dose of the fid. ext. TTLx-xxx. 

Akanthsesthe / sia (amvda, a thorn, ataBrj- 
c/.r, sensation). A form of paresthesia or 



perverted sensation in which there is a 
feeling as of a sharp point. 

Akatapha'sia (a, without, Kara(f>aivo) } to 
declare). Inability to utter or to form a 
complete sentence, arising from a syntactic 
disturbance of speech. 

Akin / esis (a neg, uvea), to set in motion). 
Absence or imperfection of movement. 
Applied to the heart's diastole. 

Akroposthi / tis (atcpoc, point, rroadia, fore- 
skin). Inflammation of the foreskin. See 
Balanitis. 

Akyanops / ia. See Blindness. 

Al. The Arabic definite article, the. Pre- 
fixed to many words to designate preemi- 
nence, etc., as alkali, alcohol. In chemi- 
cal nomenclature it is used as a suffix to 
denote similarity to or derivation from an 
aldehyd, as chloral, butyral, etc. 

ATae (pi. of a/a, a wing). Applied to 
various wing-shaped parts or appendages. 
A. Auris, the pinna of the ear. A. Nasi, 
the lateral cartilages of the nose. A. 
Vespertilionis, the broad ligaments of 
the uterus. A. Vulvae, the labia of the 
pudendum. Applied also to the armpits, 
parts of the sphenoid, vomer, etc. 

AlaTia (a neg., laleu, to talk). Impaired 
or lost articulation from paralysis of the 
muscles of speech. 

ATar (ala, wing). Winglike. A. Liga- 
ments, lateral synovial folds of the liga- 
ment of the knee-joint. A. Odontoid 
Ligaments, lateral ligaments of the 
odontoid process. Alaria ossa, lateral 
processes of the sphenoid bone. Alares 
musculi, the pterygoid muscles. 

Albicans (albico, to grow white), white. 
Applied to the corpora albicantia at the 
base of the brain. 

Albinism {albus, white). Congenital 
leucoderma, congenital leucopathia, con- 
genital achroma. The congenital absence 
or abnormal deficiency of pigment in the 
skin and other tissues. May be complete 
or partial. In complete albinism, there is 
a total absence of pigmentation in hair, 
skin, iris and choroid coat. 

Albugin / ea (albus). White, or whitish. 
A. Oculi, the sclerotic coat of the eye. 
A. Ovarii, and testis, the tunica albu- 
ginea of the ovary and testicle. 

Albumim / etQT[a/bumin,fierpov, measure). 
An instrument for the quantitative estima- 
tion of albumin in urine. 

Al'bumin (albus, white). A proteid sub- 
stance, the chief constituent of the body. 
Its molecule is highly complex and varies 
widely within certain limits in different 



ALBUMINATE 



31 



ALE 



organs and conditions. It contains the 
following percentages : Carbon 52.7 to 
54.5 ; hydrogen 6.9 to 7.3 ; nitrogen 15.4 
to 16.5 ; oxygen 26.9 to 23.5 ; sulphur 
0.8 to 2.0. Its approximate formula is 
C 72 H U2 N 18 22 S. The white of egg, often 
called albumin, is very largely composed 
of it. Other varieties are called after 
their sources or characteristic reactions, as 
acid-albumin, alkali-albumin, muscle-, se- 
rum-, ovum-, vegetable-, albumin, etc. 
A., Circulating, that found in the fluids of 
the body. A., Organic, that forming an 
integral part of the tissue. See, also, 
Proteids and Native Albumins. 

Albuminate. The compound of albumin 
and certain bases, as albuminate of iron, 
or of iron and potassium, etc. 

Albuminoid {albumin, eiSog, form). Re- 
sembling albumin. Applied to certain 
compounds having many of the character- 
istics of albumin. 

Albuminoids. Substances resembling 
true proteids in their origin and composi- 
tion. They are amorphous non-crystalline 
colloids, occurring as organized constitu- 
ents of the tissues, and also in fluid form. 
Mucin, Nuclein, Keratin, Fibroin, Spon- 
gin, Elastin, Gelatin, Chondrin, etc., are 
the principal members of the group. 

Albuminuria {albumin and ovpov, urine). 
The presence of albumin in the urine. 
The term is not now used, as it formerly 
was, as synonymous with Bright's disease. 
Albumin in the mine may result from a 
number of causes, e. g., mechanical inter- 
ference with renal circulation ; from toxic 
substances in the blood ; from changes in 
the blood due to various diseases; from 
lesions and diseases of the kidneys them- 
selves, etc. A., Tests of. See Albumi- 
meter, Acetic Acid and Ferrocyanide, Boil- 
ing, Esbactis Method, Heller, Picric Acid, 
Roberts' Reagent, Tanret. 

Al'bumoses. The first products of the 
splitting up of proteids by enzymes, inter- 
mediate between the food-albumins and the 
typical peptones. After the precipitation 
and filtering off of the para-peptones, e. g., 
in the peptic digestion of fibrin, the clear 
solution of albumoses thus obtained, treated 
with sodium chloride, yields in precipitate 
form, Proto-albumose, Dys-albumose and 
Hetero-albumose ; a fourth, Deutero-albu- 
mose, remains in solution. The Deutero- 
albumose is the nearest to peptones. A., 
Vegetable. See Phytalbumoses. 

Al'chemy (Arabic, of doubtful derivation). 
The supposed art of the transmutation of 



metals (into gold) and of finding a remedy 
for all diseases. Modern chemistry is the 
development of this chimerical mediaeval 
dream. 

Alcohol (Arab, al, the, kohol, finely pow- 
dered antimony). Ethyl alcohol, C,H 6 0. 
A liquid obtained by the distillation of fer- 
mented grain or starchy substance. Used 
in pharmacy as a solvent for resins, and as 
a base for all tinctures. Commercial alco- 
hol contains 91 per cent, of absolute alco- 
hol, with 9 per cent, of water. Is in- 
flammable, colorless, and possesses a pun- 
gent odor and burning taste. Sometimes 
used externally as a stimulant lotion. In- 
ternally, it is a powerful cerebral excitant ; 
in large doses a depressant, narcotic poison, 
producing muscular incoordination, deli- 
rium and coma. A food within the limits 
of 3J-^j per day; continued use is 
apt to result in epilepsy, amblyopia and 
insanity. In form of wine, whisky or 
brandy, it is invaluable in diphtheria, ady- 
namic fevers, and poisoning by cardiac 
depressants. A., Absolute, spirit contain- 
ing no water. A., Ethyl. See Alcohol. 
A., Methyl, CH 4 0, commonly known as 
"Wood Spirit." A., Amyl, C 5 H 12 0, com- 
monly known as " Potato Spirit " and 
" Fusel Oil." A., Phenic. See Acid 
Carbolic. A., Dilute, composed of equal 
parts each of alcohol and water. 

Alcoholism. The morbid results of ex- 
cessive or prolonged use of alcoholic 
liquors. The term acute A. has been 
used as a synonym for inebriety. The 
chronic form is associated with severe 
lesions or disturbances of the digestive, 
respiratory and nervous systems. Delirium 
tremens is a common result of alcoholism. 

Al'dehyde [al, the first syllable of alco- 
hol, dehyd, from dehydratus). Alcohol 
deprived of two atoms of hydrogen, or 
acetic aldehyde. It is a colorless, limpid 
liquid, with a characteristic odor, having 
the composition C 2 H 4 0. Internally it 
produces intoxication, anaesthesia and as- 
phyxia. A., Benzoic, the oil of bitter 
almonds, C 7 H 6 0. Chemically, the alde- 
hydes are bodies containing the group CO, 
associated with a monatomic alcohol radi- 
cal, and with hydrogen. They are easily 
converted into the corresponding acid by 
oxidation, or into the corresponding alco- 
hols by nascent hydrogen. They are 
powerful reducers. 

Ale. An alcoholic beverage brewed from 
malt and hops. It contains from 3 to 7 
per cent, of alcohol. See Malt Liquors. 



ALEMBIC 



32 



ALLEN'S TEST 



Alem / bic (Arab, al, apBdjj a cup). A 

vessel used for distillation. 
Alep'po Boil, or Evil. See Furunculus 

OrientaHs. 

Ale / tris. Star Grass, Unicorn Root, Star- 
wort, Colic Root. The root of A. farinosa. 
Tonic, diuretic and anthelmintic. Formerly 
a popular domestic remedy in colic, dropsy 
and chronic rheumatism. Dose of tid. ext. 
rt^x-xxx; of aletrin, the extractive, gr. 
%-\v. Unof. 

Alexander's Operation. An operation 
consisting in shortening the round ligament 
of the uterus in order to bring the uterus 
into its normal position. 

Alex / ia (a, Ae^c, word). Word-blindness. 
A form of aphasia and a special type of 
psychical blindness, in which the patient 
is unable to recognize ordinary written or 
printed characters. 

Alexipharm / ic [aTie^o, to repel, (pap/uanov, 
a drug). A medicine neutralizing a poi- 
son. 

AlexipyretTc {alel-u, Trvperog, a fever). 
A febrifuge. 

Aleze / (aAefw, to protect). A cloth to 
protect the bed from becoming soiled from 
excreta, etc. 

AFgae {algor, coldness). A group of 
acotyledonous plants, of simple vegetable 
construction, living mostly in the water. 

AFgaroth (It. Algarotti, the Veronese phy- 
sician). A name formerly used to desig- 
nate an oxychloride of antimony. 

Alge'do (a^yoc, pain). A name applied to 
severe pain in the generative and extend- 
ing to the urinary organs, sometimes arising 
from a sudden stoppage of gonorrhoea. 

-algia {akyoq). A suffix denoting pain, 
as odontalgia, neuralgia, etc. 

Algid {algidus, cold). Cold, chilly. A. 
Fever, a pernicious intermittent fever, with 
great coldness of the surface of the body. 
A. Cholera, Asiatic cholera. 

Alienation {alieno, to withdraw). Men- 
tal derangement, insanity. 

ATienist. One who treats mental diseases ; 
a specialist in the treatment of insanity. 

AFiment {alimentum, from alo, to nour- 
ish). Nourishment, food. A substance 
that, acted upon by the digestive and as- 
similative organs, yields the sources and 
repairs the losses of heat, force or the tis- 
sues of the body. 

Alimentary. Nourishing. A. Bolus, 
the food after mastication and just prior 
to swallowing. A. Tube, System, or 
Canal, the digestive tube from the lips to 
the anus, with its accessory glands. 



Alimentation. The process of the recep- 
tion and conversion of" food into material 
fit for nourishment. 

AFizarine. The red coloring principle 
occurring in the madder plant, Rubia tinc- 
torium, and in anthracene, a coal-tar pro- 
duct. Its composition is C 14 H 8 4 . 

AFkali (Arab, al, and kali, the plant from 
which soda was first obtained). The term 
includes the hydrated oxides of the alkali 
metals; these are electro-positive, are 
strong bases, uniting with acids to form 
salts, turn red litmus blue and saponify 
fats. A., Caustic (usually potash) , when 
so concentrated as to possess caustic pro- 
perties ; potash and soda are called fixed 
alkalies, because permanently solid ; soda 
is called a mineral, potash a vegetable, 
and ammonia a volatile alkali. 

AFkali- Albumin. A derived albumin; 
a proteid having been acred upon by dilute 
alkalies and yielding an alkaline reaction. 

AlkalinVeter {alkali, and fierpeu^ to mea- 
sure). Alkalimetry, the measurement of 
the amount of an alkali in a substance. 

AFkaloid {alkali and Eidog, likeness). 
Resembling an alkali. The alkaloids are 
nitrogenous organic compounds, basic and 
alkaline in character, highly complex in 
chemical constitution and usually of vege- 
table origin. Most are solid and crystal- 
lizable ; but nicotin and conein are liquid. 
Most are toxic. A., Putrefactive. See 
Ptoinaines. 

AFkanet (Arab, alkanah, a reed). The 
root of Anchusa tinctoria, now used in 
medicine as a coloring material. 

Allantiasis {aXAag, a sausage). Sausage 
poisoning, due to putrefactive changes in 
imperfectly cured sausages, or in those 
made from bad materials. 

Allant'oin. C 4 H 6 N 4 3 . Occurs in 
traces in normal urine, and prepared from 
uric acid by oxidation processes. 

Allant / ois (a/Uac, eidog, like). One of 
the foetal appendages or membranes, de- 
rived from the mesoblastic and hypoblas- 
tic layers. Its function is to convey the 
blood-vessels to the chorion. The lower 
part finally becomes the bladder, the rest, 
the urachus. 

Allant / o-tox / icon [a?2ag, rogtuov, a poi- 
son). A name applied to a poisonous sub- 
stance, probably a ptomaine, which devel- 
ops during the putrefactive fermentation 
of" sausage, especially that made of blood 
and liver. 

Allen's Test for Zinc. A few drops of 
potassium ferrocyanide added to boiling 



ALLIACEOUS 



33 ALPHA-OXYNAPHTHOIC ACID 



water slightly alkaline yields a white pre- 
cipitate if zinc be present. 

Alliaceous [allium, garlic). Resembling 
garlic or pertaining to the same. 

ALligator Pear. The seeds of Persea 
gratissima, or Avocado pear. A Mexican 
remedy for intercostal neuralgia, and, in- 
ternally, an anthelmintic (?). Dose, in- 
ternally, of the fid. ext. TTLxxx-^j. 

ALlium (aAeu, to avoid). Garlic. The 
bulb of A. sativum. Contains a pungent 
volatile oil (allyl sulphide), which is found 
also in the leek and the onion. The tubers 
of each are used both as a food and as a 
condiment, and are stimulants to digestion. 
A. Syr., contains, garlic 15, sugar 60, dil. 
acetic acid 40 parts. Dose 3 j-3 iv. 

Allochi / ria (al?iog, other, x £i P> hand). 
An infrequent tabetic symptom, in which, 
if one extremity be pricked, the patient 
locates the sensation in the corresponding 
member of the other side. The better 
name, allcesthesia, has been suggested. 

Allop'athy (aZAoc, other, rradog, affection). 
According to Hahnemann, the inventor of 
the term, that method of the treatment of 
disease consisting in the use of medicines 
whose action upon the body in health pro- 
duces morbid phenomena different from 
those of the disease treated. Opposed to 
homoeopathy. It need hardly be said that 
modern scientific medicine is based upon 
no such theoiy, or definition, as that sup- 
plied by homoeopathy. See Regular. 

Allorhytb/mia (aXkoq, pvdjuoc, rhythm). 
Variation in interval of the pulse. See 
Pulse and Pulsus. 

Allotriopb/agy (a/lAoT/Moc, strange, dayo, 
to eat). Depraved or unnatural appetite. 
The Italian epidemic disease called pica. 

Allot / ropism [aTCkoq, rporroc, method). 
The term expresses the fact of certain 
elements existing in two or more condi- 
tions with differences of physical properties. 
Thus carbon illustrates allotropism by ex- 
isting in the forms of charcoal, plumbago, 
and the diamond. See Isomeric. 

Allox / an. An oxidation product (C 4 H 2 - 
N 2 4 ) of uric acid. Passes into alloxanic 
acid, C 4 N 2 H 4 5 by the action of alkalies. 
Occurs in the intestinal mucus in case of 
diarrhoea. 

AlLspice. See Pimenta. 

ALlyl. C 3 H 5 . A non-saturated univalent 
alcohol-radical of the oils obtained from 
alliaceous plants. A. Alcohol, C 3 H 5 HO. 
A. Aldehyde, C^H^O, a synonym of Acro- 
lein. A. Sulphide, (C 3 H 5 ) 2 S, the essen- 
tial oil of garlic. 
3 



Al'men's Test. A test for haemoglobin 
or blood in urine. Add to urine freshly 
prepared tincture of guaiacum and ozo- 
nized ether; a blue color indicates the 
presence of blood. 

AFmond. See Amygdala. 

ALnus. Alder Bark. The bark of the 
American Alder. A. Serrulata, contains 
tannic acid. Decoction of bark and leaves 
is astringent, and used as a gargle and as 
a lotion for wounds and ulcers. Dose of 
powdered bark gr. x. 

Al'oe (aloT], gen. alorjq). The inspissated 
juice of several species of aloe, of which 
the A. Socotrina, A. Barbadensis, and 
A. Capensis are most commonly used. 
Properties due to a glucoside, aloin. A 
tonic astringent, useful in amenorrhcea, 
chronic constipation, and atonic dyspepsia. 
Dose gr. j-v. A. Purificata, the com- 
mon drug purified by solution in alcohol 
and evaporation. Dose gr. j-v. A. Ext. 
Aquosum, prepared by mixing I with 
10 parts boiling water, straining and evapo- 
rating. Dose gr. ss-v. A., Tinct., con- 
sists of aloes 10, glycyrrhiza 10, dil. alco- 
hol 100 parts. Dose gss-^ij. A. et 
Myrrh, Tinct., aloes 10, myrrh 10, alco- 
hol 100 parts. Dose 3 ss— 3 ij . A., Vin., 
has aloes 6, cardamon I, ginger I, str. 
white wine 100 parts. Dose ^j-giv. 
A., Pil., aloes and soap aa gr. ij. A. et 
Asafcetida, Pil., aloes and asafoetida aa 
gr. 1 3/3. A. et Ferri, Pil., contains gr. j 
each of aloes and ferrous sulphate incorpo- 
rated with confection of roses. A. et 
Mastich, " Lady Webster's " pill, contains 
each aloes gr. ij, mastich and red rose gr. 
ss. A. et Myrrh, Pil., contains each aloes 
gr. ij, myrrh, gr. j, aromatic powder gr. ss, 
mixed with syrup. A. et Canellae, Pulv., 
contains powdered bark of Canella alba. 
Dose gr. v-xx. 

Aloin. See Aloe. 

Alope / cia {ak^Trrj^ a fox). A general 
term to designate all forms of baldness. 
May be congenital, senile, idiopathic pre- 
mature, or symptomatic premature. A. 
Areata, Porrigo Decalvans, Tinea De- 
calvans, Area Celsi. A. Circumspecta, 
an atrophic affection of the hair marked 
by the appearance of circumscribed bald 
spots. It sometimes affects the beard, eye- 
brows and pubes, and is thought to be non- 
parasitic. A. Pityro / des Universalis. 
See Seborrhcca. 

Al / pha-Oxynaphtho / ic Acid. A deri- 
vative of naphthol. Soluble in glycerine 
and oils only. A disinfectant. Unofficial. 



ALSTOXIA COXSTRICTA 



34 



AMAUROSIS 



Alsto'nia Constricta. See Ditta Bark. 

Altera 'tion Theory. See Difference 
I 

Al'terative [alter, another ). A medicine 
that alters the processes of nutrition and 
excretion, restoring, in some unknown way, 
and without sensible evacuation, the nor- 
mal functions of an organ or of the system. 
It seems to be a necessary or convenient 
term covering our ignorance of the modus 
:.ii of certain medicines, as mercury, 
iodine, etc. A. Compound, a domestic 
remedy consisting of bamboo, brier-root, 
stillingia, burdock-root, and poke-root, aa 
fl. ext. ^iij, prickly-ash bark fl. ext. ^j. 
Recommended by Sims in scrofulous affec- 
tions. Dose 3J-ij. 

Alternations of Generation. That form 
of reproduction in which some of the 
members of the cycle can produce new 
beings non-sexually, while in the final stage 
reproduction is always sexual. Taenia or 
tapeworm, is an example. The segments, 
(tides, are hermaphrodite, and are 
evacuated with the faeces. From the egg, 
fertilized after it is shed, is developed 
the embryo, that is swallowed by another 
animal, in whose tissues it forms an en- 
cysted stage {Cysticercus, Camurus, or 
Echinococcus). To undergo further de- 
velopment the cysticercus must find an- 
other host, where it forms new seg- 
ments. 

Althae / a. Marsh-mallow. The peeled root 
of A. officinalis, a plant of the mallow 
family. Consists about one-third of vege- 
table mucus and starch, together with the 
alkaloids Asparagin and Althein. Em- 
ployed as a mucilaginous drink. A. 
Syrupi, contains 4 per cent, althaea. Dose 
indefinite. Asparagin possesses sedative 
and diuretic properties. Useful in ascites 
and gout. Dose gr. ij-iij. 

AFum or AFumen. See Aluminium. 

Alumin'ium. Al = 27. Quantivalence 11, 
iv. A silver white metal distinguished 
by its low speci^.c gravity, about 2.6. A. 
Hydrate, Al 2 (HO) 6 , a tasteless white 
powder, feebly astringent. Dose gr. iij- 
xx. A. Sulphate, A1 2 (S0 4 ) 3 , an anti- 
septic and astringent used as a lotion in 
5 per cent, solution. A. Potassium 
Sulphate, K 2 AL,(S0 4 ) 4 , alum of com- 
merce, a valuable astringent used in ca- 
tarrh, leucorrhcea, gonorrhoea. Dose gr. 
x-xx. In teaspoonful doses, an emetic. 
A. Exsiccatum, alum deprived of its 
water of crystallization. Dose gr. x-xx. 
Used also as an escharotic. A. Acetate, 



unof. ; a disinfectant. A. Acetotartrate, 
unof. ; a disinfectant. 

Al'um Root. The root of Heuchera 
americana. Properties due to gallic and 
tannic acids. Very astringent. Dose of 
fid. ext. gtt. x-xx. Unof. 

Alve'olar {alveolus, a small hollow). Per- 
taining to the alveoli or sockets of the 
teeth. A. Abscess, a gum-boil. A. 
Arch, the alveolar surface of the jaw. A. 
Artery, a branch of the internal maxillary. 
A. Process, the border of the superior 
maxilla in which the alveoli are placed. 

Alveola / rium {alveus, a bee-hive). A 
name sometimes applied to the external 
meatus of the ear. It is so called because 
the wax of the ear gathers in that place. 

Alve / olez. An extractive from Euphorbia 
heterodoxa, having diuretic properties. It 
is highly recommended as a topical appli- 
cation in cancer. Unof. 

Alve / olus, pi. Alveoli. The bony socket 
of a tooth. A. of the Stomach, or the 
alveolar structures, are depressions, like 
honeycomb cells, found in the stomach, 
intestines and oesophagus. A. of the 
Lungs, are the air cells. A. of Glands, 
the ultimate sacs of a racemose gland. 

Al'veus {alveus, a trough). A trough, tube 
or canal, applied to ducts and vessels of 
the body. A. Communis, the utricle. 
A. Hippocampi, certain structures in the 
cerebral hemispheres. 

AFvine {alvus, the belly). Pertaining to 
the belly. A. Discharges, the faeces. 

AFvus. The belly, or its contents. 

AnVadou. German tinder or touchwood, 
a fungus found on old tree-trunks, used to 
stanch local hemorrhage, as a dressing of 
wounds, etc. 

AmaFgam (a/aa, together, yajj-Eo, to wed). 
A combination of mercury with any other 
metal, used for filling teeth. 

Ama'ra {amarus, bitter). Bitters. 

Amaranth / us Spino'sa. Fresh root of 
the shrub used in India as a specific in 
gonorrhoea. Dose indefinite. Unof. 

Ama / rin. A bitter alkaloid, C 21 H li X 2 , 
derived from bitter almonds. 

Amast / ia [a, fiacrog, breast). Without 
breasts. 

Amauro'sis (auavpou, to darken V A 
term that, from its vagueness, is happily 
becoming disused, signifying partial or 
total loss of vision. "When partial, the 
word amblyopia is now used; when com- 
plete, blindness. The word is still some- 
times used to express blindness when the 
cause is unknown or doubtful. 



AMAZIA 



35 



AMINES 



Ama / zia. See Amasiia. 

Am'ber. See Succinnm. 

Am / bergrease, or 

Am'bergris {amber and Fr. gris, gray). 
A substance excreted by the sperm whale, 
Physeter macrocephalus. It is not known 
whether it is a pathological product or the 
thickened, insoluble part of the faeces. 
Exhales a fragrant, musky odor when 
wanned. Used in adynamic fevers, chronic 
catarrh and nervous diseases. Dose, gr. 
j-iij. Unof. 

Ambidextrous {ambo, both, dexter, the 
right hand). Able to use both hands 
equally well. 

Amblyo / pia (a///3At>c, dulled, of, eye). 
Subnormal acuteness of vision, due neither 
to dioptric abnormalism nor to visible or- 
ganic lesion. It may be congenital ; or 
from disuse {exanopsia); from the use of 
tobacco or alcohol or other toxic influences; 
from traumatism', or it may be hysterical. 
Nyctalopia or day-blindness, and hemeral- 
opia or night-blindness, are other forms; 
it may arise from entoptic phenomena, such 
as muscce volitantes, micropsia, ?negalopsia, 
metamorphopsia, etc. It may take the form 
of contracted fields of vision, of color- 
blindness, or ancesthesia of the retina. 

Amboy / na Button. See Frambcesia. 

Am / bulance {ambulo, to walk about). In 
Europe the term is applied to the surgical 
staff and arrangements of an army in 
service. In the U. S. the word is re- 
stricted to a vehicle for the transference 
of the sick or wounded from one place 
to another. 

Ambus / tion {ambustio, a burn). A burn 
or scald. 

Ame / lia (a neg., /nslog, a limb). Absence 
of the limbs from arrested development, or 
atrophy. 

Amelop / sin. See American Ivy. 

Ame / lus (a priv., fieXog). A monstrosity 
without limbs. 

Amenoma / nia {amoenus, agreeable, jiavia, 
madness). A mild form of mania in which 
the symptoms are manifested under the 
form of gayety, fondness of dress, exaggera- 
tion of social condition, etc. 

Amenorrhce / a (a priv., /xrjv, mouth, p£u, 
to flow). Absence, irregularity or sup- 
pression of menstruation when it should 
normally be present. The secretion may 
not take place, or be retained, or be sup- 
pressed during menstruation. Primitive, 
is a term applied to those cases when the 
catamenia have not appeared at the proper 
time, and secondary, when the discharge 



has been arrested after it has existed, and 
during the reproductive period of life. 

Amen / tia (a neg., mens, mind). Defective 
intellect; a vague term synonymous with 
idiocy, imbecility. 

American Colum / bo. The root of Fra- 
sera carolinensis. Tonic, aperient ; in 
large doses, purgative. Dose of the fid. 
ext. YX\xx—£'). Fraserin, a concentrated 
extract. Dose gr. j-iij. Unof. 

American I / vy. The twigs and bark of 
Amelopsis quinquefolia. Alterative, tonic, 
astringent and expectorant. Dose of the 
fid. ext. TT\,xxx-3J. Amelopsin, the con- 
centrated ext. Dose gr. ij-iv. Unof. 

American Spike / nard. The rhizome of 
Aralia racemosa. Aromatic, diuretic and 
alterative. Used in rheumatism, dropsy 
and scrofulous affections. Dose of the 
decoction, indefinite. Unof. 

Amertume {French). A disease of wine, 
characterized by bitterness, and caused by 
a specific bacillus. 

Ametrom / eter. An instrument for meas- 
uring ametropia by means of the diffusion- 
circles formed by two small flames. 

Ametropia (a neg., /uerpov, a measure). 
Ametropia exists when an imperfect image 
is formed upon the retina, due to defective 
refractive power of the media, or to abnor- 
malities of form of the eye. In myopia 
the antero -posterior diameter is too great, 
or the power of the refractive media is too 
great ; hypermetropia (or hyperopia) is the 
exact reverse of the last; astigmatism is 
due to imperfect curvature of the cornea, 
or of the retina, or to inequality of refract- 
ing power in different parts of the lens ; 
presbyopia is due to the growing inelas- 
ticity of the lens, producing insufficient 
accommodation; aphakia, or absence of 
the lens, produces both insufficient refract- 
ing power and loss of accommodation. 

Am / ides. Organic compounds derived 
from ammonia by the substitution of acid- 
radicals for hydrogen. Most nitrogenous 
animal bases are amides. NH 2 , their 
hypothetical radical, is called amidogen. 

Am'idin (Fr. amidon, starch). Starch in 
a state of solution, or altered by heat into 
a horny, transparent mass. 

Am / ido-my / elin. See Myelin. 

Amid'ulin. Soluble starch. 

Amim / ia (a, ficjuog, a mimic). An aphasic 
symptom consisting in loss of the power of 
imitation or of pantomime speech. 

AnVines. Basic compounds, regarded as 
derivatives of ammonia by the substitution 
of alcohol radicals. They are called mona- 



AMMONIA 



36 



AMPERE 



mine's, diamines, triamincs, etc., according 
to the number of amidogen molecules, 
N 1 L, substituted for H. The lower mem- 
bers are gases, the higher, oily liquids. 

Ammo'nia. See Ammonium. 

Ammoni / acum. Ammoniac. A gum 
resin obtained from a Persian plant, Do- 
retna ammoniacum. A stimulating expec- 
torant and laxative, resembling asafcetida. 
Employed in chronic bronchial affections. 
Dose gr. x-xxx. A. cum Hydrargyro 
Emplastrum, ammoniac 72, mercury 18 
per cent., with sulphur, acetic acid and 
oil, q. s. A. Emplastrum, 100 parts of 
ammoniac, digested with 140 parts of acetic 
acid, dil., strained and evaporated. A. 
Mistura, a 4 per cent, emulsion in water. 
Dose gss-j. 

Ammoniae / mia {ammonia and ai/ua, 
blood). The theory explaining the pro- 
duction of uraemia as due to a decomposi- 
tion of urea in the blood, yielding ammo- 
nium carbonate. 

Ammo / nium (from the name of Jupiter 
Ammon, because first discovered near his 
temple in Libya). A hypothetical alkaline 
base, having the composition NH 4 . Exists 
only in combination. Occurs most com- 
monly in the form of ammonia gas, NH 3 , 
which, dissolved in water, is the water of 
ammonia of commerce. Inhalation of gas 
causes suffocation and oedema of glottis. 
The salts first stimulate and then paralyze 
the motor nerves. Useful as a stimulant, 
as an antagonist in cardiac depressants, 
and locally in bites and stings of venomous 
reptiles and insects. Ammonia Aqua, 
water of ammonia, a solution containing 10 
per cent, of the gas in water. Dose TT\v- 
gss, well diluted. A. Aqua Fortius, 
contains 28 per cent, of the gas in solu- 
tion. A., Aromatic Spt., spirit of ammo- 
nia, with A. carb., A. Aq., 01. Lemon, 
Lavender and Pimenta, Alcohol and water. 
Dose gss-ij. Ammonii Acetas Liq., 
dilute acetic acid neutralized with ammo- 
nia. Dose 3J-,^j. A. Benzoate. Dose 
gr. v-xv. A. Bromide. Dose gr. x- 
3 ss. A. Carbonate, a mixture of car- 
bonate and dicarbonate. Dose gr. v-x. A. 
Chloride, sal ammoniac. Dose gr. j-xx. 
A. Chloridum Trochisi, each lozenge 
contains gr. ij of the salt. A. Glycyrrhi- 
zate. Unof. An expectorant. A. Iodide. 
Dose gr. ij-x. A. Liniment, A. Aq. 30, 
cottonseed oil 70 per cent. A. Spt., 
a 10 per cent, solution of aqua ammonia 
in alcohol. Dose rc\x-%), diluted. The 
following salts and their preparations are 



official : A. Nitrate, used only in preparing 
nitrous oxide. A. Phosphate. Dose 
gr. v-xx. A. Sulphate, used only in the 
preparation of other ammonium salts. A. 
Valerianate. Dose gr. j-v. RaspaiVs 
Eau Sedatif (unof.), am. aq. gij, sodium 
chloride t ^ij, spt. vini camph. ^iij, aq. 
^xxxij. For local use. 

Amne / sia (a/j,v7]Gia, forge tfulness). Defect 
of memory. Loss of the memory for 
words. 

Am / nion (a/ivtov, the membrane of the 
foetus). The inner membranous layer 
surrounding the foetus and inclosing the 
liquor amnii, or amniotic fluid. It is a 
double non- vascular membrane, the inner 
layer or sac derived from the epiblast, the 
outer from the mesoblast. The cavity of 
the inner folds is called the true amnion, 
that of the outer, the false. A., Dropsy 
of the, excessive secretion of liquor 
amnii. 

Amni'ota. Animals with an amnion and 
allantois, comprising mammals, birds and 
reptiles. Those without an amnion are 
called anamnia. 

Amnioti / tis. Inflammation of the am- 
nion. 

Amoe / ba (aueifio, to change). A color- 
less, single-celled, jelly-like protoplasmic 
organism found in sea and fresh waters, 
constantly undergoing changes of form, 
and nourishing itself by surrounding ob- 
jects. The white corpuscles of the blood 
perform ajnozboid movements, i.e., changes 
of form, consisting of protrusions and with- 
drawals of its substance. 

Amcenoma / nia (amosnus, pleasant). A 
symptom of monomania or partial insanity 
in which the feelings and hallucinations 
are mirthful or pleasant. 

Amorphous (a neg., juopcj)?], a form). 
Formless, shapeless, non-crystallized. 
Amorphous quinine, Quinoidine, its salts 
being non-crystallizable. 

Amor / phus (a, fiop^ f ). An acardiacus 
without head or extremities. 

Ampere (a French physicist). A.'s Laws, 
relate to the forces between conductors 
carrying electric currents. Avogadrds 
law, that equal volumes of a gas when 
under the same conditions, contain the 
same number of molecules, is also called 
Ampere's Law. In honor of Ampere, 
the unit of measurement of an electric 
current is called an Ampere. It is the 
electro-motive force of one volt produced 
in a circuit with one ohm of resistance, 
equal to j 1 ^ C. G. S. (Centimetre-Gramme- 



AMPHI- 



37 



AMYLENE 



Second) electro-magnetic unit. It is suffi- 
cient to deposit .3 grain of copper per 
minute on the plate of a copper voltameter, 
or decompose sufficient acidulated water to 
generate 10.32 c.c. of mixed hydrogen and 
oxygen per minute. A. -Hour, the equiva- 
lent of 3600 coulombs. 

Am / phi- (a/z</u, both). A "Greek prefix, 
signifying about, on both sides, around, etc., 
as amphi-arthrosis, amphibia, etc. 

Amphiarthro / sis {apjpi, ap&pooic, articu- 
lation). A form of mixed articulation 
in which the surfaces of the bones are con- 
nected by broad discs of fibro-cartilage, 
or else they are covered with fibro-car- 
tilage and connected by external liga- 
ments. Distinguished by limited flexion 
in every direction, as, e.g., between the 
vertebrce. 

AmphhVia {a/j.(j>t } fiiog, life). A class of 
the Vertebrata, living during their life both 
in the water and upon the land, as the 
frog, newt, etc. 

Amphi-cre / atine. One of the muscle- 
leucomaines. In its properties it resem- 
bles creatine, and Gautier thinks it may be 
a combination of creatine with the base 

C 5 H 10 N 4 O 2 - 

Amphicreat / inine. A member of the 
creatinine group of leucomaines said to 
have toxic qualities. 

Amphidiarthro / sis {aiitpL, diapOpuacc, an 
articulation). The articulation of the lower 
jaw, as it partakes of the nature both of 
ginglymus and arthrodia. 

Ampho-pep / tone. See Peptones. 

Amphor / ic (ajUQopevg, a two-handled ves- 
sel). A. Resonance, in auscultation, a 
metallic sound like that of blowing into a 
bottle, caused by the reverberation of sound 
in a cavity of the lung. 

Amphoteric (a/i^orepog, both of two). 
Substances neither acid nor alkaline, as 
glucose, gums, etc. 

AnVplitude [amplitudo, the extent of a 
thing). The range or extent, as of vibra- 
tions and undulations, the pulse, etc. 

AmpulTa. A Roman wine jug. The 
trumpet-mouthed or dilated extremity of a 
canal, as of the lachrymal canal, the recep- 
taculum chyli, the Fallopian tubes, mam- 
mary ducts, semi-circular canals, vas de- 
ferens, etc. Chemically, the term denotes 
a large-bellied bottle. 

Amputation [amputo, to cut away). The 
removal of a limb or part of the body, by 
the knife, ligature or other means, or as a 
result of gangrene, constriction {e.g., of 
the cord, in the foetus) or the disease, 



ainhnm. It is termed primary, if done 
very soon after an injury; secondary, if 
after the limb has passed through the stage 
of inflammation. In the circular method 
the division is vertical to the plane of 
the limb ; in the cutaneous, the flaps are 
composed exclusively of the integuments; 
in the flap method, the soft parts are cut 
obliquely and are composed of both skin 
and soft parts. Spontanemts amputation 
occurs in the foetus, and in ainhum; sub- 
pei-iosteal is when periosteal flaps are made 
to cover the cut end of the bone. 
Amy / elus (a neg., pvt'/.oq, marrow). A 
foetal monstrosity, with partial or complete 
absence of the spinal cord. 
Amyenceph'alus {eynetyalov, the brain). 
A foetal monstrosity with absence of the 
spinal cord and brain. 
Amyg / dala. Almond. The seeds of A. 
amara and A. dulcis, containing the 
principle Ei?iulsin or Synaptase. The 
former contains Amygdalin. The ex- 
pressed oil of the sweet almond is a de- 
mulcent useful in skin affections ; in doses 
of gj-ij, a mild laxative. That of A. 
amara is used in cosmetics and is poison- 
ous internally. A. Amara, Aq., a 1 : 100 
solution of the oil in water. Dose in- 
definite. A. Amara, Ol., a volatile oil 
bitter to the taste Contains 3-14 per cent, 
of hydrocyanic acid. Dose tt\,X - J- ^- 
Expressum Ol., oil of sweet almonds. 
A. Mistura, oil of sweet almonds 6 per 
cent., sugar, water, and acacia q. s. Dose 
^j-^ss. A. Syr., contains oil of bitter 
almonds 3, sweet almonds 10, syrup 87 per 
cent. 
Amyg'dalae. A term used to denote the 

tonsils. 
Amyg / dalin. See Amygdala. 
Am'ykos. An antiseptic fluid used in 
Russia and Sweden, composed of boric 
acid and thymol. Of reputed service in 
gonorrhoea and catarrhs. Unof. 
Am/yl. The hypothetical radical C 5 H n of 
amyl alcohol, the fifth term of the series 
of alcohol radicals, CnH.^-j-j. A. Alco- 
hol. See Amylic Alcohol. A. Nitrite, 
nitrite of amyl, C 5 H n N0 2 , a clear, yel- 
lowish liquid, ethereal, aromatic, volatile ; 
produces vascular dilatation and great car- 
diac activity, and hence is useful in angina 
pectoris, respiratory neuroses, etc. 
Amylaceous {amy turn, starch). Con- 
taining starch ; starch-like. 
Am'ylene. C 5 H 10 . A transparent, liquid 
hydrocarbon, having anaesthetic properties, 
but dangerous to use. A. Hydrate, a 



AMYL HYDRATE 



38 



ANAESTHESIA 



tertian- alcohol having hypnotic effects. 
Dose TTlxxx-^j. Unof. 

Am'yl Hydrate, or 

AmyFic Alcohol. Fusel Oil. Potato 
Starch Alcohol. Amyl Hydrate. An al- 
cohol having the composition C 5 H 12 0. 
Occurring in the continued distillation of 
fermented grain. The pure substance has 
considerable value as a hypnotic. In large 
doses it suppresses tactile sensibility, and 
produces motor paralysis. It is employed 
with advantage in mental disorders. Dose 
TT^ 15-75. Unof. It was formerly much 
used to adulterate whiskey. 

Am / yloid {amy/ttm, starch, eidog, form). 
Starchlike. A. Bodies, pathological pro- 
ducts resembling starch grains found in 
the membranes of the brain and other 
nervous tissues, the prostate, etc. A. De- 
generation, waxy, fatty or lardaceous de- 
generation ; a disease occurring in most of 
the organs of the body, and indicative of im- 
paired nutritive function. It is a nitrogenous, 
not starchy body, of uncertain composition. 

Amylolyt / ic (amy /urn, Ivu, to loosen). 
Pertaining to ferments, like the saliva and 
pancreatic juice, that convert starch into 
sugar. 

Amylop / sin. See Ferments. 

Amylo'ses. One of the divisions of the 
carbohydrates, comprising starch, glycogen, 
dextrin, inulin, gum, cellulose and tunicin. 

Amy / lum. Starch, C 6 H 10 O 5 . The internal 
cells of Triticum vulgaris, common wheat, 
all other cereals and many tubers, piths, 
and roots, such as potato, cassava, etc. ; 
constitutes nearly the whole of arrow -root, 
tapioca, and sago. Converted into glu- 
cose by boiling with mineral acids. The 
most valuable nutrient. Inert medicinally. 
A. Glyceritum, a jelly for external ap- 
plication. Starch 10, glycerine 90 per 
cent. A. Iodatum, contains starch 95, 
iodine 5 per cent., triturated with rose 
water and dried. Dosegj-^ss. 

Amyosthe / nia (a neg., five, muscle, 
cdevoQ, force). Deficient muscular power 
without obvious disease or lesion. 

Amyosthen / ic. Pertaining to amyosthe- 
nia. Also, a medicine or agent depressing 
muscular action. 

Amyotrophic (a, /ivg, rpcxpy, nutrition). 
Muscular atrophy. A. Paralysis, that 
which is due to muscular atrophy. 

Am / yous (a, without, (tug). Weak; 
deficient in muscle or muscular strength. 

Ana (ava). A Greek preposition signify- 
ing through, tip, again, etc. In prescrip- 
tions contracted to aa, meaning of each. 



Anabiosis {ava, fiiou, to come to life again). 
The phenomenon of a restoration of vi- 
tality possessed by certain organisms after 
drying, or even after heating to 140 C. 

Anab / olism (ava6a/./.u, to throw or build 
up). Synthethic or constructive metabol- 
ism. Diminished activity and repair of 
function. Opposed to Katabolism. The 
process by which simpler elements are 
built up into more complex. See Meta- 
bolism. 

Anacar'dium. The oil of the pericarp of 
the cashew nut. Of reputed value in 
leprosy. Unof. 

Anac / rotism (avaKporeo), to lift up and 
strike together). A peculiarity of the 
pulse-curve, when a series of closely- 
placed elastic vibrations occur in the upper 
part of the line of ascent, so that the apex 
appears dentate and forms an angle with 
the line of descent. It takes place in 
dilatation and hypertrophy of the left ven- 
tricle, when extensibility of the arterial 
wall is diminished, in great diminution in 
the velocity of the blood-stream, after lig- 
ature of an artery, etc. 

Anadicrot / ic (ava, upward, dig, twice, 
Kporoc, a stroke). Dicrotism of the venous 
pulse-wave occurring in the upward stroke. 

Anse / mia (av neg., ai/ua, blood). Defi- 
ciency of blood, or deficiency of the rela- 
tive number of its red corpuscles, the latter 
being the most generally understood mean- 
ing and use of the term. Idiopathic, per- 
nicious, essential, progressive, malignant, 
etc., are terms denoting a type resisting all 
treatment and of fatal prognosis. 

Anaemic [av, aiua). Pertaining to anaemia. 
A. Murmur, blood murmur, or soft mur- 
mur heard at the base of the heart over the 
great vessels. 

Anaemot'rophy (av priv., acua, -poor], 
nourishment). A deficiency of blood 
nourishment. 

Anaero'bia (a neg., ar/p, air, fiiog, life). 
The quality of living without oxygen. A. 
Facultative, normally or usually living 
in the presence of oxygen, but under cer- 
tain circumstances acquiring anaerobia. 

Anaero'bic. A term used of microorgan- 
isms, leucomaines, ptomaines, etc., that 
are produced or that live in the absence 
of oxygen (or air). 

Anaesthesia (avaio&r/cia, want of feeling). 
A condition of insensibility or loss of feel- 
ing due to pathological conditions of the 
centres, conducting paths of the nerves, or 
the peripheral terminations of the same, or 
to artificial production by means of ancesthe- 



AN^STHESIMETER 



39 



ANAMNIA 



tics. A., Bulbar or Central, due to 
central disease. A. Dolorosa, loss of 
touch but preservation of pain in the part. 
A., Local, of a limited part of the body. 
A., Muscular, loss of muscular sense. 
A., Peripheral, depending upon condi- 
tions of the end-organs of the nerves. A., 
Surgical, by means of anaesthetics for the 
purpose of preventing pain, producing re- 
laxation of muscles, or for diagnostic pur- 
poses. 

AnaesthesinFeter. An instrument to mea- 
sure the amount of an anaesthetic adminis- 
tered in a given time. 

Anaesthetic (a privative, aiodavo/ucU) to 
feel). A substance which produces insen- 
sibility to feeling or to acute pain, dimin- 
ished muscular action, and other phe- 
nomena. May be local, general, partial 
and complete. The following are the sub- 
stances most commonly used : Carbon 
Tetrachloride, not so irritating to organs of 
respiration, but far more dangerous than 
chloroform. Chloral Hydrate, action indi- 
rect and incomplete. Rarely, if ever, used. 
Chloroform, by inhalation. Largely em- 
ployed in general surgery. Fatal I : 3000 
in 500 cases. Death by cardiac paraly- 
sis. Cocaine. Local, and of short dura- 
tion. Used mainly in eye, throat, and 
mucous tissues. Ether, by inhalation. Fre- 
quently causes spasmodic action and sus- 
pension of respiratory action. Twenty 
cases (i : 16,000) of death reported from 
its use. Ethylene Chloride, chlorinated 
muriatic ether; closely resembles chloro- 
form, but less of a cardiac depressant. 
Safer than chloroform, and recovery from 
the effects prompt. Ethylene Dichloride. 
Dutch liquid; chloric ether. Rapid and 
powerful in its effects. Paralyses respira- 
tory centers. Nitrons Oxide, by inhala- 
tion, much used by dentists for extraction 
of teeth. Symptoms resemble those of as- 
phyxia. A., Local, an anaesthetic which, 
locally applied, produces absence of sensa- 
tion in the organ treated. Methylene Di- 
chloride. Not much used. Several deaths 
(cardiac paralysis) having occurred from 
its employment. A. Mixtures, those for 
producing anaesthesia. The following are 
considered among the best : Nussbauni 1 s — 
ether 3, chloroform I, alcohol I ; Vienna 
Gen. Hospital — ether 9, chloroform 30, 
alcohol 9; " Vienna Mixture" — ether 3, 
chloroform I ; Medico- Chirurgical Soc. of 
London — ether, 3, chloroform 2, alcohol I. 

AnagaFlis Arven'sis. Pimpernel. An 
herb having some local reputation on the 



Pacific coast as a remedy for rheumatism. 
Unof. 

Anaku / sis (av, a/cww, to hear). Nervous 
deafness. 

A'nal [amis, the fundament). Pertaining 
to the anus. 

Analeptic (ava^fig, recovery). Agents 
restoring strength after illness, as nourish- 
ing foods and tonics. 

Analge / sia (av, without, akyoq, pain). In- 
sensibility to or absence of pain. 

Analgesic. A remedy which relieves pain 
either by depressant action on the nerve- 
centres or by impairing the conductivity of 
nerve fibres. 

AnaFgia. Paralysis of the sense of pain. 

AnaFogous (ava'Aoyoq, conformable). Con- 
forming to, proportionate, answering to. 
See, also, Analogue. A. Tissues, mor- 
bid tissues similar to the elementary and 
normal tissues of the body. 

An / alogue. A part or organ having the 
same function as another, but with a differ- 
ence of structure. The correlative term 
homologue, denotes identity of structure 
with difference of function. The wing of 
the butterfly and that of the bird are analo- 
gous, but the wing of a bird and the arm 
of a man are homologous. 

AnaFysis (avalvu, I unloose). The reso- 
lution of compound bodies into simpler, 
or constituents. A., Gasometric, the de- 
termination of the constituents of gaseous 
compounds, especially the determination of 
the amount of oxygen in samples of atmo- 
spheric air. A., Gravimetric, the quan- 
titative determination by weight of the 
elements of a body. A., Organic, the 
determination of the elements of matter 
formed under the influence of life. The 
analysis of animal and vegetable tissues. 
A., Proximate, the determination of the 
simpler compound elements into which a 
substance maybe resolved. A., Qualita- 
tive, the determination of the nature and 
number of elements which compose a body. 
A., Quantitative, the determination of 
the proportionate parts of the various ele- 
ments of a compound. A., Ultimate, 
the resolution of a compound, not into 
its simpler constituents, but its ultimate 
elements. A., Volumetric, the quan- 
titative determination of a constituent 
by ascertaining the volume of a liquid 
which is required to complete a given 
reaction. 

Anamnestic (ava, again, {ivrjctc, memory). 
Recalling to mind ; remembering. 

AnanFnia. See Amniota. 



ANAFEIRATIC 



40 



AXEXCEPHALUS 



Anapeirat'ic (ava-eipaouai, to do again). 
A general term for such affections as 
writers* and telegraphers' cramp, or pa- 
ralysis. 

Anaphrodis'iac (ar. a6po6i-7j,Verms,). An 
agent which allays sexual passion. 

An'aplasty [ava-?.acau, to form again). 
Operation for the renewal or restoration of 
lost parts, commonly called "grafting," or 
a "plastic operation." 

Anap / nograph (ava~vor/ } respiration, 
ypaoo, to write). An apparatus register- 
ing the movements of inspiration and ex- 
piration, together with the quantity of air 
inhaled. 

Anar / thria (avapdpia, want of vigor). Par- 
tial aphasia from partial destruction of the 
paths of the motor tracts of speech. 

Anasarca (ava, through, caps, the flesh). 
An accumulation of serum in the areolar 
tissues of the body. General dropsy. If 
the affection be local it is called cedema. 

Anaspa / dias (ava, upward, arrau, to draw). 
An urethral opening upon the upper sur- 
face of the penis. 

Anastomosis (avaorouou, to bring to a 
mouth). The junction or intercommuni- 
cation of vessels. Anastomotic arteries 
of the thigh, etc., branches of the brachial, 
femoral, etc., whereby the collateral circu- 
lation is established after ligature for 
aneurysm, etc. The term has been in- 
accurately used of the junction of nerve- 
filaments. 

Anat / omy (avareuvu, to cut up). The 
dissection of organic bodies in order to 
study their structure, the situations and 
uses of their organs, etc. A., Compara- 
tive, the investigation and comparison of 
the anatomy of different orders of animals 
or of plants, one with another. A., Mor- 
bid or Pathological, is a study of dis- 
eased structures. A., Regional, a study 
of limited parts or regions of the body, the 
divisions of which are collectively or pecu- 
liarly affected by disease, injury, operations, 
etc. 

Anazotu / ria {an negative, azotum, nitro- 
gen, uria, the urine). A name applied 
to that form of chronic diuresis in which 
urea is deficient or absent from the urine. 

Anchie / ta Saluta / ris. Vegetable mercury. 
The root of a violaceous plant growing in 
Brazil. Highly recommended as an altera- 
tive in syphilitic affections. Possibly iden- 
tical with Manaca, q. v. 

An'chilops. See Anchylops. 

Anchyloglos / sia. See Tongue-tie. 

An'chylops {avxi, near, orp, eye). Abscess 



at the inner angle of the eye, prior to 
rupture. 

Anchylo'sis. See Ankylosis. 

Ankylostomiasis (aynv/.oc, curved, 
croua, mouth). A peculiar anaemia pro- 
duced by the parasite Dochmius Duode- 
nalis sucking the blood from the walls of 
the duodenum. Especially prevalent among 
brickmakers and other workmen in Europe. 
Called also Brickmakers' Anaemia, Tunnel 
Anaemia, Miners' Cachexia, Egyptian Chlo- 
rosis, Tropical Chlorosis, etc. Male fern 
and thymol expel the worm. 

Anchyiosto / mum. A worm found in the 
human intestine. The duodenal variety 
is common in Italy and Egypt. See Anchy- 
lostomiasis. 

An / con {aynuv, the elbow). Originally the 
olecranon process; applied to the elbow 
generally. 

Anco / nad. Toward the olecranon or 
elbow. 

Ancona / gra. Arthritic pain at the elbow. 

Anco / nal. Pertaining to the elbow. 

Ancone / us. A small muscle, an extensor 
of the forearm, inserted into the olecranon. 

Anco / noid. Resembling the elbow. 

Ancyloglos / sum. See Tongue-tie. 

An / da Assu. The oil expressed from the 
seed of a plant found in Chili. Laxative. 
Unof. 

Andrce / cium (avijp, a man, OLtcia, a house). 
Male spores taken collectively. 

Androg / yna [avrjp, man, yvvrj, woman). 
An hermaphrodite ; a female in whom the 
genital organs are similar to those of the 
male. 

Androg'ynus. A male with genital or- 
gans similar to those of the female. 

An 'drum. A form of elephantiasis Arabum, 
characterized by oedema of the scrotum. 

Anelectrot / onus (av neg., rf/jzurpov, elec- 
tricity 7 , rovoc, tension). The condition of 
diminished excitability at the positive pole 
when a nerve is traversed by a current of 
electricity. See Electrotonus and Catelec- 
trotonus. 

Anemia. See Antzmia. 

Anemom'etry (aveuoc,, wind, /uerpov, to 
measure). The art of measuring the ve- 
locity and direction of the wind, princi- 
pally by means of the anemometer. 

Anem / onin. The active principle (C^- 
H^Og") of the atiemone. See Pulsatilla. 

Anencepb/alus [av, without, evusda/og, 
brain). A monster with a rudimentary or 
brainless head, and with an arrest of de- 
velopment of the vertebral column, the 
spinal cord being absent. 



ANEROID BAROMETER 



41 



ANGULAR 



An / eroid Barom / eter. See Barometer. 
Anerythrop / sia [av neg., epvdpog y red, 
o\jhc } sight). Subnormal color perception of 
red. See Blindness. 
Aneurysm [avevpvafia^ an aneurysm). A 
tumor consisting of a dilated artery or com- 
municating with an artery. In the early 
stages there is expansive pulsation of the 
tumor, and a systolic murmur. In the later 
stages the laminated coagulum increases, 
so that pulsation may be absent, and there 
may be secondary troubles from pressure 
upon adjacent organs. It may be caused 
by the rupture, wound, disease or weakness 
of the arterial walls. Cardiac dilation is 
sometimes spoken of as aneurysm of the 
heart. A., Cirsoid. See Varix, Arterial. 
A., Diffused, follows rupture of all the 
arterial coats with infiltration of surround- 
ing tissues. A., Dissecting, when the 
blood forces its way between the media 
and adventitia. A., False, or spurious, 
indicates a rupture of one or more coats ; 
true, when there is only a dilatation. A., 
Varicose, opens both into a vein and an 
artery. 

AnfraCtuosTty (anfracius, a bending 
round). The furrows or sulci between the 
cerebral convolutions. 

Angeiec'tasis (avyeiov, a blood vessel, 
SKraaig, dilatation). Abnormal dilatation 
of a vessel, as in aneurysm, etc. 

Angeioglio / ma (avyetov, yXca, glue, o/ua). 
A gliomatous vascular tumor of the spinal 
cord. 

Angei / ograph (avyecov, ypcupo, to write). 
A form of sphygmograph invented by 
Landois. 

Angeioleuci / tis [avyetov, a vessel, "kevnog, 
white, trig), inflammation of the lym- 
phatic vessels. 

Angeiol'ogy (avyeiov, loyog, account). 
A description of the blood-vessels and 
lymphatics. 

Angeiolympho / ma. A tumor formed of 
lymphatic vessels. 

Angeio / ma. A tumor formed of blood 
vessels. Called also Erectile or Vascular 
Tumor. Cavernous A., with commu- 
nicating alveolar spaces. See Varix, 
Cirsoid. Capillary and venous angeio- 
mata are called JVcevI, or Mothers' 1 Marks. 

Angeioneuro / sis. A neurosis of the 
blood vessels ; a disturbance of the vaso- 
motor system, — a symptom of many dis- 
eases. 

Angeioparal'ysis. Vasomotor paralysis. 

Angeiosarco / ma. A vascular sarcoma of 
the spinal cord. 



An'geiospasm. A convulsive neurosis of 

the blood vessels ; a vasomotor spasm. 
Angelica. The seeds and root of Arch- 
angelica officinalis and other species. An 
aromatic stimulant and emmenagogue. 
Dose of the fid. ext. : Seeds tt\v-x ; root 
5jss-j. Unof. 
Angi'na {ango, to strangle). A sense of 
choking or suffocation ; a symptom of in- 
flammatory affections of the pharynx. A. 
Acuta or Simplex, simple sore throat. 
A. Parotidea, mumps, or parotitis. A. 
Pectoris, a paroxysmal neurosis with in- 
tense pain and oppression about the heart. 
The exact cause is unknown. A. Ton- 
sillans, quinsy. 
An / gio-. See Angeio-. 
Angioder'ma Pigmentosum. See At- 
rophoderma. 
Angiograph. See Angeiograph. 
An / gio-myo / ma. See Myoma. 
Angle [angulus). The degree of diverg- 
ence of two lines that meet each other ; 
the space between two such lines. A., 
Alpha, the angle formed by the intersec- 
tion of the visual line and optic axis. 
Cephalic angles, measurements for com- 
paring the skulls of different races. A., 
Facial, that formed by a horizontal line 
from the external auditory meatus to the 
alveolar border of the upper jaw, with 
another from the most prominent part of 
the forehead to the edge of the alveolar 
border of the upper jaw opposite the in- 
cisor teeth. A. of Incidence and of Re- 
flection (of light or sound), that between 
the incident and the reflected ray respec- 
tively, and the perpendicular to the reflect- 
ing surface. A. of Refraction, that 
made by a ray of light in passing through 
a transparent substance with a line at right 
angles to it. A., Visual, that between 
lines drawn from the extremities of an 
object to the nodal point. The smallest "is 
about 30 seconds. 
AngTicus Su / dor. English Sweating 
Fever. A contagious malignant fever, also 
known as Ephemera maligna, character- 
ized by black or dark-colored sweat. 
An'gor (angor, a strangling). Synonymous 
with Angina. Applied by some to epi- 
gastric pain. 
Anguil'lidae (anguilla, an eel). The small 
nematoid worms that live in vinegar and 
sour paste. 
An'gular [angulus, an angle). Pertaining 
to an angle. A. Artery and Vein, the 
terminal branches of the facial artery and 
vein. A. Gyrus or Convolution, the 



ANGULARIS SCAPULA 



42 



ANKLE 



pit courbe, a convolution of the brain. A. 
Processes, the external and internal ex- 
tremities of the orbital arch of the frontal 
bone. 

Angularis Scapulae Muscle. The Le- 
anguh scapula. 

Angustu'ra. The bark of Galipea ctis- 
paria. A stimulant tonic and febrifuge. 
In large doses emetic. Dose of fid. ext. 
R^x— xxx. Unof. 

Anhalo'nium Lewin'ii. The active 
principle of the cactus of this name. 
Intensely poisonous. Resembles strych- 
nine in action. Unof. 

Anhela / tion [anhelo, to pant). Shortness 
of breath ; dyspnoea. 

Anhidrosis [av neg., tdpug, sweat). Ab- 
sence or deficiency of sweat. 

AnhidrotTc. An agent that checks 
sweating. 

Anhydrae'mia. The opposite of hydraa- 
mia, or an abnormal decrease in the rela- 
tive proportion of the water and salts of 
the blood. 

Anhy / dride ( av, vfiup, water). In chem- 
istry, any oxide, either basic or acid, un- 
combined with water. 

Anhy / drous (av, without, vSop). In 
chemistry, a term used to denote the 
absence of hydroxyl or of constitutional 
water. 

Ani'dous (av neg., eidog, form). Fcetal 
monsters, formless, from general arrest of 
development. 

Anidro / sis. See Anhidrosis. 

An / iline (Port, anil, indigo). A thin, 
colorless liquid alkaloid, having the struc- 
ture C 6 H 7 N, derived from coal-tar. Com- 
bined with chlorine, the chlorates and 
hypochlorites, the various aniline dyes are 
produced. Poisonous. Unof. A., Red. 
See Fuchsin. 

An'ilism. An acute or chronic disease 
produced in workmen in aniline factories, 
by the poisonous fumes. 

An'imal (anima, the spirit, breath or life). 
An organic being having life and power of 
motion. Pertaining to the same. The ani- 
mal kingdom is composed of the Vertebrata, 
Mollusca, Articulata and Radiata. A. 
Charcoal, bone-black, ivory-black, etc., 
is the product of calcining bones in close 
vessels. A. Chemistry, that concerning 
itself with the composition of animal bodies. 
A. Magnetism, mesmerism, hypnotism, 
etc. A. Starch. See Glycogen. 

Animal'cule (dim. of animal). An or- 
ganism so small as to require the micro- 
scope for its examination. 



Animaliza / tion (ani malis, animate). The 
process of assimilating food to the tissues 
of the body. 

An'imal Tis'sue. A general name for 
any of the textures which form the ele- 
mentary structures of the body. T., Ade- 
noid or Retiform, a variety of tissue found 
in the lymphatic glands. T., Adipose, a 
variety of areolar tissue constituting a re- 
servoir for fatty substances. T., Areolar, 
Cellular or Connective, a tissue of easily- 
distended meshes, used to bind the various 
parts of the body together. T., Cartilagi- 
nous. See. Cartilage. T., Erectile, tissue 
of a spongy nature, which is expanded 
when turgid with blood or other fluid. T., 
Fibrous, the membranous tissue covering 
the bones and cartilage. T., Gelatinous, 
or Mucoid, a form of tissue found chiefly 
in the foetus. T., Muscular. See Muscle. 
T., Nervous. SeeA T erve. T., Osseous. 
See Bone. 

Animation (anima)-e, to have life or ex- 
istence). To be possessed of life. Formerly 
used to denote the effect of the vital principle 
by which the foetus acquires the power of 
continuing its existence. A., Suspended, 
a condition marked by interrupted respira- 
tion and consciousness ; caused by strangu- 
lation, the inhalation of carbon dioxide or 
other gases, etc. 

An / ion (ava, up, ei/ii, to go). A word 
employed in electrolysis to designate an 
electro-negative element. See Ion. 

Aniridia (av neg., iris). Absence or de- 
fect of the iris. 

Anischu / ria (anneg.,isc/iztria). A word 
sometimes used to denote enuresis or in- 
continence of urine. 

Anisoco / ria. See Isocoria. 

Anisometropia (av neg., tcog, equal, 
fierpov, a measure, uib, the eye). A differ- 
ence in the refraction of the two eyes. 

Anisot / ropous (avicoq, unequal, rpe-co, to 
turn). Pertaining to the power of doubly 
refracting a ray of light, like Iceland spar. 

AnTsum. Anise. The fruit of Anisum 
pimpinella. Properties due to a volatile 
oil. Slightly stimulant to heart action. 
Useful chiefly to liquefy bronchial secre- 
tions, and is therefore a favorite ingredient 
in cough mixtures. Dose, gr. x-xx. A. 
Aqua, oil of anise I, water 500 parts. 
Dose indefinite. A. Oleum, an ingre- 
dient in tinct. opii camph. Dose TT\j-v. 
A. Spt., a 10 per cent, solution of the oil 
in alcohol. 

An / kle. The joint between the tibia and 
fibula above and on the sides, and the 



ANKYLOBLEPHARON 



43 



ANTEVERSION 



astragalus. It is a ginglymus joint, with 
three ligaments, the anterior, internal and 
external. A. Clonus, " foot-clonus," 
"foot-phenomenon," a clonic series of 
spasmodic contractions elicited by putting 
the extensors of the ankle joint on a con- 
tinuous stretch. They are uniform and 
number from six to nine contractions per 
second. 

Ankyloblepharon (aynv^r), a thong or 
loop, ftletyapov, eyelid). The adhesion of 
the ciliary edges of the eyelids. 

Ankyloglos'sia. See Tongue-tie. 

Ankylosis (aynvkoc, curved). Union of 
the bones, forming a joint resulting in a 
stiff-joint. A., False, or Spurious, is 
due to the rigidity of surrounding parts. 
A., True, or Bony, when the connecting 
material is bone. A., Ligamentous, when 
the medium is fibrous. 

Ankylos / tomum (ayavTioc, aro/ua, mouth). 
A nematoid worm inhabiting the duodenum 
of man. 

Ankylo'tia (ay/aAoc, ovc, otoq, ear). Union 
of the walls of the meatus auditorius. 

Annat / to. See Annotto. 

Annot / to. Annatto, arnotto. A coloring 
matter obtained from the pellicles of the 
seeds of Bixa orellana. Used to color 
plasters. Also employed as an artificial 
color for butter. 

An / nual {annus, a year). Yearly. In 
botany, plants that mature and die in one 

' year. 

Angular (annulus, a ring). Ringlike. 
A number of ligaments of the joints are 
called annular, as those of the ankle, wrist, 
etc. A. Muscle pf M tiller, the circular 
fibres of the ciliary muscle. A. Carti- 
lage, the cricoid cartilage. A. Process, 
or Protuberance, the pons varolii. 

An'nulus (dim. of annus, a ring). A 
ring-shaped or circular opening. A cir- 
cular or rounded margin. A. Abdomi- 
nalis, the external and internal abdominal 
rings. A. Abdominis, the inguinal ring. 
A. Fibrosus, the external part of the 
intervertebral discs. A. Membrani 
Tympani, an incomplete bony ring which 
forms the foetal auditory process of the 
temporal bone. A. Ovalis, the rounded 
or oval margin of the foramen ovalis. A. 
Umbilicus, the umbilical ring. 

An / ode (ava, up, o6oq, a way). The posi- 
tive pole of a galvanic battery. 

An / odyne (av, o8vvtj, a pain). A medicine 
that gives relief from pain. From their 
tendency to produce sleep they are called 
hypnotics. A., Hoffman's. See Ether. 



Anom / alous (avu/uaXoc, not equal). Ir- 
regular, deviation from the common order. 
A monster is- an anomaly. 

Anonychia (av neg., owl;, nail). Ab- 
sence or defect of the nails of the ringers 
or toes. 

AnophthaPmos (av, otydaApog, eye). 
Congenital absence of the eyes. 

AnopsTa (av neg., oipig, vision). Disuse 
of the eye, not from retinal or cerebral 
disease, but because of defects of the 
media, strabismus, errors of refraction, etc. 
A. Amblyopia, ex-, amblyopia from 
disuse. 

Anor'chus (av neg., opxiQ, the testicle). 
A person in whom the testicles are absent 
or not descended. The adj. is anorchous, 
the condition, anorchisi7t. 

AnorexTa (av neg., opegig, appetite). Ab- 
sence or diminution of appetite. 

Anos / mia (av neg., oaprj, smell). Partial 
or complete loss of the sense of smell. 

Anosto'sis (av neg., outeov, bone). De- 
fective development of bone. 

Anoves / ical. Pertaining conjointly to the 
anus and bladder. 

Ant-, Anti- (avn, against). Prefixes to 
compound words signifying opposed to, 
against, counteracting, etc. 

Antac / id (avn, acidus, acid). A substance 
counteracting or neutralizing acidity ; an 
alkali. 

Antagonist (avrayoviareg, counteracting). 
A term applied to drugs that neutralize the 
therapeutic effects of one another. In 
anatomy, muscles that act in opposition to 
each other. Applied also to diseases that 
seem to exclude each other. See Drug. 

AntaFgic (avrc, alyoc, pain). Remedies 
relieving pain. 

AntaPkaline. An agent neutralizing alka- 
lies, as acids. 

AntaphrodisTac (avn, aQpodioia, sexual 
desire). Agents lessening the venereal 
desires. 

AntarthritTc (avn, apOpinc, the gout). 
Medicines for the relief of gout. 

AntasthmatTc (avn, aodjua, short breath). 
Remedies for the relief of asthma. 

Anteflexion (ante, before, fie do, to bend). 
A bending forward. A. of Uterus, a con- 
dition in which the fundus sinks between 
the cervix and the neck of the bladder. 

Anten'nae (antenna, a yard-arm). The 
paired feeler-like appendages of certain 
insects. 

An'te Part / um (Lat.). Before delivery. 

Ante version (ante, verto, to turn). A 
turning forward. A. of Uterus, the fun- 



ANTHAROBIN 



44 



ANTIDOTE 



das is bent toward the symphysis pubis, 
the cervix toward the sacrum. 

Antharo / bin. A derivative of alizarine, 
similar to chrysobarin. A soluble alkaloid 
useful in psoriasis. Unof. 

Anthelmintic (aim, against, elfxivg), a 
worm). A vermicide. An agent either kill- 
ing or rendering powerless intestinal para- 
sites ; a vermifuge expels worms. 

Anthe / mis. Chamomile. The flower- 
heads of A. mobilis. Properties due to 
a volatile oil, a camphor and a bitter 
principle. Useful in coughs and spas- 
modic infantile complaints. An excellent 
stomachic tonic. Infusion of 3 iv to Oj, 
given in doses of ^ j-ij. No official prepa- 
rations. A. Ol., the volatile oil of chamo- 
mile. Dose rryj-x, in sugar. 

An / ther (avQiipoq, in full bloom) . The male 
sexual organ in plants ; the summit and 
essential part of the stamen. It contains 
the pollen or fecundating substance of the 
flower. 

Anthony's Fire, St. A popular name 
for Erysipelas. 

Anthracno / sis. Black rot, a fungus dis- 
ease of vines, caused by the Phoma uvi- 
cola, or Sphaceloma ampelium. 

Anthracom / etry (avQpaZ,, carbon, /uerpov, 
measure). The determination of the 
amount of carbon dioxide in air. 

Anthraco / sis {avdpa^, carbon). Carbun- 
cular disease. An affection of the lungs 
in miners from the inhalation of coal-dust. 

Anthrax (avdpat;, a coal or carbuncle). A 
carbuncle ; a painful, dark-colored tumor 
of the cellular tissue, ending in mortifica- 
tion of the part and the discharge of a 
foetid, bloody pus. The benignant variety 
has no fatal consequences. The malig- 
nant, called also malignant pustule, is 
caused by the infection from animals suffer- 
ing from splenic apoplexy, and is due to a 
specific bacillus, which, from a single cen- 
ter, may extend over the body and invade 
the intestinal tract, producing in this way, 
or by direct infection of diseased meat, the 
intestinal type of the disease. See Bacillus 
[anthrax). 

Anthropog / eny {avdpuiroq, man, yevvau, 
to produce). The study or science of the 
descent of man. 

Anthropog / raphy (avdpwrroc, ypcupo, to 
write). A treatise upon the human struc- 
ture or organism. 

Anthropoid (cxvOpuiroq, etdog, form). Re- 
sembling man. 

Anthropology (avOpco-nrog, "koyog, dis- 
course). The science of the nature, physi- 



cal and psychological, of man and of man- 
kind. 

AnthroponVetry (avdpuiroq, fierpov, a 
measure). The determination of the 
measurement, weight, strength and pro- 
portions of the human body. 
Anthropophagy (avdpopoq,<payeiv,\.o eat). 

Cannibalism. 
Anthropopho / bia [avdpoiroq, tyofiog, fear). 
A symptom of mental disease consisting in 
fear of society. 
Anti- (sometimes contracted to ant-) {avn, 
against) . A prefix of compound words sig- 
nifying counteraction, opposition, etc. 
Anti-aPbumin. According to Kuhne, one 
of the preformed substances existing in the 
proteid molecule. The other he calls 
hemi-albumin. Gastric juice first con- 
verts them into anti-albumose and 
hemi-albumose, and these finally into 
anti-peptone and hemi-peptone. 
Anti-albumose. See Anti-albumin. 
Antia'rin (Javanese, antiar or antscha}^). 
The active principle, C u H 20 O 5 -f- 2H 2 0, 
of Antiaris toxicaria or Upas antiar, the 
Javanese poison-tree. It is used as an 
arrow-poison, and is intensely poisonous. 
Antiarthrft/ic {avn, apftpiric;, the gout). 

A remedy against gout. 
Antibra'chium {anti and brachium, the 

arm). The forearm. 
Antibro / mic (flpco/iog, a stench). A drug 
that destroys offensive smells. A deodorizer. 
Anticipating {anticipo, to take before). 
Applied to the occurrence of periodical phe- 
nomena in disease or health, before their 
customary time, as in intermittent fever or 
the catamenia. 
Antaeus [anticus, that in front) . Anterior, 

in front of. 
An / tidote (avridoroq, from avn, against, 
dtdo/Lu, to give). An agent preventing or 
counteracting the action of a poison. A., 
Chemical, changes the chemical nature 
of the poison so that it becomes insoluble 
or harmless. A., Mechanical, prevents 
absorption by holding the poison in 
mechanical suspension or by coating the 
stomach. A., Physiological, supplies its 
own peculiar and neutralizing effect upon 
the system. The official A., Arsenical, 
of the German Pharmacopeia is prepared 
by dissolving 100 parts of the hydrated 
sulphate of iron in 250 parts of water, to 
which add (without heat) 1 5 parts of burnt 
magnesia and 250 parts of water. A., 
Universal, a mixture of one part of dis- 
solved iron sulphate in two parts of magne- 
sia water. See Drug. 



ANTI-EMETIC ROOT 



15 



ANTISEPTIC 



Anti-emet/ic root. See Adrue. 

An / ti-fat. See Fucus Vesicidosus. 

Antifeb'rile (clvtl, against, febrih's, a fever). 
An agent reducing a fever ; a febrifuge. 

Antifeb / rin. Pkenyl-acetamid acetanilide. 
A white, crystalline powder insoluble in 
water, freely soluble in alcohol. An anti- 
pyretic alleged to be more powerful than 
quinine. Effects manifest in one hour, 
passing away in 3-10 hours. Efficacious 
in fevers characterized by high tempera- 
ture. Dose gr. iv-xv. Unof. 

Antigalac / tic (clvtl, yaT^a, milk). Agents 
lessening the secretion of milk. 

AntiheTix (avrt,, e/U£, a coil). The semi- 
circular prominence of the external ear, 
opposite the helix, or outer circle. 

Antihydrop / ic (clvtl, vdputy, dropsy). A 
medicine used for the relief of dropsy. 

Antihydrot / ic. An agent lessening the 
secretion of sweat. 

Antilep / sis (avTihjipig, a receiving in re- 
turn). The treatment of disease by the 
application of the remedy to a healthy 
part. 

Antilith/ic (clvtl, Xidog, a stone). Agents 
preventing the deposit of urinary calculi or 
sediment. 

Antilob / ium (clvtl, Xofiog, the lobe of the 
ear). The tragus or part of the ear oppo- 
site the lobe. 

Antimo / nium. Antimony. Sb — 122 
quantivalence I, III, v. A non-metal, 
having a metallic luster. Only the com- 
binations are used in medicine. Anti- 
monial salts are cardiac depressants. Pro- 
mote rapid excretion of waste products 
of the body; in large doses produce vomit- 
ing and purging, with symptoms similar to 
those of cholera. Valuable in inflamma- 
tory ailments of the respiratory organs, 
puerperal peritonitis and muscular rheu- 
matism. A. et Potass. Tartrate, tar- 
trate of antimony and potassium, " tartar 
emetic." Dose gr. j^-^. A. Vini, wine 
of antimony, boiling water 60, tartar 
emetic 4, stronger white wine 1 000 parts. 
A good expectorant. Dose rt\,v-xv. Syr. 
Scillae Comp., Cox's hive mixture, hive 
syrup. Each %] contains gr. ^f of tartar 
emetic. A. Oxide, Sb 2 3 , soluble in 
. hydrochloric and tartaric acids. Dose 
gr. j-ij. A. Pulvis, powder of antimony, 
James' powder, consists of antimonious 
oxide 33, and calcium phosphate, 67 parts. 
A prompt diaphoretic. Dose gr. iij-viij. 
In larger doses, emetic and cathartic. A. 
Sulphide, black sulphide of antimony. 
Dose gr. X~j- A. Sulph. Purificatum. 



Dose gr. X~j- A. Sulphuratum, the sul- 
phide with a small but indefinite amount 
of the oxide. Dosegr. j-v. A. Comp., 
Pil., Plummer's pills, contain calomel and 
antimony sulphuratum, aa gr. ss. 

Antiparasitics (avn, TrapaoiTog, a para- 
site). Agents destroying or preventing in- 
crease of parasites. Insecticides. 

Antip / athy (clvtl, iraOog, affection). Aver- 
sion. AntipatJiic is applied to the treatment 
of disease by agents producing symptoms 
of an opposite nature to those of the affec- 
tion. Synonymous with Allopathic. 

Anti-peptone. See Peptones. 

AntiperiodTcs. Remedies breaking up 
the periodicity of certain diseases. Qui- 
nine is the best known. 

Antiperistal'sis. See Peristalsis. 

Antiphlogistic {clvtl, cpAoyucig, inflam- 
mation). An agent subduing or reducing 
inflammation or fever. A. Treatment, 
consists in bloodletting, the application of 
cold, administration of antipyretics, etc. 

Antiplast'ic (clvtl, irAaoato, to form). Un- 
favorable to granulation or the healing 
process. Also, agents impoverishing the 
blood. 

Antipruritic [pruritus, itching). A drug 
which relieves the sensation of itching. 

Antipyre / sis [clvtl, nvpeTog, fever). The 
employment of antipyretics in fever. 

AntipyretTc (avTi, TrvpeTog). An agent 
reducing the temperature of fever; any 
antifebrile medicine, or febrifuge. Most 
such also reduce the normal bodily tempera- 
ture slightly. They act either by prevent- 
ing oxidation processes, or encouraging the 
radiation of heat. 

Antipy / rin. Dimethyl- oxy- chinicine, 
C n H 12 N 2 0. An alkaloidal product of the 
destructive distillation of coal-tar. It is a 
grayish crystalline powder, slightly bitter, 
soluble in water; adult dose gr. v-x, 
every hour for two or three hours. It re- 
duces the temperature 3-5 degrees in 
fevers, causes sweating, sometimes vomit- 
ing, but no serious result. 

Antipyro / tic (clvti, irvpuaig, a burning). 
Agents curative of burns. 

Antiscorbutic (anti, scorbutus, scurvy). 
A remedy for or preventive of scurvy; 
mainly vegetable acids. 

Antiseptic (clvtl, gtjttco, to make putrid). 
Having power to prevent or destroy putre- 
faction, or, what is the same thing, the 
bacteria upon which putrefaction depends. 
The principal in use are corrosive subli- 
mate, carbolic acid, iodoform, thymol, sali- 
cylic acid, boric acid, etc. A. Gauze, 



ANTISIALICS 



46 



APHASIA 



open cotton cloth charged with carbolic 
acid, rosin, and paraffin. A. Ligature, 
Catgut or other material rendered aseptic 
by "soaking in antiseptic solutions. The 
antiseptic treatment of wounds looks 
to thorough asepsis and antisepsis as re- 
gards the wound, the instruments, the 
operator's hands, the dressings, etc. See, 
also, Listerian Method. 

Antisial'ics. Substances that lessen the 
secretion of saliva. 

Antispasmodic (avn,(jTraafiog, a spasm). 
An agent allaying or relieving convulsions 
or spasmodic pains, as the narcotics, the 
nitrites, etc. 

Antispas / tic. That which counteracts 
spasm. An antispasmodic. 

AntisyphilitTc. A remedy directed 
against, or used for the relief of syphilis. 
Usually an alterative. 

Antithe'nar (avrc, devap, the hollow of 
the hand or foot). Opposite to the thenar. 
A. Eminence, the border of the palm 
of the hand from the base of the little fin- 
ger to the wrist. A. Muscles, of the toe 
and of the thumb : the adductor pollicis 
pedis, and the flexor brevis pollicis manus. 

Antitra / gus (avn, rpayog, the tragus). An 
eminence of the external ear opposite the 
tragus. The antitragicus muscle arises 
from it. 

Antizymot / ic (avrc, ^v/uurcKog, causing to 
ferment) . An agent preventing the process 
of fermentation. 

AntTia (antlia, a pump). A syringe or 
pump. A. Lactea, a pump for drawing 
milk from the breast. A. Mammaria, 
same as A. Lactea. 

Antri'tis (antrum, a hollow place, -itis, 
inflammation). A word denoting inflam- 
mation of any of the cavities of the body, 
especially the A. Highmorianum. 

An'trophore. A soluble, medicated bougie. 

Antrum (antrum). A physiological cavity 
or hollow place, especially in a bone. A. 
Ethmoidale, the ethmoidal sinuses. A. 
Highmorianum, Antrum of Highmore, 
a cavity in the superior maxillary bone. 
A. Pyloricum Willisii, the cavity of the 
pylorus. 

Anuria (av neg., ovpov, urine). Absence, 
deficiency, or retention of the urine. 

A'nus (anus, the fundament). The ex- 
tremity of the rectum ; the lower opening 
of the alimentary canal. A., Artificial, 
an artificial opening, the natural for any 
reason being closed. A., Fissure of, 
rupture of the skin at the side, due to pas- 
sage of hardened faeces. A., Fistula of, 



a sinus, or fistulous ulcer opening from the 
rectum into the connective tissue about the 
rectum, or discharging externally. A., Im- 
perforate, absence of the anus, the natural 
opening being closed by areolar tissue or a 
membranous septum. A., Pruritus of, 
persistent itching of the anal orifice. A., 
Prolapse of, protrusion of the rectum 
or its mucous membrane. 

Aor'ta (aopr?j). The great arterial vessel 
arising from the left ventricle and ending 
with its bifurcation into the two common 
iliacs at the fourth lumbar vertebra. The 
arch, that extending from the heart to the 
third dorsal vertebra, is divided into an 
ascending, a transverse, and a descending 
part* The thoracic portion extends to 
the diaphragm ; the abdominal, to the bi- 
furcation. The diseases of the aorta are 
acute aortitis, due to traumatism, throm- 
bosis, etc. ; and the chronic form, or athe- 
roma of the aorta ; fatty degeneration ; 
stenosis ; aneurysm. See Artery. 

Ap / athy (a priv., iradog, feeling). In- 
sensibility, want of passion or feeling. 

Aperient (aperio, to open). A mild pur- 
gative ; a laxative, or aperitive. 

AperistaFsis. See Peristalsis. 

Ap / erture (apertura, an opening). An 
opening. 

A'pex (apex, the extreme end of a thing). 
The summit or top of anything ; the point 
or extremity of a cone. A. Beat, the 
impulse of the heart felt in the fifth inter- 
costal space about 2>/4, inches from the 
middle of the sternum. A. Murmur, a 
murmur heard over the apex of the heart. 
Apices of the Lungs, the upper extremity 
of the lungs behind the border of the first 
rib. 

Apha / kia (a neg., cpanoc, a lentil, and the 
crystalline lens). Condition of an eye 
without the lens, whether the result of con- 
genital defect, luxation, traumatism or cata- 
ract operation. 

Aphakia (a, <ba.au;, speech). Partial or 
complete loss of the power of expression 
or of comprehension of the conventional 
signs of language, from no lesion of the 
peripheral organs or nerves, but from le- 
sions of the cortical centers concerned. If 
sensory, it may be either of two varieties : 
I. Word-deafness, in which spoken words 
are not understood (there is usually some 
paraphasia or imperfection of speech con- 
nected with this form) ; 2. Word- blindness, 
in which written or printed words are not 
understood. If motor, it may be either — 
I. Motor aphasia, or aphemia, consisting 



APHEMIA 



47 



APOCYNUM 



in a loss of language, or inability to ex- 
press thoughts by articulate language ; or, 
2. Agraphia, or "aphasia of the hand," 
inability to write. Charcot supposes the 
center for articulate language divided into 
four sub-centers, a visual center for words, 
an auditory center for words, a motor cen- 
ter of articulate language, and a motor 
center of written language. Lesions of 
one or more of these centers produce the 
characteristic forms of aphasia above given, 
which have had clinical exemplifications. 
A., Ataxic, loss of speech owing to in- 
ability to execute the various movements 
of the mouth necessary to speech, the mus- 
cles being not paralyzed but not coordi- 
nated, owing to disease of the cortical cen- 
ter. A., Amnesic, loss of memory of 
words. Paraphasia, inability to connect 
the ideas with the proper words to express 
the ideas. AgranVmatism, inability to 
form words grammatically. Ataxapha / sia, 
inability to arrange words synthetically 
into sentences. Bradypha / sia, abnormal 
slowness of speech, from pathological 
cause. Tumultus Sermonis, a stutter- 
ing manner of reading, from pathological 
cause. 

Aphe / mia (a, <f>qfii, to speak). Motor 
aphasia; inability to articulate words or 
sentences from focal and not from periphe- 
ral disease of the organs of speech [Alalia). 

Apho / nia (a, <puvrj, the voice). , Dumbness, 
due to some peripheral lesion. 

Aphore / sis (a, (popr/aig, carrying). Separa- 
tion or ablation of a part, either by excision 
or amputation. 

Apho / ria (a, Qopsco , to bear). Sterility of 
the female. 

Aphra / sia. A synonym for Aphasia. 

Aphrodisiac (afpodtota, venery). An 
agent stimulating the sexual passion. 

Apb/thae (aupda, from arrrcj, to set on fire). 
The small, white ulcers, spots or vesicles 
of the mouth, characteristic of the infantile 
disease, Thrush. Aphthoid and Aphthous 
are adjectival forms. 

Aphthong'ia [a neg., <j>doyyog, sound). A 
peculiar form of aphasia due to spasm of 
the muscles supplied by the hypoglossal 
nerve. 

A / pices (plural of apex). Summits. 

A / piol. A non-volatile, oily liquid of acid 
properties, derived from common parsley, 
Petroselinum sativum. Carminative, diu- 
retic, and in larger doses an emmenagogue. 
Employed in intermittent fever, amenor- 
rhcea and dysmenorrhcea. Somewhat 
fashionable as an abortifacient, but worth- 



less. Dose Tnjij-x. In doses of rr^xxx 
is narcotic. Unof. 

Aplanat / ic (a, tz "kavau, I wander). Not 
wandering; rectilinear. A. Lens, a lens 
corrected for all aberration of light and 
color. A rectilinear lens. 

Apla / sia (a neg.,7r/a<7crw, to form). A type 
of incomplete structure by reason of the 
non-formation of a necessary cell-group 
during the developmental stage. Called 
also Hypoplasia. 

Aplastic {a, TT?.aaau). Structureless, form- 
less. A. Lymph, one of the products 
of inflammation or disease. A non-fibrin- 
ous material incapable of coagulation or 
organization. 

Apleu'ria (a, irlevpa, a rib). A word 
employed to denote congenital absence of 
ribs. 

Aplotom / ia (arr/lot'c, simple, tojitj, section). 
Simple incision. 

Apneumato / sis (a neg., Trvevfiaruaig, in- 
flation). Collapse of the air cells of some 
parts of the lung caused by blocking of the 
bronchial tubules, and resulting in a condi- 
tion of non-inflation whereby the lung tis- 
sue is reduced to a condition similar to that 
of atelectasis, or congenital apneumatosis. 

Apnce / a (a, Ttveu, to breathe). Breath- 
lessness. Difficult respiration ; partial or 
complete suspension of breathing. Sy- 
nonymous with Asphyxia. A. Neonato- 
rum, of the new-born child, caused by 
difficult labor, pressure upon the cord, etc. 

Apo- . A Greek prefix denoting/rcw, away, 
separation. 

Apocen'osis [arroKevoo), to drain). An 
increased flow or evacuation of blood or 
other humors. 

Apochromat / ic Lens (arro, from, away, 
off). A lens for microscopic and optical 
purposes, with high correction of spherical 
and chromatic aberrations, and better " de- 
finition." Professor Abbe, through Dr. 
Schott, of Witten, in Westphalia, as a re- 
sult of extended research, discovered crown 
and flint glass in which the dispersions for 
the different regions of the spectrum should 
approximately possess the same ratio, and 
thus avoid the "secondary spectrum." A 
manufactory has been established in Jena 
for the production of these lenses. 

Apocy / num. Canadian Hemp. The root 
of A. cannabinum . Properties due to 
an alkaloid, apocynin. In full doses an 
emetic and cathartic. Valuable in dropsy. 
Dose gr. v-xx; of the alkaloid, gr. %.-%. 
Should not be confounded with Cannabis 
Indie a. Unof. 



APOLAR 



48 



APRAXIA 



Apo'lar (a neg., -o/.oc, the end of an 
axis). Having no pole. A. Cells, nerve- 
cells without processes. 

Apollina'ris Water. A German alkaline 
mineral water, highly charged with car- 
bonic acid, largely used for gout, rheuma- 
tism, etc. See Mineral Water. 

Apomorph/ia or Apomor'phine {cltto, 
morphia). C n H 17 0. 2 N,= morphia — H 2 0. 
An artificial alkaloid, derived from mor- 
phine. The hydrochlorate is the salt used, 
and is a grayish crystalline powder. It is a 
systemic emetic acting directly upon the 
vomiting center, and is the quickest, most 
certain and least irritating of all emetics. 
Unof. 

Aponeurosis (arro, from, vevpov, a ten- 
don). A fibrinous membranous expansion 
of a tendon giving attachment to muscles 
or serving to enclose and bind down mus- 
cles. Remarkable for their size or import- 
ance are the infra-spinous, enclosing the 
infra-spinous muscle ; that of the arm, of 
the deltoid muscle, of the external oblique 
or abdominal, of the forearm, of the leg, 
of the transversalis, of the head, etc., etc. 

Apopb/ysis [a-ofyvid, to put forth). A 
bony protuberance or process of bone; 
when separated by cartilage it is called 
Epiphysis. 

Apoplectig / enous [a-o~?,e^ia, yevvaco). 
That which produces apoplexy or cerebral 
hemorrhage. 

Ap / oplexy (a-noir/^gia). The symptom- 
complex resulting from cerebral hemor- 
rhage, affusion, or from the plugging of a 
cerebral vessel. Modern writers mostly 
describe the post-mortem appearances by 
other terms, as cerebral hemorrhage, effu- 
sion, thrombosis, etc. The chief symptom 
is sudden loss of motion, sensation and 
consciousness, the patient falling and lying 
as if dead. The bursting of a vessel in the 
lungs, liver, etc., is sometimes called apo- 
plexy of the lungs, liver, etc. A., Capil- 
lary, from rupture and effusion of capil- 
laries. 

Aposte'ma (cnrooTjjfia). A term formerly 
employed to denote an abscess. 

Apothe / ca (a-oOr/Kq, a store, shop). A 
store or shop where medicines are sold. 

Apothecaries' Weight. A system of 
weights and measures used in compound- 
ing medicines. The Troy pound of 5760 
grains is the standard. It is subdivided 
into 12 ounces. The ounce is subdivided 
into 8 drachms, the drachm into 3 scru- 
ples, and the scruple into 20 grains. For 
fluid measure the quart of 32 fluid ounces 



is subdivided into pints, the pint into 16 
fluid ounces, the ounce into 8 fluid drachms, 
and the fluid drachm into 60 minims. The 
following abbreviations are used : — 

])\, minim. 3, uncia, an ounce 
gtt., gutta, a drop. (480 grains). 

3,scrupulus, a scru- ft), libra, a pound. 

pie (20 grains). O., octarius, a pint. 

3, drachma, a %x.,granum, a grain, 

drachm (60 gr.). ss., semis., one half. 
See Weights and Measures. 

Apotb/ecary. A druggist. One who pre- 
pares and sells drugs, fills prescriptions, 
etc. In Great Britain the apothecary is 
also a physician, filling his own prescrip- 
tions. In the United States it frequently 
happens that an authorized practitioner is 
also an apothecary, but without the degree 
of M. D. the practice of medicine is illegal. 

Apothe / ma (otto, from, depia, a deposit). 
A brown powder formed by the open-air 
evaporation of a vegetable infusion or 
decoction. 

Apoze / ma [ano, r ea>, to boil). A decoc- 
tion. 

Apparatus [apparatus). The instruments 
used in any science, art or surgical opera- 
tion. Anatomically the word is used to 
designate collectively the organs effecting 
any specified work or action. A. Liga- 
mentosus Colli, the occipito-axoid liga- 
ment, a broad band at the front surface of 
the spinal canal, which covers the odontoid 
process. 

Appendicitis. Inflammation of the ap- 
pendix vermiformis. 

Appendix (pi. appendices) [appendo, to 
hang upon or to). What is accessory to 
or dependent upon another. An append- 
age. A. Auricularis, the auricular ap- 
pendage, a process of the auricles of the 
heart. A. Caeci Vermiformis, a worm- 
shaped process of the caecum. A. Epi- 
ploicae, pouch-like, fatty projections of 
the peritoneum of the large intestine. 

Ap / perts' Pro / cess. The preservation 
("canning") of meat, fruits and vegetables 
by exclusion of air and germs ; effected by 
hermetically sealing the substances in tin 
cans after heating the contents to no° or 
more. 

Ap'petite [appeto, to desire). The desire 
for food; also any natural desire ; lust. A., 
Perverted, that for unnatural and undi- 
gestible things, frequent in disease and 
pregnancy. Anorexia, loss of appetite ; 
Bulimia, insatiable appetite ; Hunger, the 
strong desire and need of food. 

ApraxTa (a neg., Trpaaau, to do). De- 
fective thought and memory associated 



APRON, HOTTENTOT 



49 



ARBUTIN 



with aphasia ; especially concerns the use 
of objects and methods of doing things. 

A / pron, Hottentot. Artificially elongated 
labia minora. 

AprosexTa (a, Trpoaex^, to give heed). 
A mental disturbance consisting in inability 
to fix the attention upon a subject. 

Aproso / pia (a, Trpoauirov, the face). A 
fcetal monstrosity with partial or complete 
absence of face. 

Apselaphe / sia (a, ^"ka^rjOiQ, touch). Pa- 
ralysis of the tactile sense. 

Aptitude {aptitudo, fitness). Fitness, 
tendency. The natural proneness of an 
organism toward certain functions or patho- 
logical conditions. 

Apty / alism (a, without, tttvoXl^o, to spit). 
A term applied to a condition marked by 
deficiency or absence of saliva. 

A'pus (a, 7rwc, foot). A monstrosity con- 
sisting in absence of the lower limbs, or feet. 

Apyrex / ia [a neg., Trvpecoo, to have a 
fever). Without fever; especially used of 
the intermission-periods of ague, etc. 

A 7 qua. Water. An oxide of hydrogen 
having the composition H 2 0. Is a solid 
below 32 , a liquid between 32 and 212°, 
vaporizes at 2 1 2° at the sea level (bar. 760 
mm.), giving off vapor of tension equal to 
that of the air. Covers four-fifths of the 
surface of the earth, but is never pure in 
nature, containing from a trace of soluble 
matter, in rain water, to 26 per cent, of 
soluble mineral salts, in the Dead Sea. 
Water is an essential constituent of all ani- 
mal and vegetable tissues. In the human 
body it forms 2 per cent, of the enamel of 
the teeth, 77 per cent, of the ligaments, 
78 per cent, of the blood, and 93 per cent, 
of the urine. Externally, water has a 
stimulating effect upon the skin, either by 
direct or reactionary means. Cold water 
when continued too long may lower the 
general temperature of the body so as to 
produce serious depression of circulation 
and muscular power. Hot water and 
vapor increase circulation and produce 
diaphoresis. Its too long-continued use 
debilitates. Internally, water is a diuretic. 
It is the most useful of all the solvents 
in pharmacy. The following are the offi- 
cial preparations and forms. A. Bulliens, 
boiling water. A. Communis, common 
water. A. Destillata, distilled water. A. 
Fervens, hot water. A. Fluvialis, river- 
water. A. Fontana, well- or spring-water. 
A. Marina, sea-water. A. Pluvialis, 
rain-water. See also Mineral Water. 
In pharmacy, a solution of a volatile 
4 



soluble substance in water. There are 
15 official aquce, all of arbitrary strength. 
Also, A. Fortis. See Acid, Nitric. A. 
Regia, a mixture of hydrochloric acid 3, 
and nitric acid I part. A solvent of gold 
and platinum. A. Vitae, spirit, q. v. In 
anatomy, A. Labyrinthi, the clear liquid 
existing in the labyrinths of the ear. 

Aqueduct / us {aqua, water, ductus, a lead- 
ing). Used of ducts or canals in various 
parts of the body. A. Cerebri, the in- 
fundibulum. A. Cochleae, aqueduct of 
the cochlea. A. Fallopii, the canal of the 
portio dura in the petrous portion of the 
temporal bone. A. Sylvii, the aqueduct 
of Sylvius from the third to the fourth 
ventricle. A. Vestibuli, aqueduct of the 
vestibule of the ear. 

A / queous. Referring to water. A. Cham- 
ber of the Eye, the space between the 
cornea and the lens ; the iris divides it into 
an anterior and a posterior chamber. A. 
Extract, solid preparations of drugs made 
by evaporation of aqueous solutions. A. 
Humor, the fluid filling the anterior cham- 
ber of the eye. 

Aquocapsuli'tis [aqua, capsula, a small 
box). A disused name for what is now 
classed as Serous Iritis, q. v. 

Arabic Acid. One of the constituents 
(C 12 H 22 O u ) of acacia, or gum arabic, a 
gummy exudation of Acacia. 

Arachnitis {apaxvtov, a spider's web, itis). 
Inflammation of the arachnoid membrane 
of the brain. 

Aracb/noid (apaxvtov, eiSog, form). Re- 
sembling a web. A. Cavity, the space 
between the arachnoid membrane and the 
dura mater. A. Membrane, the deli- 
cate serous membrane of the brain and 
cord between the dura and pia mater. 
Sub-arachnoid fluid. See Cerebro- 
spinal Fluid. 

Ar'ack (Ind.). A spirituous liquor dis- 
tilled from rice or cocoanut juice, used in 
India. 

Araeom / eter (apatoc, light, thin, /uerpov, 
measure). An instrument for estimating 
the specific gravity of fluids. 

Aran'tii. See Corpora. 

Ar'bor Vi / tas. A term applied to the 
arborescent appearance of a section of the 
cerebellum, and also to a similar appear- 
ance of the folds of the interior of the cervix 
uteri. 

Arbu / tin. A bitter glucoside, C 24 H 32 O u - 
H 2 0, obtained from uva ursi, or bear- 
berry. It is neutral, crystalline, and re- 
solvable into glucose and hydroquinone. 



ARCANUM 



50 



ARGYRIA 



Arbutin is an efficient diuretic. See Uva 
I 'rsi. 

Arca'num [arcanum, a secret). A medi- 
cine whose composition is kept secret. 

Arch [L. arcus, a bow). A term applied 
to the curved shape of several various parts 
of the body. A. of Aorta. See Aorta. 
A. of Colon. See Colon. A., Crural. 
See Pouparfs Ligament. A., Palmar, 
the arch formed by the radial artery in 
crossing the bones of the metacarpus. 

Archebi / osis [apxog, the beginning, Slugic, 
life). The theory of the origin of living 
organisms from non-living matter. See 
Generation, Spontaneous, and Biogenesis. 

Archegen'esis. The same as Archebiosis. 

Archespo / rium [apxq, a beginning, a~upa, 
a seed). The cells from which spore 
mother-cells are immediately derived. 

Arcb/etype [apxe, chief, rv~oq, a type). 
A word employed in comparative anatomy 
to denote an ideal type or form to which 
other individuals or classes may be com- 
pared. A standard type. 

Archiblast / ic [apxv, the beginning, fiTiao- 
ruc, bud). A term used by His, of the 
three layers of the embryo, in contra- 
distinction to Parablastic cells or ele- 
ments that he thinks wander in between 
the epiblast and hypoblast from the margins 
of the blastoderm, from which are devel- 
oped the blood vessels, blood and con- 
nective tissue. 

Ar / chil. A coloring matter somewhat like 
litmus, chiefly obtained from the lichen 
Rocella tinctoria; used for staining animal 
tissues. 

Arcta / tion [arcto, to draw close together). 
Contraction or lessening of an opening or 
of the lumen of a canal. 

Arcua / tus [arcus, a bow). Bent or curved 
in an arched form. A. Morbus, a former 
name for jaundice. 

Arc / us [arcus). A bow or arch. A. Den- 
talis, the dental arch. A. Senilis, the 
ring of fatty degeneration of the corneal 
tissue about the periphery. A. Zygoma- 
ticus, the zygomatic arch. 

Ar'dent Spirits. Alcoholic liquors. See 
Spiritus. 

Ar / dor [ardor, to burn). Violent heat, 
burning ; applied to fevers and the sexual 
passion. A. Urinae, burning pain in the 
inflamed urethra in micturition. 

A / rea [area, an open space). Any space 
with boundaries. A. Celsi. See Alopecia 
areata. A. Germaniti'va, or E?nbryonic 
Spot, the oval germinating spot of the 
embryo. A. Pellucida, the light central 



portion of the last. A. Opaca, the opaque 
circle about the same. A. Vasculosa, 
the vascularization of the A. Opaca. 

Are'ca Nut. See Betel. 

Ar / ecin. An organic base (C 23 H 26 X 2 0) 
isomeric with brucin, derived from cinchona 
bark. 

Arefac / tion [a?'eface)-e, to make dry). Ex- 
siccation or desiccation. The removal of 
structural or constitutional water from a 
substance. Applied to the process whereby 
certain water}' medicines may be reduced 
to a dry powder. 

Arena / tion [arena, sand). A sand-bath. 
The application of hot sand to a limb or 
part of the body. 

Are / ola (dim. of area, an open space). 
The brownish space surrounding the nipple 
of the female breast. This is sometimes 
called Areola papillaris. A secondary 
areola, surrounding this, occurs during 
pregnancy. The pigmentation about the 
umbilicus is called the timbilical areola. 
A. Tissue, connective tissue. 

AreonVeter [apatog, thin, light, fierpov, 
measure). An instrument for estimating 
the specific gravity or strength of liquids, 
especially alcoholic liquids. 

Argen / tum. Silver. Ag = 108 ; quanti- 
valence, I. A malleable and ductile 
metal of brilliant white luster. Tarnishes 
only in presence of free sulphur, sulphur 
gases and phosphorus. An excellent sub- 
stance for vessels used in pharmacy, and 
for sutures used in surgery. The follow- 
ing salts are used: A. Cyanidum, used 
in the preparation of hydrocyanic acid. 
A. Iodidum, sometimes used internally in- 
stead of A. nitrate. Dose gr. %-]. A. 
Oxidum, explosive when treated with am- 
monia. Dose gr. }i~i). A. Nitras, 
" nitrate of silver," argentic nitrate, " lunar 
caustic," a powerful astringent and an 
escharotic of moderate strength. Stains 
skin and other tissue black when applied 
in strength. In small doses stimulates 
heart and nerve centers. Too long con- 
tinued, leaves a slate-colored, insoluble 
deposit of silver under the skin [Argyria). 
Dose gr. Yf>~Y- A. Nitras Fusus, 
"stick caustic." Contains 4 per cent, of 
silver chloride. Used locally. The miti- 
gated or dilute stick is fused with an equal 
weight of potassium nitrate. 

ArgilTa [apyCO.oq, potter's clay). "SYhite 
or potter's clay, alumina. 

Ar'gol. See Tartar. 

Argyll Robertson's Pupil. See Pupil. 

Argy / ria (L. argentwn, silver). A form 



ARISTOLOCHIA 



51 



ARTERIA 



of chloasma or discoloration of the skin 
and mucous membrane produced by the 
prolonged administration of nitrate of silver, 
the molecules of silver being deposited in 
much the same position as those of the 
natural pigment of the skin. It may be 
general, from internal administration, or 
local, from its local application. 

Aristok/chia. See Serpentaria. 

Aristolo'chin. A bitter principle found 
in Virginia snake-root. See Serpentaria. 

Aristotle's Experiment. The double 
feeling experienced by the fingers when a 
single pebble is placed between the crossed 
fingers of one hand. 

Arm (Sax. Ann, G. A7'm, Lat. Annus). 
That part of the upper extremity from the 
shoulder to the wrist. 

Armamentarium (Lat., an arsenal). The 
outfit of medicines or instruments of the 
physician or surgeon. 

Armarium. See Armamentarium. 

Armature [armatura, equipment). A 
mass of soft iron at the extremity of a 
magnet. Also, the core of iron around 
which coils of insulated wire are wound 
or disposed. 

Arnica. A plant commonly known as 
" Leopard's bane," — A. montana. Both 
flowers and root are used in medicine. 
Properties probably due to an alkaloid, 
tri-methyl-amine. In small doses a car- 
diac stimulant ; in larger doses a depres- 
sant. In toxic doses frequently causes 
death. A popular remedy, when locally 
applied, for sprains, bruises and surface 
wounds. Valuable also in typhus and 
typhoid fevers as an antipyretic. A. 
Tinct., 20 per cent. Dose n\v-xxx. A. 
Infusum, 20 parts flowers, 100 parts 
water. Superior to tincture for local use. 
A* Ext. Radicis. Dose gr. j-iij. A. Ext. 
Rad. Fid. Dose rt\v-xx. A. Tinct. 
Rad., 20 per cent. Dose Tt^v-xxx. A. 
Emplastrum, contains ext. of root 50, 
lead plaster 100 parts. Tri-methyl-amine 
(unof.). Dose gr. ij-iij in syrup. 

Ar / nicin, C 26 H 30 O 4 . A brownish, bitter 
glucoside extracted from the flowers of 
Arnica montana. 

Arnot'to. See Anatto. 

Aro / ma [apo/ua, spice). The imponder- 
able fragrant or odorous emanation of 
vegetable substances. 

Aromat / ic (apufxa, spice). A substance 
characterized by a fragrant, spicy taste and 
odor, as cinnamon, ginger, the essential 
oils, etc. A stimulant to the gastrointes- 
tinal mucous membrane. A. Acids, those 



of the benzine group of hydrocarbons. A. 
Group, a series of hydrocarbons having 
the composition C 10 H 16 . A. Vinegar, 
any mixture of aromatic oils in vinegar. 
Used as a stimulating agent. 

Ar'rak. See Arack. 

Arrect'or PiTi Muscle. A fan-like ar- 
rangement of a layer of smooth muscular 
fibers surrounding the hair follicle, whose 
contraction erects the follicle and produces 
cutis-anserina or " gooseskin." 

Arrest 7 (ad, to, resto, to withstand). Stop- 
page, detention. Arrested development, 
is when an organ or organism fails in its 
normal evolution, stopping at the initial or 
intermediate stages of the process. Ar- 
rested head, when in parturition the child's 
head is hindered but not impacted in the 
pelvic cavity. 

Ar'row-Poison. See Curare. 

Arrowroot. (Doubtful derivation.) A 
kind of starch derived from Maranta 
arundinacea of the West Indies, South- 
ern States, etc. It is a popular remedy for 
diarrhoea; widely used as a food. 

Arsenic, Arsenicum, or 

Arsen / ium. As =75; quantivalence in, 
v. A non-metal having a metallic lustre 
and crystalline structure. In small doses 
a stomachic and general tonic, promoting 
appetite and cardiac action, and stimu- 
lating mental activity. Of great value in 
irritative dyspepsia. Sometimes used in- 
ternally to blanch and clear the skin. In 
larger doses creates skin eruptions, and 
becomes a violent corrosive poison, acting 
with cumulative effect. Externally, is a 
powerful escharotic, used in cancer. Only 
the salts and oxides are used in medicine. 
A. Acid., arsenious acid, white arsenic, 
"ratsbane," As 2 3 . Dose gr. -jo-tV A. 
Acid., Liquor, a 1 per cent, solution of 
the acid in hydrochloric acid and distilled 
water. Potassii Arsenit., Liq., Fow- 
ler's solution, contains A. acid 1, potass, 
dicarbonate I, comp. tinct. lavender 3, and 
distilled water q. s. ad 100 parts. Dose 
nyj-x. Sodii Arsenias. Dose of the 
dried salt gr. ^VrV Sodii Arseniat., 
Liq. Dose mjj-xv. A. Iodid. Dose 
g r - ?W- A - et Hydrargyri Iod., Liq., 
liquor of the iodide of arsenic and mer- 
cury, Donovan's solution, contains A. 
iodide I, mercuric iodide I, distilled 
water 100 parts. Dose H\ij-x. See 
Reinsc/Vs Test, Marshes Test and Fleit- 
manrfs Test. 

Arte / ria (aprepia, the trachea). The plural 
was applied to the bronchial tubes. The 



ARTERIOGRAM 



52 



ARTIFICIAL 



ancients supposed these filled with vital 
spirit during life. See Artery. 

Arteriogram. See Sphygmogram. 

Arterio'lse Rectae. The small blood ves- 
sels which supply the medullary pyramids 
of the kidneys. 

Arteritis {artery and itis, inflammation). 
Inflammation of an artery. The acute 

form is generally consecutive to trauma, 
thrombosis, or embolism, and may be puru- 
lent in character ; the chronic, more prop- 
erly endarteritis, arterial sclerosis, leading 
to atheroma or atheromatozes changes, is a 
frequent disease of the aged. A. De- 
formans, the result of atheromatous 
changes producing crumpling or irregu- 
larities of the walls. A. Obliterans, an 
increase of connective tissue ending in ob- 
literation of the lumen. 

Ar / tery (arteria, arjp, air or spirit, rr/peo), 
to preserve, because supposed to contain 
the spirit or soul). Arteries are the tube- 
like vessels through which the blood is 
propelled by the heart to the peripheral 
organs. They end in arterioles and capil- 
laries. They are composed of three layers : 
the outer, or tunica adventitia ; the middle, 
or tunica media, the muscular coat ; the 
internal, or intima, composed of nucleated 
epithelial cells, connective and elastic tis- 
sue. A table of the chief arteries is ap- 
pended (pp. 53, 54, 55). _ 

Arthralgia (apdpov, a joint, clKjoq, pain). 
Pain in a joint ; gout ; arthritis ; rheuma- 
tism. 

Arthri'tis (apdpov, -itlq, inflammation). 
Inflammation of the joints. A. Defor- 
mans, chronic inflammation of the bone- 
tissue of a joint with deformity. A., 
Rheumatic, acute rheumatism of the 
joints with gouty complications. 

Arthrocla'sia (apdpov, kJjkj, to break). 
The breaking down of ankyloses in order 
to produce free movement of a joint. 

Arthro'dia (apdpoco, to fasten by a joint). 
A form of joint permitting a gliding move- 
ment. See Diarthrosis. 

Arthrodyn'ia (apdpov, odwrj, pain). See 
Arthralgia. 

Arthroempy / esis (apdpov, efxirvrjCLc, sup- 
puration). Suppuration in a joint. 

Arthrography (apdpov, ypa<petv, to write). 
A description of the joints. 

Arthron / cus (apdpov, o/coc, an eminence). 
The cartilaginous body or bodies which 
occasionally form within the knee-joint. 

Arthropathia (apdpov, iradoq, disease). A 
peculiar disease of the joints similar to 
rheumatoid arthritis, but, according to Char- 



cot, a distinct disease. It belongs to the 
prodromal stage of tabes ; rapidly destroys 
the joint; is painless, without fever or 
inflammation ; prefers the large joints ; and 
is connected with hydrarthrosis and swell- 
ing of the joints. 

Arthrosis (apdpov, to fasten by a joint). 
Articulation or jointing. 

Arthrot / omy (apdpov, reftvu, to cut). In- 
cision of a joint. 

Ar'tiad (aprca^u, to be even). In chemistry, 
a term used to designate atoms having an 
even quantivalence, as oxygen, which is 
bi-, iron quadri-, and sulphur hexivalent. 

Artic/ular (articularis , of the joints). Per- 
taining to an articulation or joint. 

Articulate (articulo, to divide in joints). 
Divided into joints, distinct. A. Speech, 
the communication of ideas by spoken 
words. 

Articulation (articulus, a joint). A joint 
or arthrosis ; a connection betw r een two or 
more bones, whether allowing movement 
between the two or not. The articulations 
are divided into : I . Synarthroses, immov- 
able, subdivided into schindyleses, or 
grooved joints, gompho f ses, in sockets, as the 
teeth, and sutu'ra, as in the bones of the 
skull ; 2. Di> 'arthroses, or movable joints, 
subdivided into the arthro f dia, or gliding 
joints, the gingly'mus, or hinge-like, the 
en f arthroses, or ball-and-socket joints; 3. 
A?ri 'phiarthroses, or those of a mixed 
type. 

Articulation. The enunciation of spoken 
speech. Confluent A., the clipping of 
words, or running syllables together — a 
symptom of certain cerebral diseases. 

Articulation Positions. See Consonants. 

Artic / ulo Mortis (Lat.). The moment of 
death. In the act of dying. 

Artificial (artificialis). Made or imi- 
tated by art. A. Anus, an opening in 
the abdomen to give exit to the feces ; an 
opening made in case of imperforate anus. 
A. Eye, a film of glass, celluloid, rubber, 
etc., made in imitation of the front part of 
the globe of the eye and worn in the 
socket or over a blind eye for cosmetic 
reasons. A. Joint, ox false joint, the non- 
united ends of a broken bone. A. Leech. 
See Leech. A. Vitreous. See Eviscer- 
ation. A. Pupil, removal of a piece of 
the iris (iridectomy, iridodialysis, etc.), to 
allow the light to pass through the open- 
ing. A. Respiration, the aeration of the 
blood by artificial means. A method of 
inducing the normal function of respira- 
tion when from any cause it is temporarily 



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55 



ARYTENOID 



56 



ASPARAGIN 



in abeyance, as in asphyxia neonatorum, 
drowning, etc. //all s Method, by turning 
the body alternately upon the side or face. 
Howard's Method, by pressure upon the 
lower ribs every few seconds. Sylvester s 
Method, chiefly by movements of the 
arms. 

Arytenoid (apvraira, a pitcher, eidog, like- 
ness). Resembling the mouth of a pitcher. 
A. Cartilages, two cartilages of the 
larynx regulating, by the means of the at- 
tached muscles, the tension of the vocal 
cords. A. Muscle, arises from the pos- 
terior surface of one arytenoid cartilage 
and is inserted into the corresponding parts 
of the other. It is composed of three 
planes of fibres, two oblique and one trans- 
verse. It draws the arytenoid cartilages 
together. 

Arytb/mic. Irregular; without rhythm. 

Asafcet/ida. Asafetida. A resinous gum 
obtained from the root of Ferula narthex 
and F. scordosoma. Somewhat soluble 
in alcohol, and forms an emulsion with 
water. Properties due to allyl sulphide, 
C 6 H 10 S. A powerful antispasmodic, 
stimulant and expectorant. Very service- 
able in hysteria and bronchial affections. 
Dose gr. v-xx. A. Tinct., strength 20 
per cent. Dose gss-ij. A. Emplas- 
trum, asafoetida 35, lead plaster 35, gal- 
banum 15, yellow wax 15, alcohol 120 
parts. A. Mistura, a 4 per cent, emul- 
sion. A. et Magnesiae Mist., Dewer's 
carminative, magnesium carb. 5, tinct. asa- 
foetida 7, tinct. opii I, sugar 10, aq. dest. 
ad 100 parts. Dose ^ss-^ss. A. Pil- 
lulae, contain each gr. iij of asafoetida 
and gr. j of soap. Dose j-iv. A. et 
Aloes Pil., have gr. iy£ of each ingre- 
dient. Galbani PH., comp. See Gal- 
banum. Ammonia Foslidus Spt., con- 
tains asafoetida I ]/ z , liq. ammoniae fort. 2, 
spirit 20 parts. Dose gss-j. Unof. 

A / sak. See Sacara Indica. 

Asca'ris (plural Ascarides) (a<7naptZo, to 
jump). A genus of the family Ascarida. 
A class of parasitical worms inhabiting the 
bodies, and especially the intestine, of most 
animals. A. Lumbricoides, is found 
in the ox, hog and man. It inhabits the 
small intestine, especially of children. A. 
Vermicularis (the thread worm), a syno- 
nym of Oxyuris Ver7?iicularis. A. Mys- 
tax, the round worm of the cat, and A. 
Alata have rarely been found in man. 

Ascep'tol. A sulpho-carbol resembling 
carbolic and salicylic acids. Highly anti- 
septic and disinfectant. Unof. 



Ascites {aaKiT7]g, from clokoc, a bag). An 
abnormal collection of serous fluid in the 
peritoneal cavity. There is uniform en- 
largement of the abdomen, fluctuation, 
percussion dullness, etc. 

Ascle / pias. Pleurisy Root. The root of 
Asclepias tuber osa. A popular remedy 
in the Southern States for pleurisy. A 
powerful diaphoretic and a moderate 
emetic and cathartic. The infusion re- 
commended has a strength of ^j of the 
powdered root to ^ xxxij of water. Dose 
teacupful every 3 or 4 hours. Unoffi- 
cial. Also, A. Curassavica, Blood 
Flower. An herb common to tropical 
America. Astringent, styptic and anthel- 
mintic against the tapeworm. A popular 
remedy for checking capillary hemorrhage. 
Dose of fld. ext. gj-ij. Unof. 

Ascococ / cus {actios, a leather bag, kokkoc, 
a kernel). A genus of the family of Coc- 
cacees; with elements united in massive 
colonies surrounded by tough, thick, gela- 
tinous envelopes. A. Billrothii, found 
in putrefied meat; its natural habitat is 
the air. Details of culture, etc., are 
wanting. 

Ascomyce / tes (aonog, uvktjc, a mushroom). 
A large family of fungi, of which the 
truffles, or Ttiberacea, the ergot of rye and 
mould of dried fruits are examples. 

Ascopb/ora Muce / do. A microscopic 
fungus, of which the mould of bread is an 
example. 

As / cospore (acme, c-opa, a spore). A 
spore developed within a sac-like fungus- 
cell. 

Asep / sis (a neg., arjTro, to putrefy). The 
condition of non-putrefaction ; absence of 
all septic material or pathogenic micro- 
organisms. 

Asep / tic. Free from contaminating or 
septic matter. The antiseptic treatment of 
wounds, including aseptic and antiseptic 
dressings, renders the wound aseptic. 

Asep / tin. This term has been given to a 
secret preparation containing boric acid, 
used for preserving articles of food. 

Asep / tol, C 6 H 6 S0 3 , a reddish liquid, with 
an odor of carbolic acid, recommended as 
a disinfectant and antiseptic. Used ex- 
ternally I : 1000, and internally in about 
the same dose as carbolic acid. 

Asit / ia (a, without, oiroc, food). The want 
of food. Also a loathing for food. 

Aspar'agin. A crystalline organic princi- 
ple, C 4 H 8 N 2 0;,, found in asparagus and 
many other plants. It is diuretic, and 
sedative to the circulation. See AltJuza. 



ASPARAGUS 



57 



ASTHMA 



Aspar'agus. The green root of Aspara- 
gus officinalis. A mild diuretic. Dose 
of fid. ext. ^ss-j. Unof. 

Aspar'tic Acid. C 4 H 7 N0 4 . A dibasic crys- 
talline substance obtained from asparagin. 
It occurs in the body as a result of the 
action of the pancreatic juice on the fibrin 
of the blood. 

Aspergillus (aspergo, to scatter). An 
order of fungi. A. Auricularis, a fungus 
found in the wax of the ear. A. Glaucus, 
the bluish mould found, e. g., upon dried 
fruit. A. Mucoroides, a species found 
in tuberculous or gangrenous lung tissue. 

Asperm / atism (a neg., CTrep/xa, seed). 
Non-emission of semen, whether owing to 
non-secretion or non-ejaculation. 

Asper / sion [aspergo, to sprinkle). The 
act of besprinkling, medicines being some- 
times thus applied. 

Asphyx / ia (a neg., ccj)v^tg, the pulse). The 
effect upon the body of the non-oxygena- 
tion of the blood ; the suspension of vital 
phenomena when the lungs are deprived 
of air. The excess of carbon dioxide in 
the blood at first stimulates, then paralyzes 
the respiratory center of the medulla. Arti- 
ficial respiration is therefore required in 
cases of sudden asphyxia. A. Neonato- 
rum, the inability of new-born infants to 
begin respiration spontaneously, or to con- 
tinue it. 

Aspidiosper / mine. An alkaloid extracted 
from Quebracho, a. v. 

Aspid / ium. The rhizome of several spe- 
cies of A., especially A. marginale. Pro- 
perties due to a resin containing filicilic 
acid. Valuable chiefly as a vermicide 
against tapeworm. Dose ^ss-^ss. A. 
Oleoresina, an ethereal extract. Dose 
3ss-j. 

As / pirates. See Consonants. 

Aspiration [aa 7 , to, spiro, to breathe). 
Used as a synonym of inspiration, also of 
imbibition. The act of using the aspira- 
tor. A method of withdrawing the fluids 
and gases from a wound to prevent con- 
tamination. A. of Cataract Extrac- 
tion. See Extraction of Cataract, Suc- 
tion Method. 

As / pirator. An instrument for withdraw- 
ing the contents of an abscess, tumor, etc., 
without the admission of air. 

Assafce / tida. See Asafcetida. 

Assimilation {assimulo, to make like). 
The process of transforming food into such 
a nutrient condition that it is taken up by 
the circulatory system, and forms an inte- 
gral part of the economy ; synthetic or con- 



structive metabolism; anabolism. A., Pri- 
mary, that concerned in the conversion 
of food into chyle and blood. A., Sec- 
ondary, that relating to the formation of 
the organized tissues of the body. 

Association [associatid). The act of com- 
bining; union with. Associated Move- 
ments, coincident or consensual move- 
ments of other muscles than the leading 
one, and which by habit or unity of pur- 
pose are involuntarily connected with its 
action. Both eyeballs move alike in read- 
ing, though one be a blind eye. Move- 
ment of the normal arm will sometimes 
produce slight motion of the opposite para- 
lyzed arm. An uniformity of innervation 
is usually the cause of these movements, 
and such an example as the rigidity of the 
jaw in lifting a heavy weight should hardly 
be called an associated movement. Asso- 
ciated Paralysis, a common paralysis of 
associated muscles. 

As / surin. A name given by Thudichum 
to a complex substance occurring in brain- 
tissue. Properties not investigated. 

Asta'sia (a neg., araaig, standing). Motor 
incoordination for standing.. See Abasia. 

Asteato / des (a neg., areap, callow, uStjc, 
fullness). Deficient or absent secretion of 
sebaceous matter by the sebaceous glands. 

As / ter. See Karyokinesis. 

Aster'ion. See Skull. 

Astern / al (a neg., crepvov, the breast bone). 
Not connected with the sternum. A. 
Ribs, the five lower pairs, because not 
joined directly to the sternum. 

Astern'ia. Absence of the sternum. 

Asthe / nia (a neg., cdevoc, strength). Gen- 
eral loss or absence of strength; adynamia. 

Asthenopia (a neg., cdevog, uip, eye). 
Weakness, speedy fatigue of the ocular 
muscles or visual powers, due to errors of 
refraction, insufficiency, over-use, anaemia, 
etc. A., Accommodative, due to hy- 
peropia, astigmatism, or a combination of 
the two, producing strain • of the ciliary 
muscle. A., Muscular, due to weakness 
or strain of the external ocular muscles, 
most commonly the internal recti — insuf- 
ficiency. A., Retinal, or Nervous, a 
rare variety, caused by retinal hyperesthe- 
sia, anaesthesia, or other abnormality, or by 
general nervous affections. 

Asth / ma (aadjua, panting). Paroxysmal 
or intermittent dyspnoea, generally accom- 
panied by cough and bronchial secretion, 
a feeling of constriction and suffocation. 
The etiology is obscure, being ascribed to 
heredity, nasal disease, gout, exhalations 



ASTIGMATISM 



58 



ATELECTASIS 



of plants and atmospheric impurities, colds, 
etc It has been thought to be due to re- 
flex neuroses and spasm of the muscular 
tissue of the bronchial tubes. When de- 
pendent upon disease of the heart, the kid- 
neys, stomach, thymus, etc., it has been 
designated cardiac, renal, peptic, thymic, 
etc. A. Dyspepticum, due to nervous 
reflexes through the vagus. A., Nervous, 
from reflex stimulation of the pulmonary 
plexus. 

Astig'matism (a neg., oriyfia, a point, 
because rays of light from a point are never 
brought to a point by the refractive media 
of the eye). That condition of the eye 
wherein homocentric rays of light are not 
brought to a focus by the media. It is 
usually due to inequality of curvature of 
the different meridians of the cornea (cor- 
neal A.), but may be caused by imperfec- 
tions of the lens (lenticular), unequal 
contraction of the ciliary muscle, or may 
perhaps be due to retinal imperfection. It 
may be acquired or congenital, and may 
complicate hypermetropia or myopia, pro- 
ducing either simple hypermetropic A., 
in which one principal meridian is emme- 
tropic, the other hypermetropic ; or com- 
pound hypermetropic A., in which both 
meridians are hypermetropic, but one more 
so than the other. Complicating myopia, 
we may in the same way have simple 
myopic or compound myopic A. In 
mixed A., one principal meridian is 
myopic, the other hypermetropic. Regular 
A. is when the two principal meridians 
are at right angles to each other. Irregular 
A., when different parts of a meridian have 
different refracting powers. 

Astigmom / eter {a, arr/fia, /lerpov, a meas- 
ure). An instrument for the measurement 
of astigmatism. 

Astragalus (acrpaya?^, a die ; the analo- 
gous bones of the sheep were used by the 
ancients as dice). The ankle-bone, upon 
which the tibia rests. Also a genus of 
leguminous plants from some varieties of 
which gum tragacanth is derived. A. 
Mollis / simus (Loco Plant). The active 
principle of this plant has mydriatic proper- 
ties. Unof. 

Astrapapho / bia {aoTparrri, lightning, (f>o- 
ftog, fear). A symptom of mental disease 
consisting in fear of lightning and thunder. 

Astric / tion [ad, to, stringo, to bind). Con- 
stipation or any condition resulting from 
the use of astringents. 

Astrin / gent. An agent producing con- 
traction of organic tissues, or which arrests 



haemorrhages, diarrhoeas, etc. Tannin, 
alum, opium, alcohol, the salts of silver, 
lead, etc., are examples. 

AsyTum {asylum, a place of refuge). An 
institution for the support, safe-keeping, 
cure, or education of those incapable of 
caring for themselves, such as the insane, 
the blind, etc. 

Asym / metry (a, avfijuerpia, symmetry). 
Unlikeness of organs or parts that are nor- 
mally of the same size, etc., as e.g., Asym- 
metry of the two halves of the skull or 
brain. 

Asyner'gia [a, owepyia, cooperation). 
Faulty coordination of the different organs 
or muscles normally acting in unison. 

Atactic (ara/croc, irregular). Irregular. 
Pertaining to muscular incoordination, es- 
pecially in aphasia. Also used of atypical 
fevers. 

At / avism {atavus, a forefather). The 
reappearance of an anomaly, physical, 
mental or pathological, in an individual 
whose more or less remote progenitors had 
had it, but in whose immediate ancestors it 
had not been shown. 

Ataxapha / sia. See Aphasia. 

Atax'ia, or 

Atax'y (ara^ia, want of order). The 
word means primarily, irregularity or want 
of order, but is most commonly used to 
express incoordination of muscular action ; 
an excess or deficiency in contraction of 
the various muscles concerned in a given 
action. Since innervation of many muscles 
is required in a fixed position of the body 
or of a limb, the term A., Static, describes 
the failure of muscular coordination in 
standing still or in fixed positions of the 
limbs, whilst A., Locomotor, expresses 
the same essential phenomenon as regards 
movements, and especially in walking. 
A., Hereditary, Friedreich's Disease, is 
an inherited disease of children and the 
young. See Friedreich's Disease. Both 
static and locomotor ataxy are prominent 
symptoms of tabes or disease of the pos- 
terior columns of the cord, but it is absurd 
to speak of ataxy, as if it were a disease 
itself instead of being only one of many 
symptoms of many diseases. 

Atelectasis {a-e/.rjc, imperfect, suraac, 
expansion). Failure of dilatation of the 
pulmonary air-cells in the new-born. The 
condition is due not to disease of the 
lungs, but to nerve injuries, weakness, etc. 
In this case the lung has never been 
inflated, whilst in apneumatosis it has 
been. 



ATELIA 



59 



ATROPA 



Atel'ia [areleia, imperfection). A terato- 
logical term for imperfection or failure of 
development of some part of the foetus. 
The word is compounded with others to 
designate the member wanting, as atelo- 
cardia, atelocheilia, ateloencephalia, atelo- 
viyelia, ateloprosopia, etc., expressing such 
a defect of the heart, lip, brain, spinal cord, 
face, respectively. 

Athelas / mus {a, d?fia<j/.iog, a suckling). 
Inability to give suck, from defect or want 
of the nipples. 

Athero / ma (aOapa, gruel). Primarily, a 
soft encysted tumor ; more commonly, the 
fatty degeneration of the walls of the 
arteries in consequence of chronic arteritis, 
and called atheromatous degeneration. 
Atheromatous aoscess, resulting from chronic 
arteritis, is a soft matter beneath the in- 
tima, while an atheromatous tdcer is 
formed by the abscess breaking through 
the intima. 

Ath/etoid. Pertaining to or affected with 
athetosis. A. Spasm, an occasional 
symptom of hemiplegia and after some 
cerebral lesions. 

Athetosis {aBjjroc, unfixed, changeable). 
A disease characterized by continual change 
of position of the fingers and toes, and 
inability to keep them still. It is due to 
some lesion or functional derangement of 
the brain or cord. 

Athrep / sia (a, rpeQa, to nourish). The 
symptom-complex resulting from imperfect 
nutrition in children, from whatever cause. 

At / las. The uppermost of the cervical 
vertebrae. Articulates with the occipital 
bone of the skull. 

Atlod / ymus [arlac, didv/uor, double). A 
monosomic dual monstrosity with two 
heads and a single body. 

Atmi / atry (arfiog, vapor, larpeia, medical 
treatment). Treatment of diseases of the 
lungs or mucous membrane, by inhalation, 
fumigation, or by directing a current of 
vapor or gas upon the part. 

Atmom / eter, or AdmidonVeter (arjuog, 
fierpov, a measure). An instrument to de- 
termine the amount of water exhaled from 
a given surface in a given time, in order to 
determine the humidity of the atmosphere, 
of a place. 

Atmosphere (arfioc, ctyatpa, a sphere). 
The mixture of gases, vapor of water, and 
other suspended matters, surrounding the 
earth, as an elastic fluid envelope, to the 
height of about 200 miles. 

Atmospheric. Pertaining to the atmo- 
sphere. A. Moisture, the vapor of 



water mingled with the atmosphere. It 
varies in quantity according to temperature. 
A. Tension, the pressure of the air per 
square inch on the surface of a body. Nor- 
mally, at the sea-level it is about 14.7 lbs. 
per square inch, or equal to that of a col- 
umn of mercury about 30 in. in height. 
It decreases about y 1 ^ in., or ■£* lb. per 
square inch for every 90 feet of altitude. 
Above 10,000 feet, the rarity of the atmo- 
sphere is usually noticeable in quickened 
breathing and pulse rate. 

Ato'cia (aronoc, barren). Sterility of the 
female. 

At / om (a neg., te/uvu, to cut). The ulti- 
mate unit of an element; that part of a 
substance incapable of further division, or 
the smallest part capable of entering a 
chemical compound, or uniting with an- 
other to form a Molecule, — which last is 
the smallest quantity of a substance that 
can exist free or uncombined. Atomic 
Valence, Equivalence, or the Atom- 
icity of an element, is the saturating 
power of its atom as compared with that 
of hydrogen. Atomic Weight, the 
weight of an atom of an element as com- 
pared with the weight of an atom of hydro- 
gen. Atomic Heat of an atom is its 
specific heat multiplied by its atomic 
weight. 

At / omizer. An instrument for transform- 
ing a liquid into a spray or mist. 

At'ony (a, tovoq, tone). Want of tone. 
Debility. Loss or diminution of muscular 
or vital energy. 

Atopomenorrhoe / a [aroTroc, out of place, 
[iev, month, peu, to flow). Vicarious 
menstruation. 

AtrabilTary [ater, black, bilis, bile). An 
obsolescent term relating to melancholy and 
hypochondriasis ; also referring to the renal 
and supra-renal glands, believed to pro- 
duce black bile, or atrabilis, the cause of 
the gloomy disposition. 

Atre / sia [a neg., rerpaivu, to perforate.) 
Imperforation of an opening or canal, as 
of the anus, vagina, meatus auditorius, 
pupil, etc. The word is compounded with 
the name of the organ affected ; e.g., 
atresocystia, atresogastria, atrcsometria, 
atretenteria, etc., denoting respectively, 
imperforation of the bladder, stomach, 
womb, intestine, etc. 

A / trium [atrium, the fore-court or hall). 
That part of the auricle of the heart into 
which the venous blood is poured. 

At / ropa (arpoTvog, one of the three Fates, 
who cut the thread of life, in allusion to 



ATROPHIA 



GO 



ATTENUATION 



the poisonous effects of the plant). A 
genus of the nat ord. Solanacea. A. 

Belladonna, the deadly nightshade, 
whence is obtained atropine. See Bella- 
donna. 

Atroph/ia (o, without, rpoorj, nourish- 
ment). Atrophy, a. v. A term applied to 

. various diseases marked by wasting or 
innutrition. A. Cutis. See Atropho- 
derma. A. Cutis Senilis. See Atropho- 
derma. 

Atropb/icum Melanosis Progressiva. 
See Atrophoderma. 

Atrophoderma [a, rpo6r], nourishment, 
dsp/ua, the skin). Atrophia Cutis, atrophy 
of the skin, a wasting of the skin due 
to innutrition. A. Pigmentosum, Xero- 
derma Pigmentosum, Angioderma Pig- 
mentosum, Atrophicum Melanosis Progres- 
siva, — a degenerative wasting of the skin 
accompanied by a development or gather- 
ing of pigmentary matter in patches. A. 
Albidum, described by Kaposi as con- 
fined to the inner parts of the thighs and 
anus. The skin is white, thin, glistening, 
and destitute of pigmentary matter, a con- 
dition remaining stationary throughout life 
(dif. from A. Scleroderma). A. Neuri- 
ticum, Glossy Skin, an atrophy of the 
skin in the area of a diseased or injured 
nerve. Occurs most commonly on the ex- 
tremities. A. Senile, Atrophia Cutis 
Senilis, an atrophy of the skin due to old 
age. A. Striatum et Maculatum, Striae 
et Maculae Atrophica, a form of the dis- 
ease occurring in streaks and spots. May 
be idiopathic or symptomatic. 

At'rophy [arpooia, want of nourishment). 
A retrogressive change in parts originally 
well-formed and nourished, consisting in a 
loss of weight, size and function of an or- 
gan or tissue, owing to some disorder of 
nutrition. A., Active, due to the inherent 
inability of the cells of a tissue to assimi- 
late the nutriment brought to them. A. 
of the Bulb, progressive shrinking of the 
eyeball. A., Muscular, affects the mus- 
cles, and may be hereditary or acquired, 
simple or progressive. A., Passive, 
caused by diminished nutrition supplied 
the part. A., Pigmentary, so called from 
a deposit of pigment (yellow or yellowish- 
brown) in the atrophied fat cells. A., 
Serous, that characterized by a transuda- 
tion of serum into the tissue after the fat 
has gone, giving it a gelatinous appear- 
ance. A., Simple, the retrogressive pro- 
cesses and shrinking due to pathological 
causes, allied to the physiological retro- 



gression of senility, but occurring, as it 
were, prematurely. A., Trophoneurotic, 
that dependent upon abnormality of the 
nervous supply or control of an organ or 
tissue, best illustrated in muscular atrophy 
from injury of the proper nerves of the 
muscle, or in disease of the anterior horns 
of gray matter of the cord. A. of Hair, 
a wasting or deficient growth of the hair. 

Atropi'na or Atropine. A crystalline 
alkaloid, Cj-H^NOg, obtained from Atropa 
belladonna, and is the active principle of 
the plant. The sulphate is a white powder 
of bitter taste, neutral reaction, soluble in 
water. Homatropine, C 16 H 21 N0 3 , is a de- 
rivative alkaloid, the hydrobromate being 
used by ophthalmologists as a mydriatic, 
principally because its effects pass off more 
quickly than those of atropine. Atropine 
is an irritant narcotic, a mydriatic, anti- 
spasmodic and anodyne ; in small doses a 
cardiac, respiratory and spinal stimulant, 
in large doses a paralyzer of the cardiac 
and respiratory centers, the spinal cord, 
motor nerves and voluntary muscles. It 
produces congestion and dryness of the 
mucous membrane of the mouth, nose, 
pharynx and larynx, at first lessening the 
gastric and intestinal secretion, to be fol- 
lowed by an increase of the same. It is 
extensively used in ophthalmic practice to 
dilate the pupil, paralyze accommodation, 
and also in various corneal, iritic and 
other ocular diseases. Its therapeutic use 
in general medicine is also manifold; e.g., 
in inflammatory affections and pain in 
cerebral and spinal hyperaemia, atonic con- 
stipation, cardiac failure, hypersecretions, 
etc., and as a physiological antagonist in 
opium poisoning. 

At'tar of Rose. Oil of Rose. The volatile 
oil distilled from the fresh flowers of the 
Damascene rose. Comes mainly from 
E. Roumelia. Generally adulterated with 
other volatile oils. Used only as a per- 
fume. 

Attention. The direction of the will or 
thought upon an object or to a particular 
sensation. A. Time. See Time. 

Attendant [attenuo, to make thin). A 
medicine or agent increasing fluidity or 
thinness of the blood or other secretions. 

Attenuating Medium. See Fractional 
Cultivation. 

Attenuation [attenuo, to make thin). A 
thinning, narrowing or reducing the strength 
or size of a substance. A. of Microbes, 
weakening the pathogenic virulence of 
microbes by successive cultures and other 



ATTOLLENS 



61 



AURICLE 



methods, so that they may be used as a 
vaccine to confer immunity from future 
attacks of the disease. A., Sanderson's 
Method of, by passing the virus through 
the system of another animal {e.g., guinea 
pig, in anthrax) so that it becomes modi- 
fied in virulency. Toussaint and Chauveau 
showed that heat is a valuable attenuation 
method, while oxygen, sundry chemical 
reagents, exposure to sunlight, etc., have 
also been used. 

AttolTens {attollo, to raise up). Applied 
to muscles raising or elevating the part, as 
the A. Auris, a muscle raising the exter- 
nal ear. 

Attraction {attraho, to draw to). The 
tendency of one particle of matter to ap- 
proach another. Affinity. As existing 
between celestial bodies it is termed 
gravitation, while molecular attraction or 
cohesion expresses the force aggregating 
molecules into masses. A., Chemical, 
the attraction of affinity, relates to the 
attraction of atoms of one element to those 
of others, resulting in chemical compounds. 
A., Capillary, the tendency of a curved 
surface or a tube to exert traction on a 
liquid. A., Electrical, the tendency of 
bodies toward each other when charged 
with opposite electricities. A., Magnetic, 
the traction of a magnet upon certain 
metallic substances, chiefly iron. 

Attra / hens {attraho, drawing). Applied to 
muscles, as Attrahens auris, a muscle 
drawing the ear forward and upward. 
Also used of medicines attracting fluids to 
the part, as stimulants, epispastics, etc. 

Attrition {attero, to rub against). An 
abrasion or chafing of the skin. In physics, 
any rubbing or friction which breaks or 
wears the surface. . 

AtypTc (a neg., tv~oq, a type). Irregular; 
not conformable to the type. A. Fever, 
an intermittent fever with irregularity of 
the paroxysm. 

Aubernage (Fr.). A contagious disease 
of the vine, called by the Italians the Black 
Disease. It is doubtful whether it is due to 
a fungus or a bacterium. 

Audiom / eter {audio, to hear, jierpov, a 
measure). An instrument for measuring 
the acuteness of hearing. 

Aud / iphone {audio, tyavq, a sound). An 
instrument for improving the power of 
hearing. 

Audition. The act of hearing. 
Aud / itory. Pertaining to the act or the 
organs of hearing. A. After-Sensations, 
continuing or occurring after the cessation 



of the stimulus. A. Area, the cerebral 
center for hearing, location not definitely 
determined. A. Aurae, auditory sensa- 
tions preceding an attack of epilepsy. A. 
Center, same as A. Area. A. Hairs, the 
processes of the crista acustica, at present of 
indeterminate function. A. Meatus (exter- 
nal and internal), the external and internal 
canals or openings of the ear. A. Nerve, 
the portio mollis of the seventh pair. A. 
Ossicles, the chain of small bones of the 
middle ear. A. Sac, the labyrinth pit 
or depression in the epiblast, on both sides 
of the embryological after-brain, ^"hen 
cut off from the epiblast it is called the 
vesicle of the labyrinth, or Primary 
Auditory Vesicle. 

Aur'a (aw, to breathe). A breath of wind ; 
a soft vapor. A sensation like a gentle 
current of air rising from the limbs or body 
to the head ; a frequent forerunner of an 
epileptic attack, aura epileptica. Also 
applied to any slight symptom preceding 
an attack of any disease or paroxysm, as 
the atira hysterica, aura vertiginosa, etc. 

Auran / tium. Orange. The fruit of Ci- 
trus vulgaris and C. attrantium. Both 
the flowers and the rind of the fruit are 
employed. The volatile oil from the rind 
is aromatic and a mild tonic. Used mainly 
as a flavor. A. Amara, Ext. Fid., bitter 
orange peel, alcohol and water. Used as 
a flavor. A. Amara, Tinct., bitter orange 
peel 20, dilute alcohol, q .s. ad 1 00. Dose 
gj-ij. A. Corticis, Ol., the volatile oil 
expressed from the rind of the orange. 
Dose gtt. j-v. A. Dulcis, Tinct., sweet 
orange peel 20, dilute alcohol, q. s. ad 100. 
Dose gj-ij. A. Elixir, oil of orange I, 
sugar 100, alcohol and water, q. s. ad 300. 
A. Spt.,oil of orange 6, alcohol 94. Dose 
according to quantity of alcohol desired. 
A. Flores, Aq., fresh orange flowers 40, 
water 200. Distill to 100 parts. A. 
Florum, Ol., " oil of neroli," a volatile oil 
distilled from fresh orange flowers. Dose 
gtt. j-v. A. Florum, Syr., orange water 
35, sugar 65. A common flavoring agent. 
A. Syr., sweet orange peel 5, alcohol 5, 
calcium phosphate precip. I, sugar 60, 
water, q. s. ad 100. 

AurTcle {auricula, the outer ear). The 
pinna and external meatus of the ear. The 
auricles of the heart are the two cavities 
between the veins and the ventricles. The 
Auricular arteries, anterior and posterior, 
are branches of the temporal and external 
carotid supplying the auricle of the ear; 
auriculo-temporal nerve, a branch of the 



AURISCOPE 



62 



AUXOCARDIA 



inferior maxillary supplying superficial 
parts about the auricle; auriculo-ventricu- 

lar opening, the opening between the auri- 
cles and the ventricles of the heart. 

Aur'iscope (auris, the ear, ono-cu, to 
examine). An instrument for examining 
the ear, and especially of the Eustachian 
passage. 

Aur'ist [auris). A specialist in diseases 
of the ear. 

Aur'um (Gold). Au = 197 ; quantiva- 
lence, III. One of the metals character- 
ized as " noble " by the ancients, because 
of its weight and lustre. Has a brilliant 
yellow color and will not tarnish. The 
metal is sometimes used as a plate on which 
artificial teeth are set. The chloride is the 
only salt used. Locally it is an escharotic. 
Internally its action resembles that of 
mercuric chloride. In small doses pro- 
motes digestion and stimulates the functions 
of the brain ; in large doses it is a violent 
poison. Useful in certain forms of dys- 
pepsia, hypochondriasis. A. et Sodium 
Chlor., soluble in water. Dose gr. jV~ tV 
A. Chloridum (unof.). Soluble. Dose 

S r ' "oO 3 "0" . 

Auscultation (auscidto, to listen to). A 
method of investigation of the functions 
and condition of the respiratory, circula- 
tory, digestive and other organs by the 
sounds they themselves give out, or that 
are elicited by percussion. It is called 
immediate, when the ear is directly applied 
to the part, and mediate, if by the aid of 
the stethoscope. Obstetrical auscultation 
is practiced in pregnancy to detect or study 
the foetal heart-sounds, or the placental 
murmur. See Murmur, Respiratio7t, Rales, 
Rhonchus, Bronchophony, Pectoriloquy, 
JEgophony, Bndt, Souffle, etc. 

Autoclave (avrog, self, clavis, key). An 
instrument for sterilizing or killing germ- 
life by steam-heat, the gauge indicating 
automatically the pressure, and therefore 
the degree of heat, to which the micro- 
organism is subjected. 

Autodiges / tion (avroc, digere, to digest). 
Digestion of the walls of the stomach by 
the gastric juice consequent upon loss of 
the epithelium, or other gastric disease. 
Autopepsia. 

Autogenesis (avrog, yevecig, production). 
Spontaneous generation ; self-production. 

Autogenous {avroc, yeveoig). Pertaining 
to diseases or conditions self-produced 
and not derived from external or objective 
sources ; to poisons generated in the body 
by its inherent processes, — e. g., puerperal 



fever has been supposed due to self-gen- 
eration of the septic material. 

Autoinocula / tion {avroc, inoculo, to im- 
plant). Reinoculation by virus obtained 
from the same person. 

Autolaryngos / copy [avroc, /.apiyZ, the 
larynx, gko-eu, to examine). The exami- 
nation of one's larynx by himself. 

Automatic (avrouangu, to act spontane- 
ously). Pertaining to such functions as are 
performed without the influence of the will. 

Auton / omy [avroc, vojiog, law). Self-law; 
not subject to external rule. 

Autopatb/ic (avroc, rradog, suffering). The 
same as Endopathic. 

Autopepsia (avroc, 7ze~ru, to digest). 
Autodigestion. 

Autoph'agy (avroc, <payu, to eat). In 
starvation the absorption of the tissues 
themselves for nutrition. Life may be 
thus continued until about half the body- 
weight has been consumed. 

Autoph / ony (avroc, cjovt/, voice). In 
auscultation the peculiar quality of the 
physician's own voice while listening to 
the patient's chest sounds. 

AutophthaPmoscope. See Ophthalmo- 
scope. 

Aut / oplas / ty (avroc, rr/.aaao), to form). A 
method of repairing the effects of a wound 
or lesion involving loss of tissue by graft- 
ing or implanting fresh parts taken from 
other portions of the patient's body, as 
e.g., rhinoplasty, keratoplasty, etc., refer- 
ring to the nose, cornea, etc., the special 
part operated upon. 

Aut / opsy (avroc, oibic, seeing). Exami- 
nation, or seeing one's own self, — self- 
inspection. The word is strangely mis- 
applied to the post-mortem study of the 
body of another. 

Aut / oscope (avrog, okotzcw, to see). An in- 
strument, e.g. ,the ophthalmoscope, arranged 
for the examination of an organ by oneself. 

Autos'copy. The examination of one's 
own disease by means of the autoscope. 

Aut'osite (avrog, ccrog, food). Used to 
designate that member of a double foetal 
monster that nourishes by its own organs 
the life of the other, called the parasite. 

Autosteth / oscope (avroc, crrfioc, the 
breast, ckotteg), to examine). A stetho- 
scope so arranged that one may by it listen 
to his own chest sounds. 

Auxocar'dia (av^rj, an increase, aapdia, 
the heart). The normal increase of the 
volume of the heart during diastole, in 
distinction from meiocardia, the diminu- 
tion during systole. 



AVA-KAVA 



63 



BACILLUS 



A / va-Ka / va. See Kava-Kava. 

Ave'na Sati'va. Oat. The embryo of the 
seed of the common oat plant. Contains 
starch, gluten, a ferment called diastase and 
a small amount of alkaline phosphates. A 
nutritious food. The pericarp contains an 
alkaloid with slight narcotic powers. Unof. 

Av'ens Root. The root of Geum rivale. 
A tonic and astringent. Contains gallic and 
tannic acid. Dose of fid. ext. 3 ss-j. Unof. 

Avoirdupois Weight (Fr., avoir, to have, 
dupoids, of weight). The common English 
weight used for all commodities except 
precious metals, gems and medicines. The 
pound is equal to 7000 grains Troy, or 
453.54 grammes, or 16 ounces. The 
ounce is divided into 16 drams, each of 
437.5 grains. See Weights and Measures. 

Avul'sion (avello, to clear away). A 
traumatic or surgical tearing or wrenching 
away of a part, as a polypus, a limb, etc. 

AxTal Current. See Poiseuille 's Spare. 

AxilTa (doubtful derivation). The armpit. 

Ax / illary. Pertaining to the axilla. A. 
Artery, the continuation of the subclavian 
artery, extending from the border of the 
first rib to the insertion of the pectoralis 
major muscle, where it becomes the bra- 
chial. A. Glands, the lymphatic glands 
of the axilla. A. Plexus, the brachial 
plexus formed by the last three cervical and 
the first dorsal nerves. . A. Space, the 
irregular conical space of the axilla. A. 



Vein, a continuation of the brachial, cor- 
responding with the artery and terminating 
in the subclavian. 

Ax / is (at-uv, an axletree). An imaginary 
line passing through the center of a body. 
The second vertebra. A., Cerebro- 
spinal, the central nervous system. A. 
Cylinder (of a nerve), the conducting or 
essential part of a nerve lying in the 
centre and surrounded by the sheath, or 
sheath of Schwann. A., Optic, the line 
from the corneal apex to the macula lutea. 
A., Visual, the line from the object through 
the nodal point to the macula, — the two 
last are not identical. 

Azed / arach. The bark of A. melia. 
Occurs in curved pieces or quills, having a 
sweetish taste. The decoction, ^ij to Oj, 
is a gastro-intestinal irritant and anthel- 
mintic. Unof. 

Azoospermia (a, r uif, life, arrepjua, seed). 
Want or deficient vitality of the sperrna- 
tozoids. 

Az / ote (a, $urf). A synonym of nitrogen. 
Azotic acid, nitric acid. 

Azotu / ria (azotum, nitrogen, urina, the 
urine). An increase of the urea in the 
urine. 

Azy / gos (a, t^vyor, yoke). Applied to 
parts that are single, not in pairs. A. 
Uvulae, a small muscle of the uvula. A. 
Vein, a vein connecting the superior and 
inferior venae cavce. 



B 



B. In chemical terminology the symbol 

of Boron. 
B. A. A contraction of balneum aquce, a 

water-bath; also, of balneum arena;, a 

sand-bath. 
B. M. A contraction of balneum maris, 

a sea- water bath. 
B. V. A contraction of balneum vaporis, 

a vapor-bath. 
Ba. The chemical symbol of barium. 
Babes Oven. See Oven. 
Ba / by-farm. An institution for raising 

orphan and pauper infants. 
Bac / chia [Bacchus, the god of wine). A 

synonym for acne rosacea, often found in 

drunkards. 



Bac / illum (dim. of baculum, a stick). A 
stick ; a cylindrical troche ; an instrument 
for carrying a sponge ; the rods in the layer 
of rods and cones of the retina. 

Bac/illus (bacillum, a little rod). The 
most important class pathogenically of the 
schizomycetes, schizophytes, or bacteria. 
They are microorganisms, cylindrical or 
club-shaped, straight, mobile or immobile, 
and held to be directly or indirectly the 
cause of many diseases. B. of Cancer, 
a form believed to be the specific cause of 
cancer, though cultures and inoculation 
experiments are not definitive. B. of 
Charbon. See B. Anthracis (Table). B. 
of Symptomatic Charbon. SeeB.Chau- 



BACK-STROKE OF HEART 



64 



BAG OF WATERS 



Mt ( Table). B. of Cholera. See Spirit- 
htm Cholera. Comma-Bacillus. See 
Spirillum Cholera. B. of Green Diar- 
rhoea of Infants ; Lesage has isolated a 
species whose pure culture produces in 
animals a disease similar to that of the in- 
fant. B. of Diphtheria ; quite a number 
of B. have been isolated and proved path- 
ogenic ; the D. of fowls is probably the 
chief source of the human disease. B. 
of Epidemic Dysentery ; inoculations 
upon animals of a B. isolated by Chaute- 
masse and Widal seemed conclusive that it 
was the specific cause of the disease. B. 
of Glanders. See B. Mallei {Table), — 
proved specificity. B. of Hay, the B. 
Subtilis, not pathogenic. B . of Hog Chol- 
era. See Table. B. of Jequirity, does 
not exist ; the ocular irritation being due to 
an alkaloid in the jequirity seed. B., Lac- 
tic. See B. Lacticus { Table). B. of Blue 
Milk. See B. Syncyanus {Table*). B. of 
Leprosy. Hansen and others have iso- 
lated a B. they believe specific, but inocu- 
lation experiments are not conclusive. B. 
of Malaria. Lemaire, Klebs and Crudeli, 
and others, have isolated forms believed by 
them to be specific. Laveran first, and 
Richard and Marchiafava and Celli found 
in the blood three forms of protozoa, one 
of w r hich particularly produced intermit- 
tent fever by inoculation. B. of Blue 
Pus. See B. Pyocyaneus{ Table). B. of 
Rhinoscleroma, probably the same as 
Micrococcus Pneumonitis, of doubtful spe- 
cificity. B. of Measles of Hogs (see 
Table), of proved specific nature. B. of 
Syphilis. Lustgarten first, and a number 
of others, have isolated a form believed 
specific, but no cultures have so far been 
successful. B. of Tetanus ; the bacterial 
origin of this disease seems established by 
many observers, the B. discovered by Ni- 
colaier being the specific cause. B. of 
Tuberculosis. There seems to be no 
reason to doubt the specificity of Koch's 
B. B. of Typhoid, the typhic B. has 
not been isolated from the air, but has been 
isolated, and of its specific quality there is 
little remaining doubt. B. of Whoop- 
ing- Cough. Afanassieff believes an iso- 
lated form specific, and injections in ani- 
mals lends some support to the view. 

A Table of the chief characteristics of the 
principal B. is herewith appended (pp. 

65-74)- 
Back-stroke of the Heart. See Diastole. 
Bacte / ria {^aKTTjptov, a little staff). A 

generic term for microorganisms, or mi- 



crobes. According to Cohn (1872), divisi- 
ble into four families, the Spherobacteria, 
Microbacteria, Desmobacteria and Spiro- 
bacteria. The classification of Zopf ranged 
all forms also in four classes : Coccacees 
(including Streptococcus, Micrococcus, 
Merismopedia, Sarcina and Ascococcus) ; 
Bacteriacees (including Bacterium, Spiril- 
lum, Vibrio, Leuconostoc, Bacillus and 
Clostridium) ; Leptothricees (including 
Leptothrix, Beggiatoa, Crenothrix and 
Phragmidiothrix) ; Cladothricees (Clado- 
thrix). Mace's classification gives three 
families : the Coccacees (including 4 gen- 
era, the Micrococcus, Sarcina, iVscococcus 
and Leuconostoc) ; the Bacteriacees (gen- 
era : Bacillus, Spirillum, Leptothrix and 
Cladothrix) ; the Beggiatoacees (with two 
genera, the Beggiatoa and Crenothrix). 

Bacteria'cees. The second family of the 
order of Bacteria or Schizomycetes ; the ele- 
ments are rod-shaped, sometimes in short 
cylinders or in filaments, but the length 
always exceeding the breadth. Many have 
true endogenous spores. The following are 
the members of the family : The Bacillus, 
Spirillum, Leptothrix and Cladothrix. 

Bactericide. See Ger??iicide. 

Bacterid / ia. Davaine's designation of 
the Bacillus. 

Bacterid'ium. According to Davaine, a 
genus of Bacteriacees, characterized by 
immobility of the elements at all periods 
of their existence. The distinction does 
not now obtain. 

Bacteriology {3anT7?ptov } ?x>yog, science). 
The science of microorganisms. Bacterio- 
logical investigation consists in the study 
by the microscope of forms present, the 
artificial cultivation or culture of the same, 
and the study of the effects of pure cul- 
tures upon animals. 

Bacteriopur'purine. The coloring matter 
of Beggiatoa roseo-persicina, isolated and 
studied by Ray Lankester. Insoluble in 
water, alcohol, chloroform, ammonia, ace- 
tic and sulphuric acids, etc. 

Bacte / rium. An individual of the order 
of Bacte?ia. B. Chauvaei. See Bacil- 
lus Chauv&i. B. Chlorinum. See Ba- 
cillus Chlorinus. B. Janthinum. See 
Bacillus Janthinus. B. Phosphores- 
cens. See Bacillus Phosphoreus. B. 
Termo. See Bacillus Ter mo. B.Xanthi- 
num. See Bacillus Synxanthus. {Table.) 

Bag of Waters. The foetal membranes 
enclosing the liquor amnii, projecting 
through the os uteri, which usually rup- 
tures when the cervix is dilated. 













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face small 

white 

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reddish 

center. 




Thickwhite 

velvety 

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cloudy 

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Green 
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Does not 
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greenish 
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Does not 
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Does not 

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whitish 

culture ; the 

jelly tinged 

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Does not 
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Small 

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Small clear 

spots 

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yellowish, 

with darker 

center ; later 

they become 

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Wrinkled 

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brown center. 


Whitish 
islets, with 
fine straight 
or curved 
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Yellowish 

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hyaline 

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74 



BAIN-MARIE 



75 



BANDAGE 



Bain-Marie (Fr.). An instrument for 
immersing solutions, microorganisms, etc., 
in water or chemical solutions, thus keep- 
ing them at a desired temperature. 

Bakers' Itch. An eczematous affection 
of the hands, caused by the irritation of 
the yeast. 

Bakers' Salt. A synonym for smelling 
salts, or the subcarbonate of ammonia. 

BaFanic. Pertaining to the gland of the 
penis or clitoris. 

Balanitis {fiaXavoq, glans penis, trig, in- 
flammation). Inflammation of the glans 
penis, sometimes called Balano- posthitis, 
or External Gonorrhoea. Some authors 
limit the term to inflammation of the pre- 
puce, and call that of the gland, Posthitis. 
Phymosis is a frequent complication. 

Bala / nus [fiakavoq, an acorn). The glans 
penis or glans clitoridis. 

Balbu / ties {balbutio, to stammer). Stam- 
mering. 

Bald. Wanting hair. A term applied to 
one who has lost the hair of the scalp. 

Bald / ness. Alopecia, whether congenital 
or acquired. When the loss of hair is 
circumscribed it is called tinea decalvans ; 
when general, it is called alopecia. Senile 
baldness is called calvities. Premature 
baldness is caused by disease. 

Ball-and-Socket Joint. See Diarthrosis. 

Ballotte / ment (Fr. from ballotte, a ball). 
A method of diagnosticating pregnancy 
from the fourth to the eighth month. A 
push is given the uterus by the finger in- 
serted into the vagina, and if the foetus 
be present, it will move up and fall again 
like a heavy body in water. 

Balm [balsamum, a balsam). A popular 
synonym of balsamum. Any soothing 
application or ointment. B. of Gilead. 
See Balsam. See also Melissa. 

BaFmony. The herb Chelone glabra. 
Cathartic and anthelmintic. Dose of fld. 
ext. ,^ss-j. Chelonin, the concentrated 
ext. Dose gr. j-iv. Unof. 

BalneoFogy {Balneum, a bath, Xoyoc, a 
treatise). The science of baths and their 
effects upon the system. 

Balneotherapy {balneum, Bepaireia, heal- 
ing). Systematic bathing for therapeutical 
purposes. 

BaFneum. A bath. See Bath. 

BaFsam (flaXoajuov). The resinous, vola- 
tile, aromatic vegetable substance, liquid or 
concrete, obtained from certain trees by 
natural exudation or by artificial extraction. 
Balsams are divided into two classes, those 
with, and those without benzoic and cin- 



namic acids. In general they are mixtures 
of various essential oils, resins and acids. 
B., Canada ; a turpentine gathered from 
the natural blisters of the bark of Abies 
balsamum. It is much used as a mounting 
medium by microscopists. B. of Copaiba. 
See Copaiba. B. of Fir. Same as 
Canada Balsam. B., Friar's. See Ben- 
zoin. B. of Gilead ; the balm of the Old 
Testament, an oleo-resin obtained from 
the Balsamodendron Gileadense. B. of 
Peru ; the balsam obtained from Myroxy- 
lon pereirce, antiseptic ; stimulant to cir- 
culation, and sedative to nervous system. 
Generally a tonic, and expectorant in 
bronchitis. Applied locally is useful in 
chronic inflammatory skin diseases. Dose 
of the emulsion H\x-xxv. B. of Tolu- 
tan, or of Tolu, obtained from Myroxy- 
Ion tolufera. Properties due to a volatile 
oil, toluene. Possesses an agreeable odor, 
and is a basis for many cough mixtures. 
A fair expectorant. The tincture contains 
io per cent, of the balsam in 90 per cent, 
of alcohol. Dose rr\,x-xxx. The syrup, 
balsam 4 parts ; simple syrup 96. Dose 

Bamboo 7 Brier. The root of Smilax 
sarsaparilla. Habitat, Southern States. 
Properties identical with those of sarsa- 
parilla. Dose of the fid. ext. gss-ij. 
Unof. 

Banan / a. The root of the common banana, 
Musa sapientem. Said to be a valuable 
alterative, and useful in strumous affec- 
tions. Dose of the fid. ext. tr^x-ocxx. 
Unof. 

Band'age. Bandages are usually strips of 
muslin or other material of varying widths 
and lengths used in surgery for the pur- 
pose of protecting, compressing, etc., a part, 
or for the retention of dressings and appli- 
cations. A simple bandage or roller con- 
sists of one piece ; a compound, of two or 
more pieces. According to their direction 
they are classed as : I. Circular, circular 
turns about the part. 2. Figurc-of-8, the 
turns crossing each other like that figure. 
3. Oblique, covering the part by oblique 
turns. 4. Recurrent, the turns returning 
successively to the point of origin. 5 . Spica, 
the turns resembling the arrangement of 
the husks of an ear of corn. 6. Spiral, 
each turn covering one-half of the preced- 
ing. 7. Spiral reverse, the bandage is re- 
versed in order to better adapt it to the 
part. Bandages are also classed according 
to the part to which they are applied. Of 
Bandages of the head we have : I. Cir- 



BANDAGE 



76 



BAPTOTHECORRHCEA 



cular, of the forehead, to retain dressings 
to the head. 2. Circular, of the eyes. 3. 
.'. of the eyes, to hold dressings to one 
or both eyes. 4. Crossed, of the angle of the 
jaw. to support the parts in fracture of the 
angle of the jaw. 5. Knotted, of the head, 
a double-headed roller with compress, to 
make compression in wound of the tem- 
poral artery. 6. Recurrent, of the head, 
single- or double-headed roller, to retain 
dressings to the head. 7. Gibson's, for the 
body of the lower jaw, to support the parts 
in fracture. 8. Rhea Barton's, for the same 
purpose. Of Bandages of the trunk 
there are : I. Circular, of the neck. 2. Fig- 
ure-of-8, of the neck and axilla, to retain 
dressings over the shoulder or in the axilla. 
3. Anterior figure-of-8, of chest, to draw 
the shoulder forward and to retain dressings 
on the anterior surface of the chest. 4. 
Posterior figure-of-8, of chest, to draw the 
shoulders back in fractured clavicle, or to 
retain dressings on posterior part of chest. 
5. Crossed, of one or both breasts, to support 
the breasts in excessive lactation or in 
mammary disease. J3. Spica, of shoulder, 
to retain the head of the humerus in place 
after dislocation. 7. Spiral, of the chest, to 
make compression in fracture of the ster- 
num or ribs. 8. Circular, of the abdoi?ien, 
to support the abdominal walls. 9. Spiral, 
of the abdomen, to compress the abdominal 
walls or retain dressings. 10. Spica, of one 
or both groins, to compress groin or retain 
dressings. II. Spiral reverse, of the penis ,\.o 
retain dressings to the organ. The Band- 
ages of the hand are : I. The Spiral, 
of the finger. 2. Spiral, of all the fingers, 
or gauntlet. 3. Spiral, of palm, or de?ni- 
gauntlet. 4. Spica, of ' thuvib — all used in 
cases of fracture or to retain dressings. 
The Bandages of the arm are : 1. The 
Circular, of the wrist. 2. Figure-of-8, of 
•wrist, to compress the joint or retain dress- 
ings. 3. Figure-of-8, of elbow. 4. Circular, 
ofarmorforear??i. 5. Oblique, of ar?7i or 
forearm. 6. Spiral, of arm, to retain dress- 
ings. 7. Spiral reverse, of tipper extremity, 
to support the arm in dislocations, fractures, 
etc. The Bandages of the lower ex- 
tremity are : I. Figure-of-8, of ankle, to 
cover the part or retain dressings. 2. Figure- 
of-8, of knee, to cover the same or compress 
it. 3. Figure-of-8, of thighs, to compress the 
same after wounds or operations. 4. Spica, 
of instep, to compress the parts. 5. Spiral 
reverse, of whole lower extremity, to sup- 
port the limb after fracture, etc. B. of 
Scultetus, a compound bandage, similar 



to a spiral reverse in appearance and 
action, used in compound fractures, so 
that the short pieces of which it is com- 
posed may be removed without motion of 
the limb. B., Recurrent, for stumps, 
is used after amputations, to support the 
flaps. Velpeau's B. is used to sup- 
port the arm in fracture of the clavicle, the 
neck, or acromion process of the scapula. 
The hand of the injured side being placed 
on the sound shoulder an oblique turn 
is made from the axilla of the sound side 
across the back of the chest to the shoulder 
covering the fracture, down under the 
elbow in front to axilla of sound side, 
then across the back over the outside of the 
point of elbow to axilla of sound side, thus 
continuing the oblique and circular turns 
alternately and advancing over the arm till 
it is held firmly. Desault's Apparatus 
consists of an axillary pad held by tapes 
about the neck, a sling for the hand, and 
two single-headed rollers. The forearm is at 
right angles with the humerus, held in place 
by many circular and oblique turns about 
the shoulder and body. T-Bandages are 
compound, and resemble that letter; the 
menstrual napkin is an example. Starch, 
Flaster-of- Paris, Silica, Dextj-ine, Tripo- 
lith, etc., etc., are used or recommended 
for making a stiff and imniovable dressing 
or bandage. 

Bandl, Ring of. The superior limit of 
the cervical canal, in pregnancy at a level 
with the pelvic inlet, marking the bound- 
ary between the lower uterine segment and 
the rest of the uterus. 

Band / oline. See Cydonium. 

Bang or Bangue. See Cannabis Indica. 

BantTngism. (From name of the in- 
ventor.) A method proposed for the re- 
duction of corpulence, by abstinence from 
saccharine and farinaceous foods. 

Baptis / ia. Wild Indigo. The root bark 
of B. tinctoria. Properties due to an im- 
pure resin, the so-called Baptisin. Laxa- 
tive and stimulant in moderate doses; 
emetic and cathartic in large doses. Valu- 
able in amenorrhcea, typhus and typhoid 
fevers. Excellent for local application to 
indolent ulcers and gangrenous sores. B. 
Extract. Dose gr. j-x. B. Ext. Fid. 
Dose mjj-xx. B. Tinct. Dose ttlv-xxx. 
Dose of the resin gr. j-v. All unof. 

Baptorrhce / a (j3a~rog, infected, pea), to 
flow). A generic term for any infectious 
discharge from a mucous surface. 

Baptothecorrhce / a (3a~roc, dipa/, vagina, 
peu). Gonorrhoea in woman. 



BAR/ESTHESIOMETER 



77 



BASILAR 



Baraesthesiom'eter (fiapog, weight, ata- 
OrjGLQ, perception by the senses, /uerpov, a 
measure). An instrument for estimating 
the sense of pressure in disturbances of 
sensibility. 

Barba'does Leg. See Elephantiasis 
Arabum. 

Barberry. See Berberin. 

Barriers. A paralytic affection common 
in India. Confounded with beriberi. 

Bar'egine. Colonies of beggiatoa floating 
in the waters of sulphur springs. 

Ba / rium (fiapvq, heavy). Ba = 136.8; 
quantivalence II. A metal of the alkaline 
group, of pale yellow color, characterized 
by strong affinity for oxygen. Neither the 
metal nor its salts are employed in medi- 
cine; all are poisonous. B. Carbonate, 
used in the preparation of the chloride. 
B. Chloride, soluble, used as a reagent. 
B. Monohydrate, caustic baryta reagent. 
B. Oxide, baryta. B. Sulphate, used as 
a pigment. All unof. 

Bark. The cortex or covering surrounding 
the wood of exogens. Sometimes used 
as a synonym for cinchona or calisaya 
bark. 

Barney (Welsh, bara llys, bread-plant). A 
cereal belonging to the order Graminecs ; 
the most common variety, Hordeum dis- 
tichon, is much used as a food, and also 
in the preparation of malt. B., Pearl, 
is the decorticated grain rounded and pol- 
ished. B. Water, decoctum hordei, a 
decoction consisting of 2 ozs. of Pearl B. 
boiled in 1)4 pints of water and afterward 
strained. B. Sugar, saccharum hordea- 
tum ; practically a glucose. Applied also 
to an amorphous mass obtained by melting 
cane sugar. 

BaronVeter (/?apoc, weight, /xerpov, a meas- 
ure). An instrument for determining 
weight and tension of the atmosphere. It 
consists essentially of a glass tube about 36 
inches long, closed at one end, £lled with 
mercury, and inverted in a basin of mer- 
cury. The mercury will sink in the tube 
until it rests at a height of about 30 inches 
at the sea level, the height varying as the 
atmospheric pressure increases or dimin- 
ishes. B., Aneroid, a metallic box from 
which the air has been exhausted, the ten- 
sion being indicated by the collapsing or 
bulging of the thin corrugated cover, which 
is connected with a movable index. 

Baroscope (/3apoc, gkottbg), to observe). 
An instrument used for determining the 
loss of weight of a body in air, compared 
with its weight in a vacuum. A form of 



baroscope was invented by Esbach for the 
quantitative determination of urea. 

Baros / ma {ftapog, oa/aa, smell). A plant 
of the order Rutacece, native to Cape of 
Good Hope and vicinity ; several species 
of which yield the Buchu of commerce. 

Barrenness. Sterility in the female. 

Bartholi'ni's Glands. See Gland. 

Barton's Bandage. See Bandage. 

Barton's Fracture. See Fracture. 

Baryglos / sia (j3apog, yXuaGa, a tongue). 
Thick, slow utterance. 

Baryphonia (fiapog, tyuvr], a voice). A 
difficulty of speech. 

Bary / ta, or Bary / tes. See Barium. 

Ba / sal. Pertaining to or located at the 
base. B. Ganglia. See Ganglion. 

Bascula'tion (Fr. basculer, to swing). 
The movement by which retroversion of 
the uterus is corrected when the fundus 
is pressed upward and the cervix drawn 
downward. 

Bascule Movement (Fr. bascule, a swing). 
The recoil of the heart in its systolic motion. 

Base {/3aaig, a foundation). The lower 
part, as, the base of the brain. In chem- 
istry ', an element or radical which com- 
bines with an acid to form a salt. The 
electro-positive molecule or radical of a 
compound. In dentistry, the plate upon 
which artificial teeth are held. In phar- 
macy, the most important part of the pre- 
scription. B., Organic, a term including 
a large number of organic compounds, 
especially nitrogen compounds, which, like 
ammonium, unite with acids to form salts. 
They are commonly called alkaloids. 

Basedow's Disease. An exophthalmic 
bronchocele; called, also, Exophthalmic 
Goitre, and Graves' Disease. See Goitre. 

Ba / sham's Mixture. See Ferrum. 

Ba / sic. Having properties the opposite of 
those of acids. An acid capable of uniting 
with a single monad atom or radical is 
called monobasic. One which will unite 
with two monad or one dyad atom or radi- 
cal, etc., is said to be dibasic. This meas- 
ure of the power of an acid is called its 
basicity. 

Basidiomyce / tes {^aatq, a step, pivnoq, a 
mushroom). A parasitic, microscopic fun- 
gus developed on the leaves of grasses; 
the cereal rust. 

Basihy / al. The two bones, one on each 
side, which form the principal bones of the 
hyoid arch. 

Basilar (basilaris). Pertaining to the base, 
usually of the skull. B. Artery, the artery 
extending along the border of the Pons Va- 



BASILIC 



78 



BAYCURU 



rolii, which supplies the Fineal Gland, and 
the valve of Yieussens. B. Aspect, the 
view of the head looking toward the base 
of the skull. B. Membrane, a mem- 
branous division-wall separating the scala 
vestibuli from the scala tympani extending 
from the base to the apex of the cochlea 
and supporting the organ of Corti. 

Basil'ic ((iaoikiKOQ, royal). Any structure 
or medicine of importance (obsolescent). 
B. Vein, a large vein of the arm on the 
inner side of the biceps. 

Basil'icon Ointment. An ointment com- 
posed of yellow wax, yellow resin, and 
Burgundy pitch aa I lb., olive oil fl. 
5xvj, to which, when melted, turpentine 
.5 iij are added. Called also the " four 
drug " ointment. There are several other 
ointments bearing this name. 

Basi-occip / ital (fiaatg, occipitalis os). A 
bone, separate in many of the lower ver- 
tebrate animals, forming the central axis 
of the skull. 

Ba / sio-glos / sus. That part of the hyo- 
glossus muscle which is attached to the 
hyoid bone. 

Ba / sion. See Skull. 

Ba / siotribe (fiaccg, Tpc(3a, to grind or 
crush). An instrument used in craniotomy 
for perforating and crushing the fcetal 
head. 

Basiot / ripsy. The operation of crushing 
the foetal head. 

Ba / sis. Base, q. v. The Latinized form 
is used to designate the lower or funda- 
mental part of any organ, as B. Cerebri, 
B. Cordce, etc. 

Basi-sphen'oid. The lower part of the 
sphenoid bone. 

Bass-deafness. Deafness to certain 
bass-notes, the perception of the higher 
notes being retained. 

Bas / sorin. The active principle of Bas- 
sora gum. It is an inodorous, white, 
translucent substance becoming gelatinous 
in water. Used to adulterate gum traga- 
canth. 

Bast (Sax. bast, a lime tree). The inner 
bark of exogenous .plants. The fibrous 
parts of the bark which are used in mak- 
ing cordage. 

Ba / sylist (ftacug, a base, 2,voig, a loosen- 
ing). An instrument for use in crani- 
otomy, designed to perforate the cranial 
vault and break up the base of the skull. 

Bath [balneum). A bathing place or 
room. The medium in which the body 
is wholly or partly immersed. As thera- 
peutic agents, baths are classified accord- 



ing, as water, vapor, air, etc. is used; 
according to the temperature, as hot, tem- 
perate, cold, etc. ; according to the end de- 
sired, as nutritional, medicinal, stimulant, 
etc. B., Chemical, in chemistry, an ap- 
paratus for regulating the temperature of 
chemical processes by surrounding the 
substance with water, sand, oil or mer- 
cury, through which the heat is communi- 
cated. B., Hot Air, one in which the 
body is surrounded by air at a temperature 
of ioo°-I30° F. Used as a sweating bath. 
B., Medicated, a bath in which medicinal 
substances, as mineral salt, sulphur, etc., are 
dissolved or held in suspension. B., 
Pack, or Sheet, one in which the body is 
wrapped in cloths. B., Russian, one in 
which the air of the room is saturated 
with steam by throwing water upon heated 
mineral or metallic substance, after which 
the bather is rubbed down, finishing with 
a cold douche. B., Sea, a bath in sea- 
water. B., Shower, or Douche, one in 
which a fine spray is projected against the 
body. B., Turkish, one in which the 
bather is placed successively in rooms of 
higher temperature, then shampooed or 
rubbed and finally stimulated by a douche 
of cold water. B., Vapor, one in which 
the body is exposed to air saturated with 
steam at a temperature of I22°-I45° F. 
B., Water, a bath of water. It may be 
cold (6o°-75°) or tepid (85°-95°). 

Bat / tery. A term applied to a number of 
connected Leyden jars or galvanic cells. 
B., Galvanic, one or more jars or cells 
containing a plate of zinc and one of cop- 
per (or carbon) suspended in acidulated 
water. When the plates of a cell are 
connected, a current of electricity is gener- 
ated. A current from twelve to twenty 
cells will heat a coarse platinum wire, 
several inches long, to whiteness. In this 
form it is much used for cautery. See 
Cautery. t 

Bat / tey's Operation. See Oophorectomy. 

Battledore Placenta. One in which 
there is a marginal insertion of the cord. 

Bau / hin, Valve of. The ileo-caecal valve. 

Baun'scheidism. A mode (named from 
the inventor) of treating rheumatism by 
counter-irritation, the latter being pro- 
duced by pricking the exterior of the 
part affected by very fine needles dipped 
in oil of mustard, formic acid or other 
irritant. 

Baycu / ru. The root of a S. American 
plant, Statice Braziliensis. One of the 
most powerful astringents known. Used 



BAY RUM 



79 



BELLADONNA 



for ulcers of the mouth and glandular en- 
largements. Dose of the fid. ext., rr\v 
xxx. Unof. 

Bay Rum and Bay, Oil of. See Myrcia. 

Bay Tree. The Laurus nobilis ; also 
Primus laurocerasus ; commonly called 
the laurel and the cherry laurel. 

BdelTium (Heb. VdolacJi). A resinous 
gum exuding from various species of bal- 
sa?nodendron. B., Indian, somewhat valu- 
able as an emmenagogue. 

Bdellom / eter (j3del'Aa, aleech). A me- 
chanical substitute for the leech, consisting 
of cupping glass, scarificator and exhausting 
syringe. 

Bearer. A wide-mouthed glass vessel 
much used in chemical laboratories. 

Bean. The seed of several species of 
leguminostz, especially that of the common 
bean, Fab a vulgaris. B. of St. Ignatius. 
See Ignatia. 

Beard. The hair on the lips, cheeks and 
chin of adult men and certain species of 
apes. 

Beading-down. The feeling of weight 
or pressure in the pelvis in certain diseases. 
B.-d. Pains, uterine pain in labor. 

Bear's-foot. Leaf cup. A popular remedy 
for enlargement of the spleen, or the " ague- 
cake" of malarious regions. B.,Ext. Dose 
gr. ss-j. B., Fid. Ext. Dose nyij-x. 
B., Infus, 3J of a gj to Oj. Unof. 

Beat. The pulsations of the blood in the 
arteries, or the impulse of the heart. See 
Pulse. 

Bed. The couch or support on which the 
body may rest in sleep ; usually a mattress 
of straw, hair or similar substance. B . , Air, 
a mattress of rubber or leather which can 
be inflated with air. B.-bug an apterous 
insect, Cimex lectularius, which infests 
filthy bedsteads, and at times parasitic 
upon the human body. B.-case, a form 
of hysteria or illness in which the patient 
persistently remains in bed. B. Sore, a 
sore produced on any projecting part of the 
body by prolonged pressure against the 
bed, and by nutritive changes in paralyzed 
parts. B., Water. See Water Bed. 

Bee. A genus of insects belonging to 
the Hymenoptera, commonly used to des- 
ignate the common Honey Bee, Apis nielli- 

fica. B. Bread, a resinous substance 
with which bees line their hives and fill 
certain cells. B. Poison, the irritating 
secretion discharged through the sting of 
the bee. See Fonyiic Acid. 

Beef. The flesh of domestic cattle. Good 
beef should be of red color, possess firm 



texture, and be free from unpleasant 
smell. Beef consists mainly of water 
73, fibrin 15, gelatin 4, albumen 3, fat and 
other substances 5 per cent. B. Extract, 
the soluble fibrin of lean meat partly des- 
iccated. B. Tea, the soluble extractive 
matter of beef, made by steeping finely- 
cut lean beef with its weight of water, and 
straining. 

Beer. See Malt Liquors. 

Beer's Cataract Knife, a knife with trian- 
gular-shaped blade, for making section of 
cornea in the removal of the crystalline 
lens. 

Bees / wax. See Cera. 

Beggiato / a. A genus of the family of 
Beggiatoacees, whose filaments are not 
enclosed in a gelatinous envelope. B. 
Alba, a very common variety in sulphur- 
ous and stagnant waters, frequently in wells 
and cisterns, forming white mucoid flakes 
that may extend to large masses. Spiril- 
lum volutans may form one part of its de- 
velopmental cycle. B. Arachnoidea, 
also common in sulphurous and stagnant 
water; likewise B. Leptomitiformis. B. 
Mirabilis, common in sea water among 
decomposing algae. B. Nivea, found in 
sulphurous waters. B. Roseopersicina, 
the source of Bacteriopurpurine, common 
in fresh and sea water. 

Beggiatoa'cees. A family of Bacteria, 
comprising the genera Beggiatoa and Cre- 
nothrix. The elements are in rods or fila- 
ments with a basic part, often fixed, and a 
free apex or top. Forms within its articu- 
lations spherical bodies that are probably 
true spores. 

BeTa. The dried, half-ripe fruit of Aegle 
marmeloo, or Bengal quince. It is a valu- 
able remedy in chronic diarrhoea and 
dysentery. The ripe fruit is slightly laxa- 
tive. Dose 3 ss-j. Unof. 

Belcb/ing. The expulsion or throwing up 
of wind violently from the stomach. 
Eructation. 

Belladonna. Deadly Night-shade. A 
perennial plant of the order Solanacece, 
indigenous to Southern Europe and Asia, 
and cultivated in the U. S. Properties 
due to two alkaloids, atropine and bella- 
donnine, the latter thought to be identical 
with hyoscyamine. Both leaves and flowers 
are employed. A mild narcotic and ano- 
dyne and a powerful mydriatic. Valuable 
in inflammation of rheumatism, gout and 
neuralgia. Dose of the root and leaves 
gr. j. B. Extractum Alcoholicum. 
Dose gr. ^-\. B. Tinct., 15 per cent. 



BELL'S LAW 



80 



BI 



Dose Ti\j-xxx. B. Unguent., contains 
extract io, dilute alcohol 6, benzoated 
lard S4 parts. Atropine Sulphate, an 
excellent antidote in opium poisoning. 
See Atropine. Dose gr. t |q— gV Horn,' 
atropine. See Atropine. 
Bell's Law. The discovery that the an- 
terior roots of the spinal nerves are motor, 
and the posterior sensory. See also Wal- 
lerian Degeneration. 
Bell's Paralysis. Paralysis of the facial 

nerve. 
Belly. See Abdo??ien. 
Belt. A girdle about the waist. B., Ab- 
dominal, a broad, elastic belt worn about 
the abdomen as a support during preg- 
nancy. B., Magnetic, a belt consisting 
of plates of metal fastened upon a strip of 
felt moistened with dilute acid. It is a 
cure-all largely sold by empirics. 
Beng. See Cannabis Indica. 
Benign 7 (benignus, kind). A term applied 
to medicines which are characterized by 
mildness. Used chiefly to distinguish tu- 
mors which are not malignant [a. v.) or 
cancerous. 
Benne Oil. See Sesame Oleum. 
BenzFnum. See Benzol. 
Ben / zoin. A resin obtained from Sty rax 
benzoin, a tree native to Sumatra and Siam. 
Occurs in tears consisting of several resins 
agglutinated by a balsam. Yields benzoic 
and cinnamic acids. Antiseptic and disin- 
fectant. Used mainly as a stimulant ex- 
pectorant in chronic bronchitis. Sodium and 
potassium compounds are sometimes used 
in place of like salicylic acid compounds. 
Adeps Benzoinatus, benzoinated lard, 
contains 2 per cent, of benzoin. B. Tinct., 
20 per cent, of the resin in alcohol. Dose 
3 ss-j. B. Tinct. Comp., Friar's Balsam, 
benzoin 12, aloes 2, styrax 8, balsam of 
Tolu 4, alcohol, q. s. ad 100 parts. Dose 
5 ss-ij. Benzoic Acid, alcohol best solvent. 
A constituent of opii, tinct. camphorat. 
Dose gr. x— xxx. Ammonium Benzoate, 
water best solvent. Dose gr. v-xxx. Lith- 
ium Benzoate, dose gr. v-xxx. Sodium 
Benzoate, water best solvent. Dose gr. 

Ben / zol. A hydrocarbon formed by the 
dry distillation of organic substances. De- 
rived chiefly from coal tar. Composition, 
C 6 H 6 . Inflammable and very volatile. An 
excellent solvent for grease. Used inter- 
nally to destroy epizoa. Vapor used in 
whooping-cough. Dose gtt. v-x. 

Ber'beris. Barberry. The root of B. 
aquifolium, or Oregon grape. Properties 



due to an alkaloid, berberine. An astringent, 
bitter tonic. In large doses a cathartic. 
Used locally in conjunctivitis, and inter- 
nally in malarial and typhoid fevers. B., 
Ext. Fid., dose v-xxx. B., Tinct., con- 
tains 20 per cent, of the root. Berberine, 
the alkaloid. Dose gr. j-x. B. Muri- 
ate, an efficient injection in gonorrhoea. 
All unof. 

Berga / mii Oleum. Oil of Bergamot. See 
Bergamot. 

Bergamot 7 , Oil of. An essential oil de- 
rived from the rind of the Citrus bergami. 
Composition, C 10 H 16 . Used mainly as a 
perfume. 

Beriberi, or Beri Beri (Cingalese, beri, 
weakness). A dropsical ailment charac- 
terized by the appearance of multiple 
neuritis, and accompanied by anaemia and 
paraplegia. Prevalent in India and Cey- 
lon. Possibly of microbic origin. 

Bert's Experiment. Bert removed the 
skin from the tip of the tail of a rat, 
stitched it into the skin of the back of the 
animal, and after union had taken place 
the tail was divided at its base. Sensation 
was preserved. Nerve fibers were thus 
proved capable of transmitting impulses in 
both directions. 

BestiaFity [bestia, a beast). Unnatural 
intercourse with an animal. 

Beta / ine. A ptomaine obtained from both 
animal and vegetable substances. It has 
been found in human urine and in poison- 
ous mussel, but not in putrid mussel. It 
has been procured from beet-root juice 
and cotton seed. It is not poisonous; 
belongs to the Choline group. 

Beta-naphthol. See Naphthol. 

Be / tel. A masticatory used in the East. 
A few grains of the nut of the Catechu 
palm, Areca C, are rolled up with a 
small amount of quicklime in a leaf of 
Piper betel, and chewed. Tonic, astrin- 
gent, stimulant and aphrodisiac. Increases 
powers of endurance. Dose of fid. ext. 
3J-iij. Unof. 

Beth Root. The rhizome of Trillium 
erecta. Astringent and tonic. Dose of fid. 
ext. TTLxxx-^j. Trilliin, a concentrated 
ext. Dose gr. ij-iv. Unof. 

Be'tol. Naphthalol. A salicylic ether of 
naphthol. Of alleged value in rheumatism 
and cystitis. Resembles salicylic acid in 
properties. Dose gr. x— xv. Unof. 

Bezo / ar. See y£gag7'opili. 

Bhang. See Cannabis Indica. 

Bi {bis, twice). A prefix signifying " twice " 
or "two;" as fo'-cuspid, two cusps; ^-lobed, 



BIBULOUS 



81 



BIOPHAGUS 



twice lobed; fo'-valved, with two valves; 
fo'-lateral, two-sided, etc. In chemistry the 
prefix di, is commonly employed. 

Bit/ulous (bibere, to drink). Having the 
property of absorbing moisture or other 
liquids. B. Lapis, pumice stone. B. 
Paper, blotting paper. 

Biceps {bis, twice, caput, the head). A 
term applied to several muscles, as B. 
brachii, B. extensor, B. flexor cruris. So 
called from their double origin. 

Bicipital. Pertaining to the biceps muscle. 

Bi-con'cave. See Lens. 

Bi-con'vex. See Lens. 

Bicuspid (bi and cuspis, the point of a 
spear). Having two cusps, as B. Teeth, the 
fourth and fifth teeth, which are distin- 
guished by having each two cusps or points. 
B. Valve, the mitral valve of the heart. 

Bidder's GangTion. A ganglion situa- 
ted between the auricles and ventricles, 
in the walls of the heart. 

Bien'nial {bi, two, annus, a year). Every 
two years. In botany, plants that pro- 
duce foliage and a root-stalk the first year, 
flowering and maturing the second. 

BPfid [bis, twice, findo, to cleave). Divided 
in two ; cleft, as the spina bifida. 

Bifo / cal. With a double focus. Used of 
a system of lenses or spectacle glasses 
with two foci, for the correction of presby- 
opia, when there is at the same time an 
error of refraction for distant vision. The 
distance lens is above that for near work. 
Sometimes called Pantoscopic lenses, and 
also Franklin spectacles, because the de- 
vice was first made by Benjamin Franklin. 

Bile (Lat. bilis, Gr. x ^ 1 ?)- The juice 
secreted by the liver. B. is mucilaginous, 
golden brown in man, golden red in car- 
nivora, brownish green in herbivora, and 
green in birds. Composed of biliary salts, 
cholesterin, mucus and certain pigments. 
The principal acids are taurocholic and 
glychocolic, both commonly combined with 
sodium. 

Bile Pigments. Bilirubin and Biliverdin. 
B. P., Test for. See Gmelin Heintz Re- 
action. 

Bilhar'zia Haemato / bia. See Distoma. 

BiPiary. Pertaining to the bile. B. 
Acids, Glycocholic and Taurocholic 
Acids, formed in the liver. Tests for B. 
A. in the urine. See Oliver's Test, Petten- 
kofer's Test, and I/ay's Test. B. Ducts, 
the hepatic, the cystic and the ductus com- 
munis choledochus. The first leads from 
the liver, the second from the gall-bladder. 
The third is a common excretory duct. 
6 



Bilicy / anin. A blue pigment obtained 
from bilirubin. 

Bilifus / cin (bilis, fuscus, brown). A pig- 
mentary matter occurring in bile, and in 
human gall-stones. 

BiPious. A term popularly applied to 
disorders supposed to arise from a too free 
secretion of bile. B. Fever, a term 
loosely applied to certain enteric and mala- 
rial fevers. 

Bilipra / sin [bilis, irpaaov, a leek). A pig- 
mentary substance occurring in gall-stones, 
icteric urine and bile. It is bilirubin 
+ H 2 + O. 

Bilirubin [bilis, ruber, red). A pigment- 
ary substance found in bile. 

Biliverdin [bilis, viridis, green). A pig- 
mentary substance found in bile. 

Bima / na (bi, two, manus, a hand). An 
order of the division of mammalia in- 
cluding man only. 

Bimanual. Two-handed. Ambidextrous. 

Binary [binus, a couple). In chemistry, 
compounded of two elements. In anat- 
omy, separating into two branches. 

Binaural [bis, twice, auris, ear). Per- 
taining to or having two ears. 

Binder. A wide bandage about the abdo- 
men, worn by women during or after labor, 
to support the abdominal walls. 

Binoc / ular (bi, two, oculus, an eye). In 
anatomy, having, or pertaining to two eyes. 
In optics, an instrument with two eye-pieces 
for use with both eyes at once. B. Vision, 
the faculty of using both eyes synchron 
ously and without diplopia. 

Biogenesis (ftiog, life, yeveotg, origin). 
The doctrine that living things are pro- 
duced only from living things — the reverse 
of abiogenesis. 

Biological Law. See Phytogeny. 

BioPogy ([3 tog, Xoyog, a discourse). The 
science embracing the structure, function, 
and organization of life forms. 

BioPysis (/3iog, 2,vu, to loosen). The 
destruction of life. The devitalization of 
living tissue. 

BionPeter ((3tog, /xerpov, measure). Dr. 
Farr speaks of the Life-Table (a. v.) as a 
B., and of equal importance in all inquiries 
connected with human life or sanitary im- 
provements with the barometer or ther- 
mometer, etc., in physical research; and 
the keystone or pivot on which the whole 
science of life assurance rests. 

Biopb/agus (fitog, <j>ayo), to eat). A mode 
of nutrition of plants, in which the organs 
of the plant seize and dissolve the bodies 
of insects. 



BIOPLASM 



82 



BITUMEN 



Bioplasm (fiiog, irlaana, form). Any liv- 
ing matter. A matter possessing repro- 
ductive vitality. See Protoplasm. 

Bioplast ((3ioc,7r?Mooio, to form). A mass 
or cell of bioplasm which is a unit of living 
matter. 

Bios / copy (fiiog, ckotteo), to examine). Ex- 
amination of the body to ascertain whether 
life be extinct. B., Electro-, examination 
by the aid of the electric current. The 
muscular reaction is lost to Faradic stimu- 
lation in about two hours after death in the 
tongue ; 3-4 hours in the extremities ; 5-6 
in the trunk. Galvanic reactions persist 
somewhat longer. 

Biot'ic (j3iog). Pertaining to life or to the 
laws of animal and vegetable progress and 
evolution. 

Biot's Respiration. That occurring with- 
out variation in the size of the individual 
respirations, as, e.g., during sleep. 

Bi / ped (bi, two, pes, a foot). With or hav- 
ing two feet. 

BipoTar. Having two poles. B. Nerve- 
cells, nerve-cells which have two pro- 
longations of the cell matter. Found 
chiefly in the ganglia of the gray matter of 
the brain. 

Bird's Form / ula. The two last figures 
of the specific gravity of urine nearly repre- 
sent the number of grains of solids to the 
ounce contained in the urine. The same 
two figures multiplied by 2 (Trapp's Fac- 
tor) give the parts per 1000. Haeser's 
Factor is 2.33. 

Bird's-nest Cells. The cells of certain 
forms of epithelial cancer, distinguished by 
the concentric arrangement of their cell 
walls. 

Bird's-nest, Edible. The nest of certain 
species of swallow, used by the Chinese as 
food. Consists of marine algae, Gelidium, 
cemented by salivary mucus of the bird. 

Birth (Sax. beortK). The delivery of a 
child. B., Plural, the birth of more than 
a single child. B., Posthumous, a child 
born after the death of its father. B., Pre- 
cocious, the occurrence of natural labor 
in a shorter time after coition than is usual. 
B., Premature. See Labor. B., Still. 
See Still-born. 

Birthmark. See Ncevus Pigmentosus. 

Bisca / ra Button. See Furunculus Orien- 
talis. 

Bisex / ual. Having the reproductive or- 
gans of both sexes. Hermaphrodite. 

Bisb/op's Weed. See Ajowan. 

Bis / kra Boil. See Fui-unculus Orien- 
talis. 



Bis / muth, or 

Bismu'thum. Bi = 2io; quantivalence I, 
III, v. A pinkish-white crystalline metal. 
Not used in medicine in its metallic form. 
Commercial salts apt to contain arsenic. 
The insoluble salts of B. are feebly astrin- 
gent. Useful in disordered digestion, 
acne, eczema, etc. B. et Ammonii 
Citras, soluble in water. Dose gr. j-v. 
B. Citras, soluble in water of ammonia. 
Used only for pharmaceutical purposes. 
B. Oxychlorid., pearl white. Unof. 
Used as a cosmetic. B. Subcarbonas, 
insoluble. Best given in emulsion with 
milk. Dose gr. x-^j. B. Subnitras, 
the salt chiefly used in medicine. Used 
also as a cosmetic. Dose gr. x-gj. 

Bis / tort. The rhizome of Polygonum bis- 
torta. An astringent. Dose of fld. ext. 
rr\xx-xl. Unof. 

Bist / oury (Fr. Bistouri ) . A small (straight 
or curved) knife used in surgery. B.- 
cache, has the blade concealed for pass- 
ing to the point to be incised, and by 
pressure on the handle the blade is ex- 
posed and the incision made. 

Bit'ter (Sax. bitan, to bite). A peculiar, 
well-known taste, of which quinine pre- 
sents an example. B. Almond, the nut 
of the A?7iygdalum amara. Contains 
hydrocyanic acid. B. Apple, the fruit 
of the colocynth. Purgative. B. Bugle- 
weed, the herb Lycopus Europceus. Alter- 
ative and tonic. Dose of fld. ext. jfss-j. 
Unof. B. Cup, a cup made of quassia 
wood. Tonic. B. Purging Salt, sul- 
phate of magnesia. B. Root, the root of 
Gentiana Catesbcei. Tonic. B. Tincture, 
tincture of bitter almonds. B. Wine of 
Iron, a solution of white wine, syrup, citrate 
of iron and quinine. Tonic. See Ferrum. 

Bit / ters. Medicines characterized by a 
bitter taste. B., Aromatic, medicines 
that unite the properties of aromatics with 
those of simple bitters. B., Simple, medi- 
cines that stimulate the gastro-intestinal 
tract without influencing the general sys- 
tem. B., Styptic, medicines that add 
styptic and astringent properties to those 
of bitterness. 

Bit/tersweet. See Dtdcamara. 

Bitu / men {bituj?ien, Gr. capa/l-roc). Min- 
eral pitch or oil composed of various hydro- 
carbons. In solid form it is usually called 
asphalt; in liquid form, petroleum. An 
intermediate form is known as mineral tar 
or maltha. By distillation, bitumen yields 
benzol, naphtha, paraffine, and various 
other hydrocarbons, liquid and gaseous. 



BIURET REACTION 



83 



BLENNORRIICEA 



Biu / ret Reaction. A test for proteids — a 
violet color by adding a few drops of Fehl- 
ing's solution. 

Biva / lent. See Quantivalence. 

Biven'tral (bi, two, ventrum, a stomach). 
Having two stomachs. 

Black (Sax. blcec). Absence of color or 
light. The appearance of an object from 
whose surface none of the spectrum colors 
are reflected. B. Alder. See Prinos. B. 
Antimony, antimonium tersulphide, Sb- 
S 3 . B. Ash, the bark of Fraxinus sambuci- 

folia, a mild tonic and astringent. Dose of 
fid. ext. ^ ss-j. Unof. B. Blood, venous 
blood. B. Cancer. See Melanosis. B. 
Cohosh. See Cimicifnga. B. Death. See 
Plague. B. Draught. See Senna. B. 
Drop See Opium. B. Eye. See Ecchy- 
mosis. B.Haw. See Viburnum. B. Hel- 
lebore. See Hellebore. B. Lead, a form 
of carbon properly known as the mineral 
graphite. B. Walnut, the leaves of Jug- 
lans nigra, a tonic, alterative and deobstru- 
ent. Dose of Ad. ext. TT^xx-xxx. Unof. 
B. Willow, the buds of Salix nigra, a 
bitter tonic with aphrodisiac properties. 
Dose of fld ext. TTLxv-^ j. Unof. 

Blackberry. See Rubus. 

Black-Tongue. See Glossophytia. 

Blad / der (Sax., blasan, to blow). The 
membranous, sac-like reservoir or recep- 
tacle of the urine. B., Atony of, inability 
to expel the urine, from deficient muscular 
power. B., Catarrh of. See Cystitis. B., 
Extrophy or Extroversion of, absence of 
the anterior wall of the B.,and more or less 
deficiency of the corresponding part of the 
abdomen. B., Fasciculated, the walls 
thrown into ridges by chronic cystitis. B., 
Herniaof. See Cystocele. B., Inflamma- 
tion of. See Cystitis. B., Inversion of, 
a protrusion or an invagination of the blad- 
der through the urethra. B., Irritable, a 
condition characterized by constant desire 
to urinate. B., Neck of, the constricted 
portion continuous with the urethra in front. 
B., Paralysis of, the same symptoms as in 
atony, but more marked and due to nervous 
or central disease. If affecting the neck 
alone, there is incontinence ; if the body of 
the organ, retention of urine. B., Saccu- 
lated, pouches formed between the hyper- 
trophied muscular fibres. 

Bladder-wrack. See Fucus Vesiculosus. 

Blae / sitas or Blae'sus (/3Aaicroc, one limp- 
ing). A stammerer. Also one having a 
distortion of the limbs — a bow-legged per- 
son. Also one having an angular curvature 
of the spine. The term is loosely used. 



Blain. A blister; an elevation of the 
cuticle containing serum. 

Bland {blandus, mild). A term applied to 
mild and soothing medicines and applica- 
tions. 

Blank / et (Fr. blanc, white). A woolen 
covering, so called because originally of 
white color. B., Bath. See Bath, Sheet 
or Pack. 

Blastema [jUaaravcd, to germinate). The 
formative lymph or pabulum of capillary 
exudation. A synonym of protoplasm. 

Blastoderm (faaoTavto, dep/ia, skin). In 
embryology, the germinal membrane formed 
by the cells of the morula, lying on the 
internal surface of the vitelline membrane 
of the impregnated ovum. The whole hollow 
sphere, with its surrounding cells, is called 
the blastodermic vesicle, and is formed 
about the tenth day. The ectoderm (or 
epiblast) and the endoderm [entoderm or 
hypoblast} layers are simply due to a pro- 
liferation of the blastodermic cells about 
the germinal area, whereby the blastoderm 
is doubled, thus forming these outer and 
inner layers. The mesoblast or middle 
layer is developed after the latter, and 
probably from the hypoblast. The Blasto- 
pore is the point where the covering in of 
the germinal area is temporarily incom- 
plete. 

Blast'omere. See Morula. 

Blastopore. See Blastoderm. 

Blast'osphere. The embryonic segmenta- 
tion sphere formed by the union of the male 
and female elements. 

Blat'ta OrientaTis. The powdered body 
of the cockroach. A popular remedy for 
dropsy among Russian peasants. Increases 
the amount of urine and diminishes the 
amount of albumen. Dose gr. iv-xx. Unof. 

Bleach. To make white or pale, to dimin- 
ish the intensity of color. Bleaching 
Powder, chlorinated lime, a mixtme of 
calcium chloride and calcium hypochlorite, 
containing free chlorine gas. Much used as 
a disinfectant. Bleaching Fluid, eau de 
Javelle, a similar composition obtained by 
passing chlorine gas into an emulsion of 
calcium hydrate. 

Blear Eye. See Blepharitis Ulcerosa. 

Bleb. See Bulla. 

Bleed / ers' Disease. See Hcemophilia. 

Blennorrha / gia (filevvoq, mucus, piiyvvfit, 
to burst forth). An excessive discharge 
of mucus from the urethra or vagina. See 
Gonorrhoea. 

Blennorrhce / a (ftXevvog, peu, to flow). 
Same as Blennorrhagia. 



BLENNOSIS 



84 



BLOOD 



Blenno / sis. A generic name for diseases 
of the mucous membrane. 

Blepharitis [fS/.^apov, the eyelid). In- 
flammation of the eyelids. B. Ciliaris, 
inflammation seated in the hair follicles. 
B. Marginalis, inflammation seated in 
the marginal border of the lids. B. Ulcer- 
osa, a catarrhal or ulcerous inflammation 
of the eyelids, occurring as the sequel of 
catarrhal conjunctivitis. 

Bleph / aro-adeni / tis (filefyapov, adrjv, 
gland, trie). Inflammation of the Meibo- 
mian glands. 

Blepharophimo / sis (Q/uocng, a shutting 
up). Abnormal smallness of the palpebral 
opening. 

Bleph'aroplasty {nlaaau, to form). An 
operation for the formation of any part of 
the eyelid destroyed by wound or lesion, by 
ingrafting or transplanting from a contigu- 
ous healthy part. 

Blepharople / gia. See Ptosis. 

Blepharopto'sis. See Ptosis. 

Blepharospasm (a7tac>juog). Spasm of 
the orbicularis palpebrarum muscle. 

Blepharostat [igtt]/lu, to stand). An in- 
strument for holding the eyelids apart or 
firm whilst performing operations upon 
the eyes or lids. 

Blessed Thistle. See Carduus. 

Blight. A partial paralysis of certain 
facial nerves, arising from sudden or 
extreme cold. B. of the Eye, an extra- 
vasation of blood within the conjunctiva. 

Blind (Sax. blind). Without sight. De- 
prived of sight. B. Spot, that part of the 
area of the fundus of the eye where the optic 
nerve enters. 

Blindness. Want of vision. Color-B., 
subnormal perception of colors. This con- 
dition is found in about 4 per cent, of people, 
is more frequent in men than women, and 
is probably due to non-exercise of the color 
sense. Complete Color-B. is very rare, 
the different colors probably appearing as 
different intensities or shades of white light. 
In Partial Color-B., subnormal percep- 
tion of red is the most frequent, green, 
blue and yellow, respectively, being next in 
order. Tests for Color-B., usually con- 
sist in matching and classifying colored 
yarns. Cortical B., B. due to lesion of 
the cortical center of vision. Day-B. See 
Nyctalopia. Moon-B., a rare condition 
of retinal anaesthesia said to be due to expo- 
sure of the eyes to the moon's rays in sleep- 
ing. Night-B. See Hemeralopia. Psy- 
chical B., loss of conscious visual sensa- 
tion from destruction of the central area 



of the visual center; there is sight but 
not recognition. Snow-B., photophobia 
and conjunctivitis due to exposure of the 
eyes to the glare of sunlight upon snow. 

Blis'ter. A vesicle resulting from the 
exudation of serous fluid between the epi- 
dermis and true skin. Also the agent by 
which the blister is produced. B., Fly, a 
beetle, Cantharis vesicatoria, the body of 
which is used as a blistering agent. B., 
Flying, a blister which remains long 
enough to produce only a redness of the 
skin and not vesication. 

Blood. The fluid which circulates through 
the heart, arteries and veins, supplying 
nutritive material to all parts of the body. 
In the human being the blood of the arte- 
ries is bright red ; that of the veins dark 
red. Blood consists of colorless plasma 
in which are suspended the red and white 
corpuscles. When exposed to the air it 
coagulates, forming a red clot, and a yellow- 
ish fluid called serum. Healthy blood 
consists of 79 per cent, of water and 21 
per cent, solids. B. Corpuscles, small, 
circular, biconcave discs floating in the 
blood. Red corpuscles are circular in 
mammals (except the camel), and elliptical 
in birds and reptiles. They are about 
■jjos inch in diameter and p^otf mcn 
thick. White corpuscles are about one- 
third larger in diameter and comparatively 
few. They exhibit a movement similar 
to those of amcebce. The coloring matter 
of the B. is found in a substance known 
as haemoglobin, and is said to be due to 
minute quantities of the salts of iron. B. 
Crystals, crystals of a substance known 
as haematoidin. B. Heat, a temperature 
varying from 98 to ioo° F. B., Loss of. 
See Hemon-hage. B. Plasma, the liquor 
sanguinis, or fluid part of the blood. B. 
Poisoning, a common term denoting any 
ailment arising from the introduction of 
decomposing organic matter or putrefactive 
germs into the blood. See Anthrax, Pye- 
mia and Septicemia. B. Plates, pale, 
colorless, oval, round or lenticular discs of 
variable size, found in healthy normal 
human blood, 18,000 to 250,000 per cubic 
millimeter. Their function is not cer- 
tainly known. Also called (Hayem) hae- 
matoblasts. B. Pressure, the force of 
compression exerted by the blood upon the 
walls of the vessels under the influence of 
the heart's action, the elastic walls, etc. 
Various instruments have been devised to 
estimate the amount of this pressure, the 
Hcemadynamometer ofPoiseuille, L udwig's 



BLOOD-ISLANDS 



85 



BONE 



Ky??iograph, Fields Spring Kymograph, v. 
BascJis Sphygmomanometer ; the Gradu- 
ated Sphygmograph, etc. 

Blood-Islands. A term applied to the 
groups of corpuscles developed in the fowl 
during the first days of embryonic life, 
within the large branched cells of the 
mesoblast. 

Bloodless Operations. Surgical opera- 
tions, such as amputations, in which the 
member is so bandaged by compresses and 
elastic rings that the blood is expelled from 
the part to be operated upon. 

Bloodletting. The artificial abstraction 
of blood from the body. B., General, 
venesection or phlebotomy ; it acts by re- 

. ducing the heart's action and diminishing 
the quantity of blood. Occasionally used 
with excellent results in pneumonia, sun- 
stroke, etc. B., Local or Topical. See 
Cupping, L eech ing or Sea rifi cation . Useful 
in certain inflammatory conditions. 

Blood-root. See Sanguinaria. 

Bloodshot. Extravasated with blood. 

Bloody. Having the nature of, or filled 
with blood. B. Flux. See Dysentery. 
B. Sweat. See Ephidrosis. 

Blow / pipe. A short tube bent at one 
end and tapering to a point, used in direct- 
ing the flame of a lamp in a fine conical 
tongue. B., Oxyhydrogen, an appa- 
ratus for producing intense heat by burn- 
ing hydrogen or illuminating gas at the 
end of a mixing nozzle. 

Blue. One of the colors of the spectrum. 
B. Disease. See Cyanopathy. B. Flag. 
See Iris. B. Gentian, the root of Gen- 
tiana Catesbm, tonic and stomachic. Dose 
of fid. ext., TTpc-xl. Unof. B. Gum. 
See Gingival. B. Gum Tree. See Eu- 
calyptus. B. Ointment. See Hydrargy- 
rum. B. Pill. See Hydrargyrum. B. 
Stone. See Copper. 

Boat-belly. See Scaphoid Abdomen. 

Body. The animal frame with its organs. 
Also, a cadaver or corpse. 

Body Louse. See Pediculus. 

Bcet'tcher's Test. For sugar. First 
eliminate the albumin, if any present. 
Add a small amount of bismuth subnitrate 
to equal amounts, mixed, of suspected 
urine and potassium hydrate ; boil ; if 
sugar be present the white powder turns 
gray, brown or black, from reduction to 
metallic bismuth. 

Boil (Sax. by I). A furuncle, — a local- 
ized inflammation of the skin and subcu- 
taneous connective tissue attended by the 
formation of pus. B., Aleppo or B., 



Delhi, a peculiar ulcerative affection en- 
demic in India, due to a specific and patho- 
genic microbe. It has been proposed by 
Heydenreich to call this Tropical Boil. 
Other names are Penjdeh Boil and Bouton 
Biskra. 

BoiFing. The vaporization of a liquid 
when it gives off vapor having the same 
tension as the surrounding air. Most tis- 
sues, animal and vegetable, are softened 
and rendered more or less soluble by boil- 
ing. Albumin and most albuminoids, 
however, are rendered insoluble. The 
temperature of B. water at the level of the 
sea is about 212 F. (ioo° C.) ; it de- 
creases with increasing altitude. 

Boiling Test. For albumin. Acidulate 
an alkaline urine and heat upper half to 
boiling. Turbidity indicates albumin. 

Bois / sons {Br.). Cheap fermented liquors 
made from raisins or other dried fruits to 
which sweetened water is added and fer- 
mentation allowed. 

BoTa. See Myrrh. 

Bol / do-glu / cine. An aromatic glucoside 
obtained from B. fragrans and other 
species. A hypnotic in doses of gr. xx- 
3J. Unof. 

BoFdus. Boldo. The leaves and stems 
of an evergreen, B. petimtis, native to 
Chili and vicinity. Sometimes used in 
anaemia and general debility as a substi- 
tute for quinine. B., Tinct., contains 20 
per cent, of the drug. Dose TT\v-viij. 

Bole (fiuloQ, a clod of earth). A trans- 
lucent, soft variety of clay formerly much 
used in medicine, internally as an astrin- 
gent, externally as an absorbent. 

Bologn / a Phosphorus. A sulphide of 
Barium, having the property of emitting a 
pale, feeble light in the dark. 

Bo / lus. A mass of medicine exhibited 
in the form of a large pill. 

BonVbus {(3ofj.[3og, the humming sound of 
bees). A ringing or buzzing sound in the 
ears. Also a sonorous movement or 
rumbling flatus of the intestines. 

Bone. (Sax. ban). A hard tissue which 
constitutes the framework or skeleton of 
the body. Composed mainly of tri-calcium 
phosphate and cartilage. A single articu- 
lation of bone usually consists of a compact 
outer mass covered with periosteum, sur- 
rounding a reticulated inner structure 
which encloses a central cavity filled with 
marrow. A transverse section shows bone 
tissue to be composed of a number of nearly 
circular zones, each having a central tube, 
the Haversian canal, through which the 



BONESET 



BOW 



blood circulates. Surrounding the H. canal 
are concentrically arranged belts of oblong 
cells called lacuna. Each lacuna is the 
outlet of a number of canaliculi, through 
which the nutrition is conveyed to all parts 
of the bone. B. Ash, the calcic phos- 
phate remaining after bones have been 
incinerated. 

Bone / set. See Eupatorium. 

Bonnet's Capsule. See Ocular (Sheath). 

Boot, Junod's. See Junod's Boot. 

Borac / ic Acid. See Boron. 

Bo / rage. The plant B. officinalis. A 
demulcent, mild refrigerant and diapho- 
retic. Dose of fid. ext. £j. Unof. 

Bo / rax. See Boron. 

Borboryg / mus. See Bombzts. 

Bo / ric Acid. See Boron. 

Bor / neol. A principle derived from Drya- 
balanops camphorce, a tree native to the 
East Indies. It produces spasms of epi- 
leptiform character. 

Bo / ro-glyc / eride. A preparation made 
by heating boracic acid and glycerine. 
Used as a local application in eye and 
skin affections. Unof. 

Bo / ron. B = II; quantivalence III, v. 
The base of boric acid and of the mineral 
borax. Boracic, or, more properly, Boric 
Acid, a crystalline substance, H 3 B0 3 , 
found native in the volcanic lagoons of 
Tuscany. Occurs in white, transparent 
crystals, soluble in water and alcohol. A 
powerful antiseptic, and much used in 
parasitic diseases of the skin. Borax, 
sodium diborate. Occurs in lacustrine de- 
posits as white, transparent cystals, soluble 
in water, alcohol and glycerine. Used as 
an antiseptic wash for ulcers and indolent 
lesions. Valuable also as an emmenagogue, 
and in leucorrhoea. All unof. 

Bot (do fas, a belly- worm). The larva of 
certain species of flies of the genus GEstrus, 
which are conveyed into the stomach of 
man, where they hatch. Also the thread- 
worm, Oxyurus vermicularis. 

BotalTi, Foramen of. The foramen ovale 
of the foetal heart. 

Bot'any (flo-avTj, an herb). The science 
of plants — their classification and struc- 
ture. 

Bothriocepb/alus La / tus. See Tape- 
worm. 

Bot'ryoid (Jjorpvr, a cluster of grapes). 
Resembling the shape of a bunch of 
grapes. 

Bottler's Test. See Bcettcher's Test. 

Bot / tle (,3ovnc, a flask, Fr. bouteille). A 
vessel, usually of glass with a narrow neck. 



B., Feeding, a flat flask with a nipple of 
India rubber attached, used in feeding 
infants. B. Nose, a common name for 
Acne Roseola. B., Specific Gravity, a 
Florence flask graduated to contain 500- 
1000 grains of water, with the weight of 
which any other equal volume of liquid 
may be compared. 

Botulin'ic Acid. An acid asserted to 
exist in putrefying sausages, forming their 
specific poison. 

Bougie (Fr. bougie, a candle). A 
slender, cylindrical instrument made of 
waxed silk, catgut, etc., for introduction 
into the urethra or other passage, for the 
purpose of dilation, exploration, etc. Some- 
times coated with preparations that are 
thus conveyed to the inner mucous sur- 
faces. B., Armed, a bougie with a piece 
of nitrate of silver or other caustic attached 
to its extremity. B., Filiform, whale- 
bone or other bougies of very small size. 

Bou'hou. A name given to a malarial 
disease resembling dengue, which is preva- 
lent in the Sandwich Islands. 

Bouillon (Fr.). An alimentary broth 
made by boiling meat, usually beef, in 
water. A soup. Also a liquid nutritive 
medium made by boiling meat for the cul- 
ture of microorganisms. Peptonized bouil- 
lons and solutions of powdered meats have 
also been used. B. of Liebig, made 
by dissolving Liebig' s meat extract, 5 
grammes, in boiling water, 100 grammes, 
neutralizing with bicarbonate of soda and 
filtering. It becomes more nutritive by 
adding glucose. 

Bounc / ing Bet. See Soapwort. 

Bou / quet. The peculiar flavor of wines 
which have been aged, supposed to be due 
to cenanthic ether. 

Bourdon / nement (Fr. bourdonner, to 
buzz.) Any buzzing sound. The mur- 
mur which is heard when the stethoscope 
is applied to any part of the body. Thought 
to result from contraction of muscular 
fibrillae. See, also, Bombus. 

Boutonniere Operation (Fr. bcuton- 
niere, button hole). An operation for 
urethral stricture. The location of the 
stricture is fixed by a catheter and an in- 
cision is made in front of it ; a probe is 
then passed to the bladder. The stricture 
is then divided. 

Bouton's Terminals (Fr.). The en- 
largements of the free ends of certain sen- 
sory nerves. 

Bow. A bending. B. Leg, a bending 
outward of the lower limbs. 



BOWELS 



87 



BREAD 



Bow / els (botellus, a sausage). The intes- 
tines. 

Bowman's Glands. Peculiar tubular 
glands in the olfactory region of the 
nasal distribution of the olfactory nerve. 
B. Probe. See Lachrymal. B. Tubes, 
artificial productions made by forcing air 
or fluids between the corneal lamellae. 

Box Pulse-measurer. An instrument for 
measuring the pulse by its action upon a 
column of liquid when the exposed artery 
is placed within an oblong box communi- 
cating with the column. 

Brachial {brachium, the arm). Pertain- 
ing to the arm. B. Artery, the con- 
tinuation of the axillary which extends 
along the inner side of the arm. B. Di- 
plegia. See Paralysis. B. Glands, the 
lymphatic glands of the arm. B. Plexus, 
the plexus of the fifth, sixth, seventh and 
eighth cervical and the first dorsal pair. 
B. Veins, the veins of the arm which 
accompany the B. artery. 

Bracb/ium {brachium\ The arm. An 
extensor process of an organ. B. Cere- 
bri, or B. of Optic Lobes, the bands 
connecting the nates and the testes with 
the optic thalamus. 

BrachycephaFic ((3paxvg, short, Kecpal??, 
head). Skulls of an egg-like shape, the 
larger end behind. See Index. 

Brachydac / tylous {fipaxvq, SanrvTiog, 
finger). Pertaining to an abnormal short- 
ness of the fingers or toes. 

Brachymetro / pia. See Myopia. 

Bradycardia (fipadvg, slow, napdca, the 
heart). A term used by Eichhorst to indi- 
cate the phenomena associated with slow 
pulse — the opposite of tachycardia. 

Bradylalia {(ipadvg, lalia, a babbling). 
A slow and disordered utterance. 

Braid / ism. The hypnotic state produced by 
fixation of the eyes upon a shining object. 

Bradypha / sia. See Aphasia. 

Brain (Sax. brcegeri). The general con- 
tents of the cranium, especially the cere- 
brum. B., Compression of, may arise 
from injury or disease, from serous exuda- 
tion, blood extravasation, etc. B., Con- 
cussion of, is the result of injury pro- 
ducing symptoms of loss of power and 
function generally. B. Fever. See Men- 
ingitis. B., Irritation of, follows injury 
and is marked by symptoms of irritability 
and often convulsive phenomena. B., 
Little, the cerebellum. B. Pan, the 
cranium. B. Sand, a gritty mineral mat- 
ter found in and about the pineal gland, 
consisting mainly of calcium and magne- 



sium carbonates and phosphates. Its func- 
tion is not known. 

Bran. The epidermis or outer covering 
of the seeds of most cereals. Contains 
woody matter 35, starch 22, albumin and 
gluten 13, water 12, gum 8, other matters, 
including a small amount of silica, 10 per 
cent. It contains, also, a diastatic ferment, 
which converts the starch into dextrine. 
B. Tea, a decoction of bran, used in 
coughs. 

Branch. A name given to the divisions 
or offshoots of blood vessels, lymphatics, 
or nerves, from the trunk or main stem. 

Branch / iae. The gills of fishes. 

Branchial Openings. See Clefts, Vis- 
ceral. 

Bran / dy. See Spiritus. 

Brash (Dutch braaken, to vomit). A 
common name indicating almost any dis- 
order of the digestive system. B., Water. 
See Pyrosis. 

Brass. An alloy of copper with 25-40 
per cent, of zinc. 

Bras / sica. A genus of plants, Nat. 
Order, Cruciferce, including the common 
cabbage. B. Acidulata, sour crout (or 
sauer kraut). B. Asperifolia Escu- 
lenta, the common turnip. B. Cauli- 
flora (or Florida), the cauliflower. B. 
Cumana or Rubra, the red cabbage. 
B. Napus, the rape plant. B. Nigra, 
the black mustard. B. Sativa, the com- 
mon cabbage. 

Braye / ra. Kousso. The female flowers 
of B. anthelmintic a. Contains tannic 
acid, a volatile oil and a crystalline prin- 
ciple, Koussin. In large doses produces 
nausea and emesis. Valuable mainly as 
an anthelmintic against tapeworm. Dose 
^ij-^ss, in infusion of boiling water. 
B., Ext. Fid., dose ^ij-gj. 

Bread (Sax. bredan, to nourish, Lat. 
panis, Gr. aproq). A mixture of flour 
and water made porous by carbon dioxide 
and then baked. The flour may be of 
wheat, corn, oat or rye. The carbon diox- 
ide may be introduced by decomposing an 
alkaline carbonate (sodium or potassium) 
by an acid ("cream of tartar"), or by 
fermenting the starch with yeast. B., 
Brown, a kind of bread made from 
a mixture of com, rye and wheat flour. 
B., Graham, made from unbolted wheat 
flour; it contains more gluten, diastase 
and mineral phosphates than ordinary 
bread. B., White, bread made from 
bolted wheaten flour, and therefore defi- 
cient in diastase, gluten and mineral phos- 



BREAD-PASTE 



BRONCHITIS 



phates. Other kinds, such as rye (or 
black), corn, bran, barley, etc., indicate 
their composition in their name. 

Bread-paste. A culture medium for 
bacteria. Stale, coarse bread is dried, 
ground to powder and made into a paste 
with water. "Well suited for the growth 
of moulds. 

Break. See Make. 

Break-bone Fever. See Dengue. 

Breast. The upper anterior part of the 
body between the neck and abdomen. 
Also the mamma. 

Breath (Sax. brceth). The air exhaled 
from the lungs. It has lost a part of its 
oxygen and gained a certain but varying 
amount of ammonia, aqueous vapor and 
carbon dioxide from the oxidation of the 
waste matter of the blood. Also applied 
to the air inspired. 

Breech Position. See Position. 

Breeding- season. The period during 
which certain species of animals, espe- 
cially the lower forms of vertebrates, beget 
and rear their young. 

Breeze. See Head-breeze and Static-breeze. 

Brefeld and Nagele's Method. See 
Fractional Cultivation. 

Breg'enin (Low Ger. bregan, brain). A 
name given by Thudichum to a soluble, 
crystalline substance found in brain-tissue. 

Breg / ma. See Skull. 

Brenner's Formula. The feeble tone 
heard when the anode is opened in gal- 
vanic stimulation of the auditory nerve. 
This tone corresponds with the resonance 
fundamental tone of the sound-conducting 
apparatus of the ear itself. 

Brick-makers' Anae / mia. See Anchylos- 
tomiasis. 

Bridge of Nose. A term applied col- 
lectively to the nasal bones. 

Bright's Disease. A name formerly in- 
correctly used as a synonym of albuminuria 
and at present covering several forms of 
disease of the kidney associated with albu- 
min in the urine. May be either acute or 
chronic. Considered by Fothergill as a 
secondary condition arising from a ten- 
dency toward the reversion to that pre- 
anthropic type in which the liver per- 
formed the additional office of excreting 
uric acid. 

Brim of Pelvis. See Pelvis. 

Brim / stone. See Sulphur. 

Broad-leafed Laurel. See Kalmia. 

Broad Ligament. See Ligament. 

Bro / mal Hydrate. A fluid of oily con- 
sistence, having a structure similar to that 



of chloral hydrate. More iritating and 
narcotic than the latter. Dose gr. j-v. 
Unof. 

Bromid / rosis (/fyw/zoc, a stench, Wpwc, 
sweat). Osmidrosis. Offensive sweating, 
due to functional disorder of the sweat 
glands or fermentation of the sweat after 
excretion. Frequently symptomatic of 
scrofula, rheumatism, uraemia, syphilis, etc. 

Bromi'dum. Bromide. 

Bro / mine, or 

Bro / mum (fipojuog). Br = 80 ; quantiva- 
lence I. A reddish-brown liquid, which, 
at ordinary temperatures, gives off a 
heavy, suffocating vapor. In its element- 
ary form it is a very active escharotic, 
and internally a violent poison. The salts 
of bromine are cerebral and cardiac de- 
pressants, and highly valuable as hypnot- 
ics. The salts of the alkaline metals are 
those most commonly used. Ammonii 
Bromidum, prismatic crystals. Dose gr. 
v-xx. Calcii Bromidum, granular and 
deliquescent. 'Dose gr. v-^j. Ethyl 
Bromide, useful in spasmodic coughs. 
Ferri Bromidi, Syr., contains 10 per 
cent, of the salt. Dose^ss-j. Lithii 
Bromidi, granular and deliquescent. Dose 
gr. v-xx. Potassii Bromidum, color- 
less, cubical crystals. Dose gr. v-gj. 
Sodii Bromidum, colorless, monoclinic 
crystals. Dose gr. v-^j. Zinci Bro- 
midum, granular, deliquescent powder. 
Dose gr. ji-ij. 

Bro / moform. A bromide, CHBr 3 , having 
a structure like that of chloroform, CHC1 3 . 
A powerful anaesthetic. Use not followed 
by vomiting. Causes irritation of con- 
junctiva and respiratory organs. Unof. 

Broncb/i (/3povjoc, the windpipe). The 
two tubes into which the trachea divides 
opposite the third dorsal vertebra, called 
the right and the left bronchus. 

Bronchiectasis (enTaciq, dilatation). A 
term denoting the dilatation or relaxation 
of the walls of the bronchi, arising from 
inflammation and other causes. 

Bronchioles (dim. of bronchus). The 
smallest subdivision of the bronchi. 

Bronchitis. Inflammation of the mucous 
membrane which lines the bronchial tubes. 
Usually attended with soreness, cough, 
alteration of the voice and febrile symp- 
toms. B., Acute, the initiatory stage of 
the disease. B., Capillary, a stage in 
which the minute tubes of the lungs are 
involved. B., Catarrhal, a form at- 
tended with muco-purulent discharges. 
B., Croupous or Plastic, attended with 



BRONCHOCELE 



89 



BUDDING 



expectoration of the casts of the bronchial 
tubes. B., Mechanical or Potter's, a 
form caused by the inhalation of dust, etc. 
B., Summer, synonymous with " Hay 
Fever." 

Broncb/ocele. See Goitre. 

Bronchophony (Quvij, the voice). The 
resonance of the voice within the bronchi 
as heard and diagnosticated by the stetho- 
scope. 

Broncho-pneumo'nia. A term applied 
to inflammation of the lungs, which, be- 
ginning in the bronchi, finally involves the 
parenchyma of the lungs. 

Bronchorrhce / a (peo, to flow). A form 
of bronchitis attended by profuse expec- 
toration. 

Bronchot / omy (ppovxog, re/j.vo, to cut). 
A surgical operation upon the bronchus, 
trachea, etc. 

Bronchus. See Bronchi. 

Bronzed Skin. A symptom of Addison's 
Disease. 

Brood-cells. In cell-division, the mother- 
cells enclosing the daughter-cells. 

Broom. See Scoparhis. 

Brown'ian Movement. An oscillation 
or agitation observed under the microscope 
in very fine granules, drops, etc., when 
suspended in a liquid. The movement is 
not locomotion, and is to be distinguished 
from that of the self-motility of living 
microorganisms. Its cause is not de- 
finitely known, but it may be due to heat, 
light, electricity, osmosis, etc. 

Brown Mixture. See Glycyrrhiza. 

Brow Presentation. See Position. 

Bru / cine. See Nux Vomica. 

Bruise. See Contusion. 

Bru'it (Fr., a noise or report). A term 
used by French physicians to designate the 
various specific sounds of auscultation. 
B. de Diable, a venous murmur, of a 
whistling or rushing character, arising in 
the bulb of the common jugular vein, and 
due to anaemia, lead-poisoning, or other 
specific disease, more common in the 
young, and caused immediately by the 
vibration of the blood flowing from the 
narrow part of the common jugular vein 
into the wide, bulbous portion of the 
vessel. See also Murmur. 

Brunner's Glands. See Glands. 

Bryg / mus. Same as Odontoprisis. 

Bryo'nia. Bryony. The root of B. alba ; 
indigenous to Europe. Properties due to 
an intensely bitter glucoside. Bryonin, a 
strong irritant when applied to the skin 
or mucous membrane, often producing 



vesication. A remedy of great value in 
pleurisy, pleuro-pneumonia and rheumatic 
fever. An excellent agent in colds. Dose 
of the root gr. x-xxx. B., Tinct., a 10 
per cent, solution of the root in alcohol. 
Dose nyc-gj. B., Infusum (unof.), 
has a strength of ^j to the Oj of water. 
Dose §ss-ij. 

Bryoplas / tic (flpvov, moss, TrXacoo, to 
form). A descriptive term loosely applied 
to such abnormal growths of tissue as re- 
semble vegetable forms. 

Bu / bo (j3ov/3o)v, the groin). Inflammation 
and swelling of a lymphatic gland, prop- 
erly and generally of the groin, and usually 
following chancroid, gonorrhoea or syphi- 
litic infection. B., Parotid. See Paro- 
titis. B., Primary, a slight adenitis of 
the groin due to mechanical irritation, 
or other cause; formerly supposed to be 
due to syphilis without a chancre having 
preceded. B., Sympathetic, one caused 
by irritation, friction, injury, etc., and not 
from infectious disease. 

Bubonocele (flovftiov, Krfkri, tumor). In- 
guinal hernia when the gut does not extend 
beyond the inguinal canal. 

Buc'cal (bucca, the cheek). Pertaining to 
the cheek. 

Buccinator. The thin, flat muscle of the 
cheek. See Muscle. 

Bu / chu. The leaves of several species of 
Barosma, yielding a volatile oil, to which 
its properties are probably due. Causes a 
sensation of glowing warmth over the 
body, stimulates the appetite, and increases 
the circulation. Useful in urethritis and 
affections of the genito-urinary mucous 
membrane. Dose of the leaves, gr. xv- 
xxx. B. Ext. Fid. DoseTr\x-zj. B. 
Infusum (unof.), g j to Oj. Dose 3 ss-ij. 

Buck / bean. The rhizome of Menyanthes 
trifoliata. Tonic, antiscorbutic, and em- 
menagogue. Has been recommended as a 
vermifuge. Dose of fld. ext. rr\xv-3J. 
Unof. 

Buck'eye Bark. The bark of JEsculus 
glabra. Astringent and tonic. Service- 
able in rectal irritation, prolapsus, -and va- 
rious uterine derangements. Dose of fld. 
ext. gtt. iij-v. Unof. 

Buckthorn. See Frangula. 

Bucne / ma Tro / pica. See Elephantiasis. 

Bucne / mia (j3ov, increase, kvjj/uij, the leg). 
A kind of inflammation of the leg character- 
ized by tenseness of swelling. 

Bud / ding. A form of reproduction or cell 
division, occurring among the polyps and 
infusoriae, in which a bud is given off by 



BUGLEWEED 



90 



BUTYRIC ACID 



the parent and comes to resemble the latter. 
The bud may remain permanently attached 
or may form a colony, each member ac- 
quiring a differentiation of function, even 
to the formation of male and female ele- 
ments. The process is also called Gemma- 
tion. 

Bu / gleweed. The herb, Lycopus Virgini- 
cus. Narcotic and astringent. Dose of 
fid. ext. gss-ij. Lycopin, concentrated 
ext. Dose gr. j-iv. Unof. 

Bu'hach. See Insect Powder. 

Bulb (t3o?. i 3og ) a bulb). The expansion or 
dilatation of a canal or vessel. B . of Aorta, 
the dilatation of the aorta near its beginning. 
B. of Corpus Cavernosa, the muscle 
beneath the bulb of the urethra. B. of 
Fornix. See Corpora. B. of Rachi- 
dichus. See Medulla Oblongata. B. 
of Urethra, the posterior expanded part 
of the corpus spongiosum penis. B. of 
Vena Jugularis, the dilatation at the 
beginning of the external jugular vein. " 

Bulb'ar. A descriptive term applied to 
certain diseases, especially of the medulla 
oblongata or bulbus rachidichus. B. Dis- 
ease or Paralysis, a term applied to 
the progressive and symmetrical paralysis 
of the facial muscles about the mouth, in- 
cluding those of the tongue, pharynx, and 
sometimes those of the larynx. Called 
also Labio-glosso-laryngeal paralysis. 

Bulb / i Vestib / uli. A name sometimes 
given to the glands of Bartholini. 

Bulb / us Arteriosus. Pertaining to a 
stage in the development of the heart, in 
which the upper aortic enlargement is so 
called. 

BulinVia ([3ov, increase, lifiog, hunger). 
Excessive, morbid hunger; frequently 
occurs in idiots and insane persons. 

Bul'la {bulla, a bubble). A bleb or "blis- 
ter," consisting of a portion of the epider- 
mis detached from the skin by the infiltra- 
tion of watery fluid. The bulla differs from 
the vesicle mainly in size. B., Hemor- 
rhagic. See Purpura. 

Bunion (fiovvoq, a hillock). A swelling 
of a bursa of the foot, especially of the 
great toe. 

Buphthal / mos. See Keratoglobus. 

Burc / quism. See Metallotherapy . 

Burdock. See Lappa. 



Burette. (Fr.) A graduated tube designed 
for measuring small quantities of a reagent. 
Usually held vertically in a stand and pro- 
vided with a stopcock. 

Burn (Sax. boernan, to scorch). The de- 
struction or injury of tissue by dry heat or 
flame. 

Burner. A common name for a lamp or 
heating apparatus used in laboratories for 
chemical and pharmaceutical purposes. 
B., Argand, uses gas or oil, and contains 
an inner tube for supplying the flame with 
air. B., Bunsen, a form in which the 
gas is mixed with a sufficient quantity of 
air to produce complete oxidation before 
ignition. 

Burs / ae [bursa, a purse). A name used to 
designate small sacs interposed between 
parts which move one upon another. B. 
Mucosae, situated in subcutaneous areolar 
tissue. B., Synovial, found between 
tendons and bony surfaces. 

Burs / al. Pertaining to a bursa, sac or 
follicle. 

Bursitis. Inflammation of a bursa. 

But / ter {butyrum, butter). The fatty part 
of the milk obtained by rupturing the cells 
of the fat globules by " churning " or 
mechanical agitation. Also, various vege- 
table fats having the consistency of butter, 
as B. of Caca'o. See Theobro7?ia. 
Also applied to certain chemical products 
having the appearance or consistence of 
butter, as B. of Antimony, antimonious 
chloride; B. of Tin, stannic chloride ; B. 
of Zinc, zinc chloride. See, also, Acid, 
Bidyric. 

Butternut. See Juglans. 

But / tocks. The arse. The fleshy part 
of the body posterior to the hip-joints, 
formed by the masses of the glutei 
muscles. 

But / tonbush. The bark of Cephala7ithus 
occidentalis. A tonic febrifuge and diu- 
retic. Dose of fld. ext. ,^ss-j. Unof. 

Buttonhole Operation. See Boutonniere 
Operation. 

But / ton Snakeroot. The root of Liatris 
spicata. A stimulant tonic, diuretic and 
emmenagogue. Dose of fld. ext. 3 ss-j. 
Unof. 

Bu'tyl Chlo / ral. See Chloral Butylicum. 

Bu / tyric Acid. See Acid, Butyric. 



91 



CESAREAN OPERATION 



C. The chemical symbol of Carbon. Abbre- 
viation of centigrade. 

c.c. Abbreviation of cubic centimeter. 

cm. Abbreviation of centimeter. 

C. M. Abbreviation of eras mane, to- 
morrow morning. 

C. N. Abbreviation of eras node, to- 
morrow night. 

Cab / bage Rose. See Rosa Centifolia. 

Cacae / sthesis {kclkoq, bad, atcdrjaiq, sensa- 
tion). A term used to denote morbid sen- 
sation. 

Caca'o. See Theobroma. 

Cachexia (naicog, bad, e£ig, a habit). A 
term used to designate any morbid ten- 
dency, dyscrasia, or depraved condition of 
general nutrition, etc., used particularly of 
scrofula, syphilis, cancer, etc. C. Strumi- 
priva, the condition allied to, if not iden- 
tical with, myxcedema, occasionally follow- 
ing the extirpation or arrest of function of 
the thyroid gland. It is a cretinoid state, 
characterized in monkeys by hebetude, mal- 
nutrition, muscular tremor, puffy oedema, 
leucocytosis, and the presence of mucin in 
the blood and connective tissues. C. Vir- 
ginum. See Chlorosis. 

Cacoe'thes (naiioe, rjdoq, a habit). A gen- 
eral term used to designate any bad habit 
or disorder. 

Cacogen'esis (mnoc, yeveatg, origin). A 
general term expressing a morbid, mon- 
strous or pathological growth or product. 

Cacot / rophy (/ca/coc, rpecpu, I nourish). A 
term applied to disordered or defective 
nourishment. 

Cada / ver {cadere, to fall). The dead body, 
especially that of man. A corpse. 

Cadav / erine. A ptomaine, isomeric with 
neuridine, and, like it, occurring very 
frequently in decomposing animal tissues. 
Obtained from human hearts, lungs, livers, 
etc., after three days' decomposition in 
ordinary temperature, — also from horse- 
flesh, from putrid mussel, from herring 
and haddock. It is a constant product of 
the growth of the comma bacillus, irre- 
spective of the medium. It does not 
occur in cultures from which bacteria are 
absent. It is a thick, water-clear, syrupy 
liquid, having an exceedingly unpleasant 
odor, somewhat resembling that of coniine 
and semen. It is certainly identical with 
so-called "animal coniine." Putrescine 
and cadaverine were both formerly be- 



lieved to be physiologically indifferent ; but 
recent investigations show both bases capa- 
ble of producing strong inflammation and 
necrosis. The necrosis of the intestinal 
epithelium in Asiatic cholera seems due to 
their presence. They also have the power, 
even in small quantities, of preventing 
blood from coagulating, and rendering it 
"laky." Cadaverine is believed by Graw- 
itz to hinder the growth of bacteria. Ca- 
daverine hydrochloride, on dry distillation, 
decomposes into ammonium chloride, NH 3 - 
HC1, and piperidine, C 5 H U N. Whether 
this change, whereby the non-poisonous 
cadaverine becomes a toxic base, can take 
place under the influence of bacteria dur- 
ing putrefaction, is not known. 

Cadaveriza'tion. The passage of a living 

' body to the state of a cadaver. Applied 
to the algid and cyanotic stage of cholera. 

Cade. See Juniperus. 

Cad / mium. Cd = 112 ; quantivalence 11. 
A bluish-white metal resembling zinc in 
its general properties ; only the sulphate 
and iodide are used in medicine. In 
physiological action it is escharotic and 
astringent, producing in large doses, emesis 
and violent gastritis. C. Iodid., used as 
an ointment, I to 8 of lard. C. Sul- 
phas, a valuable astringent in gonorrhoea 
and in corneal opacities ; used in a lotion 
in strength of gr. j or ij to %') of water. 
Unof. 

Cae / cal. Pertaining to the caecum. 

Cae / citas VerbaTis. See Word-blind- 
ness. 

Cae / cum {cams, blind). The large blind 
pouch or cul-de-sac in which the large 
intestine begins. 

Caesa / rean Operation {ccedo, to cut). Ex- 
traction of the foetus through an incision 
made in the abdomen. Gastro-elytrot- 
omy, an incision into the vagina (after 
the abdominal section) instead of into the 
uterus, and if the child cannot be extracted 
in this way, the incision of the os uteri is 
made. Gastro-hysterec / tomy. See 
Porrds Operation below. Gastro -hys- 
terotomy, a general name for the C. O., 
according to the best modern methods. 
C. O., Improved. See Sanger, below. 
Kehrer's Operation consists in a trans- 
verse incision through the anterior convex 
surface of the uterus at the level of the in- 
ternal os. Laparo-elytrot'omy. See 



cj:sium 



92 



CALCIUM 



Gastro-elytrotoviy, above. Laparotomy, 
an incision into the abdominal wall ; im- 
properly used as a synonym for any C. O. 
Porro's Operation consists in compression 
of the cervix prior to the prompt longitudi- 
nal uterine incision, and the removal of 
the child, after which the uterus is lifted 
out of the abdomen, the cervix and broad 
ligaments clamped, the uterus, tubes and 
ovaries removed. Porro-Miiller Opera- 
tion, the uterine mass is raised out of the 
abdomen before incising it. CO., Post- 
mortem, extraction of the child after the 
mother's death. Sanger's Operation, 
gastro-hysterotomy , Sanger having greatly 
improved the technique of the operation. 
Sigault's Operation, or Symphyseot- 
omy, delivery by the division of the pubic 
joint. Thomas' Operation, consists in 
certain improvements in gastro-elytrotomy. 

Caesium. Cs = 132.6; quantivalence I. 
A rare alkaline metal resembling potas- 
sium in physical and chemical properties. 
C. Chloride, unof, lowers pulse rate and 
raises arterial pressure. Dose gr. ij-v. 

CaFfea. Coffee. The seeds of C. Ara- 
bica. The dried and roasted seeds are 
almost universally used in infusion as a 
beverage, forming a cerebral stimulant and 
stomachic tonic. Valuable in promoting 
digestion and allaying hunger and fatigue. 
Frequently causes excessive palpitation of 
the heart. Properties due to an alkaloid. 
Caffein, identical with Thein. See Tea. 
Dose of the alkaloid gr. j-v. C. Citrate. 
Unof. Dose gr. j-v. 

CaFfein. See Caffea. 

Cais'son Disease. The symptoms due 
to increased atmospheric pressure some- 
times occurring in divers, caisson workers, 
etc. Paraplegia, hemiplegia, anaesthesia 
or apoplectic attacks are common, but 
paralysis of the legs is the most frequent 
symptom, coming on only after return to 
the normal atmosphere. The nature of 
the lesion is obscure. 

Cajupu / ti Oleum. Oil of Cajuput. A 
volatile oil distilled from the leaves of 
Melaleuca cajuputi. Resembles oil of tur- 
pentine in its general effects, being irri- 
tant externally and producing a sense of 
warmth internally, with accelerated pulse. 
Dose n\j-v. 

CaFabar Bean. See Physostigma. 

Calage (Fr., wedging). A method of 
prophylaxis or treating sea-sickness by 
fixation of the viscera by pillows placed 
between the stomach and wall of the 
cabin and between the back and edge 



of the berth, the patient lying upon the 
side. 

CaFamus. Sweet Flag. The rhizome of 
A corns calamus. Properties due to a vola- 
tile oil, acorin. The root is an aromatic, 
stomachic tonic, and a common ingredient 
in many popular "bitters." C. Ext., 
Fid. Dose rr\xv-gj. 

CaFamus Scripto / rius (a writing pen or 
reed). The groove on the anterior wall 
of the fourth ventricle, at the end of which 
is the ventricle of Arantius. 

Calca'neum [calx, the heel). A common 
name for the os calcis or heel bone. 

Calcareous [calx, limestone). Pertaining 
to or having the nature of limestone. C. 
Degeneration. See Degeneration. 

Calcification [calx, fio, to become). The 
deposit of calcareous or other insoluble 
crystalline matter within the tissues of the 
body. 

Calcination. The process of driving off 
the volatile chemical constituents from 
inorganic compounds. The expulsion of 
carbon dioxide from carbonates. 

Calcine. To separate the inorganic ele- 
ments of a substance by subjecting it to 
an intense heat. 

CaFcium. Ca = 40; quantivalence II. 
A brilliant, silver- white metal, the basis of 
lime and limestone, characterized by strong 
affinity for oxygen and isolated with great 
difficulty. Best known in the form of 
calcium oxide, quick lime; C. Hydrate, 
slaked lime; and C. Carbonate, chalk. 
The preparations of lime used in medicine 
are usually alkaline and slightly astringent. 
Calcium oxide is a powerful escharotic. 
C. Bromidum. See Bromine. Calcis, 
Liquor, lime-water, contains about \y z 
parts lime in 1000 of water. Calx, cal- 
cium oxide, quick lime, not used internally. 
C. Carb. Precipitatus, insoluble in water, 
but soluble in acids, with effervescence. 
Dose gr. v-xx. C. Chloridum, soluble 
in water. Dose gr. x-xx. C. Chlorinata. 
See Chlorine. Creta, native calcium car- 
bonate, chalk. C. Hypophosphis. See 
Phosphorus. C. Linimentum, carron 
oil, liniment of lime, contains equal parts 
liquor calcis and cotton-seed oil. C. Mist., 
consists of C. pulv. comp. 20, cinnamon 
water 40, water 40. Dose^ss. C. Phos- 
phas. See Phosphorus. C. Preparata, 
chalk freed from impurities by washing 
and elutriation. Dose gr. v-xx. C. Pulv. 
Comp., compound chalk powder, consists 
of C. prep. 30, acacia 20, sugar 50 parts. 
Dosegr.v-^j. C. Sulphidum. See Sul- 



CALCULUS 



93 



CAMPHOR 



phur. C. Syr., saccharated syrup of 
lime, contains 5 per cent, lime, 30 per cent, 
sugar, 65 per cent, water. 

Cal'culus (dim. of calx, chalk). A cal- 
careous or stone-like concretion found in 
the bladder, kidney, etc. C, Cutane- 
ous. See Milium. C, Lacteal, or 
Mammary, a calcareous nodule some- 
times obstructing the lactiferous ducts. 
C, Mulberry, oxalate of lime variety, 
resembling a mulberry in shape and color. 
C, Nasal. See Rhinolith. C, Pros- 
tatic, in the prostate gland. C, Renal, 
uric acid calculus found in the kidney, 
producing what has been called nephritic 
colic. C, Salivary, forming in the 
ducts of the salivary glands. C., Vesi- 
cal, may have originally descended from 
the kidney or formed primarily in the 
bladder. 

Calefa'cient (L., calidus, warm, and facio, 
to make). A medicine, externally applied, 
which causes a sensation of warmth. 

Calend / ula. Marigold. The flowering 
plant known as the garden marigold, C. 
officinalis. C, Tinct. contains 20 per 
cent, of the leaves and stems. Used ex- 
clusively as a local application in wounds, 
ulcers and lesions. 

Ca / lices of the Kidneys. The cup-like 
tubes of the ureter which encircle the 
apices of the Malpighian pyramids of the 
kidneys. 

Cal'ico Bush. See Kalmia. 

California Laurel. The leaves of 
Umbellaria Califomica, common to the 
Pacific slope. Recommended by Mann in 
nervous headaches, cerebro-spinal menin- 
gitis, neuralgia, etc. Dose of fid. ext. gtt., 

X— XXX. 

Calisa'ya. See Cinchona. 

Calisthenics (/ca/loc, beautiful, cOevog, 
strength). A term used to express various 
rhythmic movements of the body intended 
to develop the muscles and produce grace- 
fulness of carriage. 

Callos / ity or Callos / itas (L. callus, hard- 
ness). Tylosis, Tyloma, Keratoma. A 
hard, thickened patch on the skin pro- 
duced by excessive accumulation of the 
horny layers. 

CalTus {callus). The exudative deposit 
between and about the fracture of 
a broken bone. C, Permanent, the 
permanent bond of bony union after the 
re-absorption of the C, Provisional, or 
cartilage-like, plastic material first thrown 
out. C. of Skin, induration and thicken- 
ing of same. 



Calm / ative. That which produces a calm- 
ing or depressing effect upon the various 
centres of motor nerves. 

Cal'omel. See Hydrargyrum. 

Calorimeter (calor, heat, juerpov, a mea- 
sure). An instrument for transforming 
the potential energy of the food into heat, 
and to measure the number of heat-units 
produced. Two forms are principally 
used, the Water- and the Ice-C. 

Calum / bo. Columbo. The root of C. 
Jateorrhiza, native to South Africa and 
parts of E. Indies. An excellent example 
of simple bitters. Is not astringent, and 
may be prescribed with salts of iron. Use- 
ful in atonic dyspepsia, and as a mild, 
appetizing tonic in convalescence. C, 
Fid. Ext. Dose ff\v-xxx. C, Tinct., 
contains 10 per cent, of C. Dose gss-ij. 

Calva / rium or Calva / ria (calvus, bald). 
The upper part of the skull. 

Calvit'ies (calvus). Baldness. 

Calx. The heel. In chemistry, formerly 
applied to any oxide of a metal, especially 
an alkaline metal. 

CaTyx (nalv!-, a cup). In anatomy, the 
truncated extremities of the ureters in the 
kidneys. C. of Ovum, the wall of the 
Graafian follicle from which it has escaped. 
In botany, the outer envelope of the 
flower, — the sepals taken collectively. In 
biology, that part of a coral or crinoid 
which surmounts the stem. 

Cambo / gia. Gamboge. A resinous gum 
from Garcinia Hanburii, a tree native to 
Southern Asia. Properties due to gam- 
bogie acid. A drastic hydragogue cathar- 
tic, decidedly diuretic. Officially a con- 
stituent of Pil. Comp. Cath. See 
Colocynth. Dose gr. ij-v. 

Cam / era {jia/iapa, an arched roof or 
chamber). In anatomy, a chamber or 
vaulted structure. C. Cordis, the en- 
veloping membrane of the heart, the peri- 
cardium. C. of Cranium, the chamber of 
the skull. C. Lucida, a four-sided prism 
with sides cut at such an angle that rays of 
light entering it are divided, part continu- 
ing in a right line, the remaining rays 
being reflected at an angle of 90 . C. 
Oculi, the chamber of the eye. In op- 
tics, the chamber or adjustable dark box 
of the apparatus used for photography. 

Cam / phor. A solid volatile oil obtained 
from Cinnamomum camphora, a tree in- 
digenous to Eastern Asia. Yields cam- 
phoric and camphretic acids, also C. 
Cynwl when distilled with zinc chloride. 
A valuable antispasmodic, anodyne and 



CAMPIMETER 



P4 



CANNABIS 



diaphoretic. Applied locally, is an ex- 
cellent rubefacient. A moderate cerebral 
excitant. Effectual in cholera, vomiting, 
cardiac depression and affections requiring 
an antispasmodic. C, Aqua consists of 
camphor 8, alcohol 1 6, distilled water q. s. 
ad iooo parts. Dose ^j-iv. C, Car- 
bolated, a mixture of 2)' z parts of camphor 
with one each of carbolic acid and alcohol. 
C. Ceratum, consists of camphor liniment 
3, olive oil 12, simple cerate 85. C, 
Chloral, a fluid prepared by mixing equal 
parts of camphor and chloral hydrate. An 
excellent solvent for many alkaloids. Used 
externally. C. Linimentum, has cam- 
phor 20, cottonseed oil 80 parts. C, 
Monobromated, camphor in which one 
atom of hydrogen has been replaced by an 
atom of bromine. Resembles the bro- 
mides in therapeutical action. C. Sali- 
cylate, prepared by heating together 14 
parts of camphor with 1 1 of salicylic acid. 
Used as an ointment. C. Spt., contains 
camphor 10, alcohol 70, water 20 parts. 
Dose rr\v-xx. C. Tinct., Rubini's. 
Unof. A saturated solution of camphor 
in alcohol. Dose ttyv-xx. Raspail's 
Eau Sedatif. Unof. Contains aq. am 
monia t ^ij, sodium chloride §ij, camph. 
spt. wine ^iij, water Oj. Used exter- 
nally. 

Campim'eter. See Perimeter. 

Can'ada Snake / root. The root of Asa- 
rmm Canadense. Aromatic stimulant and 
carminative. Dose of fid. ext. TT^xv-^ss. 
Unof. 

Can / adol. A transparent volatile liquid 
resembling benzine in smell. It is an 
excellent local anaesthetic for minor surgi- 
cal operations. Unof. 

Canal', or Canal'is (canna, areed ortube). 
A tube or duct for carrying the fluids of the 
body. Also a hollow instrument used as a 
splint C. Arteriosus, the foetal artery 
uniting the aorta and pulmonary artery. C. 
of Cloquet, a tube in the vitreous humor 
of the eye, transmitting, in the foetus, an 
artery to the lens. C. of Corti, a canal 
between the membrana tecloria and lamina 
basilaris of the cochlea. C. of Cochlea, 
the spiral canal of the cochlea or anterior 
part of the labyrinth of the ear. C. of 
Fontana, a small canal in the eye of 
lower animals formed by the pectiniform 
ligament. C, Haversian. See Haver- 
sian Canal. C, Hunter's, an aponeu- 
rotic canal in the middle third of the thigh 
containing the femoral artery. C. of 
Nuck, a sheath surrounding the round 



ligaments of the uterus. C. of Petit, the 
space between the anterior and posterior 
leaflets of the suspensory ligament of the 
lens of the eye. C. of Schlemm, a cir- 
cular canal in the sclerotic coat of the eye 
close to its juncture with the cornea. C., 
Semicircular, three bony canals of the 
ear, the superior, posterior and external, 
each enclosing the membranous canals. 
C, Semicircular, Function of. See 
Goltz's Statical Theory. C. of Stilling, 
the same as C. of Cloquet. C, Verte- 
bral, the canal extending longitudinally 
through the vertebral column, which con- 
tains the spinal cord. 

Canaliculus (dim. of canalis). A small 
canal ; especially that leading from the 
punctum to the lachrymal sac of the 
eye, and in the plural, the minute canals 
opening into the lacunae of bone. See 
Bone. 

Cancellous (cancellus). Resembling lat- 
tice work. C. Tissue. See Tissue. 

CancelTus (cancelli, lattice). A term 
used to describe the spongy, lattice-work 
texture of bone. 

Can'cer. See Carcinoma. 

Can'croid Ulcer. See Rodent Ulcer. 

Can'crum O'ris. Canker of the mouth, 
gangrenous stomatitis, characterized by foul, 
deep ulcers of the buccal surfaces of the 
cheeks or lips. 

Can'dlefish Oil. See Eulachoni Oleum. 

Cane Sugar. See Saccharum. 

Canine' (cam's, a dog). Partaking of the 
nature of, relating to, or resembling a dog. 
C. Fossa. See Fossa. C. Teeth, the 
cuspid teeth next the lateral incisors, so 
called from their resemblance to a dog's 
teeth. 

Canities. (Lat) Grayness of the hair. May 
be due to old age, or, in young persons, to 
intense emotion, illness, etc. 

Cannab'inon. See Cannabis. 

Can'nabis. Hemp. Indian hemp. The 
flowering tops of C. saliva, of which there 
are two varieties, C. Indica and C. Ameri- 
cana, the former being the most potent. 
Contain a resin, cannabin, an alkaloid, can- 
?iabition (hypnotic. Dose gr. j-v), and a 
volatile oil. An antispasmodic, anaesthetic, 
narcotic, and a powerful aphrodisiac. In 
large doses produces mental exaltation, in- 
toxication and sensation of double con- 
sciousness. A valuable hypnotic in de- 
lirium tremens. Useful in painful affec- 
tions of the bladder and in functional im- 
potence. Bhang, Chimin and Haschisch 
are the various Indian names by which 



CANNULA 



95 



CAPSULE 



the drug is known. C. Indica, Ext., 
dose gr. )/(>-]. C. Ind., Ext. Fid., an al- 
coholic preparation. Dose W\j-v. C. Ind. 
Tinct., contains 20 per cent, of the drug. 
Dose rr\xx-3J. Cannabin Tannate, 
the tannate, a glucoside containing canna- 
bin. Dose as a hypnotic gr. v-x. 

Can / nula (dim. of canna, a tube). A 
surgical instrument consisting of a tube or 
sheath obliquely pointed, and a stiletto. 
Used for tapping and draining tumors and 
cavities. 

Canthar'ides. PI. of Cantharis. 

Cantha / ris. Cantharides. Spanish Fly. 
The dried body of a species of beetle, 
C. vesicatoria (nat. ord. Coleopterd). Con- 
tains a powerful poisonous principle, can- 
tharidin. Locally applied, cantharis is a 
rubefacient and vesicant. Internally an 
irritant, causing gastralgia and vomiting. 
In toxic doses produces severe gastroen- 
teritis, strangury and priapism. Used 
chiefly as an external counter-irritant in the 
form of " blisters." C. Ceratum, can- 
tharides 35, yellow wax 20, resin 20, lard 
35, alcohol q. s. C. Charta, cantharides 
I, Canada turpentine I, olive oil 4, sper- 
maceti 3, white wax 8, water 10 parts, 
spread on paper. C. cum Collodio, 
cantharides 60, flexible collodion 85, chlo- 
roform q. s. C. cum Picis Emplast., 
Burgundy pitch 92, cerat. canthar. 8 
parts. C. Liniment., cantharides 15, 
oil of turpentine q. s. ad 100. C. Tinct. 
contains 5 per cent, of the drug. Dose 
TuJ-xx. 

Can / thoplasty (navdog, the angle of the 
eye, irlaaao), to form). A surgical opera- 
tion for increasing the size of the palpebral 
fissure by cutting the outer can thus. 

Canthor / raphy (/cav#oc, pafyy, a seam). A 
surgical operation to reduce the size of the 
palpebral fissure by a suture of the can- 
thus. 

Can / thus (mvdog). The inner or outer 
angle formed by the juncture of the eyelids. 

CanutiFlo. See Tepopote. 

Caoutchouc (a Caribbean word). The 
concrete, prepared juice of a Brazilian tree, 
Siphonia elastica. Valuable for its elastic 
qualities. Similar properties are found in 
the juices of other trees. See also Gutta 
Percha, q. v. 

Capillary (capillus, a hair). A minute 
blood vessel connecting the smallest rami- 
fications of the arteries with those of the 
veins. Also a very minute fissure of the 
skull. Also the intercellular biliary pass- 
ages. Capillaries, Pulmonary, a name 



used to designate the plexuses beneath the 
mucous membrane, on the walls and septa 
of the lungs. C. Naevus. See Ncevus 
Vascularis. 

Capital {caput, the head). Pertaining to 
the head, or to the summit of a body or 
object. 

CapiteFlum (dim. of caput). The rounded, 
external surface of the lower end of the 
humerus. 

Capit / ulum (dim, of caput). A general 
term applied to any protuberance of bone 
received into the hollow part of another 
bone. 

Cap're. See Mulatto. 

Caproylam / ine (Hexylamine). A pto- 
maine found in the putrefaction of yeast. 

CapryFic Acid. An acid combined with 
glycerine, forming a glyceride existing in 
various animal fats. 

CapseFla. The leaves and stems of C. 
dursa-pastoris, common in temperate cli- 
mates. It is considered by Ehrenwell an 
excellent hemostatic. Unof. See Lycoper- 
don Gigantea. 

Cap / sicum. Cayenne Pepper. The fruit 
of C. fastigiatumi native to tropical Africa 
and America. Odor and hot taste due to 
a volatile oil, capsicin. Irritant to skin 
and mucous membranes. Internally, a 
stomachic tonic, diuretic and aphrodisiac. 
Useful in atonic dyspepsia, flatulent colic, 
and in intermittent fever. C, Emplas- 
trum, prepared from the oleoresin and 
resin plaster. C, Ext. Fid. Dose n\v- 
3J. C, Oleoresin, ethereal. Dose 
Try-v. C., Tinct., contains 5 per cent, 
of capsicum. Dose TT\,x- % j . 

Capsular Lig / ament. The sac or mem- 
branous bag which surrounds every mov- 
able joint or articulation. It contains the 
synovial fluid. 

Cap / sule (dim. of capsa, a chest) . A tunic 
or bag which encloses a part of the body 
or an organ. Also, in pharmacy, a 
small spheroidal shell composed of gly- 
cerine and gelatine, divided so that the 
parts fit together like box and cover. Used 
for the administration of nauseous and re- 
pulsive medicines. C. -filler, a contrivance 
consisting of a funnel tube and plunger, or 
other device, used for introducing medicine 
into capsules. C. of Glisson, the cellulo- 
vascular membrane enveloping the hepatic 
vessels. C, Malpighian. See Alalpig- 
hian Bodies. C, Suprarenal, the duct- 
less glandular body at the apex of each 
kidney. C. of Tenon, the tunica vagi- 
nalis, of the eye. 



CAPSULOTOMY 



96 



CARDAMOMUM 



Capsulot / omy {capsula, a capsule, Tefivo, 
to cut). The operation of rupturing the 
capsule of the crystalline lens in cataract 
operations. 

Cap / uron, Cardinal Points of. See 
Pelvis. 

Caput (Lat.). The head; also the chief 
part or beginning of an organ, as C. 
Coli, C. Gallinaginis. See Veru- 
montanum. C. Succedaneum, a tumor 
composed of a sero-sanguineous infiltra- 
tion of the connective tissue situated upon 
the presenting part of the foetus. 

Car / amel. Cane sugar deprived of two 
molecules of water. A viscid, brown- 
colored liquid. 

Caraway. See Carum. 

Carbolic Acid, See Acid, Carbolic. 

Car / bon. Charcoal. C = 12 ; quantiva- 
lence 11, IV. A non-metal occurring in 
the various forms of diamond, graphite or 
" black lead," and charcoal. In medi- 
cine only the last-named form is employed, 
which may be, — C. Animal. Useful as 
a deodorant and disinfectant. Readily 
absorbs and aids in oxidizing many gases. 
Used internally to absorb fermenting pro- 
ducts of digestion. C. Animal., Purifi- 
cat., purified animal charcoal. Dose gr. 
xx- 3 j. C. Dioxide. The acid, gaseous 
product having the composition of C0 2 , 
commonly known as " carbonic acid gas," 
or carbonic acid. It is a colorless gas 
having a sp. gr. of 1. 52, soluble in cold 
water, and possessing a pungent smell and 
an acid taste. Inhaled, it destroys animal 
life by asphyxiation. In solution, an ex- 
cellent refrigerant and stomachic. Its in- 
halation is fatal in a short time, even when 
diluted with 95 parts of air. It is a product 
of respiration. C. Disulphide, bisulphide 
of carbon, CS 2 , a colorless, transparent liquid 
of offensive odor, highly inflammable, very 
poisonous. A good solvent for caoutchouc. 
Diluted spray recommended in diphtheria. 
Dose rr^ss-j. C. Ligni, wood charcoal. 
C. Tetrachloride, anaesthetic, recom- 
mended locally in asthma, by inhalation. 
Unof. 

Carbonae / mia [carbon, atfia, the blood). 
A word denoting the accumulation of 
carbon dioxide in the blood. 

Carbon / ic Acid. See Carbon Dioxide. 

Carbo / nis Deter'gens Liq. See Fix. 

Carbonization. The process of decom- 
posing organic substances by heat without 
air, until the volatile products are driven 
off and the carbon remains. 

Carbuncle, or 



Carbun / culus (carbo, a live coal). A hard, 
circumscribed, deep-seated, painful inflam- 
mation of the subcutaneous tissue, accom- 
panied by chill, fever and constitutional 
disturbance. Differs from a boil in having 
greater size, a fiat top, and several points 
of suppuration. Erroneously called an- 
thrax. 

Carcino / ma [naptuvog, a crab, from appear- 
ance of the veins). A malignant tumor, 
characterized by a network of connective 
tissue whose areolae are filled with cell 
masses resembling epithelial cells. It is 
prone to affect the lymphatics. C, Chim- 
ney-Sweepers'. See Epithelioma. C, 
Colloid (Alveolar, or Gum), affects 
chiefly the alimentary canal, uterus, peri- 
toneum, etc. ; the delicate connective tissue 
stroma are filled with colloid matter in 
alveoli or cysts. C, Encephaloid, is of 
rapid growth, small amount of stroma, 
large alveoli, and greater amount of cells 
and blood vessels. C., Epitheliomatous, 
or Squamous-celled, the cells resemble 
squamous epithelium, and they invade the 
adjacent tissue in a columnar manner. C, 
Medullary. Same as Encephaloid. C, 
Schirrus, or Hard, most commonly in 
the breast ; has a stout fibrillated stroma, 
closely packed with large nucleated cells. 
Hcematoid (bloody), Melanotic (pigmen- 
ted), Osteoid (in bones), Villous (papil- 
lary), etc., are other varieties, encephaloid 
in character. C. Lenticulare, C. Me- 
lanodes, C. Tuberosum. See Carci- 
noma Cutis. 

Carcino / ma Cu / tis. Cancer of the skin. 
(See also Epithelioma). C. Lenticulare, 
a form of scirrhous cancer, confined at first 
to the skin, characterized by smooth, glis- 
tening, pinkish-red papules or nodules, at 
first separate, but finally involving adjacent 
glands. C. Melanodes, similar to C. 
Lenticulare, but marked by dark-blue, 
brown or black papules, which break into 
fungous growths. C. Tuberosum, a rarer 
form, characterized by large tubercles which 
usually break into ulcers. 

Cardamo / mum. Cardamom, Cardamon. 
The fruit of C. elettaria, cultivated in 
Malabar. Properties due to a volatile oil. 
An aromatic, carminative stomachic, used 
as an ingredient in several "bitters." Use- 
ful when combined with purgatives to pre- 
vent griping. C. Infusum. Unof. Consists 
of cardamom £j, water Oj. Dose wine- 
glassful. C, Tinct., 15 per cent, strength. 
Dose ^j-ij. C, Tinct. Comp., carda- 
mom 20, cinnamon 20, caraway 10, cochi- 



CARDAMON 



97 



CARPUS 



neal 5, glycerine 60, dilute alcohol, q. s. 
ad 1000 parts. Dose ^j-ij. 

Car'damon. See Cardamomum. 

Car'dia (napdia). The heart. C. of 
Stomach, a name sometimes used to 
designate the cardiac orifice of the stomach. 

Cardiac (napdia). Pertaining to the heart. 
C. Cycle, the total cardiac movement or re- 
volution. C. Dullness, the region cover- 
ing the position of the heart, as shown by 
percussion. C. Ganglia, lie in the grooves 
and substance — the principal are Remak's 
and Bidder's, the first on the surface of 
the sinus venosus, and the latter (two) at 
the auriculo-ventricular groove. C. Im- 
pulse, the elevation in the fifth left inter- 
costal space, caused by the movement of 
the heart. C. Murmurs. See Murmurs. 

Cardial'gia (napdia, alyog, pain). A term 
loosely used as a synonym of gastrodynia 
in general, heartburn, and stomachic pains 
on the left side. 

Cardinal (cardo, a hinge). A chief or 
principal part. C. Flower, a common 
name for several species of lobelia. C. 
Points. See Eye. Diagrammatic. C. 
Veins, the venous trunks which, in the 
embryonic stage, form primitive jugular 
veins. 

Cardiogram (napdia, ypafijirj, a line). The 
tracing made of the cardiac impulse by the 
aid of the cardiograph. 

Cardiograph (napdia, ypatyo, to write). 
An instrument for registering graphically, 
by curved lines, the modifications of the 
pulsations of the heart. 

Cardio-inhnVitory. Pertaining to the 
diminution of the heart's action. C.-i. 
Center, located in the medulla. C.-i. 
Nerves, the fibres of the spinal accessory 
supplied to the vagus. 

Cardio-pneumat'ic (napdia, irvev/ia, the 
breath). Pertaining to the heart and the 
breath. C. -p. Movements. Those move- 
ments of the air in the lungs which are 
caused by the pulsations of the heart and 
the larger vessels. 

Cardio-pneu'mograph (napdia, izvev/ia, 
ypacpo), to write). An instrument designed 
for graphically recording cardio-pneumatic 
movements. 

Car'duus. The seeds of C. marianus, 
St. Mary's thistle, and C. benedictus, 
blessed thistle. A decoction of the former, 
^ij ad Oj, constitutes an old and popular 
remedy in haemoptysis. The latter is also 
a popular cure-all, used mainly as a tonic 
bitters. Unof. 

CarTcin. See Papain. 
7 



Ca / ries (carlo, to rot). A chronic inflam- 
mation of bone with rarefaction or absorp- 
tion of bony tissue, followed usually by 
pus-formation. Called, also, rarefying os- 
teitis. C. Fungosa, when there is great 
rapidity of formation and extension of 
granulation tissue. C, Necrotic, when 
portions of bone lie in a suppurating cav- 
ity. C. of Spine, or Pott's Disease, 
osteitis of the bodies of the vertebrae and 
intervertebral fibro-cartilage producing cur- 
vature of the spine. 

Ca / rious. Pertaining to caries. 

Carminative (carmen, a charm). A 
calming or soothing medicine, chiefly for 
children, that acts by relieving pain from 
flatulence. 

Carmine. A coloring matter extracted 
from cochineal, q.v. Also, a leucomaine 
isolated from American meat-extract, but 
not from muscle-tissue itself, — also obtained 
from yeast and wine. It is not thought to 
be very poisonous, but experiments made 
by Briicke showed a fluctuation in the rate 
of the heart-beat apparently caused by in- 
ternal administration of the leucomaine. 

Carnau / ba. The root of Corypha cerifera. 
Used in Brazil as an alterative. Resem- 
bles sarsaparilla in properties. Dose of 
the fid. ext. TT^xxx-gj. Unof. 

Carnifica / tion (caro, flesh, fieri, to make). 
A term indicating the alteration of tissue 
to an unnatural, fleshy appearance. Also, 
the amyloid degeneration of certain tissues. 

Carnivorous (caro, voro, to devour). In 
surgery, a name applied to caustic sub- 
stances. In zoology, flesh-eating animals. 

Car / nose (carnosus, fleshy). Resembling, 
or having the consistence of flesh. 

Caro / ba. The leaflets of Jacaranda pro- 
cera. A popular Brazilian remedy as an 
alterative and tonic in syphilis. Dose of 
the fid. ext. TTpcv-gj. Unof. 

CarotTd (napoo, to produce sleep). The 
great arteries of the neck. (They were 
thought to give origin to sleep.) See 
Artery. 

Car / pal (carpus, the wrist). Pertaining to 
the wrist. 

Carphol'ogy (naptyog, chaff, and Xeyu, to 
collect). A term applied to that symptom 
in delirious and dying persons consisting 
in picking at the bed clothes. 

Carpozy / ma (napirog, fruit, r v/uj, ferment). 
An alcoholic ferment. C. Apiculata, a 
widely diffused alcoholic ferment found in 
all fruits. 

Carp / us. The wrist. The eight bones 
collectively forming the wrist. 



CARRIAGE 



96 



CASTANEA 



Carriage. See Ward-carriage. 

Car'ron Oil. See Linum. 

Car-sickness. The well-known symp- 
toms of sea-sickness produced by journey- 
ing in railway cars. 

Cartha / mus. American Saffron or Saf- 
fiower. The flowers of C. tinctorius. An 
infusion, " Saffron tea,'* is a popular domes- 
tic remedy as a diuretic in measles and 
other exanthematous affections. Unof. 

Car'tilage. Gristle. A white, semi-opaque, 
non-vascular tissue composed of a matrix, 
containing nucleated cells. C, Hya- 
line, distinguished by granular or homo- 
geneous matrix. C, Fibro-, distinguished 
by a fibrous matrix. When boiled, cartilage 
yields a substance called chondrine, q. v. 
Cartilages of Larynx. The cartilages 
of the larynx produce the various modula- 
tions of the pitch and intensity of the voice. 
Consist of the thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, 
and a pair each of arytenoid, cornicula 
lar\nps and cuneiform. C. of San- 
torini, a nodule at the apex of each aryte- 
noid cartilage, the corniculum laryngis. 
C. of Wrisberg, the cuneiform cartilages, 
one on each side of the fold of membrane 
stretching from the arytenoid cartilage to 
the epiglottis. 

Ca'rum. Caraway. The seeds of C. carui, 
indigenous to Europe and an allied species 
native to the Pacific coast of America. 
Odor and taste due to a volatile oil. Valu- 
able in infant colic, but used chiefly as a 
flavor. C. Infusum, unof., fjj-ij, ad Oj. 
Dose ^ss-ij. 

Car 'uncle (dim. caro, flesh). A small, 
abnormal fleshy growth. C, Lachrymal, 
upon the conjunctiva near the inner can- 
thus. 

Carun / culae (cutis, the skin). The nym- 
phse. C. Myrtifor'mes, the projections 
of membrane near the orifice of the 
vagina, thought to be the remains of the 
hymen after its rupture. They have also 
been found in the imperforated hymen. 

CaryophylTus. Clove. The unexpanded 
flowers of Eugenia caryophyllata, distin- 
guished by their pungent, spicy taste. 
Properties due to a volatile oil, which is 
antiseptic, stimulant and irritant. Useful 
as a stomachic, and to prevent griping 
when combined with purgatives. Used 
also by microscopists to clarify preparations 
and tissues for mounting. C. Infusum. 
Unof. A strength of I to 40 recom- 
mended. Dose 3J-ij- C. 01., contains 
an acid and a phenol compound. Dose 
rrU-iv. 



Cas'ca Bark (Sassy Bark, Ordeal Bark). 
The bark of Erythrophlccum Guincnse, a 
tree native to Africa. Properties due to 
an alkaloid. Produces nausea and vomit- 
ing. Valuable in intermittent fevers. C. 
Tinct., 25 per cent, in strength. Dose 
TT\x. Unof. Erythrophline, the active 
alkaloid, unof., locally an anaesthetic. 

Casca / ra Amar'ga. Honduras Bark. The 
bark of a tree native to Mexico. Much 
used as an alterative tonic in syphilis and 
skin affections. C, Fid. Ext. Dose 
2jss-j. Unof. 

Casca / ra Sagra'da (Chittem Bark, Sa- 
cred Bark). The bark of Rhamnus pur- 
shiana, or California Buckthorn. Properties 
due to a volatile oil. Useful in treatment 
of chronic constipation. C. Cordial, a 
trade preparation. All unof. 

CascariPla. The bark of Croton eluteria. 
Native to the Bahama Islands. An aro- 
matic bitter, increasing the natural secre- 
tions of the digestive organs. A tincture 
and an infusion, both I to 10, freshly pre- 
pared and used in 3J-^j doses. Unof. 

Caseation [caseian, cheese). The precipi- 
tation of casein during the coagulation of 
milk. Also a fatly degeneration of pus, 
tubercle, etc., in which the structure is 
converted into a soft, cheese-like substance. 

Ca'se'in (caseum). A derived albumin; 
the chief proteid of milk, precipitated by 
acids and by rennet at 40 C. It is closely 
allied to alkali-albumin, but contains 
more nitrogen and a large amount of phos- 
phorus. It constitutes most of the curd of 
milk. Two varieties of C, Vegetable 
have been described, — Legumin, in peas, 
beans, etc., and Conglutin. in hops and 
almonds. 

Ca'seous [caseuni). Having the nature or 
consistence of cheese. 

Cassa / va. The fecula of manioc, Jani- 
pha manihot, separated from the juice. 
Commonly known as bread fruit. Unof. 

Casser'ian GangTion. A large crescent- 
shaped ganglion of nerves, situated in a 
depression in the petrous portion of the 
temporal bone. It is the ganglion of the 
larger or sensory root of the fifth nerve. 
From it arise the ophthalmic, the superior 
and inferior maxillary divisions. Called 
also the Gasserian Ganglion. 

Cas'sia. Purging cassia. The fruit of a 
tree, C. fistula, growing in tropical regions. 
The pulp in .^j-ij doses is a mild laxative. 

Castan'ea. Chestnut. The leaves of C. 
vesca. Contain tannic and gallic acids 
and other principles whose value is not 



CASTOR BEAN 



99 



CATHETER 



known. Used in decoction as a remedy 
for whooping-cough. C, Fid. Ext. Dose 
3 ss-ij . 

Cas / tor Bean and C. Oil. See Ricini. 

Castration (castro, to cut off). The ex- 
cision of one or both testicles. C, Fe- 
male, removal of the ovaries. 

Casts. See Tube Casts. 

Catacau / sis [Kara, naico, to burn). Spon- 
taneous combustion. 

Catacla / sis (/cara, K^acj, to break). A 
distortion of the eyelids. Also, a fracture. 

Catacrot / ic (/cara, uporog, a striking). Ele- 
vations interrupting the line of descent in 
a sphygmogram. 

Cat'alepsy (Kara, Xa/nj3avo, to seize). A 
spasmodic disease marked by suspension 
of consciousness and sensation, with rigid- 
ity of muscles, without material alteration 
in circulation, etc. See Somnambulism. 

Catalysis (Karahvo, to dissolve). In 
chemistry, a reaction which takes place 
owing to the mere presence of another 
body which apparently undergoes no 
change. 

Catame / nia (aara, jutjv, month). The re- 
current monthly discharge of blood during 
sexual life from the genital canal of the 
female. 

Catapha / sia (naTa<paoig, assent). A con- 
dition of imperfect consciousness, in which 
the patient repeatedly utters the same 
word or words spontaneously, or in reply 
to a question. 

Cataphoric (/cara, (popea), to carry). Per- 
taining to the transference of currents 
through membranous septa in the direc- 
tion of a galvanic current. 

Cataphore / sis (Kara^opeu, to bear away). 
The transfer of medicaments by the cata- 
phoric action of the diffusion-electrode to 
deep-seated tissues, as, e.g., chloroform 
into the substance of a nerve. 

Cat'aplasm. See Poultice. 

Cat / aract (KarapaiiTyc, a falling down, or 
over, as of something over the vision). 
Diminished transparency or an opacity of 
the crystalline lens or of its capsule. C, 
Black, the lens is pigmented, and of a dark- 
brown color. C, Capsular, consists in 
non-transparent deposits on the inner sur- 
face of the capsule. C, Cortical, opaci- 
fication of the outer layers of the lens. 
C, Diabetic, is associated with diabetes. 
C, Discission of, an operation prelimi- 
nary to absorption, or extraction by suc- 
tion, consisting in rupturing the capsule, 
so that the aqueous humor gains access to 
the lens. C, Extraction of. Removal 



of the cataractous lens by surgical opera- 
tion. See Extraction of C. C, Imma- 
ture, or Unripe, only a part of the lens- 
substance is cataractous. C, Lamellar, 
or Zonular; certain layers between the 
cortex and nucleus are opaque, the remain- 
ing layers being transparent. C, Mature, 
or C, Ripe.. The whole lens-substance 
is cataractous. C, Morgagnian, when 
a hypermature or overripe C. shrinks and 
leaves a nucleus floating in the dissolved 
outer layers. C, Polar, (anterior or pos- 
terior), the opacity is confined to one 
pole of the lens. C, Pyramidal, the 
opacity is at the anterior pole and conoid, 
the apex extending forward. C, Recur- 
rent Capsular, or Secondary. Capsular 
cataract, appearing after the extraction of 
the lens. C., Senile, the cataract of old 
persons, the most frequent form, and that 
understood when not specified as congeni- 
tal ', Juvenile, traumatic, soft, etc. C, 
Soft, is especially that of the young ; the 
lens-matter is of soft consistency and a 
milky appearance. 
Catarrh 7 (naTappea), to flow down). In- 
flammation of the mucous membrane, espe- 
cially of the respiratory tract, but also used 
of the bladder, etc. See Coryza, Influenza, 
etc. C, Gastric, gastritis. C, Intesti- 
nal, enteritis. C, Nasal, coryza. C, 
Pulmonary, bronchitis. C, Vesical, 
cystitis. 

Cat'aschasm (Kara, (xxaaju-a, scarified 
part). Deep or thorough scarification. 
Catastal'tic (/caraoreA/lw, to contract 
downward). Astringent. 
Catat / ony. See Katatonia. 
Catelectrot'onus {cathode, electro, rovoq, 
tension). The state of increased irritabil- 
ity of a nerve near the cathode. See Ane- 
lectrotonus. 
Cat-gut. The intestines of a sheep treated 
to make ligatures. C, Carbolized, ren- 
dered aseptic by soaking in an emulsion of 
carbolic acid. 
Catharsis (mOat-po, to purge). Purgation. 
Cathart'ic (icadatpo)). A medicine used 
to produce evacuations of the bowels. A 
purgative. 

Cathelectrot / onus. See Catelcctrotonus. 
Catheter (naderrip, a thing put down). A 
tube-like instrument for evacuating the 
liquid of a cavity, usually the bladder. 
C, Eustachian, an instrument for ex- 
amining the E. tube, distending or making 
applications to it. C. Fever, disturbance, 
with fever, following introduction of the C. 
into the urethra. 



CATHODE 



100 



CELL-BODY 



Cathode. See Kathode. 

Cat / ion [Kara, downward, eiut, to-go). A 
word employed in electrolysis to denote an 
electro-positive element. See Ion. 

CatTing. A pointed, two-edged knife for 
amputating. 

Cat / nep. The leaves and tops of the herb 
Nepeta cataria. Stimulant and tonic. A 
popular remedy in chlorosis, hysteria, etc. 
Dose of lid. ext. gj-ij. Unof. 

Catop'trics {mro-TptKog, in a mirror). 
The laws of the reflection of light. C. 
Test, the diagnosis of cataract by means 
of the reflection of images from the cornea 
and lens capsules. 

Caud'a Equi / na. The terminal extrem- 
ity of the spinal cord from the second lum- 
bar vertebra, resembling a horse's tail. 

Caud'ate [cauda, a tail). Having, or re- 
sembling a tail. C. Lobe of Liver, a 
small elevation of the liver. C. Nucleus, 
the intra-ventricular portion of the corpus 
striatum. 

Caul (Welsh catd, a covering for the 
bowels). A portion or all of the foetal 
membranes covering the head and carried 
out in advance of it in labor. 

Caustic (nai.0, to burn). A substance 
that disorganizes or destroys living tissue. 
C. Alkali, a pure alkaline hydrate or 
oxide. C, Common, argentic nitrate. 
C, Dubois's, arsenious acid I, mercuric 
sulphide 16, dragon's blood 8 parts. C, 
Lunar, argentic nitrate or nitrate of sil- 
ver. C, Mitigated, argentic nitrate made 
less active by fusion with potassium ni- 
trate or argentic chloride. C. Potash, 
potassium hydrate. See Potassium. C. 
Soda, sodium hydrate. 

Cautery (moo). Primarily, the applica- 
tion of caustics, but more frequently now 
the use of the galvanic cautery or hot 
iron for counter-irritation, removal of tis- 
sue, etc. C, Actual, the use of the white- 
hot iron. C. Button, iron heated in hot 
water. C. Gas, cauterization by a stream 
of burning gas directed upon the part. 
C, Galvanic, a platinum wire heated by 
electricity. C, Paquelin's, or C, Ther- 
mo-, a hollow platinum point kept at a 
uniform temperature by a current of ben- 
zene vapor. C, Potential, or C, Vir- 
tual, the application of caustic substances. 

Cav'alry Bone. A bony deposit in the 
adductor muscles of the thigh. 

Cav / ernous {caverna, a cave). Having 
cave-like spaces or hollow places. C. 
Bodies, the corpora cavernosa of the 
penis. C. Breathing, the reverberating 



or hollow sound of bronchial breathing in 
dilated or abnormal bronchi. C. Plexus. 
See Plexus. C. Sinus, situate at the 
side of the body of the sphenoid. C. Tis- 
sue, erectile tissue. C. Tumor. See 
Angeioma. 

Cayenne Pepper. See Capsicum. 

Ceboceph'alus (zc^of , a kind of monkey, 
KEoa/.i], head). A cyclocephalic monster 
with a complete absence of the nose. 

Ce'cum. See Cactim. 

Ce / dron. The seeds of C. simaba. A 
popular external remedy in tropical Amer- 
ica for the bite of venomous insects and 
serpents. Of reputed value in malarial 
fevers. Dose of the fid. ext. Try-viij. 

Ceke (pronounced theke). A Feejee term 
for elephantiasis of the scrotum. 

Celandine. See Chelidonhan. 

-cele [kija-i]^ a tumor). A suffix denoting 
a tufnor. 

Cel'ery. The stalks of common garden 
celery. Contains apiol, an active prin- 
ciple found in wild parsneps. Reputed to 
be antispasmodic and nervine. Dose in- 
definite. C. Seed, used to cover the taste 
of ether drugs. Unof. 

Ce / lioscope. See Cceloscope. 

Cell (L. cella,a. small," hollow cavity). In 
anatomy, the interstitial spaces and small 
cavities of the bones. In biology, a nucle- 
ated mass of protoplasm capable of repro- 
duction. See Cell-body. C. of Corti, 
the hair-cells on the outer surface of the 
organ of Corti. C. of Deiters, cells with 
fine processes resting on the basilar mem- 
brane of the cochlea, beneath the air-cells. 
C, Giant, the polynucleated bodies of 
protoplasmic matter occurring in tubercu- 
losis, sarcoma, etc. C. Multiplication. 
Cytogenesis. A name given to the process 
of reproduction of cells. May be endo- 
gencus, as when the cell-contents break 
up by segmentation into separate nucleated 
masses within the cell wall ; gemiparous, 
as when new cells bud from the mother- 
cell ; and Jissiparous, as when the mother- 
cell divides by cleavage into two or more 
cells. C, Neuro-musc\ilar, a name 
given to certain cells of lower life-forms, 
which act in part as nerves and in part as 

muscles. 

Cell-body. The mass of a cell, composed 

of two substances, the viitoma, or cyto- 
mitoma, and the para-mitofna. The first 

is the thread-like basis of the C.-b,. the 

latter the homogeneous filar and interfilar 

substance. The nucleus is composed of 

karyo-niitoma, or nuclear network, other- 



CELLULITIS 



101 



CENTRUM 



wise called the chromatin ; the nuclear 
sap, or substances contained in the meshes 
of the chromatin, and from its non-staining 
quality called achromatin ; and the nuclear 
membrane, made up of two layers, the 
outer achromatic, the inner chromatic, or 
staining. The nucleoli are usually mul- 
tiple, and composed of more refractile 
matter. 

Cellulitis (dim. cella, ills). A diffuse 
inflammation of the cellular tissue, due to 
some wound and introduction of septic 
material. 

CelTuloid. Zylonite, Xylonite. A sub- 
stance made by heating trinitro-cellulin or 
gun-cotton with camphor, under pressure. 
An excellent substitute for ivory and 
tortoise-shell. Useful in various ways in 
surgery. Highly inflammable. Unof. 

CelTulose. The basis of vegetable fiber. 
Identical in composition with starch. 
Swedish filter-paper is pure C. 

Celot / omy [pfkr], tumor, refivcj, to cut). 
The operation for strangulated hernia by 
incision of the stricture. 

Cement / um. See Tooth. 

Cenaesthe / sis (noivog, common, "aiadr^crtg, 
feeling). Used latterly as a synonym for 
the sensations of the visceral organs. 

Center [nevrpov). The middle point or line 
of the body. The ganglion or plexus 
whence issue the nerves controlling a func- 
tion. C. Accelerans, a probable C. in the 
medulla sending accelerating fibres to the 
heart. They leave the cord through the 
rami communicantes of the lower cervical 
and upper six dorsal nerves, passing thence 
into the sympathetic. C, Ano-spinal, 
controls defecation ; at the 5~6~7th lumbar 
vertebrae ; but for the co-ordinated activity 
it must remain in connection with the 
brain. C, Auditory, probably in the 
temporo-sphenoidal lobes, upon each side. 
C, Cardio-inhibitory, in the medulla, 
carried by the vagus. C, Cilio-spinal, 
connected with the dilatation of the 
pupil; lower cervical part of cord. C. 
for Closure of Eyelids, in the medulla, 
part of the Facial Center. C, Cough- 
ing, in medulla, above Respiratory C. 
C, Ejaculation, Budge's Genito-spinal 
C, 4th lumbar vertebra (rabbit). C, 
Erection, is in the spinal cord, but con- 
trolled from the medulla. C. for Masti- 
cation and Sucking, Facial and Hypo- 
glossal Centers. C. for Secretion of 
Saliva, floor of fourth ventricle. C, 
Gustatory and Olfactory, in the unci- 
nate gyrus. C, Heat-regulating or 



Temperature. Has been assumed by 
some. C, Micturition, the Vesico-spinal 
C. of Budge, at the lumbar vertebrae ; co- 
ordination requires cerebral connection. 
C, Parturition, at 1st and 2d lumbar 
vertebrae. C, Respiratory, in the me- 
dulla, between nuclei of vagus and acces- 
sorius; called by Flourens the A T oeud 
Vital, or Vital Point. C, Sensory, or 
Psycho-sensorial Areas, occipital and tem- 
poro-sphenoidal lobes, probably the same, 
or intimately associated with, the motor 
centers of the parts. C, Sneezing, 
same as for nerves for muscles of expira- 
tion. C, Spasm, in the medulla, at 
junction with pons. C, Speech, in the 
third left frontal convolution in right- 
handed people. C, Swallowing, in 
floor of 4th ventricle. C, Sweat, the 
dominating C. is in the medulla, with 
subordinate spinal centers. C, Upper, for 
Dilator Pupillae, in medulla. C, Vaso- 
dilator, probably exists in medulla, with 
function the opposite of that of the Vaso- 
motor. C, Vaso-motor, in the medulla. 
C, Vesico-spinal. See Micturition C. 
C, Visual, in the occipital lobe, espe- 
cially in the cuneus, C, Vomiting, by 
means of auricular branch from the jugu- 
lar ganglion. 

Centigrade [centum, a hundred, gradus, 
a step). Abbreviation, C. Having ioo 
steps or degrees. C. Thermometer, a 
thermometer with zero as the freezing 
point and ioo° as the boiling point of 
water. To reduce C. to Fahrenheit regis- 
tration, the following formula is useful : — 
|° C. -j- 32 = F. See Thermometer. 
Centigramme. The hundredth of a 
gramme, equal to 0.1543 of a grain avoir- 
dupois, or one-sixth of a grain Troy. 
Centilitre. The hundredth of a litre ; 
equal to 0.6102 of an English cubic inch. 
Centimeter. The hundredth part of a 
metre, equal to 0.39371 (or about §) of an 
English inch. 
Cent'rad [centrum, ad). Toward the cen- 
ter, or median line. 

Centrifugal [centrum, fugio, to fly). Re- 
ceding from the center. C. Nerves, 
those (mostly motor) conveying impulses 
toward the peripheral parts of the body. 
Centripetal [centrum, peto, to seek). 
Traveling toward the center. C. Nerves, 
those (mostly sensory) conveying impres- 
sions from the peripheral organs toward 
the cerebro-spinal system. 
Centrum. The center or middle part. 
C. Ovale Major, the large masses of 



CEPHAL.-EMIA 



102 



CETACEUM 



white matter appearing when both hemi- 
spheres are cut down to the level of the 
corpus callosuvi. C. Ovale Minor, the 
white matter appearing when the upper 
part of a hemisphere of the brain is re- 
moved. 

Cephalae'mia {keoo/.tj, aiua, blood). An 
abnormal determination of blood to the 
head. 
Cephalalgia {ksoci/.t}, a/yog, pain). Pain 
in the head. 
Cephalhaemato / ma {Keoa/.rj, ai/naro/ua, a 
bloody fungus). A bloody tumor of the 
head. See Caput Succedaneum. 
Cephalhy / drocele. A tumor formed by a 
collection of cerebro-spinal fluid under the 
scalp as a result of cranial fracture. 
CephalTc. Pertaining to the head. C. 
Index. See Index. C. Vein, a vein of 
the shoulder. C. Version. See Version. 
C. Tetanus. See Kopf- Tetanus. 
Cephalog / raphy {ne6a7jri, ypadu, to write). 

A description of the head. 
Cepb/aloid (nEqa/.ri, etdog, likeness). Re- 
sembling the head. 
CephaloFogy (/ceoa/j/, "/joyoq, treatise). 
The science of cranial measurements and 
indications. 
Cephalom'eter {nEoaltj, fierpov, a meas- 
ure). An instrument for measuring the 
head. 
Cephalop'agns {ne<pa/.7?, head, Trayeig, 
joined). An ensomphalic monstrosity with 
the heads united at the top. 
Cephalot / omy (/cepa/.??, tojitj^ section). 
The crushing or breaking-down the head 
of the fcetus in labor. It is effected by 
the cephalotome, an instrument for this 
purpose. 

Cepb/alotribe {Ke<pa/,7j, -pifiu, to crush). 
An instrument for crushing the foetal head 
in cephalotripsy. 
Cephalotrip'sy [K.e<pa?,rj, rp^3w). The 
operation of crushing the fcetal head when 
delivery is otherwise impossible. 
Ce'ra (Lat.). Wax. A mixture of cerotic 
acid, cerolein, and myricin, gathered by 
the honey bee from the pollen of flowers 
and the leaves of plants. C. Alba, white 
wax, prepared by bleaching yellow wax. 
Valuable as an ingredient of cerates and 
ointments. C. Flava, yellow wax; pos- 
sesses an agreeable balsamic odor. Solu- 
ble in ether, hot alcohol, and chloroform. 
Cer'asin. See Choke-che?-ry. 
Cerato-. See Kerato-. 
Cera / tum {cera, wax). A cerate. In 
pharmacy an unctuous preparation of white 
wax and lard. There are 8 official cerata. 



Cercomo'nas Intestina / lis. An intesti- 
nal infusorial parasite of men and animals. 
CerebePlum i^dim. of cerebrum). The 
inferior part of the brain, lying below the 
cerebrum. 
Cerebrasthe / nia. See Phrenasthenia. 
Cer / ebrin {cerebrum). A nitrogenous glu- 
coside obtained from brain-tissue. 
Cerebrin / acides. Substances found in 
brain-tissue, derived from or containing 
cerebrose. 

Cerebrin'ic Acid. A name given by 
Thudichum to an organic acid found in 
brain-tissue. Has feebly acid qualities. 
Cerebri'tis {cerebrujn, irig). Inflamma- 
tion of the proper substance of the cere- 
brum, due to traumatism, contiguous in- 
flammation, or septic influence. Headache, 
possible vomiting and convulsions are the 
most marked symptoms. 
Cerebrose. A name given to a certain 
crystallized sugar isomeric with glucose, 
occurring in brain-tissue. 
Cer / ebrosides. A name given by Thu- 
dichum to a class of substances occurring 
in brain-tissue, containing cerebrose. 
Cer'ebro-spi'nal. Pertaining to the whole 
of the brain and spinal structure. C. Axis. 
See Axis. C. Fluid, the fluid between 
the arachnoid membrane and the spinal 
cord. C. System, the brain, spinal cord 
and nerves. 
Cer / ebrum. The chief portion of the 
brain, occupying the whole upper part of 
the cranium. 

Ce / rium. Ce = 140 ; quantivalence II, 
IV. One of the rarer metals. The oxalate 
is the only salt employed in medicine. A 
gastric sedative, useful in the vomiting of 
pregnancy. Dose gr. iv-v. 
Ceru / men {cera, wax). The wax of the 
ear. 
Cervical {cervix, the neck). Pertaining 
to the neck. 
Cer / vix. The neck; also the posterior 
part of the neck. Applied also to con- 
stricted parts of other organs, as cervix of 
the bladder, cervix of penis. 
Cest / ode {tcearog, a girdle). Used of worms, 
of which Tiznia is a type. 
Ceta'cea {cetus, a whale). An order of 
mammals living in the sea, as the whale, 
dolphin, etc. 
Ceta'ceum. Spermaceti. A fatty sub- 
stance somewhat resembling paraffine in 
its physical properties. Obtained from the 
head of the sperm whale. Soluble in ether, 
chloroform and boiling alcohol. Employed 
only as an emollient. C. Ceratum, con- 



CETRARIA 



103 



CHENOPODIUM 



tains spermaceti io, white wax 35, olive 
oil 55 parts. 

Cetra / ria. Iceland moss. A lichen, C. 
Islandica, found in Iceland and other 
northern countries. Contains a form of 
starch which gelatinizes when boiled with 
water. A feebly tonic demulcent, some- 
times recommended in pulmonary affec- 
tions. Well known under the name of 
blanc mange, when allowed to simmer 
with milk. Official decoction contains 5 
per cent, of the lichen. Dose ^ ij-iv. 

Chala'zae (.^aAa^a, hail). The two twisted 
cords or layers of the outer denser part of 
the albumin, extending from the poles of 
the yolk of a hen's egg to near the outer 
part of the white. 

Chalazion (xa/ia&ov, a small hailstone). 
A tumor of the eyelid from retained secre- 
tion of the Meibomian glands. A Meibo- 
mian cyst. 

Chalico / sis (x a ? u Z> gravel). A disease 
of the lungs caused by the inhalation of 
dust or sand by workmen. 

Chalk {calx, lime). Carbonate of lime. See 
Calcium. C. Stone, gout-stone — deposits 
in the hands and feet of gouty patients. 

Chalybeate {x a ^ v ^>, iron). Containing 
iron. 

Cham'berland's Bougie or Filter. See 
Filter. 

Chamomile. See Anthemis. 

Chan / cre (Fr., same). There is an un- 
fortunate difference and even absolute con- 
tradiction in the definitions of authorities 
regarding this term. The trend of opinion 
seems to be to consider chancre as the 
initial lesion of syphilis, a true infecting 
sore, followed by constitutional symptoms ; 
and chancroid as a non-infecting sore. C, 
Hard, Hunterian, Indurated, Infect- 
ing, Non-suppurating, or True, the 
ulcer of venereal origin, that is followed by 
constitutional syphilis. C, Non-incuba- 
tory, Non-infecting, Simple, or Soft, 
a contagious, suppurating, non-syphilitic 
venereal ulcer, more properly called chan- 
croid. C, Phagedenic, chancroid with 
a tendency to erosion. C, Serpiginous, 
a variety of the last that spreads superficially 
in curved lines. 

Chan / croid. See Chancre. 

Change of Life. A common term for the 
cessation of the catamenia. 

Char / bon. The French term for anthrax, 
or pus tula maligna. 

Char / coal. See Carbon. 

Cha^cot-Neumann Crystals. See 
Spermine. 



Cha^cot-Robin Crystals. Crystals 
forming upon leucocythaemic blood when 
allowed to stand exposed for a few days. 

Charcot's Disease. An affection of the 
joints, due to disseminated insular scle- 
rosis. 

Charp / ie (carpo, to pluck). Linen shreds 
for dressing wounds. 

Char / riere's Guillotine. An instrument 
for excising the tonsils. 

Char'ta [x a P Tr l < ^y paper). A paper. In 
pharmacy, a strip of paper as an excipient, 
the fibers of which are impregnated with the 
prescribed medicinal substance. Of the 
three official chartce, two are intended as 
vesicants. C. Epispastica, blistering 
paper. C. Sinapis, mustard paper. Also 
a wrapper for holding powders or medi- 
cines. 

Chaulmoo / gra Oil. An oil expressed 
from the seeds of Gynocardia odorata, a. 
tree native to the E. Indies. Soluble in 
alcohol. Properties due to gynocardic acid. 
Thought to be useful in leprosy. Recom- 
mended in scaly eczema, psoriasis and 
syphilitic skin affections. For external 
use, gr. xx ad ^ j of petrolatum. Internally, 
dose gtt. v-x of the oil, or gr. ss-iij of the 
acid. All unof. 

Chechen. The leaves of C. myrtus. Pro- 
perties due to an alkaloid and a volatile oil. 
Diuretic and expectorant. Similar in ac- 
tion to eucalyptus. Serviceable in chronic 
catarrh, laryngitis, etc. Dose^ss-j. Unof. 

Cheeks. The sides of the face. Com- 
posed of fat, areolar tissue, muscles, etc. 

Cheese-rennet. See Ladies' Bed-straw. 

CheiFoplasty {xuJioq, lip, 7T?,aaao), to 
form). Plastic operations upon the lip. 

Cheiropom / phlox. See Pomphlox. 

Chelido / nium. Celandine. The leaves 
and stems of C. ma/us. Properties due to 
a number of alkaloids and acids. A drastic 
cathartic, and externally an irritant. Of 
service in jaundice, whooping-cough, and 
catarrhal pneumonia. Dose of the plant 
gr. x-xxx; of the juice rr\v-xx. Unof. 

CheToid. See Keloid. 

CheTonin. See Balmony. 

Chemistry (Arab, al-kimid). The sci- 
ence of the molecular and atomic structure 
of bodies. 

Chemo / sis {xr} 110010). Conjunctival and 
sub-conjunctival swelling. 

Chenopo / dium. American Wormseed. 
The fruit of C. amdrosoides, a plant native 
to the United States. Properties due to a 
volatile oil, the only preparation used. A 
mild cardiac stimulant, promoting the se- 



CHERRY 



104 



CHLORINE 



cretions of skin and kidneys. A very 
efficient anthelmintic against the round 
worm. Dose of the oil TTyv-xv. 

Cher / ry. The bark of the common 
cherry, Pr units scroti 'na. A mild bitter 
and tonic, containing tannin. Dose of fid. 
ext. sjss-j. Prunin, a concentrated ext. 
Dose gr. j-iij. C. Compound, each Oj 
represents cherry bark ^viij, lettuce ^iij, 
horehound ^iijss, bloodroot, £j, veratrum 
viride ^ss. Dose rr^xv-^j. All unof. 

Chest. See Thorax. 

Chest'nut. See Castatiea. 

Chew / stick. The bark of Gouania Domin- 
getisis. A popular aromatic bitter in the 
West Indies. Dose of the fid. ext. g j-iij. 
Unof. 

Cheyne-Stokes Respiration. See Res- 
piration. 

ChLasm (^ia^w, to make a cross, as an X). 
The optic commissure. 

Chicken-pox. See Varicella. 

Chi / cot. Kentucky Coffee Bean. The 
seeds of Gy?nnocladus Canadensis. Con- 
tains a volatile oil and a glucoside. Pro- 
bably a cerebro-spinal stimulant. Some- 
times used as a substitute for coffee. Unof. 

Chignon 7 Fun / gus. A name given to 
the formation of nodular fungoid growths 
on the hair. Probably due to bacteria. 

Chig / oe. See Pulex. 

Chilblain (Sax. cele, cold, blegafi, boil). 
An erythematous local inflammation and 
swelling of the skin due to cold. 

Child'bed. The popular term for the con- 
dition of a woman during and after labor. 
C« Fever. See Pue?pe)-al Fever. 

ChilT Saltpeter. See Sodium. 

ChimaphiTa. Pipsissewa, Prince's Pine. 
The leaves of C. umbellata, an evergreen 
found in the U. S. An astringent tonic 
and excellent diuretic. The bruised leaves 
are used as a rubefacient. Valuable in 
dropsy, several forms of kidney disease 
and affections of the urinary 7 passage. C, 
Fid. Ext. Dose ^ss-ij. C, Decoc- 
tum. i to 17. Dose % j-iij. Unof. 

Chi'na Grass. A soft, silky vegetable 
substance used as a surgical dressing. 

Chi'nium Amorph / ium Bo / ricum. 
Amorphous Borate of Quinia. See Quinia. 

Chin-j erk. See Jaw-jerk. 

Chinoid / in,or Chinoidin'um. Quinoidin. 
A mixture of amorphous alkaloids ob- 
tained in the manufacture of quinine. Has 
the therapeutic properties of quinine. 

Chinoli / na. Chinoline, Leucoline. An 
alkaloid derivative of quinine and cincho- 
nine, occurring also in coal tar. Now 



generally prepared by heating aniline or 
nitro-benzol with glycerine and a dehydrat- 
ing agent. A valuable antiseptic and anti- 
pyretic. Useful in pneumonia and typhus. 
Commonly used in form of tartrate because 
of the deliquescence of other salts. Dose 
gr. v-xx. Unof. 

Chira'ta. Chiretta. The leaves and lighter 
stems of C. Ophelia. Resembles gentian 
in its therapeutic properties. An excellent 
tonic. Dose of the powdered plant gr. 
xv-xxx. C, Fid. Ext., in glycerine and 
alcohol. Dose rr^xv-xxx. C., Tinct., 
ten per cent, in strength. Dose 3 ss— ij . 

Chiret / ta. See Chirata. 

Chirop'odist (x £L P> th e hand, rrovq [gen. 
rrodoc] the foot). A surgeon or person 
who professionally treats diseases of the 
hands and feet, especially corns, bunions, 
etc. 

Chirur / gia (x ei P> epyov, work). Surgery. 

Chirur'gical. Pertaining to surgery. 

Chit'tim Bark. See Cascara Sagrada. 

Chloas'ma. See Tinea Versicolor. 

Chlo / ral, or Chloral Hydrate. A colorless 
crystalline solid having the composition 
C 2 'HC1 3 (H0) 2 ; the hydrate of chloral, 
QHClgO, improperly called by the latter 
name. A powerful hypnotic, antispas- 
modic and depressant to the cerebral, 
medullar}' and spinal centers. To a lim- 
ited extent an anaesthetic. Serviceable in 
fevers accompanied by cerebral excite- 
ment, in chorea, convulsions, and all affec- 
tions requiring a cerebral depressant. Ex- 
cellent in delirium tremens, but should be 
used with great caution. Dose gr. v-xx ; 
smaller if combined with potassium or 
sodium bromide. C. Butylicum, croton 
chloral. A solid occurring in crystalline 
scales, resembling chloral hydrate, but 
made with butyl, C 4 H 9 , as a base, instead 
of ethyl, C 2 H 5 . In properties parallel to 
chloral but "much feebler. Dose gr. v-xx 
in syrup. Unof. 

Chloralam'ide. A name inaptly applied 
to chloral formanidate. La doses of 45 
grains it is a hypnotic. 

Chlo / ric Ether. See Ethyl Chloride. 

Chlorides, Test for. Add a few drops 
of nitric acid, then gradually add a solu- 
tion of nitrate of silver. A white precipitate 
of silver chloride forms. 

Chlo'rine (x'opog, green). CI = 35.5; 
quantivalence I. A non-metallic element. 
At ordinary temperatures a greenish-yel- 
low gas, prepared by decomposing sodium 
chloride, NaCL Highly irritative to the 
skin and mucous membrane, producing 



CHLORODYNE 



105 



CHOLERINE 



spasmodic closing of the glottis. The 
most valuable of disinfectants. Chlori 
Aqua, chlorine water, contains 4 per cent, 
of the gas in solution. A good antiseptic 
wash. Dose, internally, TT^x-xxx. Calx 
Chlorinata, " chloride of lime," a hypo- 
chlorite of calcium containing free chlo- 
rine. A valuable disinfectant. Dose, in- 
ternally, gr. iij-vj. C. Chlorat. Liq. con- 
tains 1 lb. of the salt per gallon of water. 
Sodium Chlorat., Liq., Labarraque's 
Solution, sodium carbonate 10, calx chlori- 
nata 8, water ad 1 00. Dose TT^x-^j. 

Chlo / rodyne. A proprietary remedy pre- 
pared by a physician of London. Supposed 
to contain chloroform, ether, morphine, 
cannabis Indica, hydrocyanic acid, and 
capsicum. The various imitations differ 
widely. Dose tr^x— xxx, with care. Unof. 

Chloroform. Methyl Terchloride, CHC1 3 . 
A heavy, colorless liquid obtained by the 
action of chlorinated lime on methyl alco- 
hol. (Commercial article, C. Venale, con- 
tains 2 per cent, of impurities and unfit for 
administration. Internally, produces nar- 
cosis and violent gastro -enteritis.) C. is ex- 
cellent in true cholera and similar diseases 
of stomach and bowels. Externally, much 
employed as an ingredient of rubefacient 
and anodyne liniments. Mixed with at 
least 96^ per cent, of air and inhaled, 
it is the most valuable of general anaes- 
thetics, but occasionally (i : 3000) caus- 
ing death by cardiac paralysis. Deep 
injections in the vicinity of the sciatic 
nerve are recommended in sciatica. C, 
Ammoniated, equal parts of ammonia 
in alcohol and chloroform; antipyretic and 
anodyne. Unof. C. Liniment, commer- 
cial chloroform 40, soap liniment 60 parts. 
C. Mistura, pure chloroform 8, camphor 
2, fresh yolk of egg 10, water 80 parts. 
Dose ^j-,^j. C. Spt., pure chloroform 
10, alcohol 90 parts. Dose ttyc-gj 

Chlo / rophane. See Chromophanes. 

Chlorophyll [xkupoq, <pvA,Xov, leaf). The 
green coloring matter of leaves. 

Chloro / sis (^/Icjpoc). The " green sick- 
ness;" a disease of young women; con- 
nected with anaemia and menstrual abnor- 
mality, usually suppression. 

Chlo'rum. See Chlorine. 

Choke-cherry. The fruit of Primus [Ce- 
rastes) Virginiana, not the P. Virginiana 
of the pharmacopeia; common in the U. 
S. Antispasmodic, tonic, and slightly as- 
tringent. Cerasin, a concentrated extract. 
Dose gr ij-viij. Unof. 

Choked Disc. See Papillitis. 



Cholae / mia {xofy, bile, ai/ua, blood). The 
presence of bile pigment in the blood. 
Chol'agogue (xofo/, ayu, to expel). A 
purgative medicine which promotes the 
flow of bile. 

CholaTic Acid. See Choloidinic Acid. 
Cholecystectomy [xo^r], kvotlq, bladder, 
enrojur/, a cutting out). Excision of the 
gall-bladder. 
Cholecystenteros'tomy {x°^V, nvartg, 
evrepov, intestine, arofia, a mouth). In- 
cision of the gall-bladder and intestine 
with suture of the intestinal wound to that 
of the gall-bladder. 
Cholecystitis. Inflammation of the gall- 
bladder. 
Cholecystot'omy {xokrj, kvotlq, te/j-vcj, to 
cut). The operation of incising the gall- 
bladder. 
Chole / dochus (xo/iTj, de%ofj,at, to receive). 
Receiving or holding bile. C, Ductus 
Communis, the common excretory duct 
of the liver and gall-bladder. 
Chole'ic (xoty). Pertaining to the bile. 
Chole / in {xokrj). An obsolete term for a 
mixture of several principles of the bile. 
Choi 7 era {jcokr}, pew, to flow). A disease 
characterized by violent emesis, diarrhoea, 
abdominal pain and cramps. C, Asiatic, 
a malignant form of the disease existing 
in India during the whole year, and occa- 
sionally spreading as an epidemic over 
large areas. It is characterized by exces- 
sive vomiting, alvine discharges resembling 
flocculent rice-water, severe cramps, and 
collapse. The cause is not with certainty 
known, but is probably of microbic origin. 
Koch has discovered a bacillus (see Spiril- 
lum Cholera:), the cultures of which have 
in some instances produced the disease, and 
in others have failed. C, Bilious, a form 
of the disease attended by excessive flow of 
bile. C, Chicken, a very fatal epidemic 
disease of fowls, marked by tumefaction of 
the lymphatic glands, with inflammation and 
ulceration of the digestive organs and peri- 
cardium. There are none of the symptoms 
peculiar to cholera. C. Infantum, the 
"summer complaint" of children, charac- 
terized by gastric pain, vomiting, purgation, 
fever and prostration. C. Morbus, an 
acute catarrhal inflammation of the mucous 
membranes of the stomach and intestines, 
with enteric pain, purging, vomiting, spas- 
modic contractions of the muscles, etc. 
Very similar to Asiatic C. in its symptom- 
atology. 
Chol'erine (dim. of cholera). A term ap- 
plied to the mild cases of choleraic diar- 



CHOLESTEATOMA 



106 



CHOREOID 



rluva. Also, the initiatory stage of malig- 
nant cholera. Also, the zymotic cause or 
virus of cholera. 

Cholesteatoma (x°^V> crearufia, a seba- 
ceous tumor). A tumor consisting of a 
spermaceti-like substance, occurring most 
frequently at the base of the brain, but 
occasionally in subcutaneous tissue. 

Cholesterae / mia [cholesterin, aifia, blood). 
The retention of cholesterin in the blood 
instead of being excreted by the bile ; sup- 
posed (probably erroneously) by Flint to 
produce grave nervous symptoms. 

Cholest/erin {x°^V, areapov, stearine). A 
monatomic alcohol, a constituent of bile, a 
normal ingredient of nervous tissue. Also 
the fatty substance forming the acid prin- 
ciple of biliary calculi. 

Cholelithiasis '(x°^V, ^Ooq, stone). For- 
mation of calculi in the gall-bladder. 

Cholet / elin. An amorphous, soluble, yel- 
low pigment derived from bilirubin. 

Cho'lic (#o/b?). Pertaining to the bile. 

Cho / lin. Same as Nenrine, q. v. 

Choline. A ptomaine found both in animal 
and vegetable tissues. It has been obtained 
from flesh, fish and eggs, and cultures of 
vibrio-proteus and comma-bacillus ; it has 
been found also in toad-stool (Agai'icus 
muscarius), in hops (and hence in beer), 
in ergot, in numerous vegetable seeds, in 
extracts of belladonna and hyoscyamus, in 
beetroot-sugar molasses, in cotton-seed, etc. 
It is believed that choline is derived from 
the decomposition of lecithin, a complex 
ether, and one of the most widely-distri- 
buted compounds occurring, in greater or 
less quantity, in all of the animal tissues. The 
existence of lecithin in plants is no longer 
doubtful. It is a remarkable fact that in 
ordinary putrefaction, as choline disappears, 
the diamines appear and increase in quan- 
tity, according as the time of decomposition 
is extended. Free choline ordinarily forms 
a strongly alkaline syrup, which combines 
readily with acids to form salts. Choline 
possesses a toxic action when given in 
large quantities, paralyzing like curara. 
Atropine antagonizes the action of choline, 
as well as of the far more poisonous neu- 
rine. 

Choline Group of Ptomaines. Four 
ptomaines — Choline, Neurine, Beta'ine, 
and Muscarine — have been thus classified. 
All these bases may be considered as oxi- 
dation products of trimethyl-ethyl-ammo- 
nium hydrate. 

CholoidhVic Acid. Derived from Cho- 
lalic Acid, and probably a mixture of this 



with Dyslisin ; all three decomposition pro- 
ducts of bile acids. 

Chol'olith (xo^V, Mdog, stone). A gall- 
stone, or biliary calculus. 

Cholu'ria {x°^V> ovpov, the urine). The 
presence of bile in the urine. Also the 
greenish coloration of the urine. 

Chon / drin (xovdpog, cartilage). A sub- 
stance obtained from the matrix of hyaline 
cartilage by boiling. Resembles gelatine 
in general properties, but differs from it in 
not being precipitated by tannic acid. The 
substance yielding it is chondrogen, prob- 
ably an anhydride. 

Chon / drogen. See Chondrin. 

Chondro / ma (xovdpog). A cartilaginous 
tumor. See Enchondroma. 

Chondrot / omy (xovdpog, re/ivo, to cut). 
The dissection or anatomical analysis of 
cartilage. 

Chon'drus. Irish Moss. The substance 
of the algae C. crispus and C. mammillosus. 
These yield, on boiling with water, a sol- 
uble colloid consisting mainly of mucilage. 
Demulcent and somewhat nutrient. Some- 
times used in making blanc mange. Unof. 

Cho / part's Operation. Medio-tarsal am- 
putation of the foot. 

Chor'da (Lat. a cord). A cord, tendon, 
or filament of nerve. C. Dorsalis. See 
Notochord. C. Tendinae, the tendinous 
strings connecting the carnece colamnoe of 
the heart to the auricular valves. C. 
Tympani, a filament of the vidian nerve, 
which enters the tympanum. C. Vocalis, 
one of the vocal cords or thyroarytenoid 
ligaments. 

Chordee / [x°P^V> a cord). A symptom in 
gonorrhoea characterized by painful erec- 
tion and downward curvature of the penis. 

Chore / a (xopeia, dancing). St. Vitus' 
dance. A functional nervous disorder, 
usually occurring in youth, characterized 
by spasmodic and convulsive contraction, 
and non-rhythmic action of the muscles 
of the extremities, face, etc. It may 
be caused by a number of conditions, 
among which are fright and reflex irrita- 
tions, but it is essentially a disease of the 
later period of childhood, and affects girls 
about three times as frequently as boys. 
C, Electrical. See Dubinins Disease. 
C, Habit. See Spasm. C. Major, the 
hysterical C. of the French, the movements 
wide in range and regular in sequence, 
causing regular oscillatory movements of 
the parts. C. Minor, that first above de- 
scribed. 

Cho'reoid. Pertaining or similar to chorea. 



CHORIO-BLASTOSES 



107 



CHRYSOPHANIC 



Chorio-blasto'ses {chorium, skin, ftkao- 
Tavco, to germinate). Anomalies of growth 
of the corium and connective tissue of the 
skin. 

Cho / rio-capilla / ris. The inner layer of 
capillary vessels of the choroid coat of the 
eye. 

Chorioiditis. See Choroiditis. 

Cho / rion (x°P i0V > th e foetal membrane). 
The enveloping membrane of the foetus, 
external to the amnion, internal to the 
decidua. C, Primitive, the Vitelline 
membrane (or Zona pellucidd) during the 
time of the development of the hollow, 
structureless villi upon its surface. C, 
Shaggy, or C. Frondosum, when cov- 
ered by villi. C. Lseve, the smooth or 
non- villous portion of the chorion. 

Cho / rio-retini / tis. See Choroido-retini- 
tis. 

Cho / roid (xopwv, the chorion, etSog, like- 
ness). The second or vascular tunic of 
the eye continuous with the iris in front 
and lying between the sclerotic and retina. 
C. Plexus, a vascular plexus in the lat- 
eral ventricles of the brain. 

Choroiditis. Inflammation of the choroid. 

Choroids-retinitis. Choroiditis with re- 
tinitis. C.-r., Ametropic, caused by 
Ametropia. 

Choroma / nia (xopoc, a dance, /uavia, 
madness). A nervous disorder manifest in 
various times and places, and characterized 
by dancing or other rhythmic movements. 

Chris'tison's Formula. To estimate the 
amount of solids in the urine : Multiply 
the two last figures of a specific gravity 
expressed in four figures by 2.33 (or by 
2, Trapp ; or by 2.2, Lcebisch). This 
gives the amount of solids in every 1000 
parts. 

Chromat / ic (xpu^a, color). Relating to 
or possessing color. 

Chro / matin (^pw/m). The delicate retic- 
ular network or plexus of fibrils permeat- 
ing the achromatin of a typical cell in 
process of division. Called also Nucleo- 
plasm, Karyoplasma, and Karyomiton. 
See Cell-body. 

Chromatog / enous (xpcoua, yevvato, to be- 
get). Producing color. 

Chromatol'ogy. The science of colors. 
Also the spectroscopic investigation of 
color. 

Chromatopho / bia (^pw/za, 0o/?e&>, to ter- 
rify). Abnormal fear of colors. 

Chro / matophore (^pcj/za, (popeo, to bear). 
Spaces in the skin of cephalopoda filled 
with colored granules. 



Chromatops / ia (xpcofia, ux[jig, vision). Ab- 
normal sensations of color. It may be due 
to disorders of the optical centers, or to 
drugs, especially santonin. 

Chromid / rosis (^pw/za, iSpog, sweat). 
Stearrhcea Nigricans, Seborrhcea Nigricans, 
Pityriasis Nigricans. Colored excretions 
of sweat, usually black, or sepia in color. 
Most commonly from the eyelids, but 
sometimes also from the cheek. In some 
instances has involved the axillae and 
groins. Of rare occurrence. Certain 
forms of chromidrosis are due to the 
presence of bacteria. 

Chro / mium [xpufia). Cr=52.2; quan- 
tivalence 11 and iv. One of the elements 
of the iron group. The various salts of 
chromium, especially chromic acid, Cr 2 3 , 
are much used in the manufacture of pig- 
ments and in dyeing textile fabrics. Potas- 
sium dichromate (bichromate of potash), 
K 2 Cr 2 7 , is used in various pharmaceutical 
and chemical operations. 

Chro'mophanes (;t;p£j/za, (pcuvu, to bring 
into sight). Coloring matters derived from 
the retina. There is a green, Chloro- 
phane ; a yellow, Xanthophane, and a 
red, Rhodophane. 

Chromop / sia. See Chromatopsia. 

Chromoptom / eter (xpup-a, fxerpov, a mea- 
sure). A contrivance used by Weber for 
determining the extent of development of 
color-vision. 

Chron / ic (xpovog, time). A term applied 
to the long continuance of a disease, as 
distinguished from the acute or violent 
stage. 

Chronograph [xpovog, ypa<j)C), to write). 
An instrument for graphically recording 
intervals of time. 

Chronother'mal (xP 0V °£> depp-a, heat). 
Pertaining to the theory that all diseases 
are characterized by periods of intermitting 
chill and heat. 

Chrys / alis (xP V( * C, gold). The pupa or 
secondary stage in the transformation of 
insects. So called from the golden color 
of certain chrysalides. 

Chrysobar'in, or Chrysobar'inum. A 
substance improperly called " chrysophanic 
acid," extracted by alkaline solutions from 
Goa powder, the product of the decay of 
Andira araroba, a. Brazilian tree. A 
gastro-intestinal irritant, which is almost a 
specific when applied locally in psoriasis. 
Dose, internally, gr. 1— xx. C, Ung., 
contains 10 per cent, of the drug with 90 
per cent, benzoated lard. 

Chrysopha / nic. See Chrysobarinum. 



CHYLE 



108 



CINCHONINA 



Chyle (£wA©£, juice). The milk-white 
fluid absorbed by the lacteals during diges- 
tion. On standing, separates into a thin, 
jelly-like clot and a substance identical 
with serum. 

Chylifica / tion {xv).oa,facio, to make). The 
process by which the chyle is formed, 
separated and absorbed by the villi of the 
small intestine. 

Chylo-pericard / ium. An effusion of 
chyle within the pericardium. 

Chylorrhce / a (x vAo £> P £W > to flow). The 
excessive flow of chyle. Also, a diarrhoea 
characterized by a milky color of the faeces. 

Chylu / ria (^t'Aoc, ovpov, urine). The pas- 
sage of milky-colored urine. Thought to 
be caused by disordered condition of the 
lacteals, and also connected with Filaria 
sanguinis hominnm. 

Chyme (^u/zoc, juice). Food that has 
undergone gastric and intestinal digestion 
from which chyle is absorbed. The con- 
tents of the small intestines after having 
been acted upon by the salivary, gastric, 
biliary, pancreatic and intestinal secretions. 

Chymi fixation (,£u//oc, facio, to make). 
The change of food into chyme by gastric 
and intestinal digestion. 

Cicatricial Deformities. Abnormal con- 
tractions caused by cicatrices. 

Cicatric / ula. The Blastoderm of a hen's 

egg- 

Cicatrix (Lat., same). The scar or mark 
left after the healing of a w T ound. 

Cicatrization. The process of healing. 

Cicu / tia Viro'sa. See Ccnubane. 

Cil'ia {cilium, the eyelids or lash). The 
eyelash. Also, hair-like appendages of 

. certain epithelial cells, whose function it is 
to propel fluid or particles along the pas- 
sages that they line. 

CiFiary [cilium). Pertaining to the eye- 
lid or eyelash, and also by extension to the 
C. Apparatus, or the structures related 
to the mechanism of accommodation. C. 
Arteries, — anterior, posterior long, and 
posterior short, branches of the ophthalmic 
artery, supplying the recti muscles, the cili- 
ary apparatus, and the posterior structures 
of the eye, with the exception of the retina. 
C. Body, the ciliary muscle and pro- 
cesses. C. Ganglion, the ganglion at 
the apex of the orbit, supplying the ciliary 
muscle and iris. C. Muscle, the muscle of 
accommodation, whose contraction lessens 
the tension upon the suspensory ligament 
of the lens. C. Nerves, branches of the 
ophthalmic ganglion supplying the anterior 
structures and accommodative apparatus. 



C. Neuralgia, neuralgic pain of the eye, 
brow, temple, etc. C. Processes, circu- 
larly arranged choroidal foldings continu- 
ous with the iris in front. C. Region, 
the pericorneal or "danger"' zone corres- 
ponding to the position of the ciliary body. 

Cilium. See Eyelash. 

Ci'mex Lectula / rius. The common bed 
bug. A disgusting insect which infests 
beds, furniture, and the walls of bedrooms, 
and which fe'feds on the human body, punc- 
turing the skin and injecting an irritating 
fluid to increase the flow of blood. Char- 
acterized by the repulsive odor of its se- 
cretion. 

Cimicifu / ga. Black Snake Root, Black 
Cohosh. The root of C. racemosa, nat. 
ord. Ranunculaceae. A stomachic, anti- 
spasmodic, aphrodisiac, and diuretic. Acts 
on the heart similar to digitalis. Efficient 
as a tonic in many cardiac diseases, in 
functional impotence, and ovarian neural- 
gia. C, ext. fid. (alcoholic). Dose Vi\x- 
3J. C, Tinct., 20 per cent, in strength. 
Dose gss-ij. Macrotin (unof.), a resin- 
ous extract. Dose gr. J^-ij. 

Cincho / na. Peruvian Bark. The bark 
of several varieties of cinchona, a tree 
native to the eastern slopes of the Andes 
and cultivated in India, the most valuable 
being C. calisaya. Other varieties are C. 
succirubra, red bark, C. conda?ninea, pale 
bark, C. pitayensis, pitaya bark, and C. 
micrantka. C. bark contains 21 alka- 
loids, of which 4, quinine, cinchonine, 
quinidine and cinchonidine are the most 
important. Cinchona has the same physio- 
logical action and therapeutic uses as its 
chief alkaloid quinia. See Quinia. It is 
also an astringent, bitter and stomachic 
tonic, stimulating appetite and promoting 
digestion, beneficial in atonic dyspepsia 
and adynamia. C, Ext. Dose gr. j-v. 
C, Fid. Ext. Dose tt\x-3J. C, In- 
fusum, bark 6, arom. sulph. acid I, water 
93 parts. Dose ^j-^j. C, Tinct., 20 
per cent, of the bark. Dose 3 ss— ij . C, 
Tinct., Comp., red bark 10, bitter orange 
peel 8, serpentaria 2, alcohol 80 parts. 
Dose ^j-^ss. 

Cinchonid / ia, or Cinchonidine. An 
alkaloid derived from cinchona. Resem- 
bles quinia in general properties. C. 
Salicylate (unof.), has decided antima- 
larial properties. C. Sulph., less bitter 
than quinine and valuable as an antipyretic. 
Dose gr. j-xx or more. 

Cinchoni / na, or Cin / chonine. An offi- 
cial alkaloid derived from cinchona. Simi- 



CINERARIA MARITIMA 



109 



CLARIFY 



lar to quinine in therapeutic effects, but 
less active, producing much headache and 
some muscular weakness. C. Sulph., 
difficultly soluble in water, but soluble in 
acidulated water. Dose gr. v-xxx. 

Cinera / ria Mariti'ma. The juice of this 
plant has been long used in Venezuela for 
the absorption of cataract. Unof. 

Cineri / tious {cineres, ashes). Ash-like or 
pertaining to ashes. Applied also to the 
cortex of the brain, from the color of the 
same. 

Cin / nabar (Ktvvaj3npi, a pigment). Mer- 
curic sulphide, HgS. See Hydrargyrum. 

Cinnamo / mum, or 

Cin / namon. The inner bark of the shoots 
of several species of Cinnamomum y native 
to Ceylon and China, the latter being 
known in commerce under the name of 
cassia. Properties due to a volatile oil. 
An agreeable carminative and aromatic 
stimulant. Useful combined with opium in 
flatulence, cramp of the stomach, enteralgia, 
etc. C, Aqua, 2 parts of oil in 1000 
of water. C, Ext. Fid. Arom., contains 
aromatic powder 10 parts, alcohol 8 parts. 
C, Oleum, the volatile oil. Dose gtt. j-v. 
C, Spt., 10 per cent of the oil in spirit. 
Dose TT\v-xxx. C, Tinct., 10 per cent, 
of the powdered bark in alcohol. Pul- 
vis aromaticus, aromatic powder, cinna- 
mon, ginger aa 35, cardamon, nutmeg aa 15. 
Dose gr. x-xxx. 

Cioni / tis (auov, the uvula). Inflammation 
of the uvula. 

Cionot / omy (tciuv, TOfirj,a section). Exci- 
sion of the uvula. 

Circle of Diffusion. See Diffusion. 

Circle of Willis. The passage between 
the anterior cerebral arteries anteriorly, 
and the internal carotids and cerebral 
arteries posteriorly, by communicating ves- 
sels. 

Circulation. The passage of the blood 
through the various vessels, distinguished 
as capillary, foetal, portal, pulmonary, etc. 
C, Collateral, that through branches and 
secondary channels after stoppage of the 
principal route. C, First or Primitive, 
that of the embryo, a closed system, carry- 
ing nutriment and oxygen to the embryo. 
C, Second, the foetal circulation replacing 
the omphalo-mesenteric system. C, Third, 
that of the adult. 

Cir'cum-. A prefix meaning around, 
about. 

CircumcisTon {circumcido, to cut around). 
Excision of a circular piece of the pre- 
puce. 



Circumduction. See Motion. 

Circumflex {circumflccto,\.o bend about). 
Surrounding or enclosing; applied to a 
number of arteries, veins and nerves. 

Circumpolariza'tion. The quantitative 
estimation of sugar in a suspected liquid by 
the amount of the rotation of polarized 
light, sugar rotating the ray to the right, 
albumin to the left. 

CircumvalTate (circumvallo, to surround 
with a wall). Surrounded by a wall or 
prominence. C. Papillae, certain papillae 
of the tongue. 

Cirrho / sis (mppog, reddish-yellow ; from 
the color of the cirrhotic liver). Increase 
and thickening of the connective tissue of 
an organ, especially of the liver. 

Cir / socele (nipcog, a varix, Krjlrj, tumor). 
A varicose tumor, especially of the sper- 
matic cord. 

Cir / soid (Kipoog, eidog, likeness). Resem- 
bling a varix, or dilated vein. 

Cirsom'phalos (tupcog, o//0a/loc, navel). 
A varicose condition of the navel. 

Cirsot / omy (/apcroc, re[ivu, to cut). Ex- 
cision of a varix. 

Cistern of Pequet. See Receptaculum 
Chyli. 

Chorine Oint / ment. See Hydrargyrum. 

Citrus. See Aurantium. 

Clad / othrix (/cAadoc, a branch, dpi!;, a 
hair). A genus of the family Bacteriacees, 
having long filaments, in pseudo-ramifica- 
tions, with true spores. C. Dichotoma, 
found in soft or brackish waters, a sapro- 
phytic fungus, non-pathogenic, precipitates 
oxide of iron and calcareous concretions. 
C. Forsteri, found in the lachrymal canal 
in concretions; is probably identical with 
C. Dichotoma. 

Clamp (Ger. Klampe). An instrument 
for compressing the parts in surgical opera- 
tions to fix them or to prevent haemorrhage, 
etc. 

Clap. A popular designation of gonor- 
rhoea. 

ClarTficant [clarus, clear). A substance 
used for the purpose of clearing solutions 
from insoluble matter. 

Clarification [clarus). The operation of 
making a liquid or naturally transparent 
substance clear. May be accomplished by 
allowing the suspended matter to subside, 
by the addition of a clarificant or substance 
which precipitates suspended matters, or 
by moderate heating. 

ClarTfy [claries). To free a liquid or solu- 
tion from insoluble or heterogeneous sub- 
stances. To make clear. 



CLARIFYING REAGENT 



110 



CLONUS 



Clarifying Rea'gent. Any preparation 
used for purifying microscopic and ana- 
tomical preparations that have been 
mounted in gummy media. Oil of cloves, 
turpentine, creasote, xylol, and oil of berga- 
mot are the chief. 

Clasp-knife RigidTty. A reflex spas- 
modic action of the legs in increased myo- 
tatic irritability of the cord, in which ex- 
tension is completed with a "spring," as 
in the knife. 

Classification (classis, a class, facto, to 
make). An orderly arrangement of names, 
objects, diseases, etc., according to their 
properties and peculiarities. 

Clathrocyst / is (K/.?]6pa, a trellis, Kvartg, 
pouch). A genus of microbes with round 
or oval cells, forming zooglceae in the form 
of circular layers. 

Claus / trum {claudo,to shut). A barrier; 
used of several apertures that may be 
closed against entrance. Also applied to a 
layer of gray matter in the cerebrum near 
the lenticular nucleus. 

Clav / iceps (clava, club, caput, head). A 
genus of fungi. C. Purpura, the fungus 
producing sclerotis, or the ergot of rye. 

Clav / icle (clavus, a key). The collar- 
bone. The bone forming the anterior part 
of the shoulder. 

Cla / vus [clavtis). A corn. A small, cir- 
cumscribed, flat and deep-seated callosity 
caused by thickening and excessive devel- 
opment of the epidermis. Usually caused 
by pressure, and occur most frequently on 
the toes. Occurring between the toes, 
there is frequently considerable maceration, 
causing the "soft" corn. C. Hysteri- 
cus. A local neuralgic pain in hysteria, 
anaemia, etc., in the head, as if a nail 
were being driven in. 

Claw-hand. A popular expression to 
signify the condition of the hand resulting 
from atrophv of the interosseous muscles. 
(French, main-en-giHffe?) 

Cleans / ings. The lochia. 

Cleav / ers. See Galium Aparine. 

Cleft Pal'ate. A congenital malformation 
of the palate, usually occurring with hare- 
lip. 

Clefts, Vis / ceral. The four slit-like open- 
ings each side of the cervical region, in 
the foetus, sometimes called the Branchial 
ope?iings. The slits close (in the human) 
except the upper, from which are devel- 
oped the auditory meatus, tympanic cavity 
and Eustachian tube. 

Clei / do- (tO^ig, the clavicle). A prefix, 
meaning a relation to the clavicle. 



Clerk - Maxwell's Experiment. See 
Lowe's Ring. 

Climacteric (n7afiaKTr)p, the round of a 
ladder). A period of the lifetime at which 
the system was believed to undergo marked 
changes. These were at yearly periods 
divisible by seven. C. Age, in women 
the time of cessation of the catamenia. 
C, Grand, the 63d year. 

Climatol'ogy {jO^/ia, Aoyog, a discourse). 
A treatise upon climate. 

Clim / ato-ther / apy. The uses of residence 
in different climates as a therapeutic agent. 

Climbing-staff Tree. False Bittersweet. 
The bark of the root of Celastrus scandens. 
Alterative, diuretic and slightly narcotic. 
Has been advantageously employed in 
syphilitic and scrofulous affections. Dose 
offld. ext. ^j-ij. Unof. 

Clin'ic (k/.lvlkoq, pertaining to a bed). 
Medical instruction given at the bedside, 
or with the patient present, whose symp- 
toms are studied and treatment considered. 

Clinodac / tylous (k/.lvo, to flex or lie, 
dah'-v/Mg, finger). Pertaining to an ab- 
normal flexure, deviation or curvature of 
the fingers or toes. 

Cli'noid {kXlvt), a bed, etdog, likeness). 
Resembling a bed. Applied to sundry 
bony structures of the body, as the clinoid 
processes, plate, walls, etc. 

Cliseom'eter (KAicig, inclination, \izrpov, 
a measure). An instrument for measur- 
ing the degree of inclination of the female 
pelvis, 

Clitoridec / tomy (a/.eiropig, enre/Ltvco, to 
excise). Excision of the clitoiis. 

Cli / toris {jiAELTOpLg). The analogue in the 
female of the penis, attached by two crura 
or branches to the ischio-pubic rami, which 
meet in front of the pubic joint to form the 
body, or corptis. The so-called " gland " 
is such only in appearance or name. C. 
Crises, paroxysms of sexual excitement in 
women suffering from tabes. 

Cloa / ca (cloaca, a sewer). In early foetal 
life the common orifice of the intestine and 
the allantois. In surgery the long canal 
of escape of pus from a necrotic seques- 
trum. The chamber into which open the 
large intestine and urogenital ducts of 
birds, amphibians and monotremata. 

Clon / ic (k/.ovoc, commotion). Applied to 
convulsive and spasmodic conditions of 
muscles in which alternate contractions 
and relaxations occur involuntarily. 

Clo / nus (n/iovog). Involuntary, reflex, 
irregular contractions of muscles when 
put suddenly upon the stretch. Accord- 



CLOQUET, CANAL OF 



111 



COCILLANA 



ing to the part stimulated, the phenomenon 
is spoken of as ankle, foot, or rectus C, 
etc. A valuable diagnostic sign in certain 
cord lesions. See ankle C. 

Clo / quet, Canal of. See Hyaloid Artery. 

Clostridium. See Bacillus Butyricus. 

Clot. See Coagulum. 

Clot / tage of the Ureters. An operation 
proposed in case of haematuria from a kid- 
ney hopelessly crushed or with advanced 
carcinoma. The procedure consists in 
blocking or corking up the ureter with a 
clot. 

Cloudberry. The leaves of Rubus 
chamannorus, much used in Russia as a 
diuretic. Dose gj to a cupful of boiling 
water. Unof. 

Cloudy Swelling. Parenchymatous de- 
generation, — a swelling up of the elements 
of a tissue by imbibition or accretion, a 
form of hypertrophy with a tendency to 
degeneration. 

Clove. See Caryophyllus. 

Club-foot. See Talipes. 

Club-hand. A deformity of the hand 
similar to that of club-foot. 

Clys / ter (nXvGTtjp). An enema. 

Cnido / sis. See Urticaria. 

Coag'ulative Necro / sis. See Necrosis. 

Coag / ulum (coagulo, to curdle). Clot. 
A name applied to the mass of fibrin 
that forms from the plasma of the blood 
after the latter has been drawn from the 
body. Also, the curd of milk, and the 
insoluble form of albumin. 

Coalescence (coalesco, to grow together). 
The union of two or more parts or things. 

Coaptation (con, together, apto, to fit). 
The proper union or adjustment of the 
ends of a fractured bone, the lips of a 
wound, etc. 

Coarctation (coarcto, to put together). 
A compression of the walls of a vessel or 
canal, thus narrowing or closing the lumen. 

Coarse Disease. Macroscopic organic 
lesions, such as tumor, haemorrhage, etc. 

Coat (coitus, a tunic). A cover, or mem- 
brane covering a part or substance. C, 
Buffy, the upper fibrinous layer of the clot 
of coagulated blood, marked by its color, 
and absence of red corpuscles. Coating 
of the Tongue, a condition of the tongue 
indicative of abnormality of the digestive 
tract. Coating of Pills, a covering of 
various substances to render them tempo- 
rarily tasteless. 

Co / ca. See Erythroxylon. 

Co / cai'ne. The chief alkaloid extract of 
Erythroxylon Coca. At first stimulant and 



afterward narcotic. Resembles caffein in 
its action on nerve-centers, and atropine 
in its effects on respiratory and circulatory 
organs. Long-continued use (cocaine 
habit) is followed by insomnia, decay of 
moral and intellectual powers, emaciation, 
and death. Locally, a powerful anaesthetic 
to a limited area of surface. Acts most 
rapidly on mucous tissues. Applied to 
conjunctiva of the eye causes also dilata- 
tion of pupil and paralysis of function of 
accommodation. Applied to tongue tempo- 
rarily destroys sense of taste. Dose gr. 
Y%-\}. C. Hydrochlorate, more properly 
cocaine chloride, most commonly used for 
local. anaesthesia in 2-5 per cent, solution. 
Dose, internally, gr. y%-\}. C. Oleate, a 
5 per cent, solution in oleic acid, for ex- 
ternal use. 

Cocca / cees (ko/c/coc, a kernel). According 
to Mace, the first family of Bacteria, includ- 
ing as genera the Micrococcus, Sarcina, 
Ascococcus and Leuconostoc. The ele- 
ments are normally spherical, reproduction 
usually taking place by division, sometimes 
by spores either in one or several direc- 
tions. 

Coccobacte'ria (kokkoc, akernel, fianTqpiov, 
a little rod). Applied by Billroth to the 
rod-like or spheroidal bacteria found in 
putrefying liquids, and called by him C. 
Septica. See Bacterium. 

Coc / culus Ind / icus. See Picrotoxin. 

Coc'cus (kokkoc). A cell or capsule. C. 
Cacti, the cochineal insect. See Cochineal. 

Coccygeal. Pertaining to the coccyx. 

Coccygody / nia (kokkv^, odvvrj, pain). 
Pain in the coccyx. 

Coc'cyx (kokkv^, the cuckoo) (resembling 
the bill). The last bone of the spinal 
column, formed by the union of four rudi- 
mentary vertebrae. 

Coch'ineal. The dried insects of a species 
of plant lice, Coccus cacti, parasitic upon 
the cactus of Mexico and Central America. 
Contains a rich red coloring matter, rar- 
mine. Used mainly as a coloring matter. 
Thought to be valuable in infantile whoop- 
ing-cough. Dose gr. y z . 

CochTea (/co^/loc, a concha-shell) . A cavity 
of the internal ear resembling a snail shell. 
Describes two and a half turns about a 
central pillar called the modiolus or colum- 
nella, forming the spiral canal, about I yi 
inches in length. The latter is divided 
into three canals or scalae, — the scales tym- 
pana, vestibuli and medicc. 

Cocilla'na. The bark of a species of Gua- 
rea, of the family Muliacece, an emetic and 



COCKLEBUR 



112 



COLLIDINE 



purgative ; poisonous as an lrntant narcotic 
in over-doses. It acts locally upon the 
mucous membrane when directly applied 
or when absorbed. Commended in bron- 
chial catarrh. Dose of ext. TTLviiss. Unof. 
Cock'lebur. The leaves of Xatithium 
:. -narium. A popular domestic remedy 
for bites of poisonous insects and reptiles. 
An active styptic. Dose of the fid. ext. 
3J-ij. Unof. 
Co'co, or 

Co'coa (Port, cacao). The fruit of TTieo- 
broma cacao, largely used as an article of 
diet. See TTuobroma. 

Co'deine. An alkaloid extract of opium. 
Mildly calmative. Dose gr. ss-ij. 

Cod-liver Oil. See Morrhuee. 

Cce'lia {noOua, the belly). The belly. 

Cce'liac. Pertaining to the belly. C. 
Artery, same as C. Axis. See Artery. 
C. Ganglion. See Ganglion Semilunar. 
C. Plexus. See Plexus. 

Cce 'lorn [motkufia, a cavity). The body 
cavity. 

Cce'loscope (kouju, the belly, CKorreu. to 
observe). An instrument for examining 
the cavities of the body, by means of the 
electric light, enclosed in a flask and 
mounted upon a glass shank. 

Cce'nurus. See Alternations of Genera- 
tion. 

Coffee. Ser : - :. 

Cohabitation [con, together, habito, to 
dwell). The hving together of a man 
and woman without legal marriage. Sex- 
ual connection. 

Cohesion (co/uero, to stick together). 
The force whereby molecules of matter 
adhere to each other. The " attraction of 
aggregation." 

Cohn's Liquid. A culture liquid devised 
by Cohn, composed of the following parts, 
in grammes : Distilled water 200 ; tar- 
trate of ammonia 20; phosphate of po- 
tassa 20 ; sulphate of magnesia 10 ; tribasic 
phosphate of lime o.l. 

Co'hosh, Black. See CimiciAiga. 

Coil'ing of the Cord. See Cord. 

Co'itus {coitus). The act of sexual con- 
nection. Copulation. 

Cola'tion (colo, to strain). The operation 
of straining. 

Colchicine. See Colchicum. 

Colcb/icum. Meadow Saffron, The conn 
and seed of C. autumnale. Properties 
due to an alkaloid, colchicine. An emetic, 
diuretic, diaphoretic and drastic cathartic. 
Valuable in acute gout, and used with 
good results in gonorrhoea. C. Rad. Ext., 



dilute acetic acid 



powdered root 100 



parts, water q. s. Dose gr. ) 2 ~K 



Rad. Ext. , Fid. Dcsetr.ii 



C. Sem. 



Ext., Fid. Dose rnjj-v. C. Rad. Vini., 
40 per cent, in strength. Dose TTlt-xv. 
C. Sem., Vini., 15 percent, in strength. 
Dc;e )'■"_:■:-:■::::•:. C. Tinct.. zrtzzrzi :::rz 
the seed; strength 15 per cent Dose 
rr\x-xxx. 

Cold Sax. ceald). The comparative want 
of heat. Used popularly for coryza and 
catarrhal conditions of the respiratory 
tract. 

Cold-blooded. See Pozkilothermic. 

Coli-spots. See Temperature Sense. 

Colec'tomy {k6)jov, the colon, ektojij}, cut- 
ting out). Excision of a portion of the 

Col'ic (colicus). Pertaining to the colon. 
The condition vulgarly called belly-ache, 
or a severe griping pain in the bowels, or 
adjacent organs, as, e. g. , hepatic, nephritic, 
-:::. C, Lead, or C., Saturnine, that 
due to lead poisoning. See below. 
Col'ica Picto'num. Painters' Colic. A 
form of colic due to the absorption by the 
s stem of lead in poisonous quantities. It 
is common among those who use or work 
with lead. 

Coric Root. SeeAlefris and Dioscorea. 
C oli 'tis (ko/jov, the large intestine). In- 
flammation of the colon. 
Col'lagen {ko'/ja, glue, yewau, to produce). 
A substance existing in various tissues of 
the body, especially bone and cartilage ; 
converted into gelatine by boiling. 
Collapse' {ccJJabs-r, to fall together' . Ex- 
treme depression and prostration from fail- 
ure of nervous force, as in cholera, shock, 
haemorrhage, etc. 
Collar Bone. See Clavicle. 
Collecting Tubes of Kid'ney. A name 
given to ducts discharging into the calices 
of the kidneys. 
Collector. A device by which any num- 
ber of cells may be taken from or added to 
an electric current. 
Col'les' Fracture. See J 7 : v. 
Col'lidine. A name given to Nencki's 
ptomaine-base, C-H :: X. isomeric but .not 
identical with aldehyde-collidine. The 
ptomaine was obtained from pancreas and 
gelatine allowed to putrefy together in 
water. Its constitution is still unknown. 
The free base is oily, and possesses a 
peculiar, agreeable odor. Xencki believed 
it an aromatic base. Its physiological 
action appears to be doubtful. But an 
isomer of it discovered in ox-blood fibrin 



COLLINSONIA CANADENSIS 



113 



COLPOCELE 



and in putrefied jelly-fish has a poisonous 
effect resembling curara. Frogs poisoned 
by the isomer give out an orange-flower 
odor. Nencki's collidine is isomeric with 
collidine obtained from coal-tar. 

Collinso'nia Canadensis. Knob-root, 
Horse-weed, Stone-root. A popular do- 
mestic remedy used in the Southern States 
as a cure-all. Has antispasmodic proper- 
ties. Dose gr. xv-lx in decoction. Unof. 

Colliqua'tion {colliqueo, to melt). The 
liquefaction or breaking down of a tissue 
or organ. 

Collo'dion {ko7j.u6t]q, glue-like). See Py- 
roxylin. 

ColToid (Ko/v.a, glueV A non-crystallizable 
and generally soluble organic substance. 
See Dialysis. Also, having the nature of 
glue. In chemistry, amorphous and non- 
crystalline. C. Degeneration of the 
Skin. A rare disease, occurring chiefly 
on the upper part of the face, in the form 
of small, glistening, translucent, flattish ele- 
vations, and yielding by pressure a small, 
jelly-like mass. 

Col Turn (Lat.). The anterior part of the 
neck. 

CollyrTum ( no/./.vptov, an eye-salve). An 
astringent, antiseptic or medicinal lotion 
for the eyes. 

Colobo'ma (ko/.oSocj, to mutilate). A 
cleavage or fissure of parts of the eye, of 
congenital or traumatic origin. Con- 
genital C. are due to imperfect closure 
of fissures during foetal development. 

Col'ocynth, or 

Colocyntb/is. Colocynth. The fruit of 
C. Citndlus, from which seeds and rind 
have been rejected. Properties due to a 
bitter glucoside, colocynthin. A tonic and 
astringent purgative. Used mainly as an 
ingredient in compound cathartic pills. 
Somewhat useful in colic, sciatic rheuma- 
tism and neuralgia. C. Ext., alcoholic. 
Dose gr. ^-ij. C. Ext., Comp., con- 
tains colocynth extract 1 6, aloes 50, car- 
damon 6, resin of scammony 14, soap 14, 
alcohol 10. Dose gr. v-xx. Pilulas, 
Comp. Cathartic, compound cathartic 
pills ; contain each, comp. ext. of colocynth 
gr. 1.3, abstract jalap gr. j. calomel gr. j, 
gamboge gr. j. Dose j-iij pills. Laville's 
Anti-gout Remedy, contains colocynth 
iy z , quinine, cinchonine aa 5, Spanish wine 
800, alcohol 100, water 1000 parts. 

Colo / gne. See Spirits. 

CoTon (ku7.ov, the colon). The first or su- 
perior part of the large intestine. In the 
various parts of its course it is known as 
8 



the ascending C, the descending C, the 
transverse C, and the sigmoid flexure. 

Coloph / ony. See Resin. 

CoTor (color). The differences in the ap- 
pearance of a thing seen, other than those 
due to shape, relief, etc. The tint or hue 
of an object, dependent upon the number 
of vibrations of the ethereal stimulus. 
C. -blindness. See Blindness. C, 
Complementary, any color that added 
to another color, or to a mixture of colors, 
produces white. C. Contrast, any two 
that, when mixed, supplement the prevail- 
ing tone of the light. Colors, Mixed, 
those produced when the retina is excited 
by two or more simple colors. C, Simple, 
those of the spectrum. C, Saturated, 
those containing little or no white. 

Color-blindness. See Blindness. 

Color-hearing. The hypothesis of the 
excitation of the chromatic centers through 
the auditory nerve. 

Colorimeter [color, fxerpov, measure). 
An instrument for determining the quan- 
tity of coloring matter in a mixture. 

Color-sensation. Depends on the num- 
ber of vibrations of the ether, the same as 
the pitch of a note depends on the number 
of vibrations of the sounding body. Her- 
ing's Theory of C.-s. predicates dis- 
assimilation and assimilation (decomposi- 
tion and restitution) of the visual sub- 
stance in vision — white, red and yellow 
representing the sensation of disassimila- 
tion, black, green and blue of restitution ; 
thus endowing the visual substance with 
three modes of chemical metabolism. 
Young-Helmholtz's Theory, assumes 
three kinds of nerve-elements correspond- 
ing to the three primary colors. Stimula- 
tion of the first causes red, of the second, 
green, of the third, violet. 

Color-top. A top containing on the sec- 
tors of its disc a number of colors to be 
" mixed " by rapid whirling. 

Colos'trum (colostnrm). The t first milk 
in the mother's breasts after the birth of 
the child. It is laxative, and assists in 
the expulsion of the meconium. 

Colot'omy [ko/.ov, teuvu, to cut). Incision 
of the colon, either lumbar or inguinal, 
according to the region of entrance. 

Colpeur'ynter (ko/.~oc, vagina, evpwu, to 
widen). An instrument for dilating the 
vagina by means of an inflatable bag or sac. 

Colpitis (/vo/rroc). Inflammation of the 
vagina. 

Col'pocele (ko/.-oc, nrf/.i], tumor). Hernia 
or tumor in the vagina. 



COLPOHYPERPLASIA 



114 



COMPOUND OXYGEN 



Colpohyperplasia. A cystic hyperplasia 
of the vagina. 

Colpoperine'oplasty. Plastic operations 
for abnormalities of the vagina and peri- 
neum. 

Colpopto / sis (ko/.-oc, tttuoiq, a falling). 
Prolapse of the vagina. 

Colpor / rhaphy (noz-og, pa&], seam). Su- 
ture of the vagina. 

Colt'sfoot. The leaves of Tussilago far- 

fara. Demulcent and tonic. Sometimes 
prescribed in chronic coughs. Dose of 
Jj to Oj decoction, a teacupful ; of fid. ext. 
gj-ij- Unof. 

Colum / bo. See Cahimbo. 

Columella. The column-like rod of birds 
and reptiles corresponding to the auditory 
ossicles of the higher animals. 

Colum / na. A column or pillar. C. Bertini. 
That part of the cortical structure of the 
kidneys which separates the sides of any 
two pyramids, through which the arteries 
and nerves enter, and the veins and lymph- 
atics emerge. C. Nasi, the anteropos- 
terior septum between the nostrils. C. 
Vertebralis, the spinal column. C. Car- 
neae, muscular columns projecting from the 
cardiac ventricles. 

CoLumn {columna). A pillar or column. 
Applied to sundry column-like organs of the 
body, and especially to certain parts of the 
spinal cord. C. of Burdach, the postero- 
external column of the cord. C. of Clarke, 
a group of nerve cells in the inner part of 
the neck of the posterior horn in the dorsal 
and lumbar cord. C. of Goll, the postero- 
median column of the cord. C.of Turck, 
the anterior or direct pyramidal tract. Lat- 
eral pyramidal, Direct cerebellar C, etc., 
are other columns or tracts of the cord. 

ColumnelTa Cochleae. See Cochlea and 
Modiolus. 

Co / ma (noua, deep sleep). Abnormally 
deep and prolonged sleep, with the cerebral 
functions in abeyance; due to compression 
of the brain, haemorrhage, etc. C. Vigil, 
a comatose condition in which the patient 
lies with open eyes, but unconscious and 
delirious. 

Co / matose. In a, condition of coma. 

Combustion [comburo, to burn up). The 
process of oxidation, attended with the 
liberation of heat, and sometimes light. 
Loosely used as a synonym of inflammation. 
C, Spontaneous, that due to heat from 
chemical changes, such as the spontaneous 
ignition of oiled waste or shoddy in woolen 
mills, factories, etc. C, Spontaneous 
Human, the supposed burning of the 



body without the external application of 
heat. 

Com / edone [comedo, a glutton). Black- 
head. A black-pointed cylindrical plug 
formed by the lodgment of sebaceous mat- 
ter within the orifice of the duct. Nearly 
always occurs on the face, neck and chest. 

ComTrey. The root of Symphytum offi- 
cinale. Demulcent, slightly astringent and 
tonic. A common ingredient in domestic 
cough mixtures. Dose of decoction indefi- 
nite; of fid. ext. 3J-ij. Unof. 

ConVma BacTllus. See Spirillum 
Cholerce. 

Comminution [comminuo, to break in 
pieces). The process by which a solid 
body is reduced to pieces of varying sizes. 
It includes the various operations of cutting, 
rasping, grating, slicing, pulverizing, levi- 
gating, triturating, elutriating, granulating, 
etc. See, also, Fracture, Comminuted. 

Com/missure [committo, to unite). A join- 
ing or uniting together. C. Magna, the 
corpus callosum. C, Optic, the union 
and crossing of the two optic nerves in 
front of the tuber cinereum. 

Commu / nicans [commumco). Communi- 
cating. C. Noni. See Nerve. 

Commutator {commuto, to exchange), 
An instrument for automatically interrupt- 
ing or reversing the flow of an electric 
current, making and breaking the same 
with desired frequency. 

Co / mose [coma, hair). Having much hair. 

Com / pass Plant. See Rosin Weed. 

Complement^ Air. See Air. 

Complementary Colors. See Color. 

Complexes (cotnplexus, complex). The 
totality of symptoms, phenomena or signs 
of a morbid condition. C. Muscle. See 
Muscle. 

Complication {complico, to fold together). 
Used of intercurrent or succeeding disease 
or morbid conditions that render treatment 
of the principal affection different or more 
difficult. Complicated Fracture. See 
Fracture. 

Composition [compositio, a putting to- 
gether). Compounding; used of medi- 
cines. The constituents of a mixture. 

ConVpound Cathar / tic Pills. See Colo- 
cynth. 

Compounding. The mixing, manipula- 
tion, and preparation of the drugs ordered 
in a prescription. 

Com'pound Oxygen. A quack cure-all 
consisting of a strong solution of potassium 
nitrate or chlorate through which the air 
to be inhaled is drawn. 



COMPRESS 



115 



CONIUM 



Com'press (compressus, pressed together). 
P'olded cloths wetted and applied firmly to 
the part for relief of inflammation. C, 
Fenestrated, with a hole for drainage or 
inspection. C, Graduated, the strip 
applied directly is narrow, the others, pro- 
gressively wider, cover it. 

Compression of Brain. See Brain. 

Compressor {comprimo, to press together). 
An instrument for compressing an artery, 
vein, etc. Used of muscles having a com- 
pressing function, as the C. naris, C. vena 
dorsalis penis, etc. 

Cona'rium. See Pineal Gland. 

Concentration [con, together, centrum, 
the centre). Evaporation of part of the 
water of a mixture, thus rendering it re- 
latively stronger. 

Concentric. Arranged in an equidistant 
manner about a centre. 

Conception (concipio, to conceive). The 
fecundation of the ovum by the spermato- 
zoid. See Pregnancy. 

Con'cha (/coy^a, a shell). A shell. Used of 
organs having seme resemblance to a shell, 
as the patella, vulva, etc., and especially of 
the C. Auris, or hollow part of the external 
ear, C. Narium, the turbinated bones. 

Concoction [concoquo, to boil together). 
The act of boiling two substances together. 

Concrete (concresco, to grow together). 
Solidified or condensed. 

Concretion. The solidification or con- 
densation of a fluid substance ; used, also, 
of union of parts normally separate, as the 
fingers. 

Concu/bitus {concubo, to lie together). 
Copulation. 

Concussion of Brain. See Brain. 

Condiment [condimentum, spice). Spice, 
sauce, or other appetizing ingredients used 
with food. 

Cond'om, or Cun'dum (corrup. oiconton, 
a physician). A sheath worn over the 
penis, during copulation. 

Conduction [conduco, to draw together). 
The passage or transfer of force or mate- 
rial from one part to another. 

Conduran / go Bark. A remedy much 
used in S. America as an alterative in 
syphilis. Introduced into the U. S. as a 
remedy for cancer of the stomach, with 
uncertain results. Dose gr. x-xxx. Unof. 

Condyle (novdvloQ, a knuckle). The 
rounded eminences in the joints of many 
of the bones, especially the femur, hu- 
merus and jaw. 

Condyloid. Resembling or pertaining to 
the condyle. 



Condylo / ma [kovSvIoq). A wart-like 
growth or tumor about the anus or pu- 
dendum of either sex. Applied also to 
syphilitic patches and discolorations. 

Cone / in. See Conium. 

Cones, Graduated. Cone-shaped bodies 
used for measuring the size of orifices of 
vessels, etc., especially in post-mortem ex- 
aminations. 

Confection {confectio, a making). A 
confection. In pharmacy a mass of sugar 
and water, or of honey, as an excipient 
with a prescribed medicinal substance. 
There are two official confectiones. 

Confectioners' Disease. A disease fre- 
quently occurring in the workpeople manu- 
facturing candied fruits, nuts, etc. It is 
confined to the nails of the fingers of the 
hands; the nail loses its polish, becomes 
black, the periungual portion becomes 
loosened and raised up. 

Confinement. The condition of women 
during childbirth. 

Confluent {confluo, to flow together). In 
medicine, a term applied to eruptions which 
run together. The opposite of discrete. 
In anatomy, the blending of two or more 
bones originally separate into one. 

Congenital {con, together, genitus, born). 
Existing from birth. 

Congestion {congero, to heap up). Ab- 
normal collection of blood in a part or 
organ. Used of other liquids besides 
blood. 

Con / gius (a Roman measure). A gallon. 

Conglomerate (conglomero, to heap up). 
A mass of units without order. C. 
Glands, synonymous with acinous glands. 

Conglu / tin. See Casein. 

Con / gress {congressus, a meeting together). 
An assemblage for deliberative purpose. 
C, Sexual, coition, or carnal intercourse. 

ConTcal Cor'nea. See Kerato-globus . 

Coni'um. Hemlock. The green, full- 
grown fruit of the spotted hemlock, C. 
maculatum. Contains several alkaloids 
and a volatile oil, Properties mainly due 
to alkaloids conine and metliylconine. 
Produces motor paralysis without loss of 
sensation or consciousness. In toxic doses 
death ensues from paralysis of organs of 
respiration. Valuable in tetanus, blepharo- 
spasm, asthma and whooping-cough. C. 
Abstract, made from conium 200, dilute 
hydrochloric acid 6, sugar of milk and 
alcohol q. s., to make 100 parts of abstract. 
Dose gr. ss-iij. C. Ext., alcoholic, each 
grain representing 1 gr. of drug. Dose 
gr. ij-v. C, Fid. Ext., same strength as 



CONJUGATE 



116 CONTINUITY, SOLUTION OF 



preceding. Dose Tr^ij-v-xl. C. Tinct., 
15 per cent, strength. Dose TTLx-^j. 
Conine, unof., volatile alkaloid of conium. 
Dose gr. ^V~tV Coniine Hydrochlor., 
unof. , recommended in spasmodic affections. 
All preparations uncertain in strength. 

Conjugate [con, together, jifgum, a yoke). 
Yoked or coupled. C. Focus. See 
Focus. 

Conjugation. A form of reproduction or 
cell-division in unicellular gregarinae. 

Conjunctiva {conjunctivus, connecting). 
The mucous membrane covering the ante- 
rior portion of the globe of the eye. re- 
flected on and extending to the free edges 
of the lids. Its parts are called palpebral, 
ocular or bulbar. 

Conjunctivitis. Inflammation of the 
conjunctiva. It may be catarrhal, croup- 
ous, diphtheritic (or membranous), gonor- 
rhoea!, phlyctenular, purulent, etc., in char- 
acter or origin. C, Egyptian, and C, 
Granular. See Trachoma. See also Oph- 
thalmia. 

Con / nate. See Co7ijluent. 

Connective Tis / sue. See Ani??ial Tis- 
sue. 

Consanguinity [con, together, sangui- 
nis, blood). The relationship arising from 
common parentage. Allied in blood descent. 

Conser'va, or Conserve' [conserzv, to 
keep). A confection, a. v. 

Consonants {con, sono, to sound). Non- 
vowel sounds produced in speaking at cer- 
tain parts of the resonance-chamber. They 
are sounded only with a vowel. They con- 
sist of Explosives, Aspirates, Yibratives 
and Resonants ; they are also divided into 
four classes, according to the position in 
which they are produced — the Articula- 
tion Positions, — the first being between 
the lips ; the second between the tongue 
and hard palate; the third between the 
tongue and soft palate ; the fourth between 
the true vocal cords. Labials, made at 
the lips, may be explosive (b, p), aspirate 
{/, v, to), vibrative (the " burr "), and 
resonant {m). These form the consonants 
of the first articulation position. Those of 
the second position are the explosives / and 
d; the aspirates s, z, sell, th ; the vibrative 
r; the resonant n. Those of the third 
position are the explosives k and g; the 
aspirates are the unvoiced aspirates, un- 
voiced ch and /; the vibrative, palatal r; 
the resonant, palatal n. That of the fourth 
position is the aspirate, the glottis-formed h. 

Constant Battery, Element, or Cell. 
One yielding a constant current. A gal- 



vanic batten - , of which the most common 
types are those of Bunsen, Callaud, Daniell, 
Grenet, Grove, Leclanche and Smee. 

Constipation {constipo, to crush tightly 
together). Costiveness. Retention and 
hardness of the faeces, from functional 
inactivity of the intestinal canal, or from 
abnormalism of the biliary or other secre- 
tions. 

Constituents of Organism. The In- 
organic C, are Water, forming 58.5 per 
cent, of the body ; Gases, such as oxygen, 
marsh gas, etc ; Salts, of which the chief 
are sodium chloride, calcium phosphate 
(forming more than one-half of the bones), 
sodium phosphate, sodium carbonate, so- 
dium and potassium sulphates, potassium 
chloride, calcium fluoride and carbonate; 
Free Acids, as hydrochloric, sulphuric, 
etc. ; Bases, such as silicon, manganese, 
iron. The Organic C, comprise the 
large classes of the proteids, albuminoids, 
fats, etc. 

Constitution {constiheo, to dispose). In 
chemistry, the atomic or molecular compo- 
sition of a body. In pharmacy, the com- 
position of a substance. In physiology, 
the general temperament and functional 
condition of the body. 

Constitutional. Pertaining to the state 
of the constitution. C. Diseases, in 
pathology, such diseases as are inherent, 
owing to an abnormal structure of the body. 
Also, inherited diseases. Also, a condition 
in which the disease pervades the whole 
system. 

Constrictor (constringo, to bind together). 
A name applied to any muscle that con- 
tracts, tightens or straightens any part of 
the body. 

Constrin / gent. Same as astringent. 

Consultation (consulto, to take counsel). 
Now applied to a deliberation between 
two or more physicians concerning the 
diagnosis of the disease of a patient and 
the proper method of treatment. 

Consumption (consumo, to consume or 
wear away). Wasting, denutrition or 
atrophy. A term loosely used as a syno- 
nym of phthisis, q. v. 

Conta'gion {contingo, to touch). A word 
loosely used to designate the process by 
which a specific disease is communicated 
between persons, either by direct contact 
or by means of an intermediate agent. 
(See, also, In/ection.) Also the specific 
germ or virus from which a communicable 
disease develops. 

Continuity, Solution of. See Solution. 






CONTRACTILITY 117 

Contractility [contralto, to draw together). 
That property of certain tissues, especially 
a muscle, manifested in shortening under 
the application of a stimulus. 

Contraction (contralto). Approximation 
of the elements of a tissue or organ, 
thus diminishing its volume or content. 
C. -remainder, the stage of elastic after- 
vibration or residual contraction persist- 
ing in a muscle after withdrawal of the 
stimulus. 

Contra-indica / tion [contra, against, in- 
dico, to point out). A term applied to 
that pathological or modifying condition in 
which a remedy or a method of treatment 
is forbidden which under ordinary cases 
might be proper. 

Contrayer'va. The root of Dorstenia C. 
Stimulant, tonic and diaphoretic. Decoc- 
tion mucilaginous. Serviceable in low 
fevers and malignant eruptive diseases. 
Dose sjss. Unof. 

Con / tre-coup (Fr.). Counter-stroke, a 
variety of injury by indirect violence. 

Contu / sion [contundo, to bruise). A bruise 
or injury by a blunt weapon, or by collision, 
without breaking the skin or covering. 

Co / nus (kovoc, a cone). A crescentic 
patch of atrophic choroidal tissue surround- 
ing the optic papilla. 

Convalla'ria maja'lis. Lily of the Val- 
ley. All parts of the plant. Properties due 
to convallarin and convallamarin, glu- 
cosides. A prompt cathartic, diuretic, and 
cardiac stimulant. Valuable as a heart 
tonic. Unlike digitalis, has no cumulative 
effect. C, Ext., soluble in water. Dose 
gr.v-xxx. C, Ext., Fid., alcoholic. Dose 
% ss-ij. C, Infusum, prepared with three 
times its weight of water. Dose ^ ss-ij. 
Convallamarinum, soluble in water. 
Dose gr. ^(-ij. All unof. 

Convalescence [convalesco, to become 
well). A term applied to the recovery of 
strength after the disappearance of a dis- 
ease or ailment. 

Convolution [convolvo, to roll together). 
A term applied to the folding and turning 
upon itself of any organ, as the cerebrum 
and the smaller intestines. C, Broca's, 
the third left frontal, the speech-center in 
right-handed people. 

Convolvulus pandura / tus. Wild Po- 
tato. The tuber is a mild cathartic. Dose 
gr. xl. Unof. 

Convul'sant (convello, to pull together). 
A medicine that causes convulsions. 

Convulsions. The manifestation of 
nervous disorder commonly called fits. 



COPROLITH 

Eclampsia. Loss of consciousness and 
voluntary control of the muscles, with 
clonic, tonic or mixed contractures, etc., 
constitute the chief symptoms. May be 
due to epilepsy, other functional or or- 
ganic disease of the brain, circulation, etc. 
C, Infantile, due to a number of causes, 
such as rickets, exhaustion, etc. ; sometimes 
called " screaming fits." C, Puerperal. 
See Eclampsia. C, Uraemic, due to the 
altered state of the blood in disease of the 
kidney. See, also, Epilepsy. 

Coordination [con, together, ordino, to 
regulate). The harmonious function and 
proper sequence of operation of the various 
organs of the body. 

Copaiba. Balsam of Copaiba. The oleo- 
resin of C. Langsdorffii ; native to Sourh 
America. A stimulant diuretic, and an 
expectorant. Much used in gonorrhoea, 
but now considered of doubtful value. C. 
Massa, copaiba 94, magnesia 6 parts. 
Dose tt\x-3J. C. Mist. Comp., La- 
fayette's mixture, unof., copaiba gvij, 
oil cubebs gj, glyceriti vitelli ^vij; tri- 
turate and add syr. aq. piperit. 3 iiss ; then 
add, with constant stirring, liq. potass. % ss, 
tinct. cardamon comp. g ij, spt. nitrous 
ether ^ss, aq. piperit. q. s. to make §viij. 
Dose ^j-^ss. C. Ol. Dose TT\x-xv. 
C. Resina, mainly copaibic acid. Dose 
gr. j-v. 

Cop'per (Cu'prum). A reddish-brown 
metal not used in medicine in its metallic 
form, but represented by several salts. 
The latter are gastro-intestinal irritants, 
producing nausea and emesis. C. Acetas, 
verdigris, used in pulmonary diseases, and 
as a lotion in skin diseases. Dose gr. jq—\. 
C. Aceto-arsenite, Paris Green, used as 
a pigment and an insecticide. C. Ammo- 
niatum, unof., ammonium carbonate 3, 
copper sulphate 4 parts. Useful in chorea, 
hysteria, etc. Dosegr. l /e-}- C.,Potassio- 
tartrate Sol., Fehling's solution, unof., 
copper sulphate gr. 70, distilled water 
TT\/i-00: also dissolve Rochelle salt, gr. 
488, in water 11^1600; when required, 
mix and add water to make 1^2720. 
Used as a test for glucose. C. Sulphas, 
soluble in water, valuable as an emetic. 
Dose, as an emetic, gr. ij-v, as a tonic, gr. 

Ve-Yz- 
Cop / peras (cupri rosa, rose of copper [?]). 

A common name for ferrous sulphate. See 

Ferritin. 
Cop / rolith (noTrpog, dung, ?.r&og, stone). A 

term applied to hard masses of faecal matter 

which sometimes form in the bowels. 



COPTIS 



118 



CORONA 



Cop/tis. Goldthread. The root of C. 
trifolia. A simple bitter tonic resembling 
quassia. Contains berberine. Dose gr. x- 
xxx. 

Copula / tion {copulo, to couple). The act 
of sexual intercourse. 

Coraco- {nopal-, a crow). Pertaining to 
muscles attached to the coracoid process, 
as C. Brachialis. See Muscles. 

Cor / acoid {nopal-). A term applied to any 
part having the shape of a crow's beak. 
C. Ligament, a triangular, beak-shaped 
ligament joining the coracoid process to 
the acromion. C. Process, a beak-shaped 
process of the scapula. 

Cor'al Root. Crawley. The root of 
Corallorhiza odontorhiza. A prompt and 
powerful diaphoretic, much employed by 
the " eclectic " school of practitioners. 
Used in fevers. Dose gr. xxx. C, Fid. 
Ext. Dose tt\xv-xxx. 

Cord {chorda). Used as a synonym for 
the Umbilical Cord, the vascular, cord-like 
structure connecting the placenta and 
foetus. C, Coiling of, loops about the 
foetus or its members. C, Knots of, real 
knots of the cord formed by the passage 
of the foetus through a loop. False Knots, 
accumulations of Wharton's jelly at parti- 
cular points. C, Presentation of, descent 
of the cord at the beginning of labor be- 
tween the presenting part and the mem- 
branes. C, Prolapse of, descent at the 
rupture of the bag of waters, incomplete, 
if remaining in the vagina, complete, if 
protruding therefrom. C, Torsion of, 
twisting upon its axis. The blood vessels 
make about 40 spiral turns. Wharton's 
Jelly, the gelatin-like connective tissue of 
the cord. 

Cor / dial {cor, the heart). Pertaining to the 
heart. In pharmacy, an aromatic spiritu- 
ous stimulant. 

Corec / tomy. See Iridectomy, and Pupil, 
Artificial. 

Corecto / pia {nopij, pupil, £/cro7roc, mis- 
placed). An anomalous position of the 
pupil. 

Coredial'ysis (/cop??, dialva, to liberate). 
The production of an artificial pupil at the 
ciliary border of the iris. 

Corel'ysis {nopr/, Ivacg, a loosening). The 
detachment of iritic adhesions to the lens. 

Coremorpho'sis. See Pupil, Artificial. 

Coreom / eter {noprj, fierpov, a measure). 
An instrument for measuring the pupil of 
the eye. 

Cor'eplasty. See Pupil, Artificial. 

Corian / der, or 



Corian / drum. Coriander. The fruit of 
C. saliva. An aromatic carminative and 
stimulant. Used mainly to give flavor to 
other remedies and as a corrective to griping 
purgatives. Dose gr. x-xx. C. Ol., the 
volatile oil. Dose rryj-v. 

Co / rium {corium, leather). The deep layer 
of the cutis. 

Corm {nopfiog, the trunk of a tree). The 
bulbous underground part of certain plants, 
as the crocus. 

Corn {cornu, horn). Local induration and 
thickening of the skin from friction. 

Cornea {cornu). The transparent an- 
terior portion of the eyeball, its area oc- 
cupying about one-sixth the circumference 
of the globe. It is continuous with the 
sclerotic, and nourished by lymph from the 
looped blood vessels at its peripheral bor- 
der. It is lined posteriorly by Descemet's 
membrane, and the conjunctiva is firmly 
adherent to its substance in front. C, 
Conical. See Keratoglobus. C, Leu- 
coma of. See Leucoma. C, Tattooing 
of. See Tattooing. C, Transplantation 
of, the operation of engrafting a section of 
transparent cornea from some animal into 
the space of an excised portion of leuco- 
matous human cornea. 

Cornei'tis. See Keratitis. 

Cornic / ula Laryn / gis. A small, horn- 
shaped mass of cartilage on the arytenoid 
cartilages; called also the Cartilages of 
Santorini. 

Corn Smut. See Stigmata Maydis. 

Corn'u. (Lat.) A horn. A name applied 
to any excrescence resembling a horn. C. 
Ammonis, the hippocampus major of the 
brain. C. Cervi, hartshorn or ammonium 
hydrate. C. Cutaneum. A horn of the 
skin. A horny excrescence bearing a resem- 
blance to the horns of lower animals. 
Maybe any size from that of a pin's head 
to that of the finger. Of rare occurrence. 
C. Sacri, the prominence on each bone 
of the sacrum. 

Corpus. Dogwood. The bark of the 
root of C. Jlorida. Properties due to a 
crystalline principle, cornin. A simple 
stomachic, bitter and somewhat antiperi- 
odic. C, Fid. Ext. Dose n\x-£j. 

Corn / utin. One of the active principles 
of Ergot. Unof. 

Cor'ona {corona, a. garland). A crown. 
C. Ciliaris, the ciliary ligament. C. Glan- 
dis, the ridge of the glans penis. C. Ra- 
diata, the convolutions of the brain. C. 
Veneris, syphilitic blotches occurring on 
the forehead. 



CORONAL SUTURE 



119 



CORROSIVE 



Corc/nal Suture. The suture joining 
the frontal with the two parietal bones. 

Cor / onary. A terra applied to vessels, 
nerves, or attachments which encircle a 
part or organ. 

Coroner {coronator, a crown, an officer 
appointed by the Crown). An officer who 
inquires by authority of the law into the 
causes of deaths of sudden or violent oc- 
currence. C, Inquest of, the legal 
inquiry before a jury concerning the causes 
of a sudden or violent death. 

Coronil'la. The plant C. scorpeoides, 
abundant in southwestern Europe. Has 
doubtful value in cardiac affections where 
increased amplitude of pulsation is re- 
quired. Unof. 

Corpora (pi. of corpus, a body). A gene- 
ral term applied to any part of the body, 
especially of the brain, having a rounded 
or ovoid shape. C. Albicantia or Mam- 
millaria, the two rounded masses of white 
matter forming the bulbs of the fornix. C. 
Arantii, the tubercles, one in the center 
of each segment of the semilunar valves. 
C. Cavernosa, the cylindrical bodies of 
erectile tissue forming the chief part of the 
penis. Also the two masses of erectile 
tissue composing the clitoris. C. Genicu- 
lata, two small eminences projecting from 
the optic thalami. C. Olivaria, the two 
oval masses behind the pyramids of the 
medulla oblongata. C. Pyramidalia, the 
two bundles of white matter of the medulla 
oblongata, situated below the pons varolii. 
C. Quadrigemina, the optic lobes of the 
brain, the four rounded eminences situated 
under the corpus callosum. The anterior 
pair are the nates, and the posterior the 
testes. C. Restiformi, the large columns 
or cord-like bodies extending from the 
medulla to the cerebrum. C. Striata, 
two organs in the lateral ventricles of the 
brain, composed of the caudate and lenti- 
cular nucleus. The first, or intra- ventricular 
portion, extends into the lateral ventricle. 

Corpulency {corpulentus, a large body). 
Obesity; fatness of the body. 

Corp / us (pi. corpora), {corpus, a body). 
A body; the human body. C. Aran- 
tius, the cartilaginous tubercle of the 
semilunar valves. C. Callosum. See 
Commissures. C. Cavernosum Vaginae, 
the spongy tissue of the vagina. C. 
Fimbriatum, the lateral thin edge of the 
taenia hippocampi. C. Luteum. See 
Corpus Luteum. C. Spongiosum, the 
spongy body enclosing the urethra, etc. 
C. Striatum. See Corpora. 



Corpuscle (dim. of corpus). A name 
loosely applied to almost any small, 
rounded, or oval body. C. of Blood, the 
minute, biconcave, flat discs, circular in 
man, elliptical in the camel, and oval in 
birds and reptiles. Corpuscles of the blood 
have been distinguished, according to their 
size — into normoblasts (normal in size), 
megaloblasts (of excessive size),mikro- 
blasts (abnormally small), and poikilo- 
blasts, of irregular shape and size. The 
red corpuscles in the blood of man are 
about -g-^oo" hi. in diameter and T2T0 o' m - 
.thick. They consist of a colorless stroma 
(paraglobulin, cholesterin, lecithin and neu- 
rin) infiltrated with coloring matter (haemo- 
globin). The white corpuscles are 
flattened, bi- or tri-nucleated cells, about 
23V0 m - m diameter, and exist in the ratio 
of I : 400 compared with red corpuscles. 
They possess a contractile power, alter 
their shape readily, and in general appear- 
ances closely resemble amoebae. They are 
most numerous in venous blood. C. of 
Krause, the spherical or ovoid corpuscles 
occurring on the ends of the nerve tubules 
which emerge from a nerve plexus. They 
occur in the conjunctiva, the edges of the 
lips and various mucous and glandular sur- 
faces. C, Malpighian, a name applied 
to the splenic corpuscles. Also to the 
Malpighian bodies. C, Pacinian, certain 
small corpuscles occurring in the subcuta- 
neous cellular tissue of the fingers and toes. 
C, Tactile, of Wagner, the small oval 
bodies found in the papillae of the skin 
and enveloped by nerve-fibers. 

Corpuscula / tion. A condition in which 
the corpuscles of the blood have undergone 
hyperplasia, being more large and numer- 
ous than in the normal state. 

Corp / us Lute / um. The yellow body. 
Hypertrophy of the membrana propria, or 
reticulata of the ovisac, after the escape 
of the ovule. C. L., False, that result- 
ing when pregnancy does not occur, called 
also the C. L. of Menstruation. C. L., 
True, that when pregnancy takes place, 
called also the C. L. of Pregnancy, and 
differing in several respects from the first. 

Corrective (corrigo, to correct). A sub- 
stance used to modify or make more pleasant 
the action of a purgative or other remedy. 

Correlation. Interdependence; relation- 
ship. 

Corro / sive {con, rodo, to gnaw). A sub- 
stance that destroys organic tissue either 
by direct chemical means or by causing 
inflammation and suppuration. 



CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE 



120 



CRAMP 



Corro'sive Sut/limate. See Hydrar- 
gyrum. 

Corruga / tor {corrugo, to wrinkle). That 
which wrinkles. See Muscle. 

Cor'tex (Sanskrit krit, to split). The 
bark of an exogenous plant. The external 
layer of gray matter of" the brain. 

Cor'ti. A celebrated Italian anatomist. C, 
Cells of, the external hair-cells of the 
organ of Corti. C, Organ of, a series of 
some 3000 arches contained on the floor of 
the basilary membrane, within the ductus 
cochlear is of the internal ear. C, Rods 
of, the pillars of the arch of the organ 
of Corti. C, Rolls of, the fibers forming 
the inner limb of the arches of Corti. 

Cort / ical {cortex, bark). Pertaining to the 
cortex or bark. Used of the gray matter, 
cortex, of the brain. 

Coryda / lis. Turkey corn. The tuber of 
C. formosa (Dicentra Canadensis of de 
Candolle). Tonic, diuretic and alterative. 
Dose of fid. ext. rt^x-xl. Corydalin, the 
alkaloid. Dose gr. j-v. Unof. 

Cory / za (nopvg, the head). Catarrh of the 
mucous membrane of the nasal passages 
and adjacent sinuses. Popularly called a 
" cold in the head." 

Cosmet / ic (nocfieo, to adorn). A remedy 
designed to improve or to hide the defects 
of the skin or other external parts. May 
be a white powder, such as starch, mag- 
nesic oxide, calcium carbonate (levigated), 
zinc oxide, mercurous chloride, or bismuth 
subnitrate applied externally ; it may be a 
white substance dissolved in dilute alco- 
hol, which is left upon the face after the 
evaporation of the solvent ; or it may be a 
stimulant to the skin used internally, such 
as arsenic. C. Operation. A surgical 
operation to give a natural appearance to 
a defective or unsightly part. 

Cos / moline. See Petrolatum. 

Cos / tal (costa, a rib). Pertaining to the 
ribs. C. Cartilages. The 12 cartilag- 
inous extensions of the ribs. 

Cos / tiveness [constipo, to be bound). An 
abnormality of digestion characterized by 
retention and hardness of the faeces. 

Cos / to- (costa, a rib). A prefix denoting 
connection with the ribs. 

Coto / ine. See Coto. 

Cot' to. Cotto Bark. The bark of a tree 
native to Bolivia. Irritant to skin and 
mucous membranes. Therapeutic proper- 
ties not known. Recommended in diar- 
rhoea and zymotic fevers. Dose gr. j-xv. 

Cot'ton. See Gossypium. 

Cot'ton-seed Oil. See Gossypium. 



Cotyloid Cav / ity. See Acetabulum. 

Couch-grass. See Triticttm. 

Couch / ing (Fr. Coucker). The operation, 
now fallen into disuse, of depressing a 
cataractous lens into the vitreous chamber, 
where it was left to be absorbed. 

Cougb/ing. A sudden violent expiratory 
explosion after deep inspiration and closure 
of the glottis. C. Center. See Center. 

Cou / lomb. The unit of measurement of 
electrical quantity; the quantity of elec- 
tricity that passes during one second in a 
conductor having a resistance of one ohm, 
with one volt of electromotive force. The 
micro-coulomb is the millionth part of 
this amount. 

Counter-extension. See Extension. 

Count / er-irrita / tion. Superficial and arti- 
ficially produced inflammation, in order to 
exercise a good effect upon some adjacent 
or deep-seated morbid process. Generally 
effected by vesicants, rubefacients, etc. 

Count / er-o / pening. An incision made 
in an abscess or cavity, opposite another, 
generally for purposes of drainage. 

Cours / es. See Menses. 

Court Plaster. See Ichthycolla. 

Couveuse'. See Incubator. 

Cow / age. The external hairs of the pod 
of Mucuna pruriens. 

Cow / bane. Water Hemlock. The leaves 
of Cimta virosa. An acrid narcotic, highly 
poisonous to cattle, but not affecting sheep 
and goats. Causes intoxication and spasm. 
Sometimes used externally as an anodyne 
in rheumatism. 

Cow'per's Glands. See Glands. 

Cow / pox. See Vaccination. 

Cox / a [coxa, hip). The hip-joint. 

Coxal'gia (coxa, alyog, pain). Pain in the 
hip-joint. See Hip-joint Disease. 

Coxe's Hive Mixture. See Scilla. 

Crab Louse. See Pediculus. 

Crachot 7 em ent . A peculiar reflex follow- 
ing operations upon the utero-ovarian or- 
gans, marked by a desire to spit without 
the ability to do so. It is usually accom- 
panied by a tendency to syncope. 

Cracked-pot Sound. A peculiar sound 
elicited by percussion over a cavity of the 
lung communicating with a bronchus. 

Cra'dle. In surgery, a wire or wicker 
frame so arranged as to keep the weight of 
the bed-clothing from an injured part of 
the body. Employed in fractures, wounds, 
etc. 

Cramp (Teut. kramp~). A spasmodic con- 
traction of the muscles attended with sharp 
pain. 



CRANE'S-BILL ROOT. 



121 



CROCUS 



Crane's-bill Root. See Geranium. 

Cra / nioclasm (upaviov, the skull, ulao, 
to break). The operation of breaking the 
foetal head by means of the cranioclast. 

CranioLogy (upaviov, Xojog, a discourse). A 
treatise on the comparative study of skulls. 

Craniom / eter (upaviov, /uerpov, a meas- 
ure) . An instrument for gauging the dimen- 
sions of the skull. 

CranionVetry. See Index. 

Cranios / copy. See Phrenology. 

Cranios / tosis (upaviov, oareov, a bone). 
Congenital ossification of the cranial sutures. 

Craniotomy (upaviov, rofirj, a cutting). 
The operation of reducing the size of the 
fcetal head by cutting or breaking it up, 
when delivery is otherwise impossible. 

Cra / nium (upaviov, the head). The skull. 
The cavity which contains the brain, its 
membranes and vessels. Consists of 22 
bones, of which 14 belong to the face, and 
8 to the cranium proper. See Skull. 

Crassamen / tum (crassus, thick). The 
clot of the blood. 

Craw - Craw. See Filaria Sanguinis 
Ho minis. 

CrawTey. See Coral Root. 

Cream of Tartar. See Potassium. 

Creamom / eter. An instrument for esti- 
mating the amount of cream in milk. 

Cream / or (cre?nor, broth). Cream. Any 
thick substance formed on the surface of a 
liquid. 

Cre / asote, or Creaso / tum (upeag, flesh, 
aco^o), to preserve). The product of the 
distillation of wood tar, consisting of a mix- 
ture of phenol compounds. An inflam- 
mable oily liquid differing in this respect 
from carbolic acid. Does not coagulate 
albumin and collodion. Most of the com- 
mercial creasote consists of carbolic acid 
or contains a large percentage of it. Valu- 
able for its antiseptic, astringent, styptic, 
anaesthetic and escharotic properties. C. 
Aqua, a one per cent, solution. Dose 

3H V : 

Cre / atin (upeag). A weak organic base 
occurring in various tissues of the body, 
especially in muscle. 

Creafinin (upsag). See Kreatinin. 

Creche (Fr. a crib). See Infant Shelter. 

Cremas / ter (tcpe/nao, to support). The 
muscle which draws up the testis. 

Cremasteric Re / flex. Retraction of the 
testicle on the same side by exciting the 
skin on the inner side of the thigh. 

Cremation (cremo, to burn). The de- 
struction of the body by burning, as distin- 
guished from interment. 



Cre / nated (crena, a notch). Notched or 
scalloped. In botany, leaves which are 
serrated. See Crenation. 

Crena'tion (crena). A notched or mul- 
berry appearance of the red corpuscles of 
the blood ; may be spontaneous or due to 
poisoning with Calabar bean. 

Cre / nothrix (Kprjvjj, source, Opit;, hair). A 
genus of the family Beggiatoacces, whose 
filaments are enveloped in a gelatinous 
sheath. C. Kuhniana, abundant in fresh 
waters. The pathogenic role attributed to 
this variety by Kiinsther in the production 
of typhoid is unjustified. 

Cre / olin. A coal-tar product deprived of 
carbolic acid. Haemostatic and highly anti- 
septic. It is more active than carbolic 
acid on pure cultures of pathogenic mi- 
crobes, but less efficacious in putrefying 
masses. An excellent non-poisonous de- 
odorizer. 

Crepitation, or Crepitus (crepito, to 
crackle). The noise produced by escaping 
flatus, by the grating of fractured bones, by 
the crackling of the joints, and by the 
pressure upon tissues containing an abnor- 
mal amount of air or gas. Also the pecu- 
liar murmur of respiration observed in 
pneumonia. 

Cres / cent, Myopic. See Myopia. 

Crest. The surmounting part of an organ 
or process. 

Cre / ta. Chalk. See Calcium. 

Cretinism. (Doubtful etymology.) The 
condition of a cretin. An endemic dis- 
ease characterized by goitre, and a condi- 
tion of physical, physiological and mental 
degeneracy and non-development. 

Cribriform (cribrum, a sieve, forma, 
form). Similar to a sieve in being per- 
forated, as the cribriform Plate of the 
Ethmoid Bone. 

Cri'co- (itpiKog, a ring). A prefix denoting 
connection with the cricoid cartilage. 

Cricoid Cartilage. See Cartilages of 
the larynx. 

Crisis (crisis). The turning point in a 
disease, fever, time of life, etc., and in 
disease, marking a change either for the 
better or worse. 

Crist / a AcuVtica (Lat). A yellow ele- 
vation projecting into the equator of the 
ampulla of the ear. 

Crist'a Gal'li. Cock's Crest. The superior 
triangular process of the ethmoid bone. 

Critical (crisis). Pertaining to a crisis in 
disease, period of life, etc. 

Cro / cus. Saffron. The stigmas of the 
flowers of C. sativus. (Should not be con- 



CROSSED REFLEXES 



122 



CUBEBS 



founded with American Saffron, Cartha- 
mus tinctorius). An aromatic stimulant 
and emmenagogue, commonly used as a 
cooling agent. C. Tinct., 10 per cent, 
in strength. Dose ^j-ij; of the drug, gr. 
v-xx. 

Crossed Re / flexes. An exception to 
the usual law of reflex movements, in 
which, e. g., excitation of one fore limb 
produces movement in the opposite hind 
limb. 

Cross-legged Progression. A method 
of walking in which one foot gets over or 
in front of the other. A symptom of cer- 
tain cord lesions. 

Cro / ton Chlo'ral. See Chloral Butylicum. 

Croton-oil. See Tiglii Oleum. 

Croup (Sax. kropan, to cry aloud). A dis- 
ease of the larynx, trachea, etc., of children, 
of which prominent symptoms are a peculiar 
cough, difficulty of breathing, and often 
accompanied by the development of a 
membranous deposit or exudate upon the 
parts. There is doubt as to the real nature 
of the disease, some contending that it is 
either an acute spasmodic laryngitis or a 
laryngeal diphtheria, while others believe 
it a special type of disease. 

Cru/cial {crux, a cross). Resembling 
or pertaining to a cross, as a crucial in- 
cision. 

Cru'ra (pi. of crus, a leg). A name 
applied to certain parts of the body from 
their resemblance to a leg or root. C. 
Cerebelli, the peduncles of the cerebellum. 
C. Cerebri, the peduncles of the cere- 
brum. C. of Diaphragm, the muscular 
bundles arising from the vertebrae, etc., and 
inserted into the central tendon. C. of 
Penis, the corpora cavernosi. 

Cru / ral [crus). Pertaining to the thigh. 
C. Arch. See Ligament. C. Hernia, 
femoral hernia. 

Crus (crus). The leg; structures resem- 
bling a leg. See the plural, Crura. 

Cru so -creatinine. A leucomaine, iso- 
lated from muscle-tissue. In this and other 
leucomaines of the Creatinine Group, as 
well as in those of the Uric Acid Group, 
hydrocyanic acid plays an important part 
in the molecular structure of the bases. 
Very little is yet known as to the function 
of this Cyanogen Group in relation to the 
vital activity of tissues, but recent investi- 
gations seem to show that the seat of the 
cyanogen formation lies within the nucle- 
ated cell, and is intimately connected with 
the functions of the nuclein molecule. A 
number of leucomaines of fresh muscle- 



tissue are credited with possessing an in- 
tensely poisonous action ; and, if this be 
the case, any accumulation of such bases in 
the system, due to interference with elimi- 
nation, may cause very serious disturb- 
ances. 

Crus / ta. The inferior part of the crura 
cerebri. C. Lactea. See Achor. C. 
Petrosa, a thin layer of bone covering the 
fang of a tooth. C. Phlogistica, the 
yellowish layer of the upper stratum of a 
blood-clot coagulating slowly. 

Crypt (upvTTTG), to conceal). A small sac 
or follicle. Crypts of Lieberkiihn, mi- 
nute tubular depressions of the mucous 
membrane of the small intestine. 

Cryptoceph / alus (/cpwroc, hidden, K£(pa?irj, 
head). A monster foetus with imperfectly 
formed and concealed head. 

Cryptoga / mia (apvizToq, yapiog, marriage). 
A division of the vegetable kingdom com- 
prising all plants with concealed sexual 
organs, without pistils or stamens. 

Cryptophthal'mos (upviTToc, o(j)6a?ijuog, the 
eye). Congenital union of the eyelids, 
usually over imperfect eyes. 

Cryptor'chid, or Cryptorchis (/cpwrw, to 
hide, opx^, testicle). A person with re- 
tained testicles, i. e., not descended into 
the scrotum. Monorchid, with one re- 
tained testicle. 

Cryst / allin. The globulin of the crystal- 
line lens. 

Crystalline Lens. See Lens. 

Crystallization (upvoTa/ikoQ, ice). The 
process by which the molecules of a sub- 
stance arrange themselves in geometric 
forms when passing from a gaseous or a 
liquid to a solid state. C, Water of, 
the water of salts that cannot be extracted 
without destruction of their crystalline 
nature. 

Crystallography (tcpvarallog ypatyu, to 
write). The science of crystals, their for- 
mation, etc. 

Crystalloid [tipvaraWoq, eidog, likeness). 
Having a crystalline structure, as distin- 
guished from colloid. 

Cu'beba. The unripe fruit of C. officinalis, 
cultivated in Java. Properties due to a 
volatile oil and an organic acid. An aro- 
matic stimulant, diuretic in small doses. 
Useful in affections of the bladder and 
urethra. A good remedy (applied by in- 
sufflation or smoked in cigarettes) for 
disease of the fauces, in catarrh of the air 
passages, etc. Dose gr. x-^ij. C, Fid. 
Ext., alcoholic. Dose rr\,x-xxx. C. 
Oleoresina, ethereal. Dose TT\v-xxx. 



CUBIC SPACE 



123 



CURRENT 



C. Ol., the volatile oil. Dose TT^v-xx. 
C, Tinct., ioper cent, in strength. Dose 
T»\x- 3 iij. C. Trochisci, oleoresin gr. J^, 
oil sassafras gr. y 1 ^, ext. glycyrrhiza gr. iv, 
acacia gr. ij, syr. tolu q. s., in each troche. 
Dose j-iij. 

Cubic Space (of air). The amount of 
space required by the patient in hospitals, 
etc. About iooo cubic feet to each patient 
is necessary to proper ventilation. 

Cu / bitus {cubitus, the elbow). The fore- 
arm. 

Cu / boid Bone. A bone of the foot situ- 
ated at the outer anterior part of the 
tarsus. 

Cu / ca. See Erythroxylon. 

Cud Weed. See Life Everlasting. 

Cul-de-sac (Fr. cut, the bottom, de, of, 
sac, bag). A cavity of the body closed at 
one end. Douglas's C, a pouch between 
the anterior wall of the rectum and the 
posterior wall of the uterus formed by the 
reflection of the peritoneum. Called, also, 
the recto-uterine or retro-titerine C. 

Cu'lex. A mosquito. A well-known in- 
sect which punctures the skin to obtain its 
food, the blood. 

Culture {colo, cultum, to till, cultivate). 
A name loosely and indiscriminately ap- 
plied to the act, the liquid or solid me- 
dium used, and the product of the process, 
in culture experiments upon microorgan- 
isms. The culture media are of various 
kinds : mineral liquids (see Raulin's Li- 
quid, Cohn's Liquid, etc.), bouillons of 
various kinds, gelatinous fluids, gelose, 
potato, serum, etc. These media are first 
sterilized, usually by heat (see Oven, Ster- 
ilization), but possibly also by chemicals, 
by filtration, by cold, by steam, etc. The 
infectious matter is then taken upon a ster- 
ilized platinum needle point, pipette, or 
other instrument, and transferred to the 
culture-medium. When the latter is of 
semi-solid consistency, as gelatin, the inocu- 
lation by the needle is called Stichcultur 
(Gr.) or par piqure (Fr.), the needle being 
thrust into the substance. When sown 
along the surface in a line it is called 
Strichcultur (Gr.), or en stries (Fr.). The 
macroscopic features of the subsequent de- 
velopment give important means of differ- 
entiation. For example, when the inocu- 
lated matter forms a mass in the medium, 
pointed below and rising like a nail-head 
above, it is called en clou, nail-shaped. 
Then the medium may be liquefied or not, 
variously colored, peculiarly changed, sedi- 
ment deposited or not, etc. Subsequent 



microscopical examination of the culture- 
product, inoculation experiments upon ani- 
mals, etc., complete the study. 

Cul'ver's Root. See Leptandra. 

Cuneiform Bones (L. cuneus, a wedge). 
The name of three wedge-shaped bones at 
the anterior part of the tarsus. 

Cune / us [cuneus). A wedge-shaped con- 
volution on the internal aspect of the cortex 
of the occipital lobe. 

Cu / pola {cupola, a dome). The dome- 
shaped extremity of the canal of the coch- 
lea. Also, the summit of a solitary gland 
of the small intestines. 

Cup / ping. The application of cupping 
glasses; a method of blood-abstraction. 
C., Dry, without the abstraction of blood 
— a form of counter-irritation. C, Wet, 
with the abstraction of blood after scari- 
fication. 

Cu / prum. See Copper. 

Cura're. Woorara. A vegetable extract 
obtained from Paulinia C. and certain 
members of the Strychnos family. A pow- 
erful paralyzer of the motor nerves and 
the voluntary muscles. Used in S. Amer- 
ica and elsewhere as an arrow poison. In 
toxic doses death occurs by paralysis of 
the organs of respiration. Reported ef- 
fectual in two cases of hydrophobia, and 
has been successful in tetanus. Dose by 
hypodermatic injection gr. -%^-\. 

Curd. The coagulum of milk which sepa- 
rates on the addition of rennet or an acid. 

Curette (Fr.). An instrument shaped 
like a spoon or scoop, for detaching sub- 
stances from one another, as the placenta 
from the uterine wall, etc. 

Current {curro, to run). In electricity, a 
term applied to the transference of the 
force, which is arbitrarily likened to the 
flow of a liquid in a confined passage. 
C, Action, that obtained when an in- 
jured muscle contracts. C, Alternat- 
ing, a term applied to a current which, by 
means of an interrupter, is alternately di- 
rect and reverse. This current is em- 
ployed (in New York) for the execution of 
capital sentences. C, Battery, a gal- 
vanic current. C, Continuous, a con- 
stant, uninterrupted current in one direc- 
tion. C, Demarcation, the muscle-cur- 
rent of Du Bois Raymond, the current 
obtained from an injured muscle. C, 
Galvanic, a current generated by the 
decomposition of acidulated water by 
means of metallic plates. C, Induced, 
or Secondary, a momentary current pro- 
duced when a coil of insulated wire is in- 



CURTATE 



124 



CYSTICERCUS 



troduced within the field of another coil 
through which a continuous current is 
passing. When the coil is removed from 
the field there is a momentary current in 
the opposite direction. 

Curtate. See Expectation of Life. 

Curv / ature of Spine. See Caries. 

Cusp (cuspis, a point). The crown or pro- 
jecting part of a tooth. 

Cuta'neous [cutis, the skin). Pertaining 
to the skin. C. Calculus. See Milium. 
C. Horns. See Cornu Cutaneum. C. 
Respiration, the transpiration of gases 
through the skin. 

Cu / ticle (dim. of cutis, the skin). The 
epidermis or scarf-skin. See Skin. 

Cu / tis. The derma, or true skin. C, 
Anserina. See Goose Skin. 

Cut-off Muscle. A popular designation 
of the compressor urethrae muscle. 

Cyan / ogen {mavog, blue, yevvacj, to pro- 
duce). A radical molecule having the 
structure CN, an acid compound of carbon 
and nitrogen existing as a colorless, com- 
bustible gas, exceedingly poisonous. Forms 
with hydrogen, hydrocyanic or prussic 
acid ; with metals, the cyanides ; with 
oxygen, the compound known as fulminic 
acid. Cyanogen and hydrocyanic acid 
are usually distinguished by the odor of 
almonds. 

Cyanop / athy. See Cyanosis. 

Cyano / sis (nvavog). A bluish discolora- 
tion of the skin from non-oxidation of the 
blood, caused by local or general circula- 
tory diseases. 

Cyanotic. Pertaining to Cyanosis. 

Cycli / tis (avuTiog, a circle, trie, inflamma- 
tion). Inflammation of the ciliary body, 
causing a pericorneal circle of congested 
sclerotic tissue. A serious condition, often 
implicating adjacent structures. May be 
serous, plastic, or suppurative. Irido- 
cyclitis, when the iris is also implicated 
in the inflammatory process. 

Cyclocepb/alus (/cwc/loc, Ke^alrj, head). 
A monstrosity with a Cyclopean eye and 
atrophy of the nose. 

Cyclopia. See Synophthalmia. • 

Cyclople / gia (/ewe/ioc, irlrjyr), a stroke). 
Paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the 
eye. 

Cy / clops (/cwoloc, uip). A congenital mal- 
formation consisting in a fusion of the two 
eyes into one. See Rhinocephalus. 

Cyclofomy (/cm/loc, to/j.?}, section). An 
operation proposed for the relief of glau- 
coma, consisting in an incision through 
the ciliary body. 



Cydo / nium. Quince Seed. The seeds of C. 
vulgaris. Employed mainly for the muci- 
lage contained in the epithelial covering, 
which consists of a compound of gum and 
glucose. C. Mucilago, quince seeds 2, 
macerated in water ioo parts. A bland 
demulcent, known in commerce as Bando- 
line, and used as a hair dressing. 

Cylindrical Lenses. See Lenses. 

Cylindroma (nvALv8poq, a cylinder). A 
tumor peculiar to the orbit of the eye and 
to the stomach, composed of cylindrical or 
club-like hyaline processes. 

Cynan / che {kvwv, a dog, ajx^, to strangle). 
An old name for cases of diphtheria, 
croup, tonsillitis, etc., in which the patient 
struggles for breath (as a panting dog). C. 
Tonsillaris. See Quinsy. 

Cynanthro / pia [kvuv, avdpo-og, man). A 
mania in which the patient believes him- 
self a dog. 

Cypho / sis. See Kyphosis. 

Cypripe / dium. Lady's Slipper. The roots 
of C. pubescens and C. parvffortwi, Ameri- 
can valerian. Properties due to a volatile 
oil and acid. An antispasmodic and 
stimulant tonic. Used instead of valerian, 
which it resembles, in certain parts of the 
U. S. C, Fid. Ext. Dose rr\x-xxx. 
Cypripedein, unof., an impure alcoholic 
extract. Dose gr. ss-iij. 

Cyrtom / eter (/cvproc, curved, fierpov a 
measure). An instrument adapted for 
measuring curves, and especially those of 
the chest. 

Cyst [kvctlq, a pouch). A cavity contain- 
ing fluid and surrounded by a capsule. 
C, Cutaneous. See Dermoid C. C, 
Dentigerous, containing teeth ; one form 
is found in the ovaries. C, Dermoid, 
congenital; the cyst- wall is like the skin. 
C, Meibomian. See Chalazion. C, 
Retention, formed by closure of the ducts 
of secreting organs, as in mucous or seba- 
ceous cysts. C, Exudation, from increase 
of exudation, or from exudation into a 
closed cavity. C, Primary, newly formed, 
not from distention. C, Secondary, a 
cyst within a cyst. C, Sublingual. See 
Ranula. C, Synovial, from the disten- 
tion of bursa? or synovial sheaths. C, 
Tarsal. See Chalazion. 

Cystal'gia (nvgrcg, a/,yog, pain). Pain in 
the bladder. 

Cys / tic. Pertaining to a cyst, especially 
of the urinary or gall bladder. 

Cysticer'cus Cellulo / sae Cu / tis. See 
Alternation of Generation. A hydatid, 
or immature form of Tcenia solium, which 



CYSTIN 



125 



DANCE 



is sometimes parasitic upon the subcutane- 
ous tissues of the skin. 

Cyst / in. A substance, C 6 H 12 N 2 S 2 4 , found 
in urine in small amount. Test : boil with 
a solution of lead oxide in sodium hydrate. 
If cystin is present, black lead sulphide is 
precipitated. 

Cyst'is. See Cyst. 

Cysti / tis. Inflammation of the bladder. 

Cyst / itome. See Cystotome. 

Cyst / ocele [Kvarig, a pouch, ktiIt], tumor). 
Vesical hernia. 

Cyst'oplasty [kvgtl^, irlaaau, to form). 
Plastic operation upon the bladder, espe- 
cially for vesico-vaginal fistula. 

Cyst / oscope (kvgtlq, GKoiveu, to examine). 
An instrument for examining the interior 
of the bladder. 

Cyst / otome {kvgtiq, refiva, to cut). A 
knife used in cystotomy and in rupturing the 
capsule of the lens in cataract operations. 

Cystotomy. Incision of the bladder. 

CythaemoFysis (kvtoq, cell, aifxa, blood, 
Ivaig, dissolution). Dissolution of the 
corpuscles of the blood. 



Cy / tisin. A crystalline alkaloid of Cytisus 
laburnum. It has marked hypnotic pro- 
perties, with diminution of pulse. It has 
been used hypodermically with advantage 
in migraine. Dose of the nitrate gr. -fa. 
Unof. 

Cy / toblast (/a>roc, (31aoTog, germ). The 
cell-nucleus. 

Cytoblaste / ma (/curoc, fikaoTrjjia, germ). 
The germinative liquid in which cells 
grow. 

Cytodier'esis (nvrog, diaipecig, division). 
Cell segmentation or division. 

Cytogen / esis. See Cell. 

Cy'toid (nvrog, etdog, likeness). Resem- 
bling a cell. 

CytoFogy (/o>roc, Tioyog, account). The 
science of cell-formation and cell-life. 

Cy / to-mito / ma. See Cell-body. 

Cy'toplasma. See Protoplasm. 

Cytozo/on (/cvroc, £oov, animal). Proto- 
plasmic cell masses, probably parasitic in 
nature, with independent movement; found 
by Gaule in defibrinated blood and other 
structures. 



D 



D. Abbreviation of Dioptry and Dexter. 

DacryoadenFtis (daupvov, a tear, adrjv, a 
gland). Inflammation of the lachrymal 
gland. 

Dacryoblenorrhce / a. Chronic inflamma- 
tion and discharge of mucus from the 
lachrymal sac. 

Dacryocystitis (daKpvov, kvgtiq, a sac). 
Inflammation of the lachrymal sac. 

Dac'ryolite. See Dacryolith. 

Da / cryolith (datcpvov, 1l6oq, a stone). 
Calcareous concretions in the lachrymal 
passages or palpebral conjunctiva. 

Dacryo / ma (daupvu, to weep). The clos- 
ure or obstruction of the puncta lachry- 
malia, causing epiphora, or superabundant 
secretion of tears. 

Dac / ryops (Saupvov, uip, sight). Cyst of 
the ducts of the lachrymal gland. 

Dac / tylate (SanTvAog, a finger). Resem- 
bling a finger. Possessing five rays or ap- 
pendages. 



D3emonoma / nia (dat/uov, a devil, mama, 
madness). A form of madness in which 
a person imagines himself possessed of a 
devil. 

Dalt / onism. A synonym for color-blind- 
ness. See Blindness. 

Damia / na. The leaves of Turnera aphro- 
disiaca, found in Mexico and Lower Cali- 
fornia. A stimulant tonic and said to be 
a powerful aphrodisiac. The basis of a 
great number of quack remedies. D., 
Ext. Dose gr. ij-x. D., Fid. Ext. 
Dose tt\,x-3_j. Dose of the leaves ^j 
daily. All unof. 

Damping Apparatus. The union of 
the tympanic membrane of the ear with the 
auditory ossicles acting as a damper to pre- 
vent excessive sympathetic vibration for its 
own fundamental note. 

Dance (Fr., danser). Any measured tread 
or system of steps accompanied by music. 
Also, any motion of the body caused by 



DANCING MANIA 



126 



DECORTICATION 



an abnormal nervous stimulus. D., St. 
Vitus'. See Chorea. 

Dan'cing Mania. See Choromania. 

Dan / delion. See Taraxacum. 

Dan / druff. See Seborrhea and Pityria- 
sis. 

D'Arsonvals' Oven. See Oven. 

Darto'ic Myo'ma. See Myoma. 

Dart / os (daproc, flayed). The contractile 
fibrous layer beneath the skin of the scro- 
tum. 

Darwinism. The theory of descent by 
evolution, as modified by the doctrine of 
the survival of the fittest. Named after 
Charles Darwin, a celebrated naturalist. 

Datura. A genus of Solanacese, or night- 
shade family. D., Stramonium. See 
Stramonium. D., TatuTa, a plant be- 
longing to the nightshade family, closely 
resembling stramonium in its therapeutic 
and physiological properties. Has been 
smoked with advantage in asthma. Unof. 

Dat'urine. See Stratnonium. 

Daughter-Nuclei. See Karyokinesis. 

Day-Blindness. See Ilemeralopia. 

Deaf (Sax. deaf). Without the sense of 
hearing. A condition of impaired hear- 
ing. D. -mutism, a condition of deafness 
or impaired hearing, accompanied by im- 
perfect development (congenital), or loss 
of speech. 

Deafness. The condition of being deaf. 
D., Paradoxical, called also Paracousia 
Willissii, deafness for speech in silence, 
but with ability, e. g., to hear the same 
voice in a noisy car or street. Said to be 
caused by compression of the labyrinth. A 
form of otopiesis. D., Psychical, the 
deafness from destruction of the central 
area of the auditory center ( Munk) . Sounds 
are heard but not recognized or under- 
stood. 

Death (Sax. death). The cessation of 
life. D., Apparent, a term applied to 
a cataleptic state in which respiration and 
circulation are so feeble as to be unnotice- 
able. D., Black, an exceedingly fatal 
epidemic called the " Plague," which oc- 
curred in Europe during the 14th century, 
during which it is estimated that 20,000,- 
000 people died. D. Rate, a term arbi- 
trarily expressing the mortality of a place, 
based upon the number of deaths for each 
1000 of population during a period of one 
year. D., Signs of, certain indications 
of death, such as cessation of the heart's 
action, and respiration, vigor of the body, 
healthiness of the tissues, etc. D., So- 
matic, death of the organism as a whole, 



in distinction from localized D., or necro- 
sis, and gangrene. 

Debove's Membrane. A deep, germi- 
nal layer of flattened cells in the mucous 
membrane of the trachea and extra-pulmo- 
nary bronchi. 

Debridement (Fr.). The enlarging of 
a gunshot wound or a hernia with the 
knife. 

Decagramme. See Metric System. 

Decalcification {Be neg., calx, lime). 
The loss of the lime constituent of bone 
in some cases of osteitis. 

Decalcifying Fluid. Solutions for the 
purpose of depriving tissue of its earthy 
salts. Chromic acid I grm., water 200 c.c, 
then add 2 c.c. nitric acid, — is commended. 

Decanta'tion. The operation of removing 
the supernatant fluid from a sediment. It 
may be poured off by means of a guiding 
rod, or drawn off by means of a siphon. 

Decapitation (de, from, caput, head). Di- 
vision of the neck of the child in labor, 
when delivery and turning are both im- 
possible. Sometimes called decollation. 

Decid'ua {deciduus, a falling off because 
shed at birth). The membranous envelope 
of the ovum derived from the mother and 
cast off at birth with the placenta, etc. D. 
Reflexa, that part of the decidua growing 
about the ovum and enclosing it as a sac. 
D. Serotina, that part of the decidua vera 
upon which the ovum lies, and where the 
placenta is subsequently formed. D . Vera, 
the thickened, vascular, spongy mucous 
membrane of the uterus. 

Decid / uous Teeth. The temporary or 
milk teeth. 

Decagramme, Decaliter, Decimeter. 
See Metric System. 

Decoc / tion {decoquo, to boil down). A 
decoction, or "tea." In pharmacy, a 
preparation obtained by boiling vegetable 
substances in water. There are 2 official 
decocta. 

Decollation. See Decapitation. 

Decollator. An instrument for decapita- 
tion. 

Decoloration. The operation of discharg- 
ing the color of an organic substance, 
usually by bleaching or by filtration 
through animal charcoal. 

Decomposition [de, from, compono, to 
put together) . The separation of the com- 
ponent principles of a body, either by chemi- 
cal analysis or by putrefactive fermentation. 

Decortication {cortex, the bark). The 
operation of removing or stripping the 
bark or husk of a plant. 



DECREPITATION 



127 



DELIRIUM 



Decrepitation {crepitus, crackling). The 
crackling noise made by certain crystalline 
bodies when their water of crystallization 
is driven off by heat. Caused by the con- 
version of the imprisoned water into steam. 

Decubitus {dec umbo, to lie down). A 
term denoting a recumbent or horizontal 
position. Also, the position of a sick 
person while in bed. D., Acute, a form 
of bed-sore, due to cerebral lesions. 

Decus / sate {decusso, to divide crossways). 
To intersect. A term applied to nerve and 
to muscle fibers which interlace. 

Dedenti'tion {de, and dens, a tooth). The 
shedding of the teeth, especially the milk 
teeth. 

Dee / linae / leum. A highly refined 
petroleum oil manufactured on the Dee 
River. Said to be valuable for local appli- 
cation in eczema, etc. Unof. 

Defaeca / tion {defceco, to separate from 
dregs). The evacuation of the bowels, or 
discharge of feces. 

Deferens. See Vas. 

Defervescence {defervesco, to cease boil- 
ing). A tenia applied to periods during 
the course of fevers in which the tempera- 
ture falls. 

Defibrination {de, from, fibrin). The 
removal of fibrin from blood or lymph. 

Definition {definio, to bound by limits). 
In optics, the power of an object-glass to 
show clear outlines of area or structure, 
free from aberration or distortion. 

Deflagration {deflagro, to be consumed). 
The oxidation of inorganic substances by 
mixing with an easily decomposing oxide, 
such as the alkaline chlorates and nitrates. 
Usually attended with violent combustion. 

Defloration {de, and flora, a flower). On 
the part of the female the first sexual 
connection effected by consent, not by 
rape. The loss of those marks or fea- 
tures which indicate virginity, as rupture 
of the hymen. 

Deformation {deformo, to disfigure or 
distort). A process by which the body or 
any of its parts acquire an abnormal shape. 

Deformity {deformo). That condition of 
a body or any part marked by abnormal 
shape or structure. 

Degeneration {degenero, to differ from 
ancestors). Deterioration, degradation or 
retrogression of the molecular or cellular 
structure of a tissue, organ or cell, so 
that it can no longer maintain its function. 
Atrophy is a form. D., Amyloid or D., 
Albuminoid, now regarded as an infiltra- 
tion from without, and not of a degenera- 



tion of the proper cells and fibers. D., 
Calcareous, the deposition of insoluble 
compounds of lime and magnesia within 
the tissues. Caseation, the proteid con- 
stituents undergo dry fatty degeneration, 
and are converted into cheese-like masses. 
Cloudy Swelling. See Cloudy Swelling. 
D., Colloid, akin to mucoid, the dis- 
organized material becoming of a struc- 
tureless, semi-solid, jelly-like consistence. 
D., Fatty, the conversion of the proteids 
of a cell or fiber into oil. D., Hyaline, 
the disorganized tissue becomes shining 
and translucent. D., Mucoid, hyper- 
secretion followed by disorganization of 
the mucus cells. D., Reaction of. See 
Reaction of Degeneration. D., System, 
when the degenerative process affects a 
system of fibers, in contradistinction to 
insular or scattered D. 

Deglutition {deglutitio, to swallow). The 
act of swallowing. 

Degree 7 {de and gradus, a step). Posi- 
tion in a graded series ; quality. The units 
or intervals of thermometric scales. Also, 
a charter or testimonial of qualification 
granted by a medical or other college. In 
trigonometry the j^ part of the arc of a 
circle. 

Dehydration {de and vdcjp, water). The 
removal of the constitutional water of an 
organic substance, or the water of crystal- 
lization of a chemical salt. Called, also, 
anhydration. 

Dei'ter's Cells. Certain cellular struc- 
tures between the outer hair cells of the 
organ of Corti. Also certain nucleated 
cells at the intersection of the fibers of the 
white substance of nerves. 

Dejec / tion {de and jacio, to throw). The 
discharge of fecal or other excrementitious 
matter. Also, a state of despondency. 

Deleterious {deleterhcs, baneful). Hurt- 
ful, injurious. 

Del'hi Boil. See Furunculus Orientalis. 

Deliquescence (L. deliquesco, to melt 
away). The absorption of water from the 
atmosphere, characteristic of certain sub- 
stances. Such substances are said to be 
hygroscopic. 

Delir'iant {de, out of, lira, the furrow). 
An agent which acts on the brain, so as to 
disorder the mental faculties and produce 
confusion of will-power. 

Delirium {de, lira). A disturbance of 
the cerebral functions manifested in 
the impaired action of the nerve centers, 
characterized by hallucinations, an inco- 
herence of speech, a staggering gait, etc. 



DELITESCENCE 



128 



DENUTRITION 



D., Alcoholic. See D. Tremens. D. 
Ambitiosa, a condition of boastfulness 
which is sometimes manifest in the deli- 
rium of the insane. D., Febrile, the 
delirium of fever. D. Nervosum, the 
delirium following severe surgical opera- 
tions, or injuries. D., Senile, the delirium 
of old age, dotage. D., Toxic, the deli- 
rium caused by poisons. D. Tremens, 
the delirium arising from alcoholic poi- 
soning, manifested in trembling and hal- 
lucination; called, also, mania a potu. 

Delitescence [delitesco,\.o lie hid). The 
sudden disappearance of inflammation by 
resolution. Also, the period of incubation 
of the virus of contagious diseases, such 
as smallpox, etc. 

Delivery (Fr. delivrer). Parturition, 
childbirth. 

Delomorph / ous [prfkoq, conspicuous, 
fioptpr], form). With open or conspicuous 
form. D. Cells of Rollet, collections 
of large, oval or angular, well-defined, 
granular reticulated, nucleated cells, be- 
tween the membrana propria and the 
adelomorphous cells of the fundus glands 
of the gastric mucous membrane. Called, 
also, Parietal cells of Heidenhain, or 
oxyntic cells of Langley. The lining 
of the secretory part of the tubes is by 
cells called Adelomorphous, Central, 
or Principal Cells. 

Delphin'idae, OTeum. The oil of the 
common porpoise. It is said to have all 
the medicinal virtues of cod-liver oil with- 
out the disagreeable properties of the 
latter. 

Delph'inine. See Staphisagria. 

Delt / oid [delta, the Greek letter A). 
Having the shape of a delta, or a triangu- 
lar form, as the D. Muscle. See Muscle. 

Delu / sion [de and lusus, play). A term 
signifying false judgment of objective 
things, as distinguished from illusion and 
hallucination. See Hallucination. 

Dementia [de, out of, mens, mind). A 
mild form of insanity marked by imperfect 
conception, illogical sequence of expres- 
sion, loss of reflection and impaired per- 
ception. Often a final stage of other forms 
of insanity. 

Demi-. A Latin prefix denoting one-half. 

De / modex Follicuk/rum. An animal 
parasite of the skin which infests the se- 
baceous glands. 

Demog / raphy (Srjfioc, the people, ypa<po, 
to write). The science of peoples col- 
lectively considered. The individualism 
of a mass of people. 



De Moivre's Hypothesis. That the de- 
crements of population are in arithmetical 
proportion, and that of every 86 persons 
born, one dies uniformly every year until 
all are extinct. 

Demulcent [demulceo, to smooth). Sub- 
stances which protect the mucous mem- 
branes. Generally of mucilaginous nature. 

Demutiza / tion. The education of deaf- 
mutes to speak and to understand spoken 
language by the movement of the lips, 
signs, etc. 

Dengue. A zymotic disease somewhat 
resembling remittent fever, but much se- 
verer. It is characterized by racking pain 
in the head and eyeballs, arthralgia, ca- 
tarrhal inflammation of those mucous sur- 
faces that are exposed to the air, by 
swollen salivary glands and measly erup- 
tions. 

Denis's Plas / mine. A precipitate of un- 
coagulated blood with sodic sulphate, and 
treated with sodic chloride. 

Dens (pi. denies). A tooth. See Teeth. 

Denial [dens). Pertaining to the teeth. 
D. Arch, the arch formed by the alveolar 
process of each jaw. D. Arteries, the 
arteries supplying the teeth. D. Canals, 
the canals through which the dental 
arteries pass. D. Caries, a carious or 
putrefactive destruction of the teeth. D. 
Cavity, the cavity in the interior of the 
tooth, occupied by the pulp. D. Groove, 
a furrow on the lower border of the upper 
jaw early in foetal life, in which the teeth 
are developed. D. Engine, an instru- 
ment consisting of a treadle and pullies 
which give a rotary motion to the drills, 
files and cutters, used in preparing teeth 
for filling. D. Nerve. See Nerve. D. 
Pulp, the pulp of the tooth. D. Tubuli, 
the tubules occurring in the structure of the 
dentine. 

Dentes Sapientiae. The wisdom teeth. 
A name given to the third molar tooth of 
each half of the jaws. 

Dentifrice [dens,frico, to rub). A sub- 
stance used for cleansing the teeth. 

Dentine. The bony structure of the tooth, 
lying under the enamel of the crown and 
the pericementum of the root. 

Dentistry [dens). The science and art 
of the surgery of the teeth. 

Dentation [dens). The cutting or first 
appearance of the teeth in infancy. Also 
the arrangement and evolution of the 
teeth. 

Denutri / tion [de, from, nutrio, to nourish). 
The breaking down or atrophy of tissue 



DEOBSTRUENT 



129 



DERMATITIS 



arising from lack of nutrition. The oppo- 
site of nutrition. 

Deob / struent (L. de and obstruere, to ob- 
struct). A medicine which removes func- 
tional obstructions of the body. An aperi- 
ent. {Indefinite and obsolescent). 

De / odand {deus, God, do, to give). A fine 
formerly imposed on an inanimate thing 
or animal that had caused the injury or 
violent death of a person. 

Deod / orant. A substance that removes 
or corrects offensive odors. 

Deoxida / tion {de, from, oxidatus, having 
oxygen). The separation of an element 
or compound from the oxygen held in 
combination. Reduction. 

Depilatory (L. de and pilus, the hair). 
A substance used to destroy the hair, — 
usually a caustic alkali. 

Depletion {depleo, to empty). The pro- 
cess of diminishing the quantity of any 
tissue or fluid of the body, especially the 
blood. 

Depolarization. Destruction of polarity. 
The neutralization of the opposite poles of 
a magnet. The neutralization or recom- 
bination of light-waves that have been 
separated by means of a Nicol prism. 

Deposit {de, from, pono, to place). A 
gathering of particles that have been held 
in suspension. A gathering of morbid 
matter in any part of the body. 

Depravation {depravo, to become viti- 
ated). A deterioration or morbid change 
in the secretions, tissues, or functions of 
the body. 

Depressant {deprimo, to press down). A 
medicine which retards or depresses the 
physiological action of an organ. A seda- 
tive. D., Cardiac, lowers the action of 
the heart. D., Cerebral, arrests the func- 
tions of the cerebrum. D., Motor, lowers 
the activity of the spinal cord and motor 
apparatus. 

Depression {deprimo). In anatomy, a 
hollow, or fossa. In surgery, pressure on 
the brain by a fractured part of the cranium. 

Depress / or {deprimo). A name given to 
a muscle or an instrument which depresses. 
See Muscle. D. Fibers. See Pressor. 
D. of Sims, an instrument for holding 
back the vaginal wall during exploration 
with the speculum. D., Tongue, an in- 
strument for depressing the tongue in order 
to examine the throat. 

Depu'rant {purus, pure). A term some- 
what loosely used to designate a medicine 
which purifies the animal economy. In 
pharmacy, to clarify. 
9 



De R. A contraction and symbol of the 
term Reaction of Degeneration, q. v. 

Deradel'phus {depv, neck, adsfyoc, bro- 
ther). A monocephalic dual monstrosity 
with fusion of the bodies above the umbili- 
cus, four lower extremities and three or four 
upper. 

Deradeni'tis (depq, adrjv, a gland). Inflam- 
mation of the glands of the neck. 

Derbyshire Neck. See Goitre. 

Derencepb/alus {Sepr/, tvnEtyaloq, brain). 
A class of anencephalic monsters, the brain, 
cranium, and occipital foramen being ab- 
sent, and with a partial arrest of develop- 
ment of the upper vertebrae. 

Derivative {derivo, to turn aside a stream). 
A term formerly applied to certain medi- 
cines or modes of treatment that changed 
the form or symptoms of a disease. 

Derm. See Derma. 

DernVa {depva, the skin). The skin. The 
true skin. See Cutis. 

Derm / al {Sep/aa). Pertaining to the skin. 

DermataFgia {Sepfza, akyoq, pain). Neu- 
ralgia of the skin. Rheumatism of the 
skin. Pain in the skin not due to any 
structural change in it. 

Dermatitis {depfia, ltlq). A name used 
loosely to include various inflammations 
of the skin induced by external agencies. 
D. Calorica, inflammations caused by 
heat, such as scalds, etc. D. Congela- 
tionis, a name used by Van Harlingen 
and others to denote chilblains. See Ery- 
thema. D. Contusiformis. See Ery- 
thema Nodosum. D. Exfoliativa. See 
Pityriasis Rubra. D. Gangrenosa, a 
disease marked by the formation of circu- 
cular, erythematous spots, which become 
gangrenous and eventually slough. D. 
Gangrenosa Infantum. See Sphacelo- 
derma. D. Herpetiformis. See Hy- 
droa. D., Malignant, Papillary, Paget's 
disease of the nipple. Carcinoma of the 
nipple. See Carcinoma. D. Medica- 
mentosa, eruptions and inflammatory 
affections of the skin caused by the in- 
gestion of substances used in medicine 
and pharmacy. " Drug eruptions" (Van 
Harlingen). D. Papillaris Capillitii. 
Acne Keloid. A disease of the skin of 
the occipital region, marked by enormous 
papillomatous vegetations of granular tis- 
sue which excrete a fetid discharge. D. 
Traumatica, inflammations of the skin 
caused by mechanical agents, such as 
bruises. D. Venenata, eruptions caused 
by poisonous substances, such as poison 
ivy, poison oak, etc. 



DERMATOID 



130 



DIABETES 



Derm'atoid (fiep/na, etdog, resemblance). 
Like or resembling skin. 

DermatoFogy [depjta, h>yog, a treatise). 
A treatise on the skin, its nature, structure 
and functions. 

Dermatol'ysis (depjua, Tivaig, a loosing). 
A loosened and pendulous condition of the 
skin. A name given to a rare form of 
Fibroma, q. v., marked by hypertrophy of 
the skin, which is thickened by infiltration 
into unsightly pendulous folds, soft and lax. 

Dermatomes {dsp/ia). Disorders or dis- 
eases of the skin. 

Dermatozo / a {dep/ua, r oov, an animal.) 
A term applied to animals parasitic upon 
the skin. 

Derm'oid. See Dermatoid. 

Derod / ymus (depr/, neck, didv/uog, double). 
A sysomic monstrosity with a single body, 
two necks and heads, two upper and lower 
extremities, with other rudimentary limbs 
occasionally present. 

Des / ault's Apparatus. See Bandage. 

Des / ault's Splint. See Splint. 

Des / cemet's MenVbrane. The internal 
or posterior lining membrane of the cornea. 
Descemetitis, inflammation of Descemet's 
membrane. 

Descend / ens (descendo, to go down). 
Having a downward movement. D. 
Noni, a branch of the hypoglossal nerve. 

Descent 7 {descendd). The act of going 
down. D. Stage of Labor, one of the 
stages in labor, consisting in the descent of 
the foetal head into the pelvis. D. of Tes- 
ticle. See Testicle. D. of Womb. See 
Prolapsus. 

Desiccation {desicco, to dry up). The 
process of removing moisture from solids 
and organic tissues. 

Des / iccative [desicco). A medicine hav- 
ing the property of drying moist tissues, 
especially of drying ulcers and running 
sores. 

Desmobacte / rium (Aec/iog, a band, 
flanTT/piov, a small staff). A group of 
microbes, so-called by Cohn, correspond- 
ing to the genus Bacillus of Klein. 

Desmog / raphy (deajuog, a ligament, ypaou, 
to write ) . The description of the ligaments. 

Des / moid (deo/u^, a bundle, etdog, like). 
Like a small bundle. 

Despuma / tion {despumo, to skim froth). 
The purification of a liquid by removal of 
the scum or froth. Also, the formation of 
froth. 

Desquamation {dcsquamo, to scale off). 
The exfoliation or falling off of the cuticle 
in scales. 



Detergent (detergeo, to cleanse). A drug, 
compound, or solution, used for cleansing 
wounds, ulcers, etc. 
Determination (determino, to prescribe 
bounds). The direction to a part or an 
organ, as of blood to the head. 
Detrition {detero, to wear off). The act 
of wearing or wasting of an organ or part, 
especially the teeth. 
Detri / tus {detero). The waste matter re- 
sulting from ulcerative processes. 
Deutero-aFbumose. See Albumose. 
Deuterop / athy (devrepog, second, rca-frog, a 
disease). A disease that is secondary to 
another, arising from sympathetic action or 
influence of the first affection. 
D ectoplasm {devrepog, TT/.ac/Lta, a form). 
The granules of proteid and fatty matter 
occurring in the ova of certain echinoder- 
mata. 

Development (Fr. developper, to unfold). 
The sequence of organic changes, by 
which the vitalized ovum becomes the 
mature animal or plant. 
Deviation {devius, out of the way). A 
turning aside from the normal. D., Pri- 
mary. In strabismus the deviation of 
the visual axis of the squinting eye. D., 
Secondary. That of the covered healthy 
eye when the squinting eye fixes. 
Devitalize (de, from, vita, life). To de- 
stroy vitality, as that of living tissue. 
Dewees's Carminative. See Asafoetida. 
DexiocardTa (degiog, on the right, napdia, 
the heart). Transposition of the heart to 
the right side of the thorax. 
Dex'ter (Lat.). Right; upon the right 
side. 
D ex 7 trad. Toward the right side. 
Dex / tral. Pertaining to the right side; 
right-handed. 
Dex / trine {dexter, the right hand). A 
mucilaginous substance produced by the 
action of mineral acid on starch. Inter- 
mediate between starch and glucose. Turns 
polarized ray to the right. The adhesive 
agent of postage stamps and gummed 
labels. 
Dex'trose. See Sugar and Glucose. 
Diabe / tes (dia, through, fiaivu, to pass). 
The common name for diabetes mellitus. 
D. Insipidus, a disease with many of the 
symptoms of diabetes mellitus, but without 
glycosuria. D. Mellitus, a disease of 
the metabolic functions of the system 
without great or clearly defined anatomical 
lesions, manifesting itself by glycosuria, 
polyuria, thirst, and progressive loss of 
flesh and strength. See Glycosuria. 



DIABETIC 



131 



DIETHYLAMINE 



Diabe / tic (dia^ijTTig). Pertaining to dia- 
betes. D. Gangrene. See Sphaceloderma. 
Diach / ylon Plaster, or Ointment. See 

Lead. 
Diagnosis (dia, yvuoig, knowledge). The 
distinguishing, fixation, or interpretation 
of a disease from its symptoms. D., Dif- 
ferential, the qualitative distinguishing 
between two diseases of similar character, 
by comparative symptoms. 
DiaPysis (dia, through, Xvo, to loose). 
The operation of separating crystalline 
from colloid substances by means of a po- 
rous diaphragm, the former passing through 
the diaphragm into the pure water upon 
which the dialyser rests. 
DiamagnetTc {dia, p,ayvr]Tig, magnetism). 
The east-and-west orientation of certain 
substances, notably antimony, copper, and 
gold, when placed in the magnetic field. 
Diamine. See Amine. 
Diapede / sis (diairrjdfjaig, a jumping 
through). The escape of the elements of 
the blood, especially the white corpuscles, 
through the vessel wall in inflammation, 
arrest of circulation, etc. 
DiaphanonPeter. See Lactoscope. 
Diaphanos / copy (dia<pav7jg, translucent, 
GKorreto, to see). The examination of 
cavities of the body by means of an in- 
candescent electric light introduced into 
the cavity. 

DiaphoretTc (diatpopeu, to convey). A 
medicine that induces perspiration or sweat- 
ing. 
Diaphragm (dia, <ppayp:a, a wall). The 
wall, muscular at the circumference and 
tendinous at the center, which separates 
the thorax and abdomen. The chief 
muscle of respiration and expulsion. 
Diaph / ysis. The middle part or shaft of 

the long, cylindrical bones. 
Diapopb/ysis (dia, apophysis). The supe- 
rior or articular transverse apophysis, or 
their homologues. 
Diarrhce / a ( dia, 'peu, to flow). An abnormal 
frequency of evacuation of the faeces, which 
are watery and sometimes acrid. 
DiarthnPsis (dia, apdpuoic, articulation). 
A form of articulation characterized by 
freely movable joints. The various forms 
are : Arthrodia, in which the bones glide 
upon plane surfaces ; Enarthrosis, best 
known as ball-and-socket joint, with motion 
in all directions ; Gynglymns, or hinge joint, 
with backward and forward motion ; and 
D. rotatoria, with pivotal movement. 
DiastaPtic (dia, creXXu, to start). A 
synonym for reflex action. 



DPastase (diaaraaig, separation). A nitro- 
genous vegetable ferment that is either 
contained or developed in the fermentation 
of grain, which acts on the molecules of 
starch, converting them into grape sugar or 
glucose. 
Diastasis. See Dislocation. 
Diastat'ic Ferments. See Ferments. 
Diaste / ma (diaoTq/ua, a distance). A space 
or cleft. 

Dias / ter. See Karyokinesis. 
Dias / tole (diacro?^, a drawing apart). The 
period of expansion or dilatation of the 
heart during its rhythmic cycle or beat. 
Applied also to the dilatation of the arteries 
by the heart's contraction. 
Diastolic. Pertaining to diastole. D. 
Impulse, the back-stroke. D. Murmur. 
See Murmur. D . Thrill, the vibration 
felt in the region of the heart during 
diastole of the ventricle. 
Diather'mal (dia, through, depju?], heat). 
A term applied to certain substances that 
are transparent or diaphanous to the waves 
of radiant heat. 

Diath / esis (dia, through, ridrj.ui, to ar- 
range). A state or condition of the body 
whereby it is especially liable to certain 
diseases, such as gout, calculus, diabetes, 
etc. May be acquired or hereditary. 
DiblasPic (dig, double, filacrog, a sprout). 
Referring to a theory of disease that as- 
cribes it to a double agency. 
Diceph'alous (dig, nefaX?], a head). 
Double-headed. 
DPchroism (dig, xP oa "> color). The phe- 
nomenon of difference of color in bodies 
when viewed by reflected or by trans- 
mitted light. 

Dicrotic (diKporog, double beat). Double 
beating. D. Pulse, a term applied to a 
pulse which imparts the sensation of a 
double beat at each pulsation. 
Dielectric (dia, rjlenrpov, amber). A non- 
conducting substance that transmits elec- 
tricity by induction. 

DPet (diaira, a system or mode of living). 
An arranged selection of food required to 
meet the needs of the body. 
Dietary (dtaira). A system of food regu- 
lation so as to meet the requirements of the 
animal economy. 
Dietetic. Pertaining to diet. 
Dietet/ics. A systematic regulation of 
the diet for hygienic or therapeutic pur- 
poses. 
DiethyPamine. A ptomaine, obtained 
from pike-fish allowed to putrefy for six 
days in summer. It is an inflammable 



DIFFERENCE THEORY 



132 



DILUENT 



liquid of strong basic properties, soluble in 
water, boils at 57. 5 . Non-poisonous. 

Difference Theory. A theory to explain 
the galvanic phenomena of living tissues. 
The theory is an expression of the facts : 
Protoplasm when injured or excited in its 
continuity becomes negative to the unin- 
jured part ; when heated becomes positive ; 
and the surface-polarization diminishes with 
excitement and in the process of dying. 
Called also Alteration Theory (Hermann). 

Differencial. Pertaining to, or creating, 
a difference. D. Diagnosis. See Diag- 
nosis. D. Rheotome. See Rheotome. 
D. Tone, a tone produced by two pri- 
mary tones when sounding simultaneously, 
the number of whose vibrations corres- 
ponds to the difference between the two 
primary tones. D. Staining, a method 
of staining tubercle bacilli, syphilitic ba- 
cilli, etc., founded upon the fact that if 
deeply colored, and especially with a mor- 
dant, they retain the color in presence of 
certain reagents that decolorize the sur- 
rounding tissues. Koch, Ehrlich and 
Weigert, Ziehl and Neelson, Fiitterer, 
Gibbes, etc., have devised different methods 
of D. S. 

Differentiation. Specialization of tis- 
sues, organs or functions. The gradual 
change of homogeneous material into 
special tissues or organs. 

Diffraction (de, apart, fractus, broken). 
The deflection suffered by a ray of light 
when it passes through a narrow slit or 
aperture. D. Grating, a strip of glass 
closely ruled w T ith fine lines; it is often 
used in the spectroscope in the place of 
the battery of prisms. 

Diffuse 7 [de, /undo, to pour over). Scat- 
tered or spread about. In medicine, applied 
to diseases that involve a large part of the 
body. D. Aneurism, one caused by a 
rupture of the walls of a blood vessel. D. 
Inflammation. See Inflammation. 

Diffusion (diffundo, to spread). A spread- 
ing or dissemination. D. Circle, the 
imperfect image formed by incomplete 
focalization, the position of true focus not 
having been reached or passed. 

Digas'tric (dig, double, yaarrjp, the 
stomach or belly) . Having two bellies. D . 
Muscle. See Muscle. 

Dige'rent (digero, to digest). A digest- 
ant ; also a medicine which excites the 
healthy secretion of pus in wounds. 

Digest'ant. A ferment or organic acid 
that effects solution of the food in the 
mouth, stomach and intestines. 



Digestion (digero). The action of the 
organs of the digestive tract and of their 
secretions upon the food. D., Artificial, 
the production of peptones outside of the 
body. 

Digit (digitus, a finger). A finger or toe. 

Digital. Pertaining to the fingers or toes. 
D. Arteries, the arteries of the hands and 
feet supplying the digits. D. Compres- 
sion, the stoppage of a flow of blcod by 
pressure with the finger. D. Dilatation, 
the enlarging of a cavity by means of the 
finger. D. Examination, examination or 
exploration with the finger. D. Nerves, 
the nerves of the hands and feet. D. 
Phalanges, the bones of the fingers or of 
the toes. 

DigitaTis (digitus). Foxglove. The 
leaves of D. purpurea. Contains an amor- 
phous complex substance, digitalin, that 
does not, however, represent the full prop- 
erties of the leaves. A cardiac stimulant 
and excito-motor. In larger doses causes 
severe gastric disturbance. Employed 
mainly in affections of the heart where the 
latter is rapid and feeble. Dose of the 
leaves gr. ss-iij. D. Abstractum, 
strength 200 per cent. Dose gr. X - /^- 
D. Ext. ; leaves yield 25 per cent, of ex- 
tract. Dose gr. yi-yi- D. Ext. Fid., 
strength 100 per cent. Dose Tr\j-ifj. D. 
Infusum, 1% per cent, in strength. Dose 
^ss-j. D. Tinct., 15 per cent. Dose 
TT\v-xv. Digitalin. Unof. Varies greatly 
in strength. Dose eV - " 3V 

Digitus (Lat.). A finger or toe. 

Dilatation (dilato, to spread out). An 
increase of size of the walls of a cavity or 
vessel. D. of Blood-vessel. See Tele- 
angiectasis. 

Dila / tor (dilato). An instrument for stretch- 
ing or enlarging a cavity or opening. 
Barnes' D., an instrument for dilatation 
of the os and cervix uteri, consisting of 
a rubber bag that, being inserted, is dis- 
tended by water. D., Intra-uterine, 
for dilating the uterine cavity by means of 
air or water. D., Laryngeal, an instru- 
ment with two or three blades that may be 
spread for freeing or dilating the larynx. 

Dilem / ma (6ta, /.afifSavu, to take). In 
experiments to determine the reaction-time 
of psychical processes, if the person is told 
which side is to be stimulated, or what 
colored disc is to be presented, etc., the 
time is shorter. Lack of such foreknowl- 
edge is called the dilemma. 

Dilu / ent (diluo, to wash away). An agent 
that dilutes the secretions of an organ, 



DILUTION 



133 



DIPSOMANIA 



or one which increases the fluidity of secre- 
tions. 

Dilution. The process of mixing with a 
neutral fluid or substance in order to attenu- 
ate. 

Dime / diate. Half round. 

Dimethyl'amine. A ptomaine found in 
putrefying gelatine, old decomposing yeast, 
certain forms of fish-decomposition, etc. 
Not poisonous. 

Dimorpb/ous (dig, double, fiopcpr/, a form). 
Existing in two forms. In chemistry, 
having the quality of two forms of crystal- 
lization. In biology, having two forms 
independent of those of sex. 

Dinner Pills. A name applied to various 
mild cathartic pills taken after meals. 

Dice / cious (dtg, two, oaaa, a house). Hav- 
ing distinct sexes. 

Diop / ter, or Dioptric. See Dioptry. 

Diop / trics {6ca, through, otttcj, to see). A 
branch of optics treating of the refraction 
of light by transparent media, especially 
by the media of the eye. 

Diop'try (Sea, otttcj). The new and most 
commonly accepted unit of measurement 
for optical lenses. A positive (or plus) 
spherical (biconvex) lens of one dioptry 
has a focal distance of one meter ; one of 
two dioptries, a focal distance of one-half 
a meter, etc. 

Dioscor'ea. Wild Yam, Colic Root. 
The rhizome of D. villosa, a creeping 
plant, indigenous to the eastern U. S. Con- 
tains an extractive, Dioscorine. Claimed 
to be expectorant, diaphoretic and stimu- 
lant to the intestinal canal ; in large doses 
causing neuralgic pains and erotic excite- 
ment. Used successfully in bilious colic. 
D., Fid. Ext., standard strength rt\xv- 
xxx. All unof. 

Diphtheria (didSepa, a skin or membrane). 
An epidemic, infectious disease, generally 
regarded as of specific contagious origin, 
attacking the mucous membrane of the air 
passages, and producing profound depres- 
sion of the vital forces. It is characterized 
specifically by the formation of layers of 
whitish or yellowish membrane, apparently 
the zooglceic or mycodermic form of a 
microbic organism. D., Gangrenous, a 
gangrene of the skin and mucous mem- 
brane sometimes accompanying the disease. 
D., Laryngeal, a form involving the 
larynx, threatening death by suffocation. 
D., Malignant, a very fatal form, begin- 
ning with rigor, vomiting, and attended with 
typhoid symptoms. D., Nasal, a form in 
which the diphtheritic membrane spreads to 



the nasal passages, and is accompanied by 
a fetid, brown discharge. D., Secondary, 
a term designating the occurrence of the 
disease with other acute affections, such as 
typhoid fever, scarlatina, etc. 

Diphtherh/ic (dupdepa). Pertaining to 
diphtheria. D. Conjunctivitis, a form 
of conjunctivitis attended with an infiltra- 
tion of coagulable matter or inflammatory 
products. D. Membrane, the zooglcea, 
mycoderma, or pellicle forming on the 
parts involved. D. Paralysis, a paralysis 
frequently affecting the muscles of the soft 
palate and larynx, after the healing of the 
lesions of these parts. 

Diphthon / gia (dis, twice, cpOoyyog, a 
voice). The production of a double tone 
of the voice by the incomplete unilateral 
paralysis of the recurrent nerve, or by 
some lesion of the vocal cords that causes 
each portion of the glottis to produce its 
own sound. 

Diplacu / sis (Sctt loog, double, aKvaig, hear- 
ing). The hearing of a tone as higher by 
one ear than by the other. Called D. 
Binauralis. 

Diplococ'cus {diTrloog, kokkoq, kernel). 
Micrococci whose cocci are united in a 
double manner. See Micrococcus. 

DipToe (SlkIotj, a fold). The cellular 
osseous tissue between the tables of the 
skull. 

Diplomyel'ia (SarXoog, double, t uvs2,oc, the 
marrow). An apparent doubleness of the 
spinal cord, produced by a longitudinal 
fissure. 

Diplo'pia (&tt/Iooc, aiffig, sight). Double 
vision, one object being seen by the eye 
or eyes as two. D., Binocular, the most 
frequent, is due to a derangement of the 
visual axes, the images of the object being 
thereby thrown upon non-identical points 
of the retinae. D., Crossed, the result 
of divergent strabismus, the image of the 
right eye appearing upon the left side, and 
that of the left upon the right. D., Direct, 
or D., Homonymous, the reverse of 
Crossed D., due either to paralysis of the 
external rectus or over-action of the inter- 
nal. D., Physiological, that produced 
when an imperfect image is seen beyond 
or within the distance of the object accom- 
modated for and transfixed by the visual 
axes. D., Monocular, or D., Uniocu- 
lar, diplopia with a single eye, usually 
due to polycoria or other imperfections of 
the media. 
Dipsoma / nia (Siipa, thirst, pavia, mad- 
ness). The uncontrollable desire for spir- 



DIPTEROCARPUS 



134 



DISPENSARY 



ituous liquors. Generally considered a 
disease. 

Dipterocarp / us. See Giirjun Balsam. 

Direct 7 {directus, straight). In a right or 
straight line. D. Current. See Current. 
D. Vision, the perception of an object 
whose image falls upon the maculae. 

Director {dirigo, to guide). D., Grooved, 
an instrument grooved to guide the knife 
in surgical operations. 

Dis- (dig, twice). A prefix used to denote 
two or double. Also, a prefix to denote 
apart from. 

Disarticulation [dis, apart, articulum, a 
joint). To disjoint, or separate the bones 
of a joint. A method of amputation. 

Disc {discus, a quoit or round plate). A 
circular, plate-like organ or body, espe- 
cially the papilla of the eye, the entrance 
of the optic nerve into the eyeball. Its 
area corresponds with that of the blind 
spot. D., Choked. See Papillitis. D., 
Cupping of. See Excavation of the Optic 
Nerve. 

Discission. See Cataract. 

Discrete 7 {discretus, separated). A term 
applied to exanthematous eruptions in 
which the pustules or papules remain dis- 
tinct. The opposite of confluent. 

Dis 7 cus Prolig / erus {dec/cog, a quoit, 
proles, offspring, gero, to bear). The ele- 
vated cells of the membrana granulosa of 
the ovum, whereby the ovum is attached 
to the same. 

Discu 7 tient (discuto, to shake apart). A 
medicine supposed to have the power of 
resolving tumors. 

Disdi 7 aclasts (dec, 6ta, through, uTiaccg, a 
breaking down). Small doubly-refractive 
elements in the contractile discs, changing 
their position during muscular contraction 
and relaxation. 

Disease 7 [dis negative, ease, a state of 
rest). A condition of the body marked 
by inharmonious action of one or more of 
the various organs, owing to abnormal 
condition or structural change. D., Acute, 
a disease marked by rapid onset and 
course. D., Addison's. See Addison's. 
D., Bright's. See Bright' s. D., Chron- 
ic, one that is slow in its course. D., 
Constitutional, one in which a system 
of organs or the whole body is involved. 
D., Duchenne's, a pseudohypertrophic 
paralysis, q. v. D., Focal, a centrally 
localized disease of the nervous system as 
distinguished from peripherally localized 
affections. D., Functional, abnormality 
of function without discoverable organic 



lesion. D., Graves. See Goitre. D., 
Hodgkin's. See Lymphadenoma. D., 
Idiopathic, one that exists by itself 
without any connection with another dis- 
order. D., Intercurrent, a disease oc- 
curring during the progress of another. 
D., Septic, one arising from the putrefac- 
tive fermentation of some foreign sub- 
stance within the body. D., Specific, 
one caused by the introduction of a spe- 
cific virus or poison within the body. D., 
Symptomatic, a disease caused by or 
connected with another ailment of the 
body. The opposite of idiopathic disease. 
D., Zymotic, a term used to include the 
whole class of germ diseases, or those 
arising from the introduction and multipli- 
cation of some living germ within the 
body. 

Disinfectant {dis neg., inficio, to cor- 
rupt). An agent that destroys disease 
germs and the noxious properties of fer- 
mentation and putrefaction. 

Disintegrate {dis, apart, integer, the 
whole). The act of breaking up or de- 
composing. 

Dislocation {dis, divided, loco, to place). 
The luxation or abnormal displacement of 
one or more bones of a joint, or of any 
organ from its natural position. D., Com- 
plete, the bones entirely separated. D., 
Compound, the coverings of the joint 
ruptured. D., Consecutive, the displaced 
bone is not in the position as when originally 
misplaced. Diastasis, dislocation of an 
amphiarthrotic joint. D. of Eyeball, dis- 
placement of the eyeball outside of the 
lids. D. of Lens, the crystalline lens 
thrown out of the capsule, or misplaced so 
that it does not occupy its proper position 
behind the pupil. D., Old, inflammatory 
changes having ensued. D., Partial, or 
Incomplete, the articulating surfaces re- 
maining in partial contact; called, also, 
Subluxation. D., Primitive, the bones 
remaining as originally displaced. D., 
Recent, no inflammatory changes having 
ensued. D., Simple, without laceration 
of the surrounding parts. 

Dis 7 parate [dispar, unequal). Not alike; 
unequal or unmated. D. Points, non- 
identical points of the two retinae. Diplopia 
is produced when the images of a single 
object fall upon such points. 

Dispareu 7 nia (Svc-apevvog, ill-mated). 
Painful or difficult performance of copula- 
tion from physical incompatibility. 

Dispens 7 ary {dispenso, to distribute). A 
charitable institution where medical treat- 



DISPENSATORY 



135 



DONNE'S TEST 



ment is given the poor and medicines dis- 
pensed on prescription. 

Dispensatory (dispensatorutm, an apothe- 
cary's diary). A treatise on the composi- 
tion and preparation of medicines. 

Dispensing. The measuring, weighing 
and issuing the drugs ordered in a prescrip- 
tion. 

Dispersion [dispersus, scattered). The 
scattering of an inflammation or other mor- 
bid condition. In physics, the separation 
of a ray of white light into colored rays ; 
also, any scattering of light, as that which 
has passed through ground glass. 

Dis / pirem. See Karyokinesis. 

Dis'pora Caucas / ica. See Bacillus Cau- 
casian. 

Dissection (disseco, to cut up). To dis- 
sect and dissociate the organs of a body. 
D., Aneurysm. See Aneurys/n. D. 
Wound, injury during dissection, with 
consequent introduction of septic material. 
It may become constitutional and result in 
septicaemia, or may take the form of warts, 
Verruca necrogenica. The sore resulting 
directly from the prick or abrasion is called 
Post-mortem pustule. 

Dissemination (dis, apart, semino, to 
sow). The scattering or dispersion of dis- 
ease or disease germs. 

Dissipation [dissipatus, scattered). A 
dispersion of matter or of the morbid con- 
ditions which cause disease. 

Dissociation (dis, apart, socius, fellow- 
ship). In physiology, the separation of 
the component elements of a compound. 
In chemistry, the decomposition of a com- 
pound by means of high temperature. 

Dissolution (dissolutus, loosened). A 
solution of the continuity of a part. De- 
composition arising from the death of the 
body or its parts. 

Dissolvent. A solvent. 

Dissonance (dissono, to disagree in 
sound). When the number of beats of 
two tones are different by a less number 
than 66 ; the maximum D. being when 
the difference is 33. 

Dist'al (disto, to be at a distance). The 
greatest distance from the trunk, heart, or 
mesial line. 

Distichi / asis (Sig, twice, otlxoq, a row). 
A double row of eyelashes, the inner rub- 
bing against and inflaming the globe. 

Distillation (destillo, to drop little by 
little). The double process of vaporiza- 
tion and condensation of the vapor. Used 
mainly in purifying liquids, by separating 
them from non- volatile substances. D., 



Destructive, the decomposition of organic 
substances by heat, and the condensation 
of their volatile constituents. D., Frac- 
tional, the successive separation, by distil- 
lation, of substances which vaporize at 
different temperatures. 

Dis / toma [6 eg, twice, aro/ua, a mouth). An 
intestinal worm belonging to the family 
Disto7nce, parasitic in its first stage, usually 
upon a mollusk, and known in this form 
as Cercarice. In its second stage it becomes 
again encysted, and develops into the form 
known as Distoma. It completes its de- 
velopment as a parasite within the body of 
a third host, frequently that of sheep or 
cattle. Making its way to the liver, it be- 
comes the dreaded liver-fluke, the cause 
of the disease known as rot. 

Di'ta Bark. The bark of Alstonia scho- 
lar-is, native to the Philippine Islands. Em- 
ployed as a tonic and antiperiodic in inter- 
mittents. Dose 3 j-iv. Unof. 

Dita'na Digitifo / lia. A Mexican plant 
said to possess galactagogue properties. 

Diure / sis (61a, through, ovpeu, to make 
water). Abnormal increase in the secretion 
of urine. 

Diuret/ic (Ata, ovpeu). A medicine that 
increases the secretion and flow of urine. 

Divers' Paral'ysis. See Caisson Disease. 

Diverticulum (dim. of divertus, turning 
aside). A small cul-de-sac or pouch. 
Variation from a normal structure ; mal- 
formation. D., Meckel's, a sacculation 
of the ileum, owing to the non-obliteration 
of the vitelline duct. 

Doch'mius Duodena / lis. See Anchylo- 
stomiasis. 

Doc'tor (doctor* a teacher). A teacher. 
A title conferred by a university or college. 
A licensed medical practitioner. 

Dog Button. See Nux Vomica. 

Dog / ma (doneo, to think). A tenet or 
principle taught by authority. A statement 
of medical science. 

Dog 7 wood. See Cornus. 

Dolichocephalic. See Index. 

Dolichohier'ic. See Platyhieric. 

DolichopePlic. See Platypellic. 

DoTor (doleo, to feel pain). Bodily pain 
or suffering. 

Dolo / res Presagien / tes. Precursory pains 
felt by women in advance of labor. 

Don / ne's Test. For pus in the urine. 
Allow pus to settle and decant ; stir a 
piece of potassium hydrate into the deposit. 
Pus will grow thick, tough and gelatinous, 
while mucus will form flakes and become 
thin. 



DONOVAN'S SOLUTION 



136 



DRUG 



Don'ovan's Solution. See Arsenic. 

Dor / sal {dorsum, the back). Pertaining 
to the back, or to the posterior part of 
an organ. D. Artery. See Artery. D. 
Nerves. See A r erve. 

Dor'so- {dorsum). A prefix used in con- 
nection with the names of such organs as 
have their attachment to or about the back. 

Dor'sum. The back. The rounded part 
of the back. 

Dose {Soaig, a portion). The measured 
portion of medicine to be taken at one 
time. D., Divided, a mode of adminis- 
tration in which the dose is to be taken in 
fractional portions at intervals of a few 
minutes. D., Maximum, the largest 
portion of medicine ordered to produce a 
given result, or the largest consistent with 
safety. In this work both minimum and 
maximum dosage is given under each 
medicine or preparation. 

Dosimetry {docig, [xerpov, a measure). 
The accurate and systematic measurement 
of a dose or prescribed portion. 

Do / sis. See Dose. 

DoubTe {duo, two, plica, a fold). Two- 
fold. In pairs. D. Staining. In micro- 
scopy, an ingestion of two colors into a 
structure in order to show its details. 
Bacteriologically the application of such 
staining reagents as will stain the spores 
one color and the rods another. D. Touch, 
the exploration of the vaginal and rectal 
walls by inserting the thumb into the one 
cavity, and the index finger into the other, 
so that, e. g., the presence of any abnormal 
growth may be ascertained. D. Vision. 
See Diplopia. 

Douche (Fr. douche). A stream of water 
directed against a part, or one used to flush 
a cavity of the body. 

Doug'las, Cul-de-sac or Pouch of. 
See Rouch. 

Do / ver's Powder. See Opium. 

Doyere, Eminence of. See Sarcoglia. 

Drachm {6paxp-rj, a Greek weight). The 
eighth part of the apothecaries ounce, equal 
to 60 grains or 3.8 grammes. Also the 
one-sixteenth part of the avoirdupois ounce, 
equal to 27.34 grains. D., Fluid, the 
eighth part of a fluid ounce, equal to 60 
minims. 

Dracun'culus. See Guinea Worm. 

Drag'on Root. Indian Turnip. The root 
of Arum tryphyllum. Acrid, expectorant 
and diaphoretic. Dose of fid. ext. Tt^xv- 
3j. Unof. 

Drain'age (Sax. drehnigean, to strain). 
The insertion of a tube or strands of other 



material in a wound or abscess to withdraw 
the fluids therefrom. D. Anchor, a rub- 
ber filament inserted in an abscess or cav- 
ity. D. Tube, a rubber tube with per- 
forations. D. Tube, Decalcified, a de- 
calcified bone (chicken, etc.), used as a 
drainage tube. 

Dras / tic {dpao, to draw). Powerful and 
irritating purgatives, such as scammony and 
gamboge. 

Drench (Sax. drencan). In veterinary 
practice, a draught of medicine. 

Drepanid / ium Rana'rum. A (probably) 
parasitic cytozoon of frogs' blood. 

Dressing. The application of a bandage, 
lint or other substance to a wound or 
ulcer. 

DronVograph {dpo/uog, a course, ypa<pu, 
to write). An instrument for measuring 
the velocity of the blood-current. 

Dropped Hand, or Dropped Wrist. A 
form of paralysis from lead-poisoning, con- 
sisting in the inability to contract the ex- 
tensors of the forearm. 

Drop / sy {vdpcoip, dropsy). See Hydrops. 
D. of Belly. See Ascites. D. of Brain. 
See Hydrocephalus. D. of Chest. See 
Hydrothorax. D. of Spine. See Spina 
Bifida. D. of Testicle. See Hydrocele. 
D. of Uterus. See Hydrometra. 

Drug. A substance, simple or compound, 
natural or prepared, single or mixed with 
other substances, used as a medicine. D., 
Antagonistic, one that neutralizes the 
action of another by a process other than 
chemical. The following table of Brunton 
gives the mutual antagonistic doses of the 
principal powerful poisons with both lethal 
and antagonistic doses, hi grains per pound 
weight of the animal : — 



ANTAGONISTS. 



Aconitine and Atropine, . 

" " Digitalin, . 

" " Strychnine, 

Alcohol and Strychnine, . 

Atropine and Aconitine, . 

" Chloral, . . 

" " Hydrocyan 

acid, . . . 

" " Jaborandi, . 

" " Muscarine, . 

" " Morphine, . 

" " Pilocarpine, 

" " Phytolaccine 

" " Physostigmine 

" " Quinine, 

Bromalhydrate and Atropine 



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7 




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DRUM-BELLY 



137 



DURATION OF LIFE 





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ANTAGONISTS. 


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Chloral and Atropine, . . . 


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7 






" " Picrotoxine, . . 


7 








" " Physostigmine, 


7 


*V 






" " Strychnine, . . 


7 








Chloroform and Amyl nitrite 


7 




7 


TITO 


Digitaline and Aconitine, . 




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" " Muscaria, 




5S(J 






" Saponia, . . 










Gelsemium and Opium, . . 


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" " Atropine, . 


3 


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Morphine and Caffeine, . . 


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if 


i 




" " Chloroform,. 










Muscarine and Atropine, . 










Opium and Atropine, . . . 




7 






" " Gelsemium, . . 




7 






" " Veratrum viride 











Drum' -belly. See Tympanites. 

Drum / ine. A name given to the alkaloid 
extractive of Euphorbia drummondii, an 
Australian plant. Said to be a local an- 
aesthetic. Claimed, also, to be an impure 
calcium oxalate. Unof. 

Drum of Ear. See Tympanum. 

Dry Belly-ache. See Girdle Pain. 

Dry Caries. See Onychomycosis. 

Du'alism {duo, two). A system by which 
all natural phenomena are explained by 
two principles. D., Chancrous, the 
theory of the existence of two forms of 
chancre — the non-infecting, or soft chancre, 
and the infecting, or true (hard) chancre. 

Dubin'i's Disease. " Electrical chorea," 
a malady met with in Italy, differing from 
chorea in the character of the movements, 
which are sudden and shock-like ; in the 
course of the disease, which is progressive 
and often fatal; and in the addition of 
muscular palsy and wasting. Etiology and 
pathology obscure. 

Dubois 7 ia. The leaves of D. myoporoides, 
an Australian tree. Contains an alkaloid, 
duboisine, thought to be identical with 
hyoscyamine. Resembles the active prin- 
ciple of belladonna in physiological and 
therapeutic effects. D., Ext. Dose gr. 
l /e-%- D., Tinct. Dose Tr^v-xx. Du- 
boisinae Sulphas. Dose gr. T ^r-gV- 

Duchenne's ParaFysis. See Pseudo- 
hypertrophic Paralysis. 

Duct (duco, to lead). A tube for the con- 
veyance of certain fluids of the body. 
D. of Bartholin, the ducts of the sub- 
lingual glands, extending along Wharton's 
duct. D., Biliary, the biliaiy passages. 
D., Cystic, the excretory duct of the gall- 



bladder. D., Hepatic, the main trunk 
of the ducts of the liver. D., Prostatic, 
the ducts of the prostate gland. D., Tho- 
racic, the trunk formed by the junction 
of the absorbent vessels. D. of Steno, 
the excretory duct of the parotid gland. 
D. of Wharton, the excretory duct of 
the sublingual gland. D., Vitelline, the 
duct that leads from the umbilical vesicle 
of the embryo to the intestinal canal. 
Ductus (duco, to lead). A canal or duct. 
D. Arteriosus, a continuation in the 
foetus of the pulmonary artery. In after life 
the atrophied remains are found attached 
to that vessel. Called also D. Botalli. 
D. Choledochus Communis, the tube 
formed by the junction of the hepatic and 
cystic ducts. D. Lachrymalis. See 
Lachrymal. 
DuhPing's Impetigo. See Impetigo. 
Dulcama / ra. Bittersweet. The young 
branches of D. solanum. Contains sev- 
eral glucosides and an alkaloid. Proper- 
ties not well understood. Causes nausea, 
emesis and convulsive muscular movements, 
and in toxic doses is a narcotic poison. 
Now employed in psoriasis and similar 
skin diseases. D., Fid. Ext. Dose 5 j. 
D. Decoctum,unof., 10 per cent, strength. 
Dose ^j-ij. 
Dumb (Sax. dumb). Unable to utter ar- 
ticulate speech. D. Ague, a popular ex- 
pression for ague or malarial sickness 
marked by obscure symptoms. 
Duodenos / tomy {duodenum, arofia, a 
mouth). The operation of opening the 
duodenum, and its attachment to the walls 
of the abdomen, in order to form an arti- 
ficial mouth and to introduce nutriment. 
Duode / num. (Lat.) The first part of the 
small intestine beginning at the pylorus. 
The inner surface is covered with folds of 
mucous membrane called valvula conni- 
ventes. 
Du'ra Ma / ter. The outer membrane of 
the brain and spinal cord. 
Duration of Life. Several methods of 
ascertaining the duration of life are em- 
ployed : I. The Mean Age at Death ; 2. 
the Probable Duration of Life; 3. the 
Mean Duration of Life ; 4. the Expecta- 
tion of Life, or mean after-lifetime ; and 
5. the number living out of which one 
dies annually. According to the English 
Life Table No. 3, the mean age at death 
is 40.9 years, but this test is for several 
reasons fallacious, though it is of excep- 
tional interest when the deaths from vari- 
ous diseases are considered. See Probable 



DWARF 



138 



DYSURIA 



D. of L., Expectation of Life, and Life 
Table. 

Dwarf (Sax. dweorg). A thing or person 
of stunted or arrested growth. D. Elder, 
the root of Aralia hispidia. A valuable 
diuretic. Dose of fid. ext. J5J-ij. Unof. 

Dy / ad. See Quantivalence. 

Dynamic (dvva/uig, energy). Pertaining 
to energy. In medicine, a synonym of 
sthenic, q. v. 

Dynamics. See Mechanics. 

Dy / namite [6vvap.tg). An explosive con- 
sisting of nitro-glycerine incorporated with 
infusorial earth, to give inconsistency. 

Dy / namo (dwafiig). A word popularly 
applied to an electrical machine in which 
the current is generated by revolving coils 
of insulated wire through the field of a 
magnet intensified by the same current. 

Dynamog / eny (dwa/iLg, yevvau, to beget). 
The production of energy; the physio- 
logical generation of force. 

Dynam'ograph (dvva/nig, ypatyo, to write). 
An instrument designed to measure and 
graphically record muscular strength. 

Dynamom / eter [Svva/utg, fierpov, a meas- 
ure). An instrument designed to measure 
force. In physiology, one for the measure- 
ment of muscular strength. 

Dyne. A force sufficient to impart a ve- 
locity of one centimeter per second to a 
mass of one gramme. 

Dysacou/sis. See Hyperakusis. 

Dys3esthe / sia (6vg, difficult, atcdqoig, sen- 
sation. Dullness of any sensation, especi- 
ally that of touch. 

Dys-aFbumose. See Albumose. 

Dysba / sia (due, fiaatg, a step). Difficulty 
of walking. Proposed instead of abasia, 
since in the affection there is rarely abso- 
lute inability to walk. 

Dyschromatops / ia (Svg, xpufia, oipig, 
sight). Subnormal color-perception. 

Dy scor'ia (due, difficulty, Koprj, pupil). 
Abnormality of form of the pupil. 

Dyscras / ia (due, upaoig, combination). A 
term latterly restricted to an abnormal or 
impure condition of the blood, due to 
general disease. 

Dys / entery (due, evrepov, the bowels). A 
disease marked by inflammation of the 
solitary glands and follicles of the large 
intestine, with bloody stools. Prevalent in 
all malarious regions. 

Dyshidro / sis, or Dysidro / sis. See Pom- 
phlox. 

DyslaFia (due, ?ia?ua, speech). A defect 
of speech due to organic changes or mal- 
formation in the organs of speech. 



DysTisin. See Choloidinic Acid. 

Dysmenorrhea (due, /U7jv, month, pew, 
to flow). Obstructed or difficult menstru- 
ation. 

Dysorex'ia (due, opsgig, appetite). A de- 
praved or unnatural appetite. 

Dysos / mia (due, oafiT], odor). An un- 
pleasant or fetid odor. 

Dyspep / sia (due, neirru, to digest). Im- 
paired or imperfect digestion. D ., Atonic, 
a derangement of the stomach, with dis- 
order of its function, due to insufficient 
gastric juice or impaired quality of the 
same. May be due to reflex causes. D., 
Intestinal, due to defects in the pancreatic, 
biliary or intestinal secretions, to deficient 
peristalsis, etc. 

Dyspep / tone. See Heiniprotein. 

DysspernVia (due, arepjua, seed). An 
imperfect or abnormal condition of the 
semen. 

DysperistaFsis. See Peristalsis. 

Dysphagia (due, (payco, to eat). Difficulty 
or inability to swallow. 

Dysphasia (due, (paoig, speech). Imper- 
fect or disconnected speech arising from 
loss of or faulty arrangement of words. 

Dysphoria (due, (puvrj, voice). A condi- 
tion of defective voice. 

Dysphra'sia (due, (ppaaig, speech). Im- 
perfect speech. Kussmaul's term for a 
mental condition in which the emotion is 
opposed to the words designed to express 
it. 

Dyspnce / a (due, ttveg) } to breathe). Diffi- 
cult or labored breathing. 

Dysta / sia (Svg, iarr//ui, to stand). Diffi- 
culty in standing. Proposed for astasia, 
since in the affection there is rarely abso- 
lute inability to stand. 

DysteleoFogy (<5vg, re?*,eog, perfect, %oyog, 
a treatise). A term used by Hackel to 
denote the study of rudimentary and use- 
less organs, such as the vermiform appen- 
dix. 

Dystocia (due, difficult, roKog, birth). 
Difficult labor. D., Foetal, difficult labor 
due to such fcetal irregularities as dis- 
placement of the arm, excessive size, 
plural pregnancy, monsters, etc. D., 
Maternal, due to some defect upon the 
side of the mother, pelvic deformity, dis- 
ease, etc. 

Dystrophia (due, T po<PV, nourishment). 
Imperfect or faulty nourishment. 

Dystrophy. See Dystrophia. 

Dysu / ria (6vg, ovpov, urine). Partial or 
painful urination ; may be due to calculi, 
cystitis, spasm, stricture, etc. 



139 



ECSTASY 



E. Abbreviation of Eye, and Emmetropia. 

E. M. F. Abbreviation of Electro-motive 
Force. 

Ext. Abbreviation of extractum. 

Ear. The organ of hearing. Consists of 
the outer or external ear, the middle ear 
or tympanum, and the internal ear or 
labyrinth. E.-ache. See Otalgia. E.- 
cough, reflex coughing from irritation or 
disease of the ear. E., Drum of. See 
Tympanum. E., Inflammation of. See 
Otitis. E. -trumpet, an instrument for 
gathering a larger number of waves of 
sound to a focus, and thus to improve the 
hearing of those partially deaf. E.-wax. 
See Cerumen. 

Earths. Certain metallic oxides or sili- 
cates, not soluble in water and not affected 
by a great heat. E., Alkaline, the 
oxides and hydrates of calcium, magne- 
sium, strontium, barium and other metals 
of the same group. E., Fuller's, a clay 
used as an absorbent in sores. 

Ear' wig. An insect {Forficula auricu- 
larid), erroneously supposed to have a 
fondness for secreting itself in the external 
auditory meatus. 

East'on's Syrup. See Ferrum. 

Ebullition. See Boiling. 

Eburna / tion {ebur, ivory). Increase of 
the earthy constituents of bone causing 
greater size and density of the same. 

EcboFic (eKj3oXrj, a throwing out). A sub- 
stance used to produce abortion. 

Ecchondro'ma (e/c, x ov dp°S> cartilage). 
A tumor growing from cartilage. 

Ecchondro / sis. See Ecchondroma. 

Ecchymo / ma (eKxvfiojua). A tumor made 
up of extravasated blood. 

Ecchymo / sis (enxv/noofiai, to extravasate 
blood). Sanguineous extravasation of 
blood into the areolar tissue of the lids, or 
skin, the result of traumatism. See, also, 
Purpura. 

Eccoprot'ic (e/c, out of, Korrpoc, dung). A 
medicine that empties the bowels without 
causing liquid discharge. 

Ecdem / ic (e/c^/zoc, away from home). 
Used of diseases originating in a distant 
locality or people. 

Ec / dysis (endoo, to cast off). In zoology, 
the sloughing or casting off the skin. 

Echinococ / cus (e%ivvg, a hedgehog, kok- 
koc, a berry). An hydatid, or bladder- 
worm, one of the larval stages of growth 



of the small tapeworm, Tcenia echinococ- 
cus y of the dog and wolf, infesting the hu- 
man digestive tube. See Alternations of 
Generation. 

Echinorhyn / cus (exivog, pvyx°C> a beak). 
A worm parasitic within certain animals, 
and occasionally found in man. 

EcholaFia {vx^y echo, lakia, talking). 
An aphasic symptom consisting in a repe- 
tition of words spoken to the patient by 
others. 

Echophot / omy {jjx^, (jxorog, light). The 
production of the sensation of color by the 
stimulus of serial waves, or sound. 

Echo-speech. A peculiar method of ut- 
terance in one type of hypnotism. 

Eclamp / sia {enlafiTTu, to shine or burst 
forth, from the suddenness of the attack). 
Puerperal convulsions. Convulsive or epi- 
leptiform seizures suddenly coming on in a 
woman prior to or during labor, or in the 
puerperal state. The convulsions are first 
tonic and then clonic, finally affect the in- 
voluntary muscles as well as the voluntary ; 
consciousness is lost, and the attack is fol- 
lowed by coma or sleep. The etiology is 
obscure, the attack generally repeated, the 
prognosis grave. The term E. is also used 
as a general designation of convulsions, 
and besides the puerperal form above de- 
scribed there are the infantile and uraemic 
types. See Convulsions. 

Eclectic (e/cAe/cr^/coc). Pertaining to a 
choosing or selection. Used by a certain 
school of physicians, of themselves, to de- 
note a principle or plan of selecting or 
choosing that which is good from all other 
schools. 

Eclecticism. The doctrine and practice 
of the Eclectics. 

Economy (oiiua, house, vop.og, a law). A 
general name for the human being con- 
sidered as a whole. 

EcouviFlon. See Ecouvillonage. 

EcouviFlonage (Fr.). The operation of 
cleansing and carrying medicinal agents 
to the inside of the uterus by means of a 
brush. 

Ecraseur' (Fr.). An instrument used in 
amputation of parts, consisting of a chain 
or wire loop, tightened by a screw, whereby 
the tissue is slowly crushed apart rather 
than cut, thus rendering the operation 
easier and bloodless. 

Ec'stasy (sKaraaig, a trance). A trance- 



ECTASIS 



140 



ELASTIC 



like, exalted condition of mind, with in- 
sensibility, immobility, etc. A species of 
hypnotism. 

Ec / tasis (e/craeuc, extension). Abnormal 
distention or dilatation of a part. 

Ecthy / ma (e/ctfyua, a pustule). An affec- 
tion of the skin, considered by Crocker and 
Tilbury to be a form of Impetigo contagiosa, 
developed on the trunk and limbs. 

Ecto- (e/croc, without). A prefix signifying 
•without^ tipon the outer side. 

Ec / toblast (ektos, fllacTog, germ). The 
outside membrane or envelope of a cell. 

Ectocard / ia (e/croc, napdia, the heart). 
Abnormality of position of the heart. 

Ec'toderm. See Blastoder?n. 

Ectop'agus (e/croc, Trayeig, united). A 
monomphalic monstrosity united laterally 
the full extent of the thorax. 

Ecto / pia (e/croTroc, displaced). An abnor- 
mality of position. E. Cordis. See 
Ectocardia. E. Lentis, dislocation or 
congenital malposition of the crystalline 
lens. E. Oculi, abnormal position of the 
eyeball in the orbit. E. Vesicae, protru- 
sion of the bladder through the wall of the 
abdomen. 

Ectopic. Pertaining to ectopia. E. Ges- 
tation. See Gestation. 

Ectozo / a (e/croc, r uov, an animal). Para- 
sites of the external parts of the body, in 
contradistinction from entozoa. 

EctronVelus (enrpaoig, abortion, /ze/loc, 
limb). A monstrosity with an arrested 
development of all the limbs, which are 
mere stumps. 

Ectro / pium (e/crpe7rcj, to turn from). Ever- 
sion of the eyelid and exposure of the 
conjunctival surface. 

Ec / zema (e/c£ew, to boil over). An in- 
flammation of the skin or mucous surfaces, 
accompanied by papules, vesicles, pustules, 
scabs, etc., and usually attended with the 
discharge of serum. E., Diabetic, from 
the irritation of diabetic urine. E. Erythe- 
matosum, marked by ill-defined patches, 
usually on the face. E. Hypertrophi- 
cum. See Mycosis. E. Palmare, a 
form usually confined to the hands and 
feet. E. Papillosum, or Lichen Sim- 
plex, distinguished by papular eruptions. 
E. Pustulosum, marked by pustular 
eruption. E. Rubrum, an intense va- 
riety, usually developed from the vesicular 
or pustular form. 

Edenta / tion (e, without, dens, a tooth). 
A deprivation of teeth. 

Ed / ible [edibilis, eatable). Food, the con- 
dition of which is good and wholesome. 



Efferent (effero, to bring out). Applied 
to nerves or vessels carrying from the cen- 
ter. See Centrifugal. 
Effieurage. See Massage. 
Efflorescence {effloresco, to bloom). The 
flowering of plants. The formation of 
minute crystals on the surface of certain 
crystalline bodies, due to their loss of a 
part or the whole of their water of crys- 
tallization. 

Efflu / vium {effluo, to flow out). The 
subtle emanations, especially those offen- 
sively odoriferous, of a substance or per- 
son. 

Effu / sion {efftindo, to pour out). A pour- 
ing out. The abnormal secretion or trans 
fer of a liquid from its natural organ or 
place of secretion. Used of gases also. 
Eges / ta (pi. of egestum, faecal matter). 
The discharges of the bowels. 
Egg. See Ovule. E. Albumin, a native 
albumin, or proteid constituent of the 
human body, of which the unboiled white 
of egg is the type. It is distinguished 
from serum-albumin by its precipitation 
when shaken with ether, and by its un- 
changed reappearance in the urine when 
injected under the skin or into the intes- 
tine. E. Nog, a nutritious and stimulant 
drink, consisting of an egg beaten up with 
four or five ounces of milk, to which from 
half an ounce to an ounce of whisky is 
added. It may be sweetened and flavored 
to the taste. 

Egypt'ian Chloro / sis. See Anchylosto- 
miasis. E. Ophthalmia. See Ophthal- 
mia, Purulent. 

Eich / horst's Corpuscles. A special 
form of microcyte in the blood of those 
suffering from pernicious anaemia. 
Ejaculation (ejacztlor). The ejection of 
the semen in coition. E. Center. See 
Center. 
Ejection {ejicio, to throw out). The 
process of casting out ; applied especially 
to the excretions of the body. 
Elaboration {elaboro, to take pains with). 
Careful and exact working. In physiology 
the process of making crude food into 
higher tissue products. 
Ela / i'n. See Eleoptene. 
Elastic (eXavvo, to urge forward). Re- 
turning to the original form when sprung 
from the same by external traction or force. 
E. Bandage, an India-rubber bandage 
exerting continuous compression of a part. 
E. Stocking, a stocking of the same ma- 
terial and acting the same way. E. Tis- 
sue, a variety of connective tissue, of 



ELASTIN 



141 



ELECTROTONUS 



which some ligaments are composed, hav- 
ing elastic properties. 

Elast/in. An albuminoid substance, the 
fundamental element in elastic tissue. It 
yields 36 to 45 per cent, of leucin and y^ 
per cent, of tyrosin. 

Elat / erin, or Elate / rinum. ' A neutral 
principle obtained from Elaterium ecbal- 
liuni, or squirting cucumber. A powerful 
hydragogue cathartic. In toxic doses, 
causes emesis, spasmodic respiration and 
death. Dose gr. ^VtV E - Trituratio, 
elaterin 10, sugar of milk 90 parts, thor- 
oughly mixed. Dose gr. ss-j. 

El'bow. The elbow-joint. That part of 
the arm adjacent to the elbow -joint. 

El'der. See Sambucus. 

Election, Operations of. Considera- 
tions of circumstances, such as age, condi- 
tion in life, business, sex, etc., determining 
whether to proceed with a certain surgical 
operation or not. Called, also, Operations 
of Complaisance. 

Electrical [rfkzKxpov, amber). Having the 
nature of or produced by electricity. E. 
Chore / a. See Dubinins Disease. E. 
Shower Bath, a device for general elec- 
trization : One of the poles is immersed in 
a tub containing an alkaline solution. The 
patient beneath this reservoir stands on a 
metallic stool connected with the other 
pole. The falling water completes the cir- 
cuit, dispersing the current over the whole 
body. E. Sunstroke. See Stmstroke. 

Electricity [rjTienTpov). One of the forces 
of nature developed or generated by chem- 
ism, magnetism, or friction, and probably 
a mode of ethereal vibration, closely analo- 
gous to and convertible into heat and light. 
E., Faradic, that produced by induction. 
E., Franklinic, frictional or static electri- 
city. E., Frictional, that produced by 
friction. E., Galvanic, that which is 
generated by chemical action in a galvanic 
cell. E., Inductive, that produced in a 
body by proximity, without contact, to an 
electrified body. E., Magnetic, that de- 
veloped by bringing a conductor near the 
poles of a magnet. See Current. E., 
Medical, that used for therapeutic pur- 
poses. E., Static, frictional electricity. 
E., Voltaic, same as galvanic or chemical 
electricity. 

Elec / tro- [rfkzKTpov). A Greek word used 
as a prefix to denote connection with or 
relation to electricity. E. -biology, the 
science of the electrical relations and laws 
of organic beings. E.-bioscopy. See 
Bioscopy. E. -chemistry, the science 



of the inter-relations and laws of elec- 
tricity and chemistry. E. -magnetism, 
magnetism induced within iron, steel or 
nickel, by introducing it within a coil 
through which a current is passing. E.- 
pathology, the diagnosis of a disease by 
the aid of electric irritation. E. -physi- 
ology, the study of electric reactions, 
properties, and relations of organs and 
organic tissues. E. -therapeutics, the 
science and art of the application of elec- 
tricity for therapeutical purposes. See 
Contractions. 

Elec / trode {electricity, odog, a way). The 
application of points or surfaces connecting 
the body with the poles of a battery. E., 
Brush, one end fitted with a camel-hair 
pencil. E., Non-polarizable, zinc wires 
treated and so arranged as to prevent elec- 
trolysis. See Anode and Cathode. 

Electrogen'esis. The results, after with- 
drawal, of the application of a current of 
electricity to the spinal cord, a nerve or 
part. 

Electrolysis [electricity, Ivo, to release). 
The dissolution of a chemical compound 
by an electric current. Used in the treat- 
ment of hydrocele, and other surgical dis- 
eases. 

Electro -mas sage. The transmission of 
a current of electricity through the knead- 
ing instrument. 

Electrometer [rjlsurpov, electro-, flerpov, 
a measure). An instrument for the meas- 
urement of the difference of electrical 
potential. 

Electro-motive. Pertaining to the me- 
chanical or motor effects of electricity. E. 
Force, the potential, or tension of a cur- 
rent. It is estimated in volts. See Volt. 

Electromus'cular. Pertaining to the 
action of electricity upon muscles. E. 
Contractility, the contractile response of 
a muscle to an electric current. E. Sensi- 
bility, the impression upon a sensory nerve 
by electric irritation. 

Electropunctura / tion. The use of 
needles as electrodes, which are thrust 
into the cavity of an aneurysm, with the 
object of coagulating the contained blood. 

Electrostatics [electricity, arariKoc, sta- 
tionary). The science of static electricity, 
or that developed by friction and induc- 
tion. 

Electrot / onus [rovoq, tension). The 
change of condition in a nerve during the 
application of a current of electricity. See 
Anelectrotonus, Catelectrotonus, and Elec- 
trogenesis. 



ELECTUARY 



142 



EMBRYONIC 



Elect / uary. A confection. See Confectio. 

Ele'idin. The granules of the superficial 
cells of the stratum granulosum of the epi- 
dermis. 

EFement (elemcntum, a first principle). 
In chemistry, a body that cannot be decom- 
posed into simpler substances. The ele- 
ments now number about 75. Used in 
biology of the ultimate microscopic struc- 
tures of a tissue. In electricity, one of the 
generating plates in a galvanic cell. 

EPephant's Foot. The herb Ele- 
phantopus tomentosa. Diuretic, expecto- 
rant and emetic. Dose of the fid. ext. TTLv- 
xxx. Unof. 

EFephant Leg. See Elephantiasis. 

Elephantiasis (e/.epag, an elephant). Ele- 
phantiasis Arabum, Elephant Leg, Buc- 
nema Tropica, Morbus Elephas, Pachy- 
dermia, Barbadoes Leg. A chronic, spo- 
radic, cedematous disease of the skin and 
subcutaneous tissue, characterized by enor- 
mous hypertrophy. Thought to be due to 
a parasitic worm known as Jilaria, which, 
entering the blood and lymphatics, obstructs 
the latter, resulting in a chronic enlarge- 
ment. Most common in leg and genitals. 

Elephantiasis Graeco'rum. See Lepra. 

Eleopt / ene. The permanent liquid prin- 
ciple of volatile oils. See Stearoptene. 

EFevator (elevo, to lift). The same as 
Levator. See Muscle. Instruments used 
in surgery and dentistry. 

Elimination (<?, out, limen, threshold). 
Excretion; the process of putting forth or 
out. 

Elix / ir (Arab, el iksir, the philosopher's 
stone). A sweetened, aromatic, spirituous 
preparation, which is practically a flavored 
syrup designed as an excipient for extracts 
and tinctures. There are many elixira, 
only one of which is official. 

Elm. See Ll?nus. 

Elocu/tion (e, loquor, to speak). The 
choice, arrangement and delivery of words 
arid language, including the use of the 
voice, the action of the lungs, diaphragm, 
etc. 

Elutria / tion (elutrio, to wash out). A 
water- sifting process whereby the coarser 
particles of an insoluble substance are 
separated from the finer. 

Elytri / tis (e/.vrpov, the vagina, trig). In- 
flammation of the vagina. 

Ely / troplasty (e/.vrpov, Tz/.aaco), to form). 
Plastic operation upon the vagina, espe- 
cially for vesico- vaginal fistula. 

Elytropto / sis (e/.vrpov, -rucig, a falling). 
Prolapse of the vagina. 



Elytror / rhaphy (e/.vrpov, ptxprj, a seam). 
Suture of the vaginal wall. An operation 
to close the opening of the vagina in pro- 
cidentia. 

Emaciation (emacio, to make lean). Loss 
of the fat and fullness of the flesh of the 
body. Lean. 

Eman'sio-men'sium (Lat). Delayed 
menstruation. Amenorrhcea. 

Emasculation (e?nasculo, to make im- 
potent). Removal of the testicles; impo- 
tence. 

Embalm / ing (Fr. en, in, bauma, balsam). 
The filling a cadaver with antiseptic and 
preservative substances to keep it from 
putrefying. 

Embed / ding. The fixation of a tissue- 
specimen in a firmer medium before freez- 
ing, and section in order to preserve the 
same intact 

EmbeTia RPbes. The juice of a fruit 
obtained in Asia Minor. Has reputed 
anthelmintic properties. Unof. 

Em / bolism (E/z^oZoc,plug). The obstruc- 
tion of an artery or capillary, usually by a 
blood clot or embolus, brought from another 
point by the blood current. E., Air, by a 
bubble of air. E., Multiple, numerous 
small emboli. E., Pysemic, the emboli 
are purulent. E., Retinal, occurring in 
the arteria centralis retinae, followed by 
sudden loss of vision. E., Venous, 
occurring in veins, especially of the lungs 
and liver. 

Em / bolus (eu/3o/x>g). A clot of blood 
brought by the blood current from a distant 
artery, and forming an obstruction at its 
place of lodgment. 

Embrocation (eu3pexu, to soak in). A 
fluid external application to some injured 
or diseased part. 

Embryon, or 

Em / bryo (eu.3pvov). The ovum and the 
product of conception up to the fourth 
month of pregnancy. 

Embryocard / ia (embryo, icapdia, the 
heart). An affection of the heart, char- 
acterized by a heart-beat like that of a 
foetus. It is usually associated with tachy- 
cardia, and a condition of collapse and 
cyanosis. 

EmbryoFogy (eu3pvov, ?-0}og, discourse). 
The science of the evolution of the em- 
bryo, or the study of foetal development. 

Embryonic. Pertaining to the embryo. 
E. Area. See Area. E. Connective 
Tissue, the primitive condition of connec- 
tive tissue when first formed, consisting of 
small, round cells. E. Spot. See Area. 



EMBRYOTOME 



143 



ENCEPHALOID 



Em / bryotome. An instrument used in 
embryotomy. 

Embryotomy (eju(3pvov, to/uij, section). 
An operation for reduction of the size of 
the fcetus to render possible its transmis- 
sion through the birth-canal. See Cepha- 
lotripsy, Cranioclasm, Basiotribe, Busy list, 
Decollation, Decapitation, Exenteration, 
Evisceration, Lamination, Pej-foration, 
Spondylotomy, Transformation. 

Eme / sis (e/ueu, to vomit). Vomiting. 

Emet'ic (e/uermog, causing vomiting). An 
agent causing emesis. E., Direct, one 
acting directly on the nerves of the 
stomach. E., Indirect, or E., Systemic, 
one acting through the blood upon the 
vomiting center, or by reflex action from 
other peripheral sources. 

Emeto-cathar'sis. Vomiting and purga- 
tion at the same time, or produced by a com- 
mon agent. 

Eminence (eminentia). A rounded or 
protuberant part of an organ, especially of 
a bone. E., Ilio-pectineal, a ridge on 
the upper surface of the pubic bone. E. 
of Doyere. See Sarcoglia. 

Eminentia. See Eminence. 

Emission (emitto, to send forth). An 
ejaculation, or sending forth. 

Emmen / agogue (efifirjva, the menses, ayu; 
to expel). A medicine that stimulates the 
menstrual flow. E., Direct, one acting 
directly on the generative organs. E., 
Indirect, one acting only through other 
functions and indirectly. 

Emissa / rium (Lat.). A term for any 
canal or channel conveying a fluid outward. 
Used especially of the veins of the skull. 

Emissary Veins. See Emissarium. 

Emmetro / pia (ev, in; juerpov, measure; 
oip, the eye). Normal or perfect vision. 
The condition of an eye whose shape and 
refractive media are such that, with sus- 
pended accommodation, parallel rays of 
light are brought to a focus upon the 
retina. For practical tests, rays of light 
from a point 20 feet away are considered 
as parallel. 

Em / met's Operation. See Trachelor- 
rhaphy. 

EmolTient (emollio, to soften). A sub- 
stance used by external application to soften 
the skin. 

Emo / tional (emoveo, to move away). Per- 
taining to the mental condition of feeling. 
E. Insanity, characterized by exaggera- 
tion and exaltation of feelings. 

Emphract / ic (efityparTu, to obstruct.) A 
term used by Hippocrates to designate any 



agent which obstructs the function of an 
organ. 

Emphyse / ma (e/n^vaao), to inflate). The 
abnormal collection of air in the connective 
tissue of a part, causing swelling and crepi- 
tation. 

Empiric (efcrreipiKoc;, experiential, practi- 
cal). One practicing medicine without 
philosophical or scientific principles, simply 
from the results of his own or others' expe- 
rience. As commonly used, synonymous 
with quack. 

Emplas / trum (efnrlaGou, to plaster up). 
A plaster. In pharmacy, a cohesive, tena- 
cious substance, insoluble in water, as an 
excipient containing a prescribed medicinal 
substance intended to be spread thin upon 
chamois, kid or muslin. The excipient 
is usually lead oleate or Burgundy pitch. 
(See Lead and Fix.) There are 17 official 
emplastra. 

Emprosthot / onos (e/uTrpocdev, forward, 
teivco, to stretch). A tetanic condition of 
the muscles of the front part of the body 
whereby the body is bent forward. 

Empye / ma (ev , in, ttvov, pus). Pus in 
the pleural cavity or in the chest. 

Empye / sis (e/uTrveu, to suppurate). Dis- 
eases characterized by phlegmonous pim- 
ples gradually filling with purulent fluid. 

Empy / ocele (ev, in ttvov, pus, nrfXri, tumor). 
A purulent scrotal tumor. 

Emul'sin (emulgeo, to milk out). A fer- 
ment contained in bitter almonds. Also 
called Synaptase. Its union with amyg- 
dalin forms hydrocyanic acid. See Amyg- 
dalin. 

Emul'sion. Water in which oil, in minute 
subdivision of its particles, is suspended. 

Emunc / tory (emwigo, to blow the nose). 
An excretory duct or organ. 

Enam / el. See Teeth. 

Enanth / ema (ev, avdeu, to blossom). An 
eruption within the body in distinction 
from exanthema. 

Enarthro'sis. See Diarthrosis. 

Encan'this (ev, navdog, the angle of the 
eye). A reddish -colored morbid growth 
in the inner canthus of the eye. 

EncephaFic (eynetyaXoc, the brain). Per- 
taining to the encephalon. 

Enceph / alin. A nitrogenous glucoside 
extracted from brain tissue. 

Encephalitis. General inflammation of 
the encephalon. 

Enceph / alocele (eynecpcikog, arfkr}, tumor). 
A hernia of the brain. 

Enceph / aloid. Resembling brain tissue. 
See Carcinoma, 



EXCEPHALOMA 



144 



EXDOSMOTIC 



Encephalo / ma (e}K?6a?.og, oua, tumor). 
Tumor of the brain. 

Enceph'alon (ev, in, Ketpa7.Tj, the head). 
The contents of the cranium. The brain. 

Encephalopathy (ey/ce<£a/,oc,7ratfoc, pain). 
A term for indefinite or general disease-of 
the brain. 

Enceph'alotome (evne^a7jjg, rofir], sec- 
tion). An instrument for slicing the en- 
cephalon or a part for examination or pre- 
servation. 

Enchondro / ma (ev, x ov dp°£> cartilage, 
oma, tumor). A tumor arising from car- 
tilage or resembling it in texture, etc. 

Enchy / lema (ev, Xv7,og, juice). The fluid 
enclosed in the meshes of the chromatin. 

En Clou. See Culture. 

Encyst/ed (ev, Kvarig, a bag). Enclosed 
in a cyst, or capsule. Aneurysms, hernise, 
tumors, etc., may become encysted. 

End. The terminal point of a thing. E. 
Bulb, the terminal bulb of a nerve in the 
skin. End Bulb of K)-ause. See Cor- 
puscle. E. Plate, the expanded terminal 
of a motor nerve upon a bundle of muscu- 
lar fibers. E. Organ, the general name 
for the terminal organ or part of a sensory 
nerve-fiber of whatever kind. 

Endarteritis (evdov, within, arteritis). 
Inflammation of the intima, or innermost 
coat of an artery. 

Endem / ic (ev, in, drj^og, a people). Used 
of diseases that are not brought from with- 
out a particular area or people, but that are 
peculiar to it. E. Verrugas. See Eram- 
boesia. 

EndemioFogy (ev, drjfiog, 7joyog, a treatise). 
The science of endemic diseases. 

Ender / mic (ev, dep/ia, the skin). Within 
the skin. Pertaining to a method of admin- 
istering medicines through the skin, by 
rubbing, etc. 

End / o- (evdov, within). A prefix, meaning 
within. 

Endo-ausculta 7 tion. A method of auscul- 
tation devised by Bianchi by using the 
ordinary oesophageal tube passed into the 
stomach, to auscult the gullet and stomach, 
and through them to a certain degree the 
heart and lungs. 

End'oblast (evdov, (37,aarog, a germ). The 
cell-nucleus. 

Endocarditis (evdov, Kapdca, the heart, 
trig). Inflammation of the endocardium 
or lining membrane of the heart. Acute 
rheumatism is the most frequent cause, 
though pneumonia, gout and septic fever 
may precede. The disease is prone to termi- 
nate fatally or result in permanent injury 



to the valves. Fibrinous deposits or vege- 
tations project into the cavity of the heart ; 
the thickened endocardium is liable to be- 
come atheromatous, with chronic ulcera- 
tion. E., Malignant, or Ulcerative, a 
rapidly fatal type due to septic infection. 
It has also been called Diphtheritic E., in 
the sense of belonging to the diphtheritic 
class of diseases. Microorganisms are 
found in this form. 

Endocardium (evdov, napdia). The color- 
less, transparent membrane lining the inte- 
rior of the heart. 

Endocolpi'tis. See Colpitis. 

End / oderm. See Blastodei-m. 

End / ogen (evdov, yewau, to produce). A 
plant whose growth is by means of new 
matter deposited in the interior of the trunk 
or branch. See Exogen. 

End / olymph (evdov, lympha, water). The 
fluid of the membranous labyrinth of the 
ear. 

Endometritis. Inflammation of the en- 
dometrium. E., Cervical, of the cer- 
vical portion. E., Decidual, of the de- 
cidual membrane of the impregnated 
uterus. It may be diffuse (thickening and 
development of connective tissue) ox poly- 
poid, with polypoid growths. 

Endometrium (evdov, /uqrpa, uterus). 
The fining membrane of the uterus. 

Endomy / sium (evdov, fivg, muscle). The 
extension of the perimysium between the 
muscular fibers. 

Endoneu / rium (evdov, vevpov, a nerve). 
The delicate connective tissue holding to- 
gether the fibrils of a bundle of nerves. 

Endopath'ic (evdov, TraBog, suffering). Per- 
taining to the rise of disease from condi- 
tions or causes not derived from without. 
See Exopathic. 

Endopericardi'tis (evdov, Trepi, around, 
Kapdca, the heart, trig, inflammation). Com- 
bined endocarditis and pericarditis. 

Endoscope (evdov, within, cr/correw, to ob- 
serve). An instrument for examination of 
a bodily cavity through its natural outlet. 

Endoscopy (evdov, o-Ko-eo)). The exami- 
nation of cavities or organs within the body 
by means of an endoscope. 

EndosmonVeter. An instrument for 
measuring endosmosis. 

Endosmo / sis (evdov, cjouog, a thrusting). 
The interchange and passage of two liquids 
through a dividing membrane. 

Endosmot'ic. Pertaining to endosmosis. 
E. Equivalent, the weight of distilled 
water that passes into the flask of the endos- 
mometer in exchange for a known weight 



ENDOSTEITIS 



145 



ENTODERM 



of the soluble substance. This, e. g., for 
salt is 4.3 ; for sugar 7.1, etc. 

Endostei'tis (evdov, oareov, a bone, trig). 
Inflammation of the endosteum of bone. 

Endost'eum. The vascular membranous 
layer of connective tissue lining the medul- 
lary cavity of bones. 

Endothelk/ma. A tumor of the endo- 
thelium. 

Endothelium (evdov, drjlrj, nipple). The 
internal lining membrane of serous, syno- 
vial and other internal surfaces ; the homo- 
logue of epithelium. 

En'ema (eviq/M, to inject). An injection 
of a medicine or food into the rectum. 

EnepidernVic (ev, eiridep/uig, the epider- 
mis). Pertaining to the treatment of dis- 
ease by applications to the skin. 

Energy (evepyeu, to be active). The 
power or force displayed by an organism. 
E., Conservation of, the law that the 
various forms of energy can be transformed 
one into the other without the loss of any 
part. E., Kinetic, the power of a body 
in motion. E., Potential, the possible 
power of a body at rest. Physiologically, 
its measure is the amount of heat that may 
be obtained by complete combustion of the 
chemical compounds representing the po- 
tential energy. 

Enervate (enervo, to weaken). To 
weaken. 

Eneure / sis. See Enuresis. 

Engage / ment Stage of Labor. See 
Descent- stage. 

English Sweating Fever. See Anglicus 
Sudor. 

Engorgement (Fr. engorgement, a chok- 
ing up). Over-distention of the vessels 
of a part and stagnation of the circulation. 
Vascular congestion. 

EnophthaFmia (ev, o^dal/iog, the eye). 
Retraction of the eyeball in the orbit. 

Enosto / sis (ev, oareov, bone). A tumor 
within the medullary canal of a bone, or 
a bony tumor originating in bone. 

En Piqure. See Culture. 

Ens / iform Appendix (ensis, a sword). A 
sword-shaped, cartilaginous process of the 
sternum. 

Ensompb/alus (ev, o//0a/loc, navel). A 
double monstrosity with practically com- 
plete and functional organisms, but united 
together by some more or less superficial 
bond. 

Enta / sia (evraaig, a straining). A generic 
term for spasmodic muscular action. 

EnteraFgia (evrepov, intestine, alyog, 
pain). Pain in the bowels. 
io 



Enterec'tomy (evrepov, intestine, eKrofiij, 
excision). Excision of a part of the intes- 
tine. 

Enteric (evrepov). Pertaining to the in- 
testines. E. Fever, typhoid fever. 

Enteritis (evrepov, trig, inflammation). 
Inflammation of the intestines. 

Ent'ero- (evrepov). A prefix denoting 
relation to the intestines. 

Ent'erocele (evrepov, Kr^rj, a tumor). A 
hernia containing a loop of intestine. E., 
Rectal, with a covering of the rectal wall. 
E., Vaginal, with a covering of the 
vaginal wall. 

Enterocly'sis (evrepov, uTivatg, a drench- 
ing). Injection of nutrient material with- 
in the intestine in cholera, collapse, etc. 

Entero-colFtis (evrepov, noXov, the colon). 
Combined inflammation of the intestines 
and colon. 

Entero-epip / locele. See Hernia. 

Entero-gas'trocele (evrepov, yaarrjp, the 
belly, Krfkrj, tumor). A hernia containing 
gastric and intestinal walls. 

Enterolith (evrepov, XiOog, a stone). A 
stony concretion formed in the digestive 
tube. 

Enteropathy (evrepov, nadog, suffering). 
Disease of the intestines. 

Entero-peritoni'tis (evrepov, Treptrovatog, 
trig). Combined inflammation of the in- 
testines and adjacent peritoneum. 

Ent / eroplasty (evrepov, -xlaoou, to form). 
Plastic operations upon the intestine to re- 
pair injuries of its walls. 

Enterorrha'gia (evrepov, prpyvvfii, to burst 
forth). Intestinal hemorrhage. Excessive 
discharges of any kind from the intestine. 

Enteror'rhaphy (evrepov, pa^rj, a suture). 
Suture of the intestine. 

Enterostomy (evrepov, aro/ua, mouth). 
Incision of the small intestine and suture 
of the same to the abdominal wall for in- 
troduction of food by this artificial mouth, 
in case of impossibility of food-entrance 
by the normal route. 

Enterot / omy (evrepov, rejuvo, to cut). In- 
cision of the intestine. 

Enterozo / 6n (evrepov, £uov, an animal). 
A parasite of the intestine. 

Enthet / ic (evridrjpiL, to put in). Coming 
from without, used especially of syphilitic 
and other specific contagious diseases. 

Ent / oblast (evrog, within, f3?iaarog, germ). 
The nucleolus, or germinal spot. 

Ent / ocyte (evrog, nvrog, cell). The con- 
tents of a cell, including nucleolus, granu- 
lations, etc. 

Entoderm. See Blastoderm. 



ENTOMOLOGY 



146 



EPIGENESIS 



Entomology [evro/wv, an insect, 7x>^og, 
treatise). The science of insect life. 

Entomopb/ilous (evro/ua, <pi/„eo, to love). 
Insect-loving or attracting. E. Flowers, 
flowers attracting insects by their secre- 
tions and thus securing cross-fertilization 
through the insects who carry the pollen 
to other flower?. 

Entop'tic (evrog, o-Ttnog, pertaining to 
vision). Pertaining to the internal parts 
of the eye. E. Phenomena, visual phe- 
nomena caused by peculiarities or imper- 
fections of the eye itself, such as ??iuscce 
volitantes, etc. 

Entot / ic (evrog, ovg } ear). Pertaining to 
the internal ear. E. Phenomena, sounds 
caused by abnormalities of the auditory 
mechanism itself. 

Entozo / 6n (evrog, r oov } an animal). A 
parasite living within another animal. 

Entro'pium (ev, in, rpe-u, to turn). In- 
version of the eyelids, so that the lashes 
rub against the globe of the eye, produc- 
ing inflammation, pannus, etc. 

Enucleation (e, out of, nucleus, a kernel). 
Applied to the operation of exsecting or 
shelling-out from its seat or capsule a 
tumor, etc. E. of Eye, excision of the 
eyeball from the orbit. 

Enuresis (evovpeu, to be incontinent of 
urine). Incontinency of urine. E. Noc- 
turna, involuntary emptying of the blad- 
der during sleep. • 

Environment (Fr. environner, to sur- 
round). The totality of influences acting 
from without upon the organism. 

Enzymes (ev, Zv/iq, leaven). Hydrolytic 
ferments as distinguished from organized 
ferments, such as yeast. They act by 
causing the body to take up a molecule of 
water. They are most active between 30 
and 35 C., and are destroyed by boiling. 

E'osin. See Fuchsin. 

Epend / yma (e-evdvjia, an upper garment). 
The lining membrane of the cerebral ven- 
tricles and of the spinal canal. 

Ependymi / tis (ependyma, trig, inflamma- 
tion). Inflammation of the ependyma. 

Ep / hedra Antisyphilit'ica. See Tepopote. 

Eph / edrene. The active principle of 
Ephedra vulgaris. Proposed as a my- 
driatic by Nagai. A cardiac depressant. 
Unof. 

EpheTides. See Lentigo. 

Ephem / era Malig'na. See Anglicus 
Sudor. 

Ephemeral (efauepog, living a day). 
Temporary. Applied to fevers that pass 
away in a day. 



EphiaPtes. See Nightmare. 

Ephid / rosis. See Hyperidrosis. E. Cru- 
enta, bloody sweat. 

EpTblast (£tti, upon, (5/Morog, a sprout). 
The external or upper layer of the blasto- 
derm, called, also, the ectoderm or neuro- 
epidermal layer, from which is developed 
the central nervous system and epidermal 
tissues, including the epithelium of the 
sense organs. 

Epicanth / us (em, navdog, angle of the eye). 
A fold of skin passing from the nose to the 
eyebrow over the inner canthus of the eye. 

EpicardTum. The visceral layer of the 
pericardium. 

EpTcome {em, upon, ko/xt], hair). A para- 
sitic monstrosity with an accessory head 
united to the principal foetus by the sum- 
mit. 

Epicra / nium (exi, Kpavcov, the cranium). 
The structures covering the cranium. 

Epicri'sis (e-niKpiaig, determination). The 
phenomena of disease succeeding the 
crisis. 

Epicystot / omy (btti, nvcrig, a bladder, 
reuvco, to cut). The suprapubic method 
of incising the bladder. 

Ep / icyte (e~i, nvrog, cell). The cell- wall 
or hyaline cuticle of cells. 

Epidem'ic (em, dqiiog, people). Used of 
diseases that reach a people, or spread over 
an area from without, in contradistinction 
to endemic. 

Epidemiog / raphy (epidemic, -ypafo, to 
write). A description of epidemic dis- 
eases. 

EpidemioPogy [epidemic, 7joyog, doctrine). 
The science of epidemic diseases. 

EpidermTs (e~i, depixa, the skin). The 
outer layer of the skin. The scarf-skin, 
consisting of a layer of horny cells that 
protects the true skin. Has neither blood 
vessels nor nerve filaments. E., Append- 
ages of, a generic name for the hair, nails, 
etc., growing from the epiderm. 

Epidermiza'tion. The formation of epi- 
derm. 

Epididymis (didvuoi, the testes). The 
small body lying above the testes. The 
superior end is the globus major, the infe- 
rior, the globus minor. 

Epididymitis. Inflammation of the epi- 
didymus. 

Epidural Space. The space outside the 
dura mater of the spinal cord. 

Epigastrium (e~i. yacrrjp, the stomach). 
The epigastric region. 

Epigen / esis (e-r/r/vofiai, to be born after). 
The generation of organisms by new and 



EPIGLOTTIS 



147 



EPONYCHIUM 



successive formations in contradistinction 
to Syngenesis, in which each germ is 
supposed to contain those of all subsequent 
generations. 

Epiglottis. See Glottis. 

Epigna / thus (em, yvadog, jaw). A para- 
sitic monstrosity in which the parasite is 
united to the superior maxillary bone. 

Epilation (e, out of, pilus, a hair). The 
removal of hair. 

Epilato / rium. An application for perma- 
nently removing hair. 

Epilep / sy (emX^ipig, a laying hold of). 
A nervous affection characterized by sud- 
den loss of consciousness and power of co- 
ordination of motion with tonic and clonic 
convulsions, the fits lasting but a short 
time. This form of the disease is the 
"true" affection, or the haut mal of the 
French. The petit mal (abortive epilepsy, 
epileptic vertigo) is less severe, and may 
consist of only a slight loss of conscious- 
ness, with retained coordination of motion. 
E. Cursiva, the fit preceded by a tend- 
ency to run. E., jacksonian, spasmodic 
contractions in certain groups of muscles 
due to local diseases of the cortex, always 
confined to one-half of the body and with 
retention of consciousness. E. Larvata, 
or E., Masked, the less severe cases of 
the true epilepsy, in which the patient 
does not fall. E., Partial, Jacksonian E. 
E., Procursive, there is propulsion of 
the body in some special direction. E., 
Reflex, due to some reflex neurosis. 

Epilep / tic. Pertaining to or like epilepsy. 
Also one affected with epilepsy. E. Cry, 
the vocal sound or cry in epilepsy, from 
laryngeal spasm. E. Hemiplegia, some- 
times follows the fit, especially after uni- 
lateral convulsions. E. Mania, slight 
maniacal tendencies following or taking 
the place of the fit. E. Vertigo, giddi- 
ness is a common sensation of epilepsy, 
but is erroneously applied to attacks of 
minor epilepsy. 

Epileptiform {epilepsy, forma, likeness). 
Resembling the symptoms of epilepsy. 

Epileptog'enous (epilepsy, yevvau, to pro- 
duce). Producing epilepsy. 

EpiTose (e neg., pilosus, haiiy). Without 
hair; bald. 

Epineu / rium (em, vevpov, nerve). The 
nerve-sheath. 

Epipas / tic (emwaacro), to sprinkle). Per- 
taining to plasters sprinkled with some 
agent, as cantharides, used as a vesicant. 

Epiphora (emyepG), to burst upon). An 
overflow of tears, due to over-secretion or 



impeded outflow of the normal methods 
of excretion. Lachrymation. 

Epiphysis (em, <pvu, to grow). A process 
of bone attached to another bone by carti- 
lage. E. Cerebri, the pineal gland. 

Ep / iphyte (em, (j>vrov, a plant). A para- 
sitic plant living upon another plant. Used 
also of a parasitic plant upon an animal. 

Epip / locele. See Hernia. 

EpipToon (emirXeG), to float upon). The 
omentum. E. Gastro-colic, the great 
omentum. E. Gastro-hepatic, the les- 
ser omentum. 

Episcleritis (em, er/cA^poc, hard, mc). A 
localized inflammation of the subconjunc- 
tival tissues. 

Episior'raphy (emcetov, pubes, patyri, 
seam). An operation for the cure of pro- 
lapsed uterus or procidentia. 

Episiot / omy (emceiov, tojutj^ section). In- 
cision through the vulva in childbirth to 
prevent rupture of the perineum and facili- 
tate labor. 

Epispadias (em, crra^o, to pierce). Ab- 
normal opening of the urethra upon the 
upper part of the penis. 

Epispast / ic (em,C7raotc, a drawing upon). 
A vesicatory or substance producing a 
blister. 

Epistax / is (emara^u, to distill). Hemor- 
rhage from the nose. 

Epithelio / ma. Carcinomatous formation 
of the skin or mucous membrane, composed 
of epithelial cells. 

Epithelium (em, upon, TLdrjpiL, to place). 
The cuticle or cellular structure of mucous 
surfaces, and also the skin of the body. 
E., Ciliated, a form in which the cells 
bear vibratile filaments or ciliae at their 
free extremities. E., Columnar, distin- 
guished by prismatic-shaped or columnar 
cells. E., Nucleated, consisting of cir- 
cular or hexagonal cells, each containing 
a nucleus. E., Pavement, cubical or 
polygonal cells covering the surface like the 
stones of a pavement. E., Squamous, 
the cells have been reduced to flattened, 
scaly plates. E., Stratified, the cells are 
arranged in distinct layers. E., Tessel- 
lated. Same as E., Pavement. E., Tran- 
sitional, intermediate between simple and 
stratified. 

EpitrochTea (em, rpoxakia, a pulley). The 
internal condyle of the humerus. 

Epizo'on (em, £cjov, an animal). An 
animal living as a parasite upon another. 

Epizootic. A contagious disease affect- 
ing animals. 

EponychTum (em, ovvt;, a finger nail). 



EPOSTOMA 



148 



ERYTHEMA 



A horny condition of the epidermis from 
the 2d to the 8th month of fcetal life, indi- 
cating the position of the nail. 

Eposto / ma [em, uoteov, bone). An ex- 
ostosis. 

Ep / som Salts. See Magnesium. 

Epu / lis (£-(, ov/.a, the gums). A hard, 
fibrous tumor of the alveolar processes of 
the gums. 

Equilibrium [cequus, equal, libro, bal- 
ance). An even balancing of a body or 
condition. E., Stable, when, after slight 
disturbance, the body will return to its 
original condition or position. E., Un- 
stable, when it will not"so return. 

Equi'nia [equus, a horse). Glanders. 
Farcy. A contagious, specific disease, 
with both local and general symptoms, 
derived from the horse or ass. Affects 
chiefly the skin, mucous membranes and 
lymphatics. Begins with purulent nasal 
discharges, which extend to the respiratory, 
ocular and oral membranes. Thought to 
be of microbic origin. 

Equivalence [cequus, equal, valeo, to be 
worth). Of equal value. The saturating 
power of an element as compared with 
that of hydrogen. 

Era'sion [e, out, rado, to scrape). The 
act of scraping. 

Erectile [erigo, to set up). Pertaining to 
stiffening, rigidity or erection. E. Tis- 
sue, that intermediating erection, consist- 
ing of a network of expansile capillaries 
that under stimulus becomes engorged with 
blood. 

Erection [erigo). The condition of full- 
ness and firmness of the penis, clitoris, etc., 
due to sexual excitement, friction, etc., the 
mechanism consisting in an overfilling of 
the blood vessels. E. Center. See Center. 

Erect / or [erigo). Pertaining to muscles 
whose function is to erect or elevate a part. 
See Muscle. E. Pili, the unstriped mus- 
cular fibers causing the erection of the hair 
and the phenomenon called goose-Jlesh or 
goose-skin. 

Er / ethism [spedta/nog, irritation). An ab- 
normal heightening of nervous irritability. 

Erg. See Unit. 

Er / got, or Ergo / ta. A fungus, Clavi- 
ceps purpura (or Sebum cormitum), para- 
sitic upon rye. Contains sphacelinic acid, 
ergotinic acid, and cornutin, to which its 
properties are due. A powerful excito- 
motor, haemostatic, and gastro-intestinal 
irritant. Used most frequently to promote 
uterine contraction in childbirth. Valu- 
able internally in amenorrhcea and atonic 



spermatorrhoea ; externally in gonon-hcea, 
conjunctivitis and inflammations of mucous 
membranes. Effects most prompt by hy- 
podennic injection. Dose gr. x-gj. E., 
Ext. Fid., prepared with dilute hydro- 
chloric acid, alcohol, and water. Dose 
gss-ij. E., Ext., — Ergotin. Dose gr. 
ij-xx. E., Vinum, 15 per cent. Dose 
gj-.^j- Sclerotic Acid, thought to be 
identical with ergotinic acid. 

Er / gotism. The constitutional effects of 
overdoses of ergot, or of the persistent use 
of food containing ergot. These may be 
acute, chronic, gangrenous, or spasmodic. 

Erig / eron. Fleabane. The plant E. 
canadense. Physiological action like that 
of oil of turpentine, but less irritant. Effi- 
cient as a haemostat in menorrhagia. E., 
Ol., the essential volatile oil of same. 
Dose Y!\x- 3 ss. Unof. 

Eriodic / tyon. Verba Santa. The leaves 
of E. glutinosum, a shrub best known in 
California. An excellent expectorant, and 
valuable as an excipient for quinine, the 
taste of which it largely conceals. Useful 
in bronchial affections. E., Ext. Fid. 
Dose Tt\xv-3J. E., Ext. Dose gr. ij-x. 
All unof. 

Ero / sion [erodo, to eat into). Disinte- 
gration of tissue by mechanical, chemical 
or morbid action. 

Erot / ic [epug, love). Pertaining to the 
sexual passion. 

Erotoma / nia (epwc, /uavta, madness). 
Morbid, abnormal exaggeration of love 
generally ; more limited to the imaginative 
than to the carnal aspect of the sentiment. 
See Nymphoviania, Satyriasis. 

Er'rhine [ev, in, pcv, the nose). A medi- 
cine which, applied to the mucous mem- 
brane of the nose, increases nasal secre- 
tions. A sternutatory. 

Eructation [eructo, to belch). Belching. 

Eruption [erumpo, to burst out). A 
bursting forth of any kind or from any 
part, but applied especially to the chief 
symptom of certain skin diseases, consist- 
ing in pimples, vesicles, rash, etc. 

Erysipelas [epvdpog, red, ire'/J.a, skin). A 
constitutional febrile disease with a pecu- 
liar redness and inflammation of the skin 
and subcutaneous tissue, generally of the 
face ; of possible bacterial origin. 

Erysipeloid. A peculiar affection of the 
palms of the hands or soles of the feet, 
characterized by zones of violaceous red 
eruption with burning and itching. 

Erythe / ma [epvdrjua,a. blush). An affec- 
tion of the skin commonly known as " rose 



ERYTHRASMA 



149 



ETHER 



rash" or " inflammatory blush." A con- 
gestion or redness of skin that with pres- 
sure temporarily disappears. E. An- 
nulare or Circinatum, a form marked 
by the spreading of the disease in ring- 
shaped or circular patches. E. Fugax, 
a transitory redness sometimes appearing 
on the faces and trunks of children. Usu- 
ally associated with worms. E. Inter- 
trigo, a congestion arising from the fric- 
tion of adjacent parts of the skin. E. 
Laeve, the redness frequently occurring in 
dropsical swelling of the legs. E. No- 
dosum, a form marked by symmetrical, 
node-like swellings over the tibia?, con- 
sidered an expression of rheumatism. E. 
Papulatum, an inflammatory form marked 
by papules and vesicles. E. Paratrim- 
ma, the red patches preceding the appear- 
ance of bed-sores E. Pernio, a chil- 
blain. E. Roseola, a form marked by 
a dull red hue. May be idiopathic, or the 
symptomatic eruption preceding scarlet 
fever, measles, etc. E., Scarlatiniform, 
somewhat like that of scarlet fever, but 
usually in defined patches. Frequently 
accompanies septicaemia, puerperal fever, 
etc. E. Simplex, congestion due to ex- 
ternal irritation. E. Urticaria, the early 
stage of urticaria, q. v. 

Erythras / ma (epvdpog). A vegetable para- 
sitic disease producing brownish patches. 
Appears usually on the folds of the axillae 
and inguinal regions. Resembles Tinea 
Versicolor, but is more insignificant. Due 
to very minute microspores. 

Erytb/roblast. See Leucocyte. 

Erythrochloro / pia (epvOpoc, ^/Iwpoc, 
green, uxjj, eye). A form of subnormal 
color perception in which green and red 
are the only colors correctly distinguished. 

Erythrodex / trin. A dextrin formed by 
the action of saliva on starch. It gives a 
red color with iodine. 

Erythrogran / ulose. A granular sub- 
stance, found in starch grains, coloring red 
with iodine. 

ErythromelaFgia (epvdpoc, peloc, limb, 
akyog, pain). An affection of the extremi- 
ties characterized by great redness and 
pain. 

Erythroph'leme. See Casca Bark. 

Erythrops / ia (epvdpog, uxptg, vision). An 
abnormality of vision in which all objects 
appear red. 

Erythrox / ylon. Coca, Cuca. The leaves 
of E. coca, a shrub indigenous to the 
Andes Mountains. (Not to be confounded 
with cocoa.) Contains an alkaloid, cocaine, 



q. v., to which its properties are mainly 
due. An aromatic tonic and cerebral 
stimulant. Stimulates the brain, produc- 
ing a remarkable power of enduring hun- 
ger and fatigue. Large doses produce 
hallucinations. Effects similar to those of 
coffee, but more intense. Much used by 
the natives for sustenance during long 
journeys. The leaves, smoked, are bene- 
ficial in hay fever. E., Ext. Fid. Dose 
gss-ij. Difficult to obtain good leaves. 
Wines and elixirs of coca are numerous. 

Es'bach's Method. A test for albumin 
in urine, the albumin being precipitated by 
a solution of picric and citric acids (10-20- 
970 parts of urine) ; the number of grammes 
per 1000 c.c. being indicated on the gradu- 
ated tube of the albumimeter. 

Es / char (ecxapou, to scab over). The 
slough or scab following cauterization, 
burns, etc. 

Escharot/ic. A substance which, applied 
to the skin, produces an eschar. A caustic. 

Es / culus Hippocasta / num. Horse- 
chestnut. The fruit of the common 
"buckeye," or horse-chestnut. Recom- 
mended in hemorrhoids. Dose gr. iij. 
Unof. 

Es / erine. An alkaloid derived from Phy- 
sostigma, q. v. 

Es / march's Bandage, or Apparatus. 
The bandage is of elastic rubber, and is 
used upon a limb to be amputated, in order 
to drive the blood out of it by progressive 
application of turns about the limb toward 
the trunk. 

Esod / ic (sou, within, odoc, way). Pertain- 
ing to afferent or centripetal nerves, or 
those conveying impressions toward the 
central nervous system. 

Esopho / ria. See Heterophoria. 

Esoteric (ecorepog, within). Secret, mys- 
terious. Arising within the organism. 

Esotropia. See Strabismus. 

Es / sence [essentia). That quality of a 
thing giving it peculiarity of power. The 
peculiar qualities of a drug extracted and 
reduced to a small compass. 

Essential. Pertaining to the essence of 
a substance. Pertaining to the peculiar 
and distinctive characteristic of a disease. 

E'ther {cether, the upper air). The tenu- 
ous subtle fluid filling space and interpene- 
trating all bodies, the medium of trans- 
mission of the vibratory activities called 
light, heat, electricity and magnetism. 
Used also to designate a large class of 
organic compounds. Spelled also (Ether. 

E / ther. A thin, colorless, volatile, and 



ETHEREAL 



150 



EUONYMUS 



highly inflammable liquid, in composition 
a di-ethylic oxide (C 2 H 5 ) 2 0. It is used 
mainly as a solvent for fats and oils, and 
as an anesthetic. Internally it is anodyne, 
antispasmodic, diaphoretic, and narcotic. 
Inhaled it is an anesthetic, and a cardiac 
stimulant in toxic doses, paralyzing the 
respiratory centers. E., Acetic, proper- 
ties like ethylic ether. Dose n^ x- g j. E., 
Commercial, contains 94 per cent, of 
ether. It is unfit for use except as a solvent. 
E. Fortior, should contain 94 percent, of 
ethylic oxide. Dose TTLx-^j. E., Hy- 
driodic, unof. Dose for inhalation Tr^ xv. 
E., Hydrobromic, unof. Dose TTLx-gj. 
E. Oleum, contains equal parts ether 
and heavy oil of wine. E., Spt., Comp., 
commonly known as Hoffman's anodyne. 
It consists of ether 30, alcohol 67, ethereal 
oil 3 per cent. Dose 1*1 v -3 j. E., Spt., 
Nitrosus, sweet spirit of nitre, a solution 
of ethyl nitrite in alcohol. Dose 3 ss- ^ ss. 

Ethe / real. Pertaining to the ether or to 
ether. 

Etherization. The administration of 
ether to produce anaesthesia. This is 
effected by inhalation of the vapor. 

E / therism. The symptoms of etherization. 

Eth / ics (rjdiKog, moral). The science of 
human feelings, thoughts and actions rela- 
ting to duty or morality. E., Medical, 
the duties a physician owes to himself, 
his profession and his fellow-men. 

Ethmoceph'alus (rjd/xoQ, ethmoid, necpakri, 
head). A cyclocephalic monstrosity with 
a rudimentary nose, the two eyes being 
closely approximated. 

Etb/moid (r/Ojuog, a sieve). The cribri- 
form bone of the nose, perforated for the 
transmission of the olfactory nerves. 

EthnoFogy (eOvog, a nation, Aoyoo, a dis- 
course). The comparative study of the 
races of mankind. 

Ethoxy-caffei'ne. A remedy recom- 
mended to relieve the pain of herpes 
zoster, and migraine. It is also said to 
prevent the gastric pain often caused by 
cocaine. 

EthyFamine. A ptomaine formed in putre- 
fying yeast, in wheat-flour, and in distilla- 
tion of beet-sugar residues. It is a strongly 
ammoniacal liquid, boiling at 18.7 , — mis- 
cible with water in every proportion, — com- 
bustible, and possesses strong basic proper- 
ties. Non -poisonous. 

Etb/yl Chlor'ide. Chloric Ether. An 
anaesthetic resembling chloroform in action. 
Use sometimes followed by corneal opacity. 
Unof. 



Ethylene. A hydro-carbon radical, having 
the molecular structure C 2 H 4 . It is char- 
acterized by strong affinities, especially for 
chlorine, with which it unites to form an 
oily compound. Hence its common name, 
olefiant gas. 

Ethylidenedi'amine. A poisonous pto- 
maine obtained from decomposing haddock. 
Injections of the ptomaine in mice and 
guinea-pigs produce abundant flow of se- 
cretion from the nose, mouth and eyes. 
Pupils dilate and eyeballs project. Violent 
dyspnoea follows and continues until death, 
that does not take place for twenty-four 
hours or more. The heart is stopped in 
diastole. 

Etiolation (Fr. etioler, to blanch). The 
paleness or blanching, in plants or man, 
from confinement in darkness. 

EtioFogy (airta, a cause, "Xoyog, a dis- 
course). A treatise on or pertaining to 
the causes of disease. 

Eucalyptus. The leaves (lanceolate, 
after 3 years' growth) of the E. globulus, 
or Blue Gum, native to Australia, but now 
cultivated in California. Contains a vola- 
tile oil, which yields eucalyptol, a cam- 
phor, by distillation. An aromatic bitter, 
promoting digestion. Highly antiseptic 
and anti-malarial. Valuable in atonic dys- 
pepsia and in intermittent fevers. E., 
Fid. Ext., alcoholic. Dose Ti^x-^j. E. 
Ol., the volatile oil. Dose nvx-xxx, in 
emulsion. E.,Tinct. Unof. Dose 3 ss— ij. 

Eudiom / eter (evdia, calm weather, /uerpov, 
a measure). An instrument for ascertain- 
ing the composition of the air. 

Eudipleu / ra (ev, well, dig, twice, Tr?i£vpa, 
the side). In biology a designation of 
those organic forms composed of two 
equal and symmetrical halves. 

Eu / genol. A product obtained from the 
residue of the distillation of oil of cloves. 
Antiseptic. Unof. 

Eu'kalyn. A substance similar to inosit, 
arising from the fermentation of melitose. 

Eulach / ion Oil, or 

Eulacho'ni Oleum. Candle-fish Oil. Eu- 
lachon Oil. The oil of the fish Thale- 
ichthys pacificus, or candlefish. Less dis- 
agreeable than cod-liver oil, for which it is 
often substituted. Dose ^j-iv. Unof. 

Eu'nuch {evvovxoq, guardian of the couch). 
One from whom the genital organs have 
been removed or mutilated so as to render 
him impotent. 

Euon / ymus. Wahoo. The bark of E. 
atropurpureus. An astringent tonic and 
purgative, resembling rhubarb, jalap, aloe, 



EUPATORIUM 



151 



EXCLUSION 



etc., but rather milder. Beneficially em- 
ployed in dropsy and hepatic affections. 
E., Ext. Dose gr. j-v. Euonymin, 
unof., the essential principle. Dose gr. 
ss-v. 

Eupato / rium. Thoroughwort. Boneset. 
The leaves and flowering tops of E. per- 
foliatuni. A bitter tonic and diaphoretic, 
of value in remittent and typhoid fevers. 
Thought, also, to be a tsenifuge. E., Fid. 
Ext. Dose V^x-fr). 

EuperistaFsis. See Peristalsis. 

Euphorb / ium PiluliFera. Has reputed 
value in asthma and cardiac dyspnoea. 
Dose of the extract gr. j. Unof. 

Eupho'ria (evfyopoq, easily carried). The 
sense of well-being or health. 

Euphrasia. Eyebright. A small an- 
nual, formerly much used in eye affections. 
Of utility as an astringent lotion in con- 
junctivitis. Valuable in breaking up nasal 
catarrh and in hay fever. E., Tinct., 
strength 1.9. Dose rry-v. 

Euplas / tic (ev, well, izXaaau, to form). 
Pertaining to lymph of a healthy form, 
consistency, etc. 

Eupnce / a (ev, well, ttveu, to breathe). 
Normal and easy respiration. 

Eustachian Catheter. An instrument 
for dilating the E. tube, introduced along 
the floor of the nose. 

Eustachian Tube. The canal extending 
from the tympanum to the pharynx. 

Euthanasia (ev, well, davarog, death). 
An easy or calm death. 

Euto / cia (ro/coc, childbirth). An easy 
natural delivery. 

Evac'uant (evacuo, to empty). A medi- 
cine which increases the secretion or evacu- 
ation of an organ, especially the bowels. 
A purgative. 

Evacuation (evaeuo). Defecation. 

Evaporation (e, away, vapor, vapor). 
In pharmacy, the process of converting a 
liquid into vapor by the agency of heat. 

Eve'ning Prim'rose. The flowering tops 
of CEnothera biennis. Recommended in 
asthma with gastric irritability. Dose of 
the fld. ext. gss-sjj. Unof. 

Eventration (e, out of, venter, the belly). 
Pertaining to an extrusion of the abdomi- 
nal viscera; especially in a monstrosity. 
Used also as a synonym of Pendulous 
Abdomen. 

Ever'sion of the Eyelid. A folding of 
the lid upon itself for the purpose of ex- 
posing the conjunctival surface or sulcus. 

Evisceration (e, out, viscera, the bowels). 
The removal of the viscera. E., of the 



Eye, removal of the entire contents of the 
globe of the eye, leaving the sclerotic 
intact. An operation in place of enuclea- 
tion, and following which some operators 
insert a glass or metal shell globe, called 
artificial vitreous, to preserve the shape, 
etc., of the eyeball. E., Obstetric, the 
removal of the abdominal or thoracic 
viscera, in embryotomy. 

Evolution (evolvo, to unroll). The develop- 
ment or unrolling of the organs and func- 
tions, and the stages of growth of an organ- 
ism. See Darwinism. E., Spontaneous, 
a term expressive of the occurrence in child- 
birth of a series of changes effected by the 
organisms themselves, whereby a shoulder 
presentation is transformed within the 
pelvis into a combined breech and shoulder 
presentation and delivery effected. 

EvuFsion (evello, to pluck out). Forcible 
tearing or plucking away of a part, as a 
polypus, tonsil, etc. 

Exacerbation (exacerbo, to be violent). 
Increased violence of the symptoms of a 
disease. 

Exanthema, or Ex / anthem (etjavdr/fia, 
eruption). An eruption of the skin. 

Excavation of the Optic Nerve. A 
hollowing or " cupping ' ' of the disc, or optic 
nerve-entrance, that may be physiological 
or congenital, and without particular signifi- 
cance; ox pathological, the result of glau- 
coma, optic atrophy, etc. 

Excen'tric Pains. Radiating pains, symp- 
tomatic of spinal disease, due to irritation 
of the posterior nerve-roots. The pains are 
felt to be in the peripheral organs, hence 
the name above. 

Excip / ient (excipio, to take up). In phar- 
macy, any substance used to give an agree- 
able or convenient form to the ingredients 
of a prescription. 

Excis / ion (excindo, to cut off). The opera- 
tion of removing a part or tissue by cut- 
ting. 

Excitability (excito, to rouse). The qual- 
ity of reacting to stimulus. 

ExcFtant. A remedy that stimulates the 
activity of an organ. 

Excito- [excito), A Latin prefix denoting 
stimulation ox excitation. E. -motor, per- 
taining to nerves arousing motor function. 
Also, a drug or agent that increases activity 
of the motor nerve centers. E. -reflex, 
pertaining to a reflex action that ends in 
muscular action. 

ExcFtor. See Sympathetic Ophthalmitis. 

Exclusion (excludo, to shut out). A 
shutting out. E., Diagnosis by, the 



EXCORIATION 



152 



EXPECTORATION 



reaching a final or most probable diagnosis 
by successively excluding one hypothesis 
after another as, from a consideration of the 
symptoms, impossible. 

Excoriation {ex, from, corium, the skin). 
Abrasion of the skin, or removal, partial 
or complete, of a limited portion of the 
same. 

Ex'crement {excerno, to sift out). The 
faeces. 

Excrementi / tious. Pertaining to the ex- 
crement. 

Excrescence {excresco, to grow out). An 
abnormal outgrowth upon the body. 

Excre / ta {excerno). The natural dis- 
charges of the body, particularly those of 
the bowels. 

Ex / cretin. A substance extracted from 
human faeces, related to cholesterin; of un- 
known history and constitution. 

Excre / tion {excerno). The separation of 
the fluid waste products of an organ, or the 
body as a whole, out of the blood. The 
fluids so excreted. 

Ex / cretory {excerno). Pertaining to ex- 
cretion. E. Duct, a canal conveying the 
excretion from the excretory organ to the 
discharging point. 

Exencepb/alus (ff, eynetycikov). A mon- 
strosity with the brain outside the cranial 
cavity, associated with vertebral fissure. 

Exenteration (ef, evrepov, intestine). 
Removal of the intestines or thoracic 
viscera in embryotomy. 

Ex / ercise {exerceo, to keep busy). Func- 
tional activity of the muscles. E., 
Active, that exerted by the will of the 
patient. E., Passive, when the part is 
moved by another, or acted- upon, as in 
massage. 

Exfoliation [ex/olio, to shed leaves). 
The lamellar (or other) separation of bone 
or other tissue from the living structure 
in Dry Necrosis, etc. 

Exhalation {exhalo, to breathe out). The 
vapor, subtle particles, etc., given off by 
the body through the skin, lungs, etc. 

Exhaustion {exhaurio, to pour out). 
Drawing out or emptying. Applied espe- 
cially to great loss of vital and nervous 
power from fatigue, or protracted disease. 

Exhibit {exhibeo, to give). To adminis- 
ter medicine. 

Exhil'arant {exhilaro, to cheer). An 
agent to enliven and cheer the mind. E. 
Gas, Nitrous Oxide gas. 

Exhumation {ex, humus, ground). The 
digging up after interment, or again bring- 
ing a dead body out, for examination in 



medico-legal inquiries, or for reinterment, 
etc. 

Exod'ic (ego, out of, odog, a way). Ap- 
plied to nerves transmitting impulses out- 
ward from the central nervous system. 

Ex'ogen {ego, ysvvau, to produce). A 
plant whose growth is by means of ex- 
ternal deposit upon the trunk or branch. 
See Endogen. 

Exom / phalos. See Hernia. 

Exopatb/ic (ego, ttclQoq, pain). Pertaining 
to those causes of disease coming from 
without or beyond the organism. See, also, 
Endopathic. 

Exophor'ia. See Heterophoria. 

Exophthalmic. Pertaining to exophthal- 
mos. E. Goitre. See Goitre. 

Exophthalmos (ef, oofla/l/zoc). Abnor- 
mal prominence or protrusion of the eye- 
balls. E., Pulsating, that characterized 
by a bruit and pulsation, due to an aneu- 
rism that pushes the eye forward. 

Exosmo / sis. See Osmosis. 

Exostosis (ef, ogteov, bone). Abnormal 
enlargement or growth of bone, especially 
a deposit of bony tissue upon the surface 
preexisting bone. 

Exoteric {e^orepLKog, external). Synony- 
mous with Exopathic. 

Exot'ic {etjuTinog, foreign). Pertaining to 
plants and products from another country. 

Exotro / pia. See Strabismus. 

Expectant {expecto, to look out for). 
Awaiting or expecting ; applied to a plan 
of treatment consisting in watching the 
progress of a disease, and not interfering, 
with therapeutical measures, unless war- 
ranted by special symptoms. 

Expectation of Life. The average num- 
ber of years that persons of a given age, 
taken one with another, live, assuming that 
they die according to a given table of the 
probabilities of life. It thus has no rela- 
tion to the most probable life of a single 
given individual. E. of L., Complete, 
the addition of one-half year to the Cur- 
tate Expectation to allow for that portion of 
a year lived by each person in the year of 
his death. E. of L., Curtate, the average 
number of whole or completed years lived 
by each person. 

Expectorant {ex, out, pectus, the breast). 
A remedy that acts upon the pulmonic mu- 
cous membrane, to promote or modify its 
secretions. 

Expectoration {ex, pectus). The fluid or 
semi-fluid matters from the lungs and air 
passages expelled by coughing and spit- 
ting. 



EXPERIMENTUM MIRABILE 153 EXTRACTION OF CATARACT 



Experimen / tum Mirat/ile of Kirch- 
ner. An hypnotic phenomenon in ani- 
mals; a hen, e. g., remaining in a fixed 
position when the head is pressed down 
and a chalk line made from its beak. 

Ex / pert (expertus, proved). A person es- 
pecially qualified in a science or art. E., 
Medical, a physician peculiarly fitted by 
experience or especial learning to render 
a true opinion in medico-legal or diag- 
nostic questions. 

Expiration (expiro, to breathe out). The 
act of breathing forth, or expelling air 
from the lungs. 

Exploration (exploro, to search out). The 
searching out the condition of a diseased 
organ or part by means of auscultation, 
palpation, percussion, etc. Also the search- 
ing a wound to learn its nature, course, 
etc., and if foreign bodies may be present. 
Also the examination of the female geni- 
tal organs by the finger or instrument for 
diagnostic purposes. 

Exploratory. Pertaining to exploration. 
E. Puncture, the puncture of a cavity or 
tumor and extraction therefrom of some of 
the contents to learn the nature of the 
same. E. Trocar, one especially adapted 
for E. puncture. 

Explorer. An instrument for use in ex- 
ploration. E., Electrical, an instrument 
for detecting a bullet by means of the elec- 
tric current. 

Explosives. See Consonants. 

Expression. A pressing out. The forci- 
ble separation of liquids from solids by 
pressure. E. of Foetus or Placenta, 
assisting the expulsion of the same by 
pressure upon the abdominal walls. 

Expulsion, Spontaneous. The extru- 
sion of the foetus or the placenta without 
external aid. 

ExpuFsive (expello, to drive out). Per- 
taining to the extrusion or driving out of 
the foetus in childbirth, the voiding of the 
feces, urine, etc. 

Exsanguine (ex, sanguis, blood). Blood- 
less. 

Exsiccation (ex, sicco, dry). The process 
of depriving a solid of its moisture or vola- 
tile constituents by the agency of moderate 
heat. 

ExStrophy (etiGrpetpo, to evert). Con- 
genital absence of the anterior wall of the 
bladder and abdomen, with exti-oversion 
of the bladder. 

Extension (extendo, to stretch out) . Trac- 
tion made upon a fractured or dislocated 
limb in order to bring the parts in proper 



apposition. E., Angular, a method of 
reducing and maintaining old dislocations 
of the hip. E., Counter, traction upon 
the trunk or the trunk-end of a fractured 
limb in addition to extension. E., Double, 
upon both limbs in hip-joint disease, etc. 
E. Stage in Labor, one of the stages 
of labor, consisting in the bending of the 
foetal head, the occiput toward the back. 

ExtenSor (extendo). That which stretches 
out or extends. E. Muscles. See Muscle. 
E. TetSnus. In general spasms the 
extensor muscles overcome the flexors, and 
the spasm thus becomes an E. T. 

Extirpation (extirpo, to root out). 
Thorough excision or out-rooting of a part. 
E. of the Eyeball, complete removal of 
the globe of the eye. Enucleation. 

Extra-. A Latin prefix, meaning outside, 
without. 

Extraction of Cataract. Removal of the 
cataractous lens by surgical operation. 
The methods proposed or practiced are al- 
most numberless. Daviel's Method, im- 
proved by Beer, was by a semicircular flap, 
upward in Daviel's, downward in Beer's, 
in the cornea, or at the margin, with rupture 
of the capsule and expression of the lens. 
This method is being revived and, with 
modification, adopted by a large number 
of modern operators, and is called the Flap 
Extraction. The Discission Operation 
is used in soft cataract, and consists in in- 
troducing a needle, whereby the capsule is 
broken and the aqueous humor gains access 
to the lens-substance,which then is absorbed 
or taken out by suction. In v. Graefe's 
Peripheral Linear Method, the Graefe 
lance-knife enters the sclerotic 1.5 mm. 
from the corneal border, and 2 mm. below 
the horizontal tangent of the upper border 
of the cornea, and is at first directed down- 
ward, but the counterpuncture is finally 
made opposite the point of puncture. The cut 
upward is then made parallel to the plane 
of the iris, followed by an iridectomy, cap- 
sulotomy, and expression of the lens. The 
change in v. Graefe's Modified Linear 
Extraction consists chiefly in bringing 
the section to the corneo-scleral junction. 
Needling, or the needle -operation. 
See above, under Discission. The Sim- 
ple Method, now advocated by many oph- 
thalmic surgeons, consists in a flap-form- 
ing section and an omission of the iridec- 
tomy. The Suction Method consists in 
the extraction of soft cataracts by sucking 
the lenticular matter through a syringe 
nozzle introduced into the lens substance. 



EXTRACTOR 



154 



EYETEETH 



Extractor {ex, traho, to draw). An instru- 
ment for extracting bullets, sequestra, etc. 
E., Screw, armed with a screw attach- 
ment ; a tirefond. 

Extract / um {extra ho). An extract. In 
pharmacy, a semi -solid preparation ob- 
tained by dissolving the soluble parts of 
drags, and evaporating the solution thus 
obtained. Alcohol and water are the most 
common solvents. There are 32 official 
extracta. E. Fluidum, a fluid extract. 
An alcoholic extract or concentrated tinc- 
ture of a strength such that I cubic centi- 
meter represents the medicinal powers of 
I gramme of the drug. Approximately 
I minim of the fluid extract represents I 
grain of the drug. In some of the fluid 
extracts alcohol is used as the solvent ; 
in others alcohol and water, and in still 
others alcohol and glycerine. There are 
79 official extracta fluida. 

Extra-poFar Region. That lying outside 
the electrodes, as opposed to the Intra- 
polar Region, or area, that lying within 
or directly beneath. 

Extra-uterine {extra, uterus). Without 
the uterus. E.-u. Pregnancy. See Preg- 
nancy. E.-u. Life, that after birth. 

Extravasation {extra, vas, a vessel). 
Filtration or effusion of blood, serum or 
fluid into adjacent tissues. 

Extrin / sic {extrinsicus, from without). 
External, outward. E. Muscles, those 
attached to the trunk and extending to the 
limbs. 

Extroversion. See Exstrophy. 

Exudation {exudo, to sweat). Filtra- 
tion or oozing of the serum of the blood 
through the walls of the vessels. 

Eye (Sax. edge, Lat. oculus). The organ 
of vision. E., Accommodation of. See 
Accommodation. E., Appendages of, 
the eyelids, brows and lachrymal appa- 
ratus. E., Apple of, formerly the eye- 
ball; the pupil. E., Artificial, a thin 



shell of glass, celluloid or other substance, 
colored like the natural eye, placed in the 
socket after enucleation. E., Compound, 
the organ of vision formed of several crys- 
tal spheres, as in the lower crabs. E., 
Diagrammatic, of Listing, a diagram 
of the eye for the more exact calculation 
of the passage of rays of light through 
the eye. E., Pineal or Epiphysial, the 
rudimentary median eye in some lizards. 
E., Schematic, an ideal or normal eye. 

Eye / ball. The globe of the eye. E., 
Dislocation of. See Dislocation. 

Eye / bright. See Euphrasia. 

Eye / brow. The supercilium. The con- 
nective tissue, skin and hairs above the 
eye. The hairs serve chiefly to prevent 
the sweat from falling into the eye. 

Eye 7 - cells. Cup-shaped cells of porce- 
lain enameled black to place over the eye 
after operations. 

Eye / glass. A lens worn in one eye. 
Eye-glasses, pince-nez, worn instead of 
spectacles, and held in position by a spring 
acting upon the bridge of the nose. 

Eye / -ground. A synonym of the fundus- 
oculi or internal aspect of the vitreous 
chamber of the eye. 

EyeTash. The cilium; the hairs of the 
eyelid. E., Evulsion of, pulling out 
the same. E., Transposition of, shift- 
ing an excised strip of cilia and lid edge 
containing the hair bulbs to a new position, 
or otherwise altering the direction of the 
lashes by operation. 

EyeTid. The protective covering of the 
eyeball, composed of skin, glands, con- 
nective and muscular tissue, the tarsus and 
conjunctiva, with the cilia at the free edge. 

Eye -strain. The excess and abnormalism 
of effort with the resultant irritation, caused 
by ametropia or insufficiency. Used also 
of the effects of excessive use of normal 
eyes. 

Eye / teeth. The incisors. See Teeth. 



155 



FAR POINT 



F. Abbreviation of Fahrenheit ; also of 
Fac, make, and of Fiat, let there be made. 

Fl. or Fid. Abbreviation of Fluid. 

Ft. Abbreviation of Fiat. 

Face [fades, the face). A name applied 
to the lower and anterior part of the 
head, including the eyes, nose, mouth, 
cheeks, lips, etc. 

Fac / et {Fr.facette,a. little face). A small 
plane surface. The articulating surfaces 
of bones. Also, the flat surfaces occa- 
sionally seen in calculi, caused by friction 
upon each other. In Zoology, a segment 
of the compound eye of an insect. 

Fa / cial {fades) . Pertaining to the face. 
F. Angle, the divergence between a 
line drawn from the upper jaw tangent 
to the forehead, and another to the ex- 
ternal auditory foramen. F. Artery. See 
Artery. 

Facultative {facultas, capability). Per- 
taining to functional or acquired power. 
In bacteriology, amphibious as to oxygen. 
F. Aerobia. See Aerobia. F. Anaero- 
bia. See Anaerobia. F. Hyperopia, 
a division of manifest hyperopia. F. Para- 
sites, those that develop in non-organ- 
ized media. See, e.g., Raulins'' Liquid. 

Fac / ulty {facultas). A special action of 
the mind through the instrumentality of an 
organ or organs. Also, the corps of pro- 
fessors and instructors of a university and 
its colleges. F., Medical, the corps of 
professors and instructors of a medical col- 
lege. 

Fse'cal {fax, sediment). Pertaining to 
the faeces. 

Fae / ces {fax). The dregs of a liquor, as 
wine. Also, the alvine discharges or 
excretions of the bowels. 

Fahrenheit's Thermom / eter. See Ther- 
mometer. 

Faint {fingo, to feign). A condition of 
languor. Also, a state of syncope or 
swooning. 

Falciform {falx, a sickle). Having the 
shape of a sickle. F. Process, a pro- 
cess of the dura mater which separates the 
hemispheres of the brain. 

FallTng. Dropping; losing one's equi- 
librium. F. of Womb. See Uterus. 
F. Sickness, a common term for epilepsy. 

Fallopian Tubes. See Oviducts. 

Fall'-rheotome. An arrangement where- 
by a weight injures a muscle, and also 



breaks and makes a galvanometer circuit ; 
by this instrument it was shown that the 
demarcation current took a certain time to 
develop. 

False {fallo, to deceive). Not genuine. 
Feigning or closely counterfeiting. F. 
Bittersweet. See Climbing Staff-tree. 
F. Gromwell, the root of Onosvwdium 
virginianum. Reputed to be tonic and 
diuretic. Dose of fid. ext. TTlxv-^ss. 
Unof. F. Passage, a passage formed by 
the laceration of the urethra, caused by the 
forcible introduction of a catheter or other 
instrument in the wrong direction. F. 
Ribs. See Ribs. F. Water, a collection 
of fluid in catarrhal endometritis. 

Falx (Lat.). A sickle. F. Cerebelli, the 
sickle-like processes between the lobes of 
the cerebellum. F. Cerebri, the sickle- 
like process of the dura mater. 

FanVily {familia, a household). The per- 
sons belonging to a household. In biology, 
a class of genera similar in organic struc- 
ture. 

FanVine {famis, hunger). Severe and 
continued hunger. Also, a general scarcity 
of food, which results in the starvation of 
many people. F. Fever. Same as Relap- 
sing Fever, q. v. 

Fang. See Teeth. 

Fan'tome. See Phantom. 

Farad / . The unit of electrical capacity. 
Practically, a capacity sufficient to hold one 
coulomb of current having a potential 
of one volt. The micro-farad, toooooo" 
part of the theoretical farad, is commonly 
used. A practical form of condenser of 
one farad capacity consists of 300 leaves 
of tinfoil, each 16 centimeters in diameter, 
separated by leaves of mica. The entire 
surface is about 1. 1 sq. meters area. 

Farad / ic. The induced current, named 
from its discoverer, Michael Faraday. See 
Current. 

Faradization. The application of the 
induced current to a diseased part, or in 
disease. 

Far'cy. See Fquinia. 

Fari / na {farina). The ground or pow- 
dered fecula of seeds, especially that of 
corn, barley, rye and wheat. 

Farinaceous {farina). Having the 
nature of or yielding flour. Also, ap- 
plied to very fine furfuraceous exfoliations. 

Far Point. See Punctum Remotum. 



FARR ANT'S SOLUTION 



156 



FEEDING 



Far'rant's Solution. See Mounting 
Fluids. 

Far-sight'edness. A colloquial term for 
Hypermetropic!,. 

Fas / cia {fascia, a band). The membran- 
ous fibrous covering of muscles and other 
organs. F., Anal. See F. y Ischio-rec- 
tal. F. of Arm {Brachial*), invests the 
muscles of the arm, attached to the clavi- 
cle, acromion and spine of the scapula. 
F., Cranial, a firm, dense layer, adherent 
to the skin and occipito-frontalis muscle. 
F., Cervical, Deep, invests the muscles 
of the neck and encloses the vessels and 
nerves. F., Cremasteric, forms a looped, 
thin covering of the spermatic cord. F., 
Cribriform, the sieve-like covering of the 
saphenous opening. F. Dentata, a 
serrated band of gray substance- of the 
dentate convolution of the cerebrum. F. 
of the Dorsum of the Foot, forms a 
sheath for the dorsal tendons of the foot. 
F., Iliac, lines the back part of the ab- 
dominal cavity, covering the psoas and 
iliacus muscles. F., Infundibuliform, 
the funnel-shaped-membrane enclosing the 
cord and testis in a distinct pouch. F., 
Intercolumnar, from the margins of the 
external abdominal ring, forming a sheath 
for the cord and testis. F., Ischio-rec- 
tal, covers the perineal aspect of the leva- 
tor ani muscle. F. Lata, the dense 
fibrous aponeurosis surrounding the thigh, 
called the Deep F. of the Thigh. F., Deep, 
of Leg, continuous with the last, surrounds 
the leg. F., Lumbar, the posterior 
aponeurosis of the transversalis muscle, 
divided into three layers. F., Obtura- 
tor, continuation of the pelvic, surrounds 
the obturator muscle. F., Pelvic, lines 
. the cavity of the pelvis, continuous with 
the transversalis and iliac fascia. F., 
Perineal, the deep, called the triangular 
ligament, closes the front part of the out- 
let of the pelvis, attached to the pubes and 
rami of the ischium. F., Recto- vesical, 
the visceral layer of the pelvic F. , invests 
the prostate, bladder and rectum. F., 
Transversalis, continuous with iliac and 
pelvic F., lies between transversalis muscle 
and peritoneum. 

Fascic / uli (dim. oifascis). A little bundle, 
as the fasciculi of fibers that compose a 
nerve. 

Fat. See Tissue and Oil. 

Fatigue / (fatigo). Weariness, tiredness. 
That condition of diminished capacity for 
work produced in a muscle by prolonged 
activity. F. -stuffs, the accumulation of 



decomposition products in the muscular 
tissue and to which fatigue is probably due. 

Fat / ty Degeneration. See Degenera- 
tion. 

Fau / ces (Lat.). The gullet or windpipe. 
The space surrounded by the palate, tonsils 
and uvula. F., Isthmus of, the space 
at the back of the mouth enclosed by the 
margin of the palate, the back of the tongue, 
the pillars of the soft palate and the tonsils. 
F., Pillars of, the fold of mucous mem- 
brane • between the base of the uvula and 
the posterior border of the tongue. 

Fau / na (Faunus, the god of agriculture). 
The animal life of a locality or epoch. 

Fa'vus (favus, honeycomb). Honey- 
comb Ringworm, Tinea Vera, Tinea 
Lupinosa, Porrigo Lupinosa, Porrigo Fa- 
vosa. A contagious parasitic affection of 
the skin characterized by sulphur-yellow, 
cup-shaped crusts within the epidermis, 
especially in the scalp and hairy parts of 
the body. 

Febrifuge (febris, fever, fugo, to dispel). 
An agent that lessens fever. 

Fe / brile (febris, a fever). Pertaining to 
or having the symptoms of a fever. 

Fe / bris. See Fever. 

Fe / ces. See Fceces. 

Fecb/ner's Law. The more expanded 
and accurate statement of Weber's Law 
as to the relation between the intensity of 
stimuli and the changes in the resulting 
sensations, a constant ratio existing be- 
tween the strength of the stimulus and the 
intensity of the sensation. With increase 
of the stimulus the sensation increases only 
as the logarithm of the stimulus. As there 
is a lower limit [threshold') of liminal in- 
tensity of excitation, so there is an upper 
or maximal height of sensibility. Between 
the two is the Range of Sensibility. 

Ferula (dim. of fcex, sediment). The 
starchy part of a seed. Also the sediment 
subsiding from an infusion. 

Fecundation (feacndus, fruitful). Fer- 
tilization ; impregnation ; the act of mak- 
ing fruitful. F., Artificial, impregnation 
by means of artificial intromission of the 
spermatic fluid in the vagina or uterus. 

Fecundity (fecunditas). The capability 
of reproduction. 

Feeding. The taking of food or aliment. 
F., Artificial, the introduction of food 
into the body by means of artificial devices, 
such as the stomach-pump or in the form 
of an enema. F. Bottle, a glass flask 
armed with a rubber nipple, used in feed- 
ing liquid food to infants. F. by Rec- 



FEHLING'S SOLUTION 



157 



FERMENTS 



turn, the introduction of food into the rec- 
tum in the form of an enema or supposi- 
tory. 

Feb/ling's Solution. As this solution 
does not keep well, Prof. Holland advises 
its manufacture as follows : To be kept in 
two distinct parts. A. Take copper sulph. 
34.64 gms. and water enough to make 
500 c.c. M. B. Pure Rochelle salt 173 
gms.; sol. sodium hydrate (sp. gr., 1.33), 
100 c.c, and water enough to make 500 c.c. 
For use, mix equal volumes, and thus make 
Fehling's solution. See Copper. 

Feb/ling's Test for Sugar. Boil I inch 
of Fehling's solution, and while hot add 
urine and boil again. If no red or yellow 
color appears, add more urine until the 
volume is ify{ inches. Again raise to boil- 
ing point and set aside. If yellow or red 
cuprous oxide appears, the urine is saccha- 
rine. 

Fel Bo'vis (Lat). Ox-gall. The biliary 
liquid of the domestic ox, Bos taurus. It 
is a dark-green, ropy substance, consisting 
mainly of sodium glycocholate and tauro- 
cholate, together with cholesterine. A 
tonic, antiseptic and purgative, useful in 
emulsifying the fatty portions of food. F. 
B. Inspissatum, 100 parts fresh ox-gall, 
strained and evaporated to 15 parts. Dose 
gr. v-xv. F. B. Purificatiim, ox-gall 
3, alcohol 1 part. Should stand 24 hours 
before straining; then evaporate to con- 
sistence of pilular mass. Dose gr. v-xv. 

FeFlic Acid. C^H^O^. A constituent 
of the bile. 

FelTows' Syrup of Hypophosphites, 
proprietary. Unof. Each 3 contains hypo- 
phosph. of iron gr. j, quinine gr. ^, strych- 
nine gr. -Jj, calcium and manganese aa 
gr. j, potassium q. s. Dose gj. 

FeFon. See Paronychia. 

Fe'male {femella, a young woman). The 
sex that brings forth the young of a 
species. In surgery, that part of a double- 
limbed instrument that receives the com- 
plementary part. In botany, the flower 
that contains the ovary. F. Catheter, a 
catheter having a short tube with a slight 
curve. 

Fem / oral {femur, the thigh bone). Per- 
taining to the femur. F. Arch, that 
formed by Poupart's ligament. F. Artery. 
See Artery. F. Ring, the abdominal end 
of the femoral canal, normally closed by 
the crural septum and the peritoneum. 

Fe / mur (Lat.). The thigh bone, the 
longest and heaviest bone of the body, 
articulating with the acetabulum and tibia. 



Fenestra (Lat., a window). In anatomy, 
a name given to two apertures of the ear, 
the F. Ovalis and F. Rotunda. 

Fenestrate {fenestra). Having apertures 
or openings. 

Fen / nel. See Fozniculum. 

Fermentation (fermentum, leaven). 
The molecular decomposition of an or- 
ganic structure by means of an organized 
or unorganized ferment. F., Acetic, 
the fermentation whereby weak alcoholic 
solutions are converted into vinegar ; 
caused by the Bacillus aceti, etc. F., 
Albuminoid ; the agents of this decom- 
position are the Bacillus albuminis, B. 
catenula, B. claviformis, B. distortus, B. 
filiformis, B. geniculatis, B. scaber, B. 
tenuis, B. urocephalus, etc. F., Am- 
moniacal ; the agent of the ammoniacal 
fermentation of urine is the Micrococcus 
urece. F., Butyric, the conversion of 
butter into butyric acid, due to a microbe, 
Bacillus butyricus. F., Gluconic ; glu- 
cose is transformed by the action of the 
Alicrococcus oblongus. F., Lactic, the 
decomposition or " souring ' ' of milk, caused 
by the microbe, Bacillus lacticus. F., 
Propionic ; the Bacillus cavicida decom- 
poses' saccharine solutions, producing pro- 
pionic acid. F., Putrefactive, the de- 
composition commonly known as putrefac- 
tion, caused by various microbes, especially 
the Micrococcus pyogenes {albus, aureus, 
citreus, tenuis, salivarius, etc.). F., Vis- 
cous, the Alicrococcus viscosus, secreting 
a gummy substance in the culture liquid. 
See, also, Ferments. 

Ferments {fermentum, leaven). Bodies 
exciting chemical changes in other mat- 
ters with which they are brought in con- 
tact. F., Organized, or Living, grow 
and multiply at the expense of the sub- 
stances in which they occur, — but only so 

. long as the ferment is living. Yeast is the 
representative of the class, causing fer- 
mentation by splitting up sugar into C0 2 
and alcohol. See Fermentation. F., 
Unorganized, non-living, nitrogenous 
bodies produced within the body by the 
vital activity of the protoplasm of the cells. 
They are soluble in water, glycerine, and 
can be precipitated by alcohol. The fol- 
lowing is a list of this class: Ptyalin, in 
saliva, converts starch into maltose. Pep- 
sin, in gastric juice, converts proteids into 
peptones in an acid medium. There are 
also in the gastric juice milk-curdling, 
fat-splitting, and lactic acid ferments, 
whose function is indicated by the names. 



FERN 



158 



FERRUM 



In the pancreatic juice, there is F., Dias- 
tatic or Amylopsin, converting starch 
into maltose ; Trypsin, converts proteids 
into peptones in an alkaline medium ; 
F., Emulsive, emulsify fats ; F., Fat- 
splitting, or Steapsin, splits fats into 
glycerin and fatty acids and F., Milk- 
curdling. In the intestinal juice, there is 
a F., Diastatic, changes maltose into 
glucose; F., Proteolytic, changes fibrin 
into peptone ; Invertin changes cane- 
into grape-sugar; and F, Milk-curdling, 
and F. } Diastatic, are also found in blood, 
chyle, liver, milk, etc. Pepsin and other 
ferments are also found in muscle and 
urine; and, lastly, a Fibrin-forming F. 
is also found in blood. 

Fern (Sax. /earn). A name given to the 
cryptogamous plants of the order Filices. 
See Aspidium. 

Ferrein 7 , Tubule of. See Pyramid. 

Fer / ro- {ferrum, iron). A prefix used 
with the names of certain salts of iron. 

Fer / rum. (Lat.) [Gen. Ferri.) Iron. 
Fe = 56. Quantivalence II, IV. A metal 
having a luster varying from silver white 
to gray. In pharmacy, a fine non-elastic, 
soft wire is used. F. Redactum, iron 
by hydrogen, occurs in fine powder ob- 
tained by the reduction of ferric oxide 
by hydrogen. A constituent of the blood, 
to the red corpuscles of which it gives 
color. An irritant in large or long- 
continued doses. In small doses a 
stimulant and slightly astringent tonic. 
Highly valuable in anaemia, but contra- 
indicated in plethora. Externally many 
of the soluble salts are excellent styptic 
and astringent lotions. Dose gr. j— v. 
Ferri Acetat., Liq., a 33 per cent, so- 
lution in water. F. Acetat., Tinet., has 
liq. ferri acetas 50, alcohol 30, acetic ether 
20 parts. Styptic and stimulant. Dose 
gr. x- 3 iij. F. Bromidi, Syr., contains 10 
per cent, of ferric bromide. Sedative tonic, 
recommended in nervous disorders. F. 
Carb., Saccharat., contains 15 per cent, 
of ferrous carbonate. Stimulant to diges- 
tion. Dose gr. ij-x, with food. F. Carb., 
Massa, Vallet's mass; ferrous sulphate 
100, sodium carbonate no, honey 36, 
sugar 25, syrup and distilled water aa 
q. s. ad fac. 100 parts. F. Comp., Mis- 
tura, Griffith's mixture; ferrous sulphate, 
myrrh, sugar, aa 18, potassium carbonate 8, 
spt. lavender 50, rose water 900. Essen- 
tially a carbonate of iron. Dose gr. iij-v. 
F. Pilulae, Comp., Griffith's pill, con- 
taining each, ferrous sulphate gr. %, so- 



dium carb. gr. %{, myrrh gr. jss, syrup q. s. 
F. Chloridum, strongly acid, astringent, 
haemostatic and styptic. Never used in- 
ternally. F. Chlor., Liq., an aqueous so- 
lution containing 38 per cent, of the salt. 
Dose Ttyj-x; rarely used. F. Chlor., 
Tinct., contains liq. chlor. ferri 35, alco- 
hol 65 parts. Very commonly used, and 
one of the best tonic preparations. Dose 
TT\v-xx. F. Citras, soluble in water, 
insoluble in alcohol. A mild stimulant. 
Dose gr. ij-v. F. Citras, Liq., a solution 
of ferri citras, 35 per cent, in strength. 
Dose gr. v-xv. F. Citras, Vinum, am- 
monio-ferric citrate 4, tinct. orange peel, 
syrup, aa 12, stronger white wine 72 parts. 
Dose gj-ij. F. Hypophosphitis, ferric 
hypophosphite, soluble in very dilute 
hydrochloric acid. Dose gr. v-x. F. 
Iodidum Saccharat., soluble in water. 
Tonic. Dose gr. v-x. F. Iod., Pil., 
contain reduced iron, iodine, liquorice, 
sugar, acacia, and water, coated with 
balsam of tolu in ether. Dose j-ij 
pills. F. Iodidi, Syr., contains 10 per 
cent, of the iodide. Dose rr\v-xxx. F. 
Lactas, ferrous lactate, — best solvent, 
sodium citrate. Dose gr. j-iij. > F. Ni- 
tratis, Liq., aqueous, contains 6 per cent, 
of salt, styptic and astringent. Dose H\v 
—xv. F. Oxalas. Dose gr. ij in pill. 
F. Oxid. Hydratum, ferric hydrate, 
prepared by adding aq. ammonia 8 parts 
to a solution of ferric sulphate 10 parts. 
An antidote for arsenical poisoning, pre- 
pared when needed. F. Oxid. Hydrat. 
cum Magnesia, prepared when needed 
from sol. ferric sulphate 1 000 gr., water 
2000 grains, to which is added magnesia 
150 gr. water ^xxxij. An antidote for 
arsenic. F. Emplastrum, strengthen- 
ing plaster; ferric hydrate, dried Canada 
turpentine, Burgundy pitch, aa 10, lead 
plaster 70 parts. F. Trochisci, have 
each of ferric hydrate dried gr. v, vanilla 
gr. jL, sugar and mucilage of tragacanth 
q. s. Dose j-iij each day. F. Phos- 
phas, an adjuvant to laxative pills, gr. v 
-x. F. Pyrophosphas, tasteless and 
non-astringent. Dose gr. ij-v. F. Sul- 
phas, copperas, proto-sulphate of iron, fer- 
rous sulphate, astringent and irritating. 
An ingredient of pil. aloes et ferri, q. v. 
F. Sulph. Precipitat., the foregoing pre- 
cipitated from solution by alcohol. Dose 
gr. ss-ij. F. Subsulph. Liq., Monsel's 
solution, an aqueous solution of basic sul- 
phate of iron, powerfully astringent, styptic 
and haemostatic, rarely given internally. 



FERRUM 



159 



FEVER 



Dose gr. iij-x. F. Sulph. Exsiccat., 
dried ferrous sulphate, the most astringent 
and irritating. Dose gr. ss-ij, in pill. F. 
Valerianas, valerianate of iron, soluble 
in alcohol. Dose gr. i-iij, in pill. F. 
et Ammonii Citras, citrate of iron 3, 
water of ammonia I part. Dose gr. ij-v. 
F. et Ammonii Sulphas, ammonic- 
sulphate of iron, ferric alum. Least astrin- 
gent of sulphates. Dose gr. ij-v. F. et 
Ammonii Tartras, ammonic tartrate of 
iron. Dose gr. v-xx. F. et Potassii 
Tartras, least disagreeable of all iron 
preparations. Dose gr. v-x. F. et 
Quininae Citras, has 12 per cent, of 
quinine. Astringent and stimulant. Dose 
gr. iij-v. F. et Quin. Cit., Liq., of 
doubtful value. Dose Ti\v-xv. F. Vi- 
num Amarum, bitter wine of iron, con- 
tains liq. citrate of iron and quinine 8, 
tinct. orange peel 12, syrup 36, stronger 
white wine 44. A good substitute for the 
various "elixirs of calisaya and iron." 
Dose ^j-iv. F. et Strychninae Citras, 
contains I per cent of strychnine. Astrin- 
gent and stimulating. Dose gr. j-iij. F. et 
Ammonii Acetas, Mist., Basham's mix- 
ture, contains tinct. fer. chloride 2, acetic 
acid 3, liq. ammonii acet. 20, elixir au- 
rantii 10, syrup 15, water 50 parts. Very 
agreeable, tonic and diuretic. Dose 3 ij-v. 

UNOFFICIAL PREPARATIONS. 

F. Dialysatum, dialysed iron, a ten per 
cent, oxychloride in water. Astringent 
and styptic, but only feebly chalybeate. 
Dose TT^x-xxx. F. Arsenias (not to 
be confounded with arsenzV^ of iron). 
Dose gr. T V-|- F. et Manganesii 
lodidi Syr., containing in each fid. ^ , 
50 gr. of iodides in proportion of 3 of iron 
to I of manganese. Dose ttlx-xxx-3 j. F. 
et Manganesii Phosphat., Syr., syrup 
of phosphate of iron and manganese. Each 
5 contains 2 gr. phosph. of iron and 1 of 
manganese. Dose ^j. F. Mistura 
Aromat., pale cinchona bark 4, ca- 
lumba 2, cloves I, iron wire 2, tinct. carda- 
mon comp. 12, tinct. orange peel 2, water 
of peppermint 50. Dose ^j-ij. F. Mist. 
Laxans, ferrous sulphate gr. ij, magnesia 
sulphate gj, dilute sulphuric acid n\iij, 
spt. chloroform TTlxx, water of peppermint 
ad fac. ^j. Ferro-salina, Mist., mag- 
nesium sulphate ^j, potassium ditartrate 
3J, dried sulphate of iron gr. x, water 
^xxxij. Dose a wineglassful. F. Phos- 
phatum Quininae et Strychninae, Syr., 
Easton's syrup, unof. Each ^j contains 



gr. j phosph. of iron, gr. j quinia and gr. 
gJg- strychnia. 

Fertile (fertilis, fruitful). Prolific, fruit- 
ful. In botany, applied to flowers having 
a pistil. 

Fertilization of the Ovum. See Fe- 
cundation. 

Feru'la. Giant fennel. A genus of the 
order Umbelliferae. Also, a splint. 

Festina / tion (festino, to hasten). A symp- 
tom of paralysis agitans and other diseases 
in which the patient shows in walking a 
tendency to take quicker and quicker steps. 
Propulsion or retropulsion are coincident 
symptoms. 

Fe / ver (febris, a fever). A systemic dis- 
ease or symptom of disease whose distinc- 
tive characteristic is elevation of tempera- 
ture, accompanied also by quickened cir- 
culation, increased katabolism or tissue- 
waste and disordered secretions. F., 
Abdominal. See Typhoid F. F., Af- 
rican. See F, Yellow. F. and Ague. 
See F, Intermittent. F., Anomalous, 
one whose symptoms are irregular. F., 
Ardent, a malarial fever to which immi- 
grants to a tropical country are peculiarly 
liable. F., Articular. See Dengue. 
F., Asthenic, one with a low fever tem- 
perature, weak circulation and great loss 
of nervous force. F., Atypic. See F., 
anomalous. F., Bilious, one accom- 
panying affections of the digestive organs. 
F., Catarrhal, that with catarrhal affec- 
tions of the air-passages. F., Catheter, 
a severe remittent fever sometimes follow- 
ing the passage of the catheter. F., 
Cerebro- spinal, a malignant epidemic 
fever characterized by spasmodic actions 
of the muscles of the neck, retraction of 
the head, hyperesthesia, etc., with lesions 
of the cerebral and spinal membranes ; due 
to a specific poison. F., Congestive, a 
malignant form of a remittent or intermit- 
tent malarial fever. F., Continued, one 
in which there is a slowly continuous rise 
of temperature until a not high crisis is 
reached, whence the fever ends fatally or 
slowly subsides. F., Enteric. See F, 
Typhoid. F., Eruptive, that accom- 
panied or succeeded by an eruption of the 
skin. Examples are Scarlet F., Measles, 
Rotheln, Smallpox, Vaccination, Vari- 
cella, Erysipelas, Dengue. F., Essen- 
tial. See F, Idiopathic. F., Idio- 
pathic, one in which no local affection 
causes the disorder. F., Inflammatory, 
the same as simple Continued F. F., 
Intermittent, one in which the symptoms 



FEVER BUSH 



160 



FICUS 



intermit, with intermediate periods of free- 
dom from the febrile attack. F., Mala- 
rial, remittent, or Fever and Ague. F., 
Jungle, a remittent fever of India. F., 
Malignant, a severe and fatal form. F., 
Pernicious, a malignant fatal type of re- 
mittent or intermittent malarial fever. F., 
Relapsing, an epidemic, contagious type 
due to a specific poison, similar to yellow 
fever. F., Remittent, a paroxysmal fever 
with exacerbations and remissions, but not 
intermissions. F., Septic, due to the 
admission of septic matter into the system. 
F., Typhoid, or enteric fever, an acute, 
self-limited febrile affection due to a spe- 
cific germ, and having characteristic lesions 
in Peyer's patches and the solitary glands. 
F., Typho -malarial, a malarial fever 
with typhoid symptoms. F., Typhus, 
ship or jail fever, a contagious specific type 
connected with filth and overcrowding. 
F., Yellow, an acute, infectious, paroxys- 
mal, malignant fever, characterized by 
three stages — the febrile, the remission, and 
the collapse; due to a specific poison. 
Destroyed by frost. 

Fe'ver Bush. Spice-wood. The bark 
and fruit of Benzoin odoriferum. An aro- 
matic stimulant and tonic. Properties due 
to a volatile oil. Dose of fid. ext. — bark 
£j-ij, of the berries TT^xx-^j. Unof. 

Fe'verfew. The herb Pyrethrum par- 
thenium. A stimulant tonic with emmena- 
gogue and anthelmintic properties. Dose 
of fid. ext. 3J-ij. Unof. 

Fi'ber [Jibra, a thread). A filamentary or 
thread-like organ or part of an organ. Ap- 
plied to the thread-like filaments of mus- 
cular, cartilaginous and tendinous tissues. 
F. of Corti. See Corti. 

Fibers of Tomes. Elongated and 
branched processes of the odontoblasts of 
the pulp, filling the dentinal tubules of 
teeth. 

FibriFla (dim. oifibrd). A small fiber or 
component filament of a fiber. A name 
applied to minute nerve filaments. 

Fibrillar. Pertaining to fibrillse. F. Con- 
tractions, short contractions occurring 
alternately in different bundles of muscular 
fibers. 

Fibrillation. See Fibrillar Contractions. 

Fibrin (jibra, a fiber). A native albumin 
or proteid, a substance that, becoming 
solid in shed blood, plasma and lymph, 
causes coagulation of these fluids. It then 
exists in the shape of innumerable, excess- 
ively delicate, closely-packed, microscopic, 
doubly-refractive fibrils, entangling the 



blood corpuscles, as in a spider's web, and 
with them forming the blood clot or placenta 
sanguinis. Fibrin forms about 0.2 per 
cent, of the blood and is insoluble in water 
and ether. It is changed into syntonin by 
dilute hydrochloric acid. 

Fibrinogen (Jibrin, yevvacj, to beget). A 
native proteid of the globulin class, obtained 
from blood plasma, serous transudations, 
etc. According to Schmidt it is one of the 
chief elements in the formation of fibrin 
(the other being Paraglobulin), which 
occurs dissolved in the plasma, aided by a 
fibrin ferment. 

Fibrinoplast'in. See Paraglobulin. 

Fi'bro- {fibra, a fiber). A prefix used with 
words to denote fibrous structure. F.- 
blasts,the formation of new fibrous tissue. 
F.- cartilage, a variety of cartilage having 
fibrous structure. See Cartilage. F.- 
myoma. See Myoma. F.-neuro- 
myoma. See Neuroma. F. -plastic, 
fiber- forming. F.-plastin. See Para- 
globulin. F. -sarcoma, a tumor having 
structural resemblance both to fibroma and 
spindle-celled sarcoma. 

Fibroid [Jib?-a, eidog, likeness). A term 
applied to such structures as possess a fib- 
rous appearance, but cannot be separated 
into fibers. Also, a fibroid tumor. 

Fi'broin. An albuminoid, the chief con- 
stituent of the cocoons of insects and spider- 
web. 

Fibro / ma (jibra, oma, a tumor). Fibroma 
Molluscum, Molluscum Simplex, Mollus- 
cum Pendulum, Molluscum Fibrosum. A 
disease of the skin marked by the pres- 
ence of soft tumors within the connective 
tissue of the deeper layers of the corium 
and subcutaneous tissue. They are usually 
hemispherical, and vary in size from a pin's 
head to that of an orange. Occur on all 
parts of the body, and frequently extend 
to the nerve trunks, where they have 
been found in post-mortem examination. 
Thought to be due to obstruction of the 
lymphatics. F. Fungoides. See Mycosis. 

Fib / ula (L. a buckle). The smaller or 
splint bone at the outer part of the lower 
leg articulating above with the femur, and 
below with the astragalus and tibia. It 
forms the external malleolus. 

Fi'cus. (Lat. a fig-tree.) The fig. The 
fleshy receptacle of F. carica, native to 
Asia Minor, and cultivated throughout 
Europe and tropical America. Contains 
62 per cent, of grape sugar when dry. 
Somewhat laxative and fairly nutritious. 
Constituent of confectio sennce. 



FIELD OF VISION 



161 



FIT 



Field of Vision. Sometimes spoken of 
as simply the field. The extent of indi- 
rect vision with fixation of the visual axis 
upon one point. Its limit for white light 
is about 90 outward, 70 inward and 
above, and 6o° downward. The F. for 
colors is more restricted, that for blue is 
nearly as large as white, red and green 
more narrow. F., Testing, the. See 
Perimeter. F., Contraction of the, oc- 
curs in certain retinal and cerebral affec- 
tions. 

Fig. See Fiats. 

Fig 7 wort. The herb Scrophularia nodosa. 
Alterative, diuretic and anodyne. Some- 
times used in form of ointment in piles. 
Dose of fid. ext. £ss-j. Unof. 

Filament (filum, a thread). A small 
thread-like structure or part of an organ, 
as amuscle, nerve or tendon. F., Sperm- 
atic, the caudal filament of the sperma- 
tozoa. 

Fila / ria (filum) . A genus of thread-like 
worms belonging to the order Nematoda. 
Many, if not all of them, are parasitic. F. 
Medinensis, the Guinea Worm, q. v. 
F. Sanguinis Hominis. Craw Craw. 
A nematode worm native to the Guinea 
coast of Africa, which, entering the blood 
and lymphatics, causes lymph abscesses 
and certain forms of Elephantiasis, q. v. 

FiFiform {filum). Thread-like. F. Bou- 
gie. See Bougie. F. Papillae, the small- 
est and most numerous of the P. of the 
tongue, occurring over its whole surface. 

FiFlet, OFivary. A fasciculus' of nerve 
fibers enclosing the olivary body of the 
medulla. 

Filo-pres / sure [filum). Compression of 
a vessel by means of a wire. 

FiFter (filtrum, felt). An apparatus for 
straining and removing from water or other 
liquid solutions the impurities it may con- 
tain. F., Chamberland's, or C.'s Bou- 
gie, a filter of peculiar construction that 
allows no microbes to pass. 

Filtration (filtrum). The operation of 
straining through bibulous paper. The 
best white filter-paper should be used for 
filtering alkaline or alkaloidal solutions. 

FFlum Terminate. The terminal strands 
of the spinal cord, extending from the 
first lumbar vertebra through the Cauda 
equina. 

Fim / briae [fimbria, a fringe). Threads; 
a fringe. F. of Fallopian Tube, the 
fringe-like processes of the outer extremity 
of the oviduct. 

Fing / ers. (Sax.) The digits of the hand. 
H 



Fire-damp. See Marsh Gas. 

Fire / weed. The herb Erechthites hieraci- 
fiolia. Infests peppermint fields of Michi- 
gan. Tonic and astringent. Of reputed 
service in dysentery. Dose of fid. ext. 
3 ss-j. Unof. 

First Intension. See Healing. 

Fisher's Test. See Phenyl-hydrazin 
Test. 

Fish'-skin Disease. See Ichthyosis. 

Fis / sile (findo, to split). That which may 
be split or cleft. 

Fis / sion (findo). Reproduction by split- 
ting into two or more equal parts. 

Fissipara / tion. See Cell. 

Fissip / arous [findo). A sexual genera- 
tion by fission. 

Fis / sure (findo). A groove or cleft. A 
term applied to the clefts or grooves in 
various organs, as F. of Bichat, the 
transverse fissure of the brain. F. Gla- 
serian, the fissure of the glenoid fossa. 
F. Longitudinalis, the cleft in the 
median line on the upper surface of the 
brain. F. of Sylvius, the cleft between 
the anterior and middle lobes of the brain. 

Fist (Sax. fiyst). The firmly-closed hand. 

Fis / tula (findo). A suppurating, tube- 
like passage in the body. F., Aerial, 
opening into the larynx, trachea, etc. F., 
Anal, about the anus. F., Blind, a va- 
riety of anal, urinary or other fissure with 
but one opening. F., Blind, External, 
an anal F. with but one opening external. 
F., Blind, Internal, anal fissure with but 
one opening internal. F., Blind, Uri- 
nary, suppurating tracks opening into the 
urethra, but without external openings. 
F., Biliary, of the biliary ducts or gall- 
bladder. F., Complete, with two open- 
ings, internal and external. F., Fecal, 
abdominal F., opening into the intestine. 
F. in Ano. See Anal F. F., Mam- 
mary, or Milk, of the mamma or its ducts. 
F., True, one that discharges the secretion 
of an organ. In F. recto-labial, recto- 
urethal, recto-vaginal, and recto-vesi- 
cal, the gut communicates by a fistulous 
track with the labia majora, the urethra, 
the vagina, or the bladder, respectively. 
F., Thiry's, an artificial intestinal F. 
made in the dog to obtain intestinal juice. 
F., Vellas', the same, but so made that 
the loop is supplied by its own blood ves- 
sels and nerves, isolated, and with an 
upper and lower aperture. 

Fit (Sax. fit, a song). A popular name ap- 
plied to any sudden paroxysm of a disease, 
but especially to one of epilepsy 



FIXATION 



162 



FLUXION 



Fixation {flxus, fixed). A making firm 
or rigid. F. Forceps, those used for fix- 
ing or holding a part in position during a 
surgical operation. 

Flank (flaccus, soft). The part of the 
body between the ribs and the upper bor- 
der of the ilium. 

Flap (0. E. flappan, to break). A loose 
and partly detached portion of the skin or 
other soft tissue. F. of Amputation. 
See Amputation. F. Extraction. See 
Extraction of Cataract. 

Flat-foot. See Talipes. 

Flatulence {flatus, breath). A condi- 
tion marked by the presence of gases in 
the alimentary canal. It arises mainly 
from the fermentation of the contents of 
the stomach and intestines. 

Flatus {flatus). A term applied to gases 
in the stomach and bowels. 

Flaxseed. See Linum. 

Flea. See Pulex. 

Flea'bane. See Erigeron. 

Fleece of Stealing. An interlacing of 
fibers passing from the cortex about the 
dentate nucleus. 

Fleischl's Law of Contraction. That 
the excitability of a nerve varies at certain 
points in its course. 

Fleit'mann's Test for Arsenic. Put 
some strong potassium hydrate into a test 
tube and a few pieces of pure zinc ; clasp 
over mouth of tube paper wet with silver 
nitrate and boil. If the paper is not 
stained no arsenic is present. 

Flesh (Sax. flcesc). The soft tissues of the 
body, especially the muscles. F., Proud, 
a colloquial term for the soft and inflamed 
granulation of the edges of a wound. 

Flexibil'itas Ce'rea. (Lat.) A condition 
of the limbs in catalepsy in which they 
resist passive movement and seem as if 
made of wax. 

Flexible (flexus, bent). That which may 
be bent. F. Catheter, a catheter made 
of flexible substance. F. Collodion. 
See Pyroxyline. 

Flexile {flexilis, pliable). Easily bent. 

Flex / ion {flexus). The operation or pro- 
cess of bending. F., Forcible, in surgery, 
a mode of treating aneurism by a forcible 
bending of the limb so as to compress 
the popliteal artery, thereby reducing the 
volume of blood; also, of breaking up 
adhesions of the joints by mechanical 
bending. 

Flexion-stage of Labor. One of the 
stages of labor consisting in a bending of 
the head forward toward the chest. 



Flex / or {flexus). A name applied to those 
muscles which bend a limb or part. See 
Muscle. 

Flex / ura (Lat., a bending). A bending or 
curve in an organ. 

Floating Ribs. See Ribs. 

Floc / culus (dim. of floccus, a tuft of 
wool). A small lobule of the cerebellum. 

Flooding. A popular name for the 
copious bleeding from the womb during 
child-birth. 

Floor of Pelvis. See Pelvis. 

Floor-space. The distance apart of beds 
required for proper ventilation of hospitals. 
It should be not less than ^ of the cubic 
space. 

FlorTda AlFspice. The leaves of Caly- 
canthus jloridtis. A pleasant aromatic 
stimulant. Dose of fid. ext. gtt. x-xxx. 
Unof. 

Flou / ren's Doctrine. That the whole of 
the cerebrum is concerned in every psy- 
chical process. 

Flow (Sax. flow ait). The free discharge 
of a liquid, as the blood. 

Fluctuation {fluctuo, to float or roll). 
The wave-like motion of contained fluid 
upon pressure, or by succussion. 

Flu 'id {fluo, to flow). A substance whose 
molecules move freely upon one another. 
Also applied to the liquid tissues of the 
body. 

FluidrachnV. See Weights. 

Fluorescence [fluo). A property pos- 
sessed by certain substances, consisting in 
the emission of colors while light is being 
passed through them. Quinine, fluorspar, 
and several structures of the eye, possess 
this power. See also Phosphoresce?ice. 

Fluores / cin {fluo). An amorphous pro- 
duct of the reduction of fluoresceine, the 
latter an anhydride of resorcin. On account 
of its neutral quality and green fluorescence, 
it has been used to study the movements 
of the intraocular fluids. 

Flu'orine. F= 19; quantivalence I. One 
of the elements. It has not been isolated, 
but is probably a gas. All the salts are 
highly corrosive and poisonous in their full 
strength. Ammonium fluoride is recom- 
mended by Lucas in hypertrophy of the 
spleen. Dose rr^v of a gr. iv to %] solu- 
tion. Unof. 

Flux (fluxus, flowing). An abnormal flow 
of any of the excretions of the body, espe- 
cially the faeces. Also, a synonym for 
Dysentery. 

Flux / ion ( fluxus). Gathering of blood 
or other fluid to one part of the body. 



FOCAL 



163 



FORCEPS 



Fc/cal (foctis, a fire-place). Pertaining to 
or occupying a focus. F. Disease. See 
Disease. F. Haemorrhage, localized H., 
in contradistinction to diffuse or dissemi- 
nated. F. Meningitis, involving but a 
small area of the membranes. F. Mye- 
litis, localized, in contradistinction to 
diffuse or disseminated. F. Sclerosis, 
the chronic indurating form, sometimes 
called Sclerotic Myelitis. 

Fo / cus (focus). The principal seat of a 
disease. The point (called principal focus) 
whereto are gathered the rays of light by 
a convex lens or a concave mirror. F., 
Negative, or Virtual, the imaginary 
focus of an object placed within the princi- 
pal focus. Conjugate Foci, interdepen- 
dent foci. 

Fcenic / ulum. Fennel. The fruit of F. 
vulgar e. Properties due to a volatile oil. 
A mild stimulant and aromatic carmina- 
tive. F., Aq., 2 parts of the oil in loo 
of water. Dose gss-^j. F., Ol., the 
volatile oil. Dose rryj-v. 

Fce / tal. Pertaining to the foetus. 

Foeticide (fetus, unborn offspring, cado, 
to kill). The killing of the foetus in the 
womb by intent. 

Fce / tid (fosteo, to become putrid). Hav- 
ing a foul odor. 

Fce / tus (foetus, offspring). * The product 
of conception from the fourth month of 
intra-uterine life to delivery. Often used 
of the whole period of intra-uterine life. 
F. , Altitude of, the general form and direc- 
tion of the trunk and the position of the 
limbs in relation to it. F., Papyraceous, 
a retained dead foetus mummified and 
compressed. F., Presentation of. See 
Presentation. 

Fold. A term applied to the plication or 
doubling together of various parts of the 
body. F., Recto-vaginal, the fold of 
the peritoneum descending in front of the 
rectum. (Called in the male the recto- 
vesical fold '.) 

Folie a deux (Fr.). See Insanity, Com- 
municated. 

FoPlicle (dim. of follis, a pair of bellows). 
In anatomy a very small secretory cavity 
or sac, as the follicles of Lieberkuhn. F., 
Graafian, the small vesicular bodies in the 
cortical layer of the ovary, consisting of 
flattened granular cells with oval nuclei 
and membrana propria, each about T oVo 
inch in diameter. F., Sebaceous, the 
sacs lying within the skin which secrete 
the oily fluid with which the skin is soft- 
ened. 



Follic'ulose (follis). Full of follicles. 
Having the appearance of follicles. 

Fomentation (f omentum). The appli- 
cation of cloths soaked in hot medicinal 
solutions, to reduce inflammation or allay 
pain. Also, the application of hot dry 
cloths. Also, the decoction applied. 

Fons Pulsati'lis. See Fontanelle. 

Fonta / na's Markings. Delicate micro- 
scopic transverse folds of nerve-fibers, to 
which is due their non-retraction when 
divided. 

Fontana's Spaces. Those between the 
processes of the ligamentum pectinatum 
iridis. 

Fontanelle / (dim. of fontana, a spring, 
from the appearance and feeling). The 
membranous spaces of the infant's head, 
from delayed ossification of the cranial 
bones. F., Anterior, that at the point of 
union of the frontal, saggital and coronal 
sutures. See also Bregma. F., Pos- 
terior, that at the point of junction of the 
apex of the lambdoidal sagittal sutures. 

Food (Sax. foda). Anything used for the 
nourishment or formation of tissue. The 
substances ordinarily employed as aliments. 
Foods, Isodynamic. Those producing 
an equal amount of heat. F., Plastic, pro- 
teids. F., Respiratory, fats and carbo- 
hydrates. (The nomenclature of the two 
last rests upon an erroneous theory.) 

Foot (Sax. fat). The organ at the ex- 
tremity of the leg ; one of the organs of 
locomotion. In bimana and quadrumana it 
consists of the tarsus, metatarsus, and pha- 
langes, or toes. F. Clonus. See Clonus. 

Fora / men (foro, to pierce). A passage or 
opening. F. Caecum, the blind passage 
at the root of the spine of the frontal bone. 
Applied also to other csecal foramina. 
F. of Magendie, an opening in the inferior 
boundary of the fourth ventricle. F. 
Magnum. That in the occipital bone 
communicating with the spinal canal. F. 
of Monro, an opening under the arch of 
the fornix. F. Ovale, an opening be- 
tween the auricles of the foetal heart. F. 
of Winslow, the aperture that extends 
between the large sac of the omentum 
and the cavity of the abdomen. 

Force (fortis, strong). That which pro- 
duces or arrests motion. 

For / ceps [forceps, a pair of tongs). An 
instrument with two blades and handles 
for purposes of seizing, traction, etc., in 
sm-gical, obstetrical, and other operations. 
F., Angular, forceps bent for insertion into 
a canal. F., Arterial, specially adapted 



FORCIBLE 



16-4 



FRACTURE 



for seizing an artery ; many varieties are 
named after inventors. F., Bone, ex- 
ceptionally strong, for use in operations 
upon bones. F., Bullet, of peculiar con- 
struction, to extract bullets. F., Canula, 
long, slender forceps enclosed in a tube, 
that open by protruding the blades. F., 
Craniotomy ; the halves are crossed and 
adapted to embryotomy. F., Dental, 
adapted for extraction of teeth. F., Ec- 
tropion, adapted for seizing the lid in ec- 
tropion operations. F., Gouge, cutting 
forceps for operations upon bone. F., Iri- 
dectomy, delicate forceps for seizing the 
iris. F., Midwifery, or Obstetric, for 
seizing the foetal head in labor and by 
traction aiding its exit ; a great number of 
varieties. 

Forcible. With force or power. F. Ex- 
tension. See Extension. 

For / cipressure {force, and presser, to 
squeeze). The arrest of a minor haemor- 
rhage by pressing the end of the divided 
vessel with a pair of spring forceps, the 
pressure being continued for 24-36 hours. 

Fore -arm. That part of the arm between 
the wrist and the elbow. 

Fore -brain. The anterior of the encepha- 
lic vesicles into which the primary nerve- 
system of the embryo divides at an early 
stage. 

Fore -gut. The cavity in the raised cephalic 
end of the embryo, called also Head- 
gut. 

Fore / head. That part of the face between 
the orbits of the eyes, the hair above, and 
the temples at the sides. 

Foreign Bod / y. A substance in a wound 
or cavity acting as an irritant. 

Foren / sic (forensis, belonging to the 
forum) . Pertaining to a court of law. In 
medicine, that part of the science con- 
nected with judicial inquiry. Also, medi- 
cal jurisprudence. 

Fore / skin. The prepuce. 

Forma / tio Reticularis (Lat.). The in- 
tercrossing of the fibers in the medulla. 

Form / ative Cells. Large spherical, re- 
fractive cells beneath the hypoblast. 

Formication (formica, an ant). A sensa- 
tion like that produced by ants or other 
insects crawling upon the skin. 

Form / ula (dim. of forma, a form). A pre- 
scribed method. In pharmacy, a list of 
the names and respective quantities of sub- 
stances entering into a composition. In 
chemistry, a method of representing the 
gravimetric structure of a compound by 
symbols. F., Constitutional, one that 



shows structure and proportionate compo- 
sition of its component parts. F., Em- 
pirical, that showing the constitution of a 
body without showing how the molecules 
are grouped. F., Graphic. Same as 
Constitutional. F., Rational. Same as 
Constitutional. 

Fornix (fornix, zn arch). The triangular 
lamina of the white substance of the brain, 
extending into the lateral ventricles and 
arching downward. 

Fortification Spect/rum. A term used 
of the appearance of a peculiar subjective 
visual sensation in migraine. The luminous 
shape of its outer edge assumes a zigzag 
form, with angles like a fortification. 

Fos'sa (fossa, a ditch). A depression, fur- 
row or sinus. F., Canine, the depression 
on the external surface of the superior 
maxillary bone, forming the origin of the 
levator anguli oris and compressor nasi 
muscles. F., Cranial, any fossa of the 
skull. F., Iliac, the smooth internal sur- 
face of the ilium. F., Lachrymalis, the 
depression in the frontal bone for the recep- 
tion of the lachrymal gland. F., Nasal, 
the nostrils. See Nasal Fossce. F., 
Navicularis, a fossa within the penis, 
formed by a dilatation in the spongy por- 
tion of the urethral passage. 

Fossette' (Fr). A dimple or small de- 
pression. 

Fourchette' (Fr., a fork). A fold of mu- 
cous membrane at the junction of the 
labia majora. 

Fove'a (fovea, a small pit). Applied to 
many depressions in the body or its organs, 
but more particularly to the fovea centralis 
retincz, a little pit in the macula lutea op- 
posite the visual axis, the spot of distinct- 
est vision, where the retinal cones are 
massed together and the rods and some 
other parts are absent. 

FowFer's Method. See Urea. 

FowFer's Solution. See Arsenic. 

Fox -glove. See Digitalis. 

Fractional Cultivation. The isolation 
of one variety of microSrganism from a 
mixture of several in order to study or cul- 
tivate it. This is done by attenuation of 
the medium so that a drop will probably 
contain but one organism. Distilled water 
was first used as the attenuating medium, 
but gelatinized media are now used. Bre- 
feld and Xageli suggested the procedure, 
and Lister isolated the first microbe, the 
bacillus lacticus of Cohn. 

Frac / ture (frango, to break). The break- 
ing of a bone, either by external force, or 



FILENUM 



165 



FRONTO- 



by the action of the muscles of the body. 
Applied also to the breaking of a cartilage. 
F., Barton's, oblique, of the lower end 
of radius, beginning in the articulating sur- 
face. F.-Bed, a double inclined plane 
for fractures of the hip. F., Capillary, 
consisting of only a fine crack or fissure. 
F., Comminuted, with shattering of the 
bone. F., Colles', one of lower end of 
radius with displacement backward. F., 
Complete, entirely through the bone. F., 
Complicated, with injury to adjacent 
parts. F., Compound, with communi- 
cating wound of the skin. F., Depressed, 
with depression of the fractured part be- 
low the normal level, as in fracture of the 
skull. F., Double, one bone is fractured 
in two places. F., Dupuytren's, frac- 
ture of the fibula with retraction and dis- 
placement outward, and with laceration of 
the ligaments of the foot. F., Epiphy- 
seal, with separation of the epiphysis of a 
bone. F., Greenstick, one side of the 
bone is broken, the other bent. F., Im- 
pacted, with forcible compression of the 
parts into each other. F., Pott's, same 
as Dupuytren's, without laceration of 
the inferior tibio-fibular ligaments. F., 
Simple, without rupture of the skin or 
mucous membrane. F., Spontaneous, 
with but a slight force to cause it, as in 
diseases of the bone. 

Frse / num (Lat., a curb). A ligament, 
fold of integument, or other part which 
checks or limits the movement of any 
organ, as F. Labiorum, the fourchette or 
lower commissure of the labia pudendi. 
F. Linguae, the bridle of the tongue. 

FragiFitas (Lat.). Brittleness. In phy- 
siology, a want of flexile strength. F. 
Cri / num, a brittleness of the hair, which 
breaks or splits. F. Ossium. See 
Osteo-malacia. 

Fragmentation (fragmentum, a piece). 
The subdivision into fragments. F. of 
Calculi, Spontaneous, the exfoliation 
and breaking up of a calculus by the action 
of the uric acid or other morbid products 
in the bladder. 

Frambce / sia. Yaws, Pian, Amboyna But- 
ton, Parangi, Coco, Endemic Verrugas. 
A contagious disease of the skin character- 
ized by dirty or bright red raspberry-like 
tubercles ; appearing usually on the face, 
toes and genital organs. 

Frangu / la. Buckthorn. The bark (one 
year old) of Rhamnus F., or alder buck- 
thorn. Fresh bark a violent irritant ; old 
bark a non-irritant purgative much used in 



constipation of pregnancy. F., Ext. Fid. 
Dose gss-ij. 

Frankincense. A name given to a va- 
riety of resinous aromatic substances, espe- 
cially the exudation of Abies excelsa. 

FrankTin Spectacles. See Bifocal. 

Fra / serin. See American Columbo. 

Frec / kles. See Lentigo. 

Freezing. The congelation of liquids, 
especially of water. F. Fluids, liquid 
preparations, syrupy or gummy in con- 
sistence, with boric acid, in which tissue 
specimens are immersed prior to freezing 
and section-cutting. F. Machine, an 
apparatus for producing intense cold by the 
evaporation of condensed gases. F. Mi- 
crotome, a microtome attached to a con- 
trivance for freezing artificially the tissue 
to be sectionized. Used with very soft 
tissues. F. Mixture, a mixture of salts 
which in undergoing solution absorb heat. 

Fremitus (Lat., a murmur). A tremor 
caused by the sympathetic vibration of 
the body in consonance with some other 
vibrating body. Also a murmuring. 

Friable (frio, to rub). Easily broken or 
crumbled. 

Fri'ar's Bal'sam. See Benzoin. 

Fric / tion (frico, to rub). The act of rub- 
bing. The process, in medicine, called 
shampooing. Also the inunction of a 
medicinal substance by rubbing. F. 
Sound, the sound observed in ausculta- 
tion, caused by the rubbing of adjacent 
parts. 

Friedreich's Disease. Hereditary 
Ataxia, or Hereditary Ataxic Paraplegia ; 
depending on combined posterior and lat- 
eral sclerosis of the cord, differing from 
tabes and ataxic paraplegia in the early 
age, hereditary nature and some other 
symptoms. 

Frigorific (f-igtcs, cold, facio, to make). 
That which produces extreme cold. 

Fringe-tree. The bark of the root of 
Chionanthns Virginica. A mild diuretic, 
aperient and reputed alterative. Dose of 
fid. ext. gss-j. Unof. 

Fro / mann's Lines. Silver nitrate stain- 
ings of the axis-cylinders of nerves at their 
nodes. 

Front / al (from). Pertaining to the an- 
terior part or aspect of an organ or body. 
F. Bone, the anterior bone of the skull and 
superior of the face. F. Sinuses, the 
cavities, one over each orbit, of the frontal 
bone. 

Fronto- (from). A prefix denoting an- 
terior position. 



FROST-BITE 



166 



FURUNCULUS 



Frost-bite. Injury to the skin or a part 
from extreme cold, resulting in inflamma- 
tion and gangrene. 

Frost-wort. See Helianthemum. 

Fructification (fructus, fruit, facto, to 
make). The formation and development of 
the seed or fruit of a plant. Applied also 
to animal reproduction. 

Frugiv / orous (frux, fruit, voro, to de- 
vour). Fruit-eating. 

Friihlingskatarrh. See Vernal Conjunc- 
tivitis. 

Fruit (fructus). The developed ovary of 
a plant, and especially the succulent, fleshy 
parts gathered about the same. Also ap- 
plied to the offspring of animals. F. 
Sugar. See Sugar. 

Fucb/sin. Rose'in, Magenta, Eosin, Ani- 
line Red. The hydrochloride of rosanilin, 
a lustrous, green, crystalline salt imparting 
an intense red to solutions. In large doses 
produces violent emesis and purging. In- 
jected into a vein causes staggering and 
trembling. Very efficient in reducing al- 
buminuria. Dose gr. %-w. 

Fu / cus Vesicuk/sus. Bladder-wrack, 
Sea-wrack. A marine alga abundant on 
the seashore. Alterative and tonic. Em- 
ployed in goitre and glandular enlarge- 
ments, but mainly as an empiric remedy 
for the absorption of fatty tissue in obesity. 
An extract for such purpose is sold under 
the name of anti-fat. Unof. 

Fulminate (fulmen, lightning). A com- 
pound of fulminic acid with a base, usually 
silver, gold or mercury ; characterized by 
highly explosive qualities. 

Fumigation (fumigo, to smoke). Disin- 
fection by exposure to the fumes of a vapor- 
ized disinfectant. 

Function (fungor, to perform). The nor- 
mal or special action of a tissue, organ or 
part of the body. 

Functional (fungor). Pertaining to the 
special action of an organ, whether physio- 
logical or pathological. 

Fund / ament (/undo, to be at the bottom). 
The foundation or base of a thing. Also 
the anus. 

Fund / us (fundus, the bottom). The base 
of an organ. F. Glands, microscopic 
tubular glands of the cardiac portion of the 
gastric mucous membrane. F. Oculi, the 
posterior and interior portion of the eye 
seen by the ophthalmoscope, comprising 
chiefly the retina, papilla, retinal vessels, 
etc. 

Fungiform (fungus, a mushroom). Hav- 
ing the form of a mushroom. F. Papil- 



lae, elevations over the middle and front 
part of the tongue. 

Fun'gus (fungus). An order of plants 
without stems, leaves or roots, consisting 
of juxtaposed cells, without chlorophyl. 
They reproduce by spores. The chief 
classes are the Hymenoinycetes, Basidiomy- 
cetes, Ascomycetes, and Oomycetes. F. of 
the Dura Mater, a tumor of the skull, of 
malignant nature, originating in the layers 
of osteal cells. F. of Brain, hernia 
cerebri. F. Haematodes, a bleeding 
tumor. 

Fun'gus Foot. Madura Foot, Myceto- 
ma, Ulcus Grave. An endemic disease 
of India affecting the foot or the hand, 
accompanied by mammillated pustules, in 
each of which is a deep-seated sinus. It is 
now thought that the presence of fungoid 
growths is an incidental feature and not a 
cause. 

Fu'nic (funis, a rope). Pertaining to the 
funiculus. 

Funiculus (dim. of funis). The sper- 
matic or the umbilical cord. 

Fu / nis. See Umbilicus. 

Fun'nel (Old Fr. fonel). A wide-mouthed, 
conical vessel ending in a tube, designed 
for the speedy and safe transportation of 
liquids from one vessel to another. Also 
used as a support for paper filters. 

Furfura / ceous (furfur, bran). Resem- 
bling bran. Applied also to dandriff-covered 
skin. 

Fu'ror Uteri'nus. See Nymphomania. 

Furred (Old Fr. forre, a sheath). A 
coating of granular or epithelial scales and 
other matter upon the tongue. 

Fur'row (Sax. furh) . A groove or trench. 
F., Genital, a groove in the Wolffian 
body, appearing about the sixth week of 
pregnancy. 

Furun'culous (furunculus, a boil). Per- 
taining to the continuous production of 
furuncles. 

Furun / culus (Lat.). A boil. A local 
inflammatory affection, commonly invest- 
ing a skin-gland or hair-follicle, ending 
in necrosis and central suppuration of 
adjacent parts. It begins with a painful 
induration, followed by a swelling, that 
finally suppurates and sloughs the " core." 
F. Orientalis. Oriental Boil, Aleppo Boil, 
Delhi Boil, Biscara Button, Gafsa Button, 
Kandahar Sore, Pendjeh Sore, Natal Sore. 
A local disease, marked by the successive 
formation of papule, tubercle, scab, and 
sharply circumscribed ulcer, on the face, 
especially the cheeks and angle of the 



FUSEL OIL 



167 



GALL 



mouth. Common along the shores of the 
Mediterranean Sea. 

Fu / sel Oil. See Alcohol 

Fu'sible (fusus, melted). That which 
can be easily fused or melted. 

Fu / siform (fusus, a spindle). Spindle- 
shaped. 



Fu'sion (/undo, to pour out). The process 
of liquefying a solid by the agency of heat. 

Fustiga'tion (fustigo, to beat). Flagella- 
tion. F., Electric, an application of elec- 
tricity in which the surface of the body 
is rapidly tapped with the electrodes of an 
induced current. 



G. Abbreviation of gramme. 

Gal. Abbreviation of gallon. 

Gr. Abbreviation of grain. 

Gtt. Abbreviation of gittta or guttce. 

Gad-fly (gad, a goad). A dipterous insect 
belonging to the genus Tabanus. Also, ap- 
plied to flies of the genus (Estris. 

Gad / inine (from Gadus callarias, had- 
dock). A ptomaine obtained from decom- 
posing haddock, — also from cultures of the 
bacteria of human faeces. It acts as a de- 
cided poison when given in large doses. 

Gad / uin (gadus, the codfish). A fatty 
principle occurring in cod-liver oil. 

Gaert / ner, Ducts of. Remains of the 
Wolffian bodies persisting in certain ani- 
mals. 

Gaf'sa Button. See Furunculus Orien- 
talis. 

Gag (Mid. Eng. gaggen, to suffocate). An 
instrument placed between the teeth to 
prevent the closing of the jaws. 

Galac / tagogue (yaAa, milk, ayo, to bring). 
An agent that increases the secretion of 
milk in the breast. 

Galac'tia (yala). The family or class of 
diseases, according to Good's Nosology, 
embracing defective or abnormal secretion 
of milk. 

Galac / tocele (yala, Krjlrj, tumor). A cystic 
tumor of the female breast owing to the 
closure of the milk duct. 

Galactom'eter. See Lactometer. 

Galactopb/agus (yala, <paycj, to eat). 
Milk-eating. 

Galactoph / orous (yala, fopeo, to bear). 
Milk-bearing. G. Ducts, the excretory 
ducts of the mammae. 

Galactopb/orus. An artificial nipple 
placed over the natural organ in order to 



facilitate suckling and also to protect the 
natural nipple when abraded. 

Galacto-phthi'sis (yala, Qdicig, con- 
sumption). Emaciation and debility due 
to excessive secretion of milk. 

Galactophy'gous (yala, <pevyo, to flee). 
Having the power to reduce or arrest the 
secretion of milk. 

Galactopoiefic (yala, iroieto, to make). 
A term applied to agents or remedies that 
induce the secretion of milk. 

Galactopo / sia (yala, ttivo, to drink). 
" Milk-cure." The treatment of diseases 
by the use of milk diet. 

Galactorrhea (yala, ptu, to flow). An 
excessive secretion and flow of milk in a 
nursing-woman. 

Galact'oscope. See Lactoscope. 

Galactose (yala). A carbohydrate ob- 
tained by boiling lactose with dilute min- 
eral acids. It crystallizes, is very ferment- 
able, and has the reactions of glucose. 

Galactother'apathy (yala, depaireta, 
treatment). The treatment of disease in 
suckling infants by the administration of 
the remedies to the mother or wet-nurse. 

Galba / num. A gum-resin of Ferula gal- 
banum, native to Asia. Expectorant, 
stimulant and antispasmodic. Useful in 
chronic bronchitis and catarrh. Dose gr. 
x-xx. G. Pil. Comp. See Asafcetida. 
G. Emplastrum, galbanum 16, turpen- 
tine 2, Burgundy pitch 6, lead plaster 76 
parts. 

GaTium Apar'ine. Goose Grass. A suc- 
culent plant, the juice of which is a popu- 
lar remedy in strumous affections. Dose 
of the juice ^ v. Unof. 

Gall (x°lv, bile). The bile. The juice 
normally secreted by the liver. G. Blad- 



GALLA 



168 



GASKELL'S CLAMP 



der, the pear-shaped sac in the right lobe 
of the liver, constituting the reservoir for 
the bile. G. Stones, the calcareous con- 
cretions occasionally formed in the gall- 
bladder and its ducts. 

GalTa (Lat.). Nut-gall. An excrescence 
on the leaves of dyer's oak, Querrus lusi- 
tanica, caused by the deposited ova of an 
insect. Contains tannic acid from 10-75 
per cent., gallic acid 5 per cent. G., 
Tinct., 20 per cent. Dose ^ss-iij. G. 
Unguentum, 10 per cent. See Acid, 
Tannic. 

GalTic (galla, an oak-gall). Pertaining 
to the oak-gall or nut-gall. G. Acid. See 
Acid, Gallic. 

GalTon. A standard unit of volumetric 
measurement, having in the United States 
a capacity of 231 cu. in., and equivalent 
to a weight of 58,328.8 grains of distilled 
water at maximum density. In Great 
Britain its capacity is 277.27 cu. in. 

Galton's Whistle. An instrument for 
testing the audibility of shrill notes. 

Galvan / ic (Galvani, an Italian physician 
and scientist). Pertaining to galvanic or 
chemical electricity. G. Battery. See 
Battery. G. Belt, a belt composed of 
alternate plates of copper and zinc sepa- 
rated by pieces of felt moistened with 
dilute acid. Designed to be worn around 
the waist. G. Cautery. See Cautery. 

Galvanization. The transmission of a 
current of low electro-motive force through 
any part of the body, for the purpose of 
diagnosticating or curing disease. 

Galvan'o- {Galvani*). A prefix denoting 
connection with chemical or current-elec- 
tricity. G. -cautery. See Cautery. G.- 
puncture, the introduction of fine needles, 
that complete an electric circuit, into the 
skin or other tissue. Also a form of 
galvano-cautery employing a current of 
the necessary electro-motive force to heat 
the needle to whiteness. 

Galvanometer {jitrpov, a measure). An 
instrument used for the qualitative deter- 
mination of the presence of an electric 
current. 

Gamboge 7 . See Cambogia. 

Gang / liform [ganglion and forma, a 
form). Formed like, or having the nature 
of, a ganglion. 

Gang / lion (yayyliov, a knot). A sepa- 
rate and semi-independent nervous center 
communicating with other ganglia or 
nerves, with the central nervous system and 
peripheral organs. Used also of an en- 
larged bursa in connection with a tendon. 



Ganglia, Basal, the ganglia at the base 
of the brain, comprising the corpus stria- 
tum (caudate and lenticular nucleus), optic 
thalamus and corpora quadrigemina. Bid- 
der's Ganglia, two ganglia at the auricu- 
lar groove of the frog's heart. An alpha- 
betical table is appended of the principal 
ganglia, showing their location, roots and 
distribution (see p. 169). 

Gangrae / na Oris. See Stomatitis. 

Gan / grene (yayypaiva, a sore, from ypaivco, 
to gnaw). Mortification or death of a part 
of the body from failure in nutrition. The 
putrefactive fermentation of a dead limb or 
tissue. G., Constitutional, that dependent 
upon systemic disease, such as diabetes, or 
circulatory disease. G., Dry, shriveling 
and desiccation from insufficiency of blood. 
G., Embolic, caused by an embolus that 
cuts off the supply of blood. G., Hos- 
pital, a contagious form arising in crowded 
conditions without antiseptic precautions. 
G., Moist, with abundance of serous 
exudation and rapid decomposition. G., 
Primary, without preceding inflammation 
of the part. G., Secondary, with pre- 
ceding inflammation. G., Senile, that 
attacking the extremities of the aged. G., 
Symmetric, attacking corresponding parts 
of opposite sides. Called, also, Raynaud' 's 

■ G. See, also, Sphaceloderma. 

Gangrenous. Pertaining to or being of 
the nature of gangrene. 

Gaps, Cra / nial. Certain occasional con- 
genital fissures of the skull. 

Garb'age. The refuse materials of kitch- 
ens, cookery, etc. 

Gar'gle (dim. of garga, the throat). To 
rinse or wash the interior of the throat and 
upper part of the pharynx. Also, a wash 
for the throat. 

GarTic. See Allium. 

Gar'rot (Fr. garotter, to bind). An in- 
strument for compression of an artery 
by twisting a circular bandage about the 
part. 

Garrulity. See Vulva. 

Gar'rya. California feverbush. The leaves 
of G. Fremontii. A bitter antiperiodic, 
popular on the Pacific coast as a remedy 
in malarial diseases. Dose of the fld. ext. 
TT\x-xxx. Unof. 

Gas (Dutch, geest, a ghost). Any sub- 
stance which is normally aeriform. Sub- 
stances normally in a liquid or solid state 
are usually called vapors when changed to 
an aeriform condition. 

Gas / kell's Clamp. An instrument for 
compression of the heart so that the pulsa- 



TABLE OF GANGLIA (ALPHABETICAL). 



Name. 


Location. 


Roots. 


Distribution. 


Abdominal. 


See Semilunar. 






Andersch (Petrous Petrous Portion 
or Inferior). j Temporal Bone. 


Hypoglossal. 


Nerves at Base of Skull. 


Arnold. 


See Otic. 






Cardiac (IVris- 
berg). 


Beneath Arch of 
Aorta. 


Cardiac Plexus. 


Cardiac Plexus. 


Carotid. 


Carotid Artery. 


Carotid Plexus. 


Carotid Plexus. 


Cervical (Inferior). 


Last Cervical Ver- 
tebra. 


7th and 8th Cervical, Mid- 
dle Cervical. 


Cardiac Nerves and Plexus, etc. 


Cervical (Middle or 
Thyroid). 


Opp. 5th Cervical 
Vertebra. 


Cervical and Spinal 
Nerves and Ganglia. 


Cavernous Plexus, Laryngeal, 
Cardiac, etc. 


Cervical (Superior). 


Opp. 2d and 3d Cer- 
vical Vertebrae. 


Cervical, Petrosal, Pneu- 
mogastric, Hypoglos- 
sal, etc. 


Sup., Inf., Ext., Int. Branches 
Carotid and Cavernous Plex- 
uses, etc. 


Ciliary. 


See Ophthalmic. 






Diaphragmatic. 


Under Surface Dia- 
phragm. 


Phrenic Plexus. 


Inf. Vena Cava, Supra-renal 
Capsule, Hepatic Plexus. 


Gasserian. 


Petrous Portion 
Temporal Bone. 


Fifth. 


Ophthalmic, Sup. Max i llary 
and Inf. Maxillary. 


Jugular (or Supe- 
rior). 


Jugular Foramen. 


Hypoglossal. 


Continuation of Hypoglossal. 


Lenticular. 


See Ophthalmic. 






Meckel. 


See Spheno-Pala- 
tine 






Ophthalmic. 


Back of Orbit. 


Ophthalmic of the Fifth, 
Third, Sympathetic. 


Short Ciliary. 


Otic {Arnold). 


Foramen Ovale. 


Inf. Maxillary, Int. Ptery- 
goid, Auriculo-Tempo- 
ral, Sympathetic, 
Glosso-Pharyngeal, Fa- 
cial. 


Tensor Tympani, Tensor Pa- 
lati, Chorda Tympani. 


Ribes. 


Ant. Communicat- 
ing Artery. 


Cords of Sympathetic. 


Cords of Sympathetic. 


Semilunar. 


See Gasserian. 






Semilunar-2. 


Front of Crura of 
Diaphragm. 


Solar Plexus. 


Solar Plexus. 


Spheno-Palatine. 


Spheno- m a xi llary 
Fossa. 


Sup. Maxillary, Facial, 
Sympathetic. 


Ascending (Orbit), Descending 
(Palate), Internal (.Nose), Pos- 
terior (Pharynx). 


Submaxillary. 


Above Sub - maxil- 
lary Gland. 


Gustatory, Chorda Tym- 
pani, Sympathetic. 


Mouth and Submaxillary 
Gland. 


Supra-renal. 


[unction of Great 
Splanchnic. 


3olar Plexus. 


Supra-renal Capsule. 


Thyroid. 


Bee Cervical (Mid- 
dle). 







169 



GASP 



170 



GAULTHERIA 



tions of the auricles and ventricles may be 
separately registered ; used in the study of 
cardiac pulsation. 
Gasp (Ice. gaispa, to yawn). To catch 
for breath. To breathe spasmodically with 
open mouth. 

Gasse / rian. See Ganglion. 
Gas / tero- (yaor^p, the belly). See Gastro. 
Gas / tral (yaarr/p). Pertaining to the 

stomach or abdomen. 
GastraPgia (yaorrjp, a/lyoc, pain). Pain 
of the stomach. A mild form is sometimes 
called gastrodynia. 
Gastrectomy [yaar?jp, EKroprj, a cutting 
out). Resection of the pyloric extremity 
of the stomach. 
Gas / tric (yacTijp). Pertaining to the 
stomach. G. Digestion, that part of the 
digestion of food performed by the gastric 
juice ; the conversion of albuminous bodies 
into peptones. G. Fistula, a perforation 
or communication other than the normal 
one, between the stomach and peritoneal 
cavity, or with the outer part of the body. 
G. Follicles. See Glands, Peptic. G. 
Juice, the normal secretion of the tubular, 
peptic glands of the stomach. A clear, 
colorless liquid, having an acid reaction 
containing from .5 to 2 per cent, of solid 
matter in solution. A small amount of 
hydrochloric acid .2 to .4 per cent., and a 
ferment called pepsin, are the essential 
elements. 
Gastritis (yac-rjp, trig, inflammation). In- 
flammation of the coats of the stomach. 
Gas / tro- [yaar/jp). A Greek prefix denot- 
ing connection with or relation to the 
stomach. G.- colic, pertaining to both 
the stomach and the colon. G. -colitis, 
concurrent inflammation of the stomach 
and large intestine. G.-colpotomy, the 
operation of the Caesarean section in which 
the opening is made through the linea alba 
into the upper part of the vagina. G.- 
duodenal, pertaining to the stomach and 
duodenum. G.-elytrotomy. See Cesa- 
rean Operation. G.-enteralgia, concur- 
rent pain of the stomach and bowels. G.- 
enteric, pertaining to both stomach and 
bowels. G. -enteritis, concurrent in- 
flammation of stomach and bowels. G.- 
enterostomy, formation of a fistulous 
connection between the stomach and duo- 
denum in obstruction of the pylorus. G.- 
enterotomy, intestinal incision through 
the abdominal wall. G. -epiploic, per- 
taining to stomach and omentum. G.- 
hysterectomy. See Cesarean Operation. 
G. -hysterotomy. See Cesarean Opera- 



tion. G. -stenosis, a stricture or morbid 
contraction of the stomach. 

Gas / trocele [yaarrjp^ ktjat], hernia). A 
hernia of the stomach. 

Gastrocnemius. See Muscle. 

Gastrodynia {yac-rjp, odwrj, pain). A 
mild pain of the stomach. See also Gas- 
tralgia. 

Gas / trolith (yaoryp, IiOoq, a stone). A 
calcareous formation in the stomach. 

GastroPogy (yao-qp, /-oyog, a treatise). A 
treatise on the stomach and its functions. 

Gastromala / cia {yaorrjp, pa/.ania, soften- 
ing). An abnormal softening of the struc- 
tural tissue of the stomach. 

Gastrop'athy (jaarTjp, iradog, suffering). 
Any disease or disorder of the stomach. 

Gastrorrha / gia (yaar^p, pqyvv/xi, to break 
forth). See Hematemesis. 

Gastror / raphy {yaoTt]p,pa^rj^ suture). Su- 
ture of wounds of the abdominal wall or 
stomach. 

Gastrorrhce / a (jacrrip, peu, to flow). A 
regurgitant flow of gastric mucus or liquid 
from the mouth. 

Gast / roscope ^yacrrjp, okotteu, to see). An 
instrument for viewing the interior of the 
stomach. Consists essentially of a tube with 
incandescent electric light and reflecting 
prisms. 

Gastros / copy . The inspection of the inte- 
rior of the stomach by means of the gastro- 
scope. 

Gastro / ses (yaar^p). A general term for 
diseases of the abdomen or of the stomach 
only. 

Gastrostomy {yaarrjp, cropia, mouth). 
The establishing a fistulous opening into 
the stomach. 

Gastronomy (yaarr/p, rep. vu, to cut). Inci- 
sion of the abdomen or stomach. 

Gastrox / ia {yaarrjp, otjvg, acid). Abnormal 
acidity of the contents of the stomach. 

GastruTa [yaorrjp). In Haeckel's classi- 
fication, the larval form of all animals 
above the protozoa. 

Gatb/ering. A popular name for abscesses, 
pustular inflammations and suppurating 
sores. 

Gaule's Experiment. See Cytozoon. 

Gaulthe'ria. Wintergreen, Teaberry, 
Methyl Salicylate. The leaves of winter- 
green, G. procumbens, an evergreen plant. 
Properties due to a volatile oil, that is 
also found in black birch and several other 

plants. Stimulant, astringent, and antipy- 
retic. Used in rheumatism and gout, or 

where salicylate acid is indicated. G., Ol., 

oil of wintergreen, much used as a flavor. 



GAUZE 



171 



GENITALIA 



Dose TT^iij-x. G., Spt., oil of wintergreen 
3, alcohol 97. 

Gauze. See Antiseptic. 

Gavage / (Fr.). Forced feeding. Applied 
to the feeding of weak infants by the aid 
of an oesophageal tube. 

Gelatine (gelo, to congeal). An albuminoid 
substance of jelly-like consistence, obtained 
by boiling skin, connective tissue, and bones 
of animals in water. The glue of com- 
merce is an impure variety. G. Capsules, 
capsules of gelatine designed for containing 
medicines of nauseating taste. G., Medi- 
cated, a soft basis consisting of gelatine 
3, zinc oxide 3, glycerine 5, water 9 parts, 
to which antiseptic or other medicaments 
may be added. Preferable to greasy oint- 
ments. All unof. G. Culture-medium, 
a jelly made by a solution of the best com- 
mercial food gelatine in the proportion of 
6, 8 or 10 parts to 100 of water, with 1 or 
2 parts of dried peptones or glucose (the 
latter not used if the culture is to be made 
on slides), for increased nutritive value. 
Bicarbonate of soda is used to neutralize 
the acid reaction. This in bacteriology is 
simply known as Gelatine. 

Gelatinous. Resembling, or having the 
nature of gelatine. G. Tissue. See 
Animal Tissue. 

GeFose. A culture-medium used in bac- 
teriological investigation. Gelatine lique- 
fies at 23 or 24 C, and is thus inferior to 
gelose, for those cultures that require a 
higher degree of heat for their proper devel- 
opment. The base of gelose is a vegetable 
mucilage, derived from an Indian sea- 
weed, Gelidium spiniforme, of which a 
jelly is made, 2 to 3 parts (to 100) of dried 
peptones added; 10 to 15 parts of this 
substance to 50 parts of water, with I to 5 
of glycerine, forms the nutritive jelly called 
gelose. 

GeFosine. A mucilage extracted from a 
species of alga found in Japan. Soluble 
in water and alcohol. An excellent ex- 
cipient for powders, tinctures and salts. 
Unof. 

Gelsem'ium. Yellow Jasmine. The root 
of G. sempervirens, abundant in the south- 
ern U. S. Properties mainly due to an 
alkaloid, gelsemine, a powerful motor de- 
pressant, antispasmodic and diaphoretic. 
In toxic doses produces diplopia, extreme 
muscular weakness, and anaesthesia, death 
occurring from asphyxia. Useful in exal- 
tation of nerve action, cerebro- spinal men- 
ingitis, etc. Especially valuable in remit- 
tent and malarial fevers. Dose gr. ij-xx. 



G., Ext. Fid., alcoholic. Dose mjj-xx. 
G., Tinct., 15 per cent, in strength. Dose 
TT^v-xxx. Gelsemina, the alkaloid. Dose 

Gemellus (dim. of geminus, twin). 
Double. In pairs. G. Muscle, the gas- 
trocnemius muscle, on account of its double 
origin. See Muscle. 

Gem / inate (geminus). In pairs. In 
botany, parts that are disposed in pairs. 

Gem / inous. Same as Geminate. 

Gemma / tiori. See Budding. 

Generate (genero, to beget). To beget, 
to produce of the same kind. 

Generation (generatio, a begetting). The 
begetting or production of offspring. G., 
Organs of, those that are functional in 
reproduction; the genitalia. G., Spon- 
taneous, the supposed production of or- 
ganic matter or beings, from inorganic 
matter. G., Alternations of. See Alter- 
nations of G. 

Generic (genus, a kind). Pertaining to 
the same genus. 

Gene / sial (yeveaig, origin). Pertaining to 
generation. G. Cycle, the periods of 
ovarian, uterine, and mammary activity, into 
which the reproductive life of the female 
is divided; the first extending from puberty 
to conception, the second from conception 
to gestation, and the third from gestation 
through lactation. 

Genesis (yevecic). The act of begetting. 
Generation. 

Generic (yeveacc, generation). Pertaining 
to generation. Also, anything inherited. 

Geniculate Bodies. Two oblong, flat- 
tened bodies on the outer side of the 
corpora quadrigemina and under the back 
part of the optic thalamus. 

Gen'io- {yevsLov, the chin). A prefix denot- 
ing connection with the chin. 

Gen / ital [genitalis, pertaining to genera- 
tion). Pertaining to the genital organs or 
to reproduction. G. Cord, the union of 
the two ducts of Wolff and of Miiller to 
form a common cord in the embryo. G. 
Eminence, or Tubercle, an elevation 
appearing about the 6th week of embryonic 
life, in front of the cloaca, and from which 
the penis or clitoris is developed. G. Fis- 
sure, a furrow extending from the genital 
eminence of the embryo to the cloaca. G. 
Folds, two plications at the side of the 
orifice of the cloaca. G. Sense, the de- 
gree of vigorousness of the development 
of ovisacs. 

Genitalia (genitalis). The organs of 
generation. 



GENITO- 



172 



GIACOMINI'S METHOD 



Gen / ito- {genihts, begotten, from gigno, to 
be born). A prefix denoting connection 
or relation to the genital organs. 

Gen / tian, or Gentia'na. The root of G. 
lutea, a European, and of G. catesbcci, an 
American species. A simple, non-astrin- 
gent bitter. Highly esteemed as a sto- 
machic tonic in convalescence from acute 
diseases and malarial fever. G., Ext. Dose 
gr. j-v. G., Ext. Fid. Dose gss-j. G., 
Infusum Comp., unof., gentian io, bitter 
orange peel 2 l / 2 , coriander 2^, alcohol 
40, water to make 320. Dose gj-^j. 
G., Mist. Alkalin., unof, dil. hydrocyanic 
acid TT\^iij , sodium bicarb, gr. xv, infus. of 
gentian comp. to make Jj. Dose t ^j. G. 
et Sennae Mist., unof, infus. of senna 
^iij, comp. tinct. cardamom gj, comp. 
infus. of gentian gyj. Dose £x. G., 
Tinct. Comp., contains gentian 8, bitter 
orange peel 4, cardamom 2, dil. alcohol 
to make 100. Dose gss-ij. 

Gen / u [genu, the knee). Pertaining to the 
knee. G. Extrorsum, outward bowing 
of the knee, — bow-legs. G. Valgum, in- 
ward curving of the knee, — knock-knees. 
G. Varum. Same as G. Extrorsum,. 

Gen / uclast [genu, K?iaco, to break). An 
instrument for breaking irreducible adhe- 
sions of the knee-joint. 

Gen'u Corp / us Callo / sum. A name 
given to the reflected part of the corpus 
callosum. 

Genuflex / [genu, flexus, bent). Bent at, 
or like, the knee. Also, bent at any joint. 

Ge / nus [genus, a family). A species or a 
number of species marked by one or more 
common characteristics that distinguish 
them from the species of another family. 

Genyplast / y [yevvc^ the cheek, TrAacao), to 
form). The operation for reforming or 
restoring the cheek imperfect either from 
injury or from congenital malformation. 

Geography [yr/, the earth, ypatyco, to write). 
In medicine, a description of the earth's 
surface with reference to climatology, and 
the distribution of disease, with relation to 
origin and locality. 

GeoFogy [yr], Aoyog, a treatise). The sci- 
ence treating of the structural development 
of the earth. 

GeonVetry [yrj, /xerpov, a measure). That 
branch of mathematical science treating of 
the relations of magnitudes. 

Geoph'agism [yr], (payu, to eat). The 
practice of earth- or clay-eating, practiced 
in a few localities. 

Gera / nium. Cranesbill-root. The root 
of G. maculatum. Properties due to tan- 



nic and gallic acids. Useful in diarrhoea, 
infant colic, etc. G., Ext. Fid. Dose 

Geratol'ogy [yrjpag, old age, ?x>yoc, a treat- 
ise). A treatise concerning old age. 

GerTach's Network. An exceedingly 
delicate fibrous network of the finest nerve 
fibrils in the gray matter of the cord. 

GerTach's Theory. Pertains to the con- 
nection of the nerve-fibers and ganglionic 
cells of the cord. 

GerTier's Disease. An affection (of farm- 
hands) characterized by sudden paroxysms 
of ptosis, vertigo, muscular paresis, and 
cervico-occipital pain. 

Germ [germen, a sprout). The ovum, 
spore, or zoospore that, by fecundation, 
is capable of developing into an organism 
like that whence it was derived. G. of 
Disease, the special virus or spore by 
which a disease becomes communicable. 
G. of Sac, the vesicle constituting the 
blastoderm of mammals. G., Specific, 
same as Germ. G. Theory of Disease, 
the theory that contagious and infectious 
diseases are communicated by means of the 
transference to and development of a spe- 
cific seed or spore within the organism of 
the animal infected. 

German Breast Tea. A decoction of 
althaea, q. v. 

German Chamomile. See Matricaria. 

Germ EpitheTium. Cylindrical cells on 
the surface of the median plate of the me- 
soblast. 

Germinal. Pertaining to a germ or the 
genesis of a tissue or organ. G. Area, 
the area germinativa, or embryonal shield, 
a white round spot upon one side of the 
vitelline membrane in which the blasto- 
derm becomes double. G. Matter. See 
Protoplasm. G. Membrane, the blasto- 
derm. G. Spot. See Zona Pellucida. 
G. Vesicle. See Zona Pelhtcida. 

Germination [germinatio, a sprouting). 
The sprouting of a seed. The beginning 
of the development of an ovum, spore or 
germ. 

Gero / ni Speck/sa. An Andean plant, 
having a reputation as a local remedy in 
syphilis and rheumatism. Unof. 

Gerontox'on. See Arcus Senilis. 

Gesta / tion [gero, to bear). Same as 
Pregnancy. 

Giacomini's Method of Preserving 
the Brain. Immerse in a saturated solu- 
tion of chloride of zinc ; turn several times 
daily and inject 600 grms. of the liquid 
through the carotids. Remove membranes 



GIANT 



173 



GLAND 



in 48 hours. Allow to remain in solution 
until it begins to sink, then immerse in 
alcohol for 10 days. Immerse in glycer- 
ine until it sinks ; remove, allow to dry, 
and varnish. 

Gi / ant {gigds, large or ponderous). An 
adult of a species excessively developed in 
stature and proportions. 

Gibbos / ity {gibbosus). The condition of 
being gibbous. 

Gib / bous {gibb osus, hunchbacked). 
Bunched or bulged out. Abnormally 
crooked. 

Gi'bert's Syrup. See Hydrargyrum. 

Gid / diness (Sax. gyddian, to be merry). 
A sensation of whirling or unsteadiness 
of the body, usually accompanied by more 
or less nausea. 

Gig / ger. See Pulex. 

Gimbernat's Ligament. See Ligament. 

Gin. See Spiritus ; also, Juniperus. 

Gin'ger. See Zingiber. 

Gingiva (Lat.). The vascular tissue sur- 
rounding the necks of the teeth and 
covering the alveoli. In the plural it is 
popularly known as the gums. 

Gingival {gingiva). Pertaining to the 
gums. G. Line, the blue or purplish 
line along the gums where they meet 
the teeth, indicative of chronic lead-poi- 
soning. 

Gingivitis {gingiva). Inflammation of 
the gums. 

Gin / glymoid {yiyylvfiog, a hinge). Resem- 
bling a hinge -joint. 

Gin / glymus. See Diar'throsis. 

Gin / seng. The fleshy root of several spe- 
cies of Panax. An aromatic bitter with 
tonic properties. Unof. 

Giral'des, Organ of. The vasa aberrantia 
of the Wolffian Bodies. 

Gir'dle (Sax. gyrdel, a waistband). Any 
band designed to go around the body. G., 
Pelvic, the bones (or cartilages) form- 
ing the support for the lower limbs of 
vertebrates. In mammals they consist of 
the ilium, ischium and os pubis. G. Sen- 
sation, or Pain, a sensation as though a 
band had been tied around the pelvis, or 
one of the limbs. A symptom of affections 
of the spinal cord. 

Giz'zard. (Old Fr. Gesier). The strong 
muscular stomach of birds. 

Glabella (dim. of glaber, smooth). The 

triangular space between the eyebrows. 

Gla / brous {glaber). Smooth. In botany, 
destitute of hairs or dpwn. 

Gla'cial {glacies, ice). Icy Resembling 
ice in appearance. 



Glacia / tion {glacies). Assuming a condi- 
tion like that of ice. Also producing ero- 
sive effects like those of moving ice. 

Gladi / olin. A certain alkaloid occurring 
in brain tissue. 

Gladio'lus (dim. of gladius, a sword). 
The middle or second piece of the sternum. 

Glair'ine. See Baregine. 

Glairy {glair, the white of egg). Slimy. 
Also, albuminous. 

Gland {glans, an acorn). A name given 
to various small racemose or ovoid organs 
of the body, both secretive and excretive 
in function, withdrawing from the blood 
material for other purposes, or that is 
injurious or of no use to the economy. In 
structure they may be simple, saccular or 
tubular. Also, the bulbous end of the penis 
and clitoris. G., Arytenoid, the small 
muciparous glands in front of the arytenoid 
cartilage. G. of Bartholini, two small 
glands, one on each side of the vagina, 
opening through ducts on the inner surface 
of the nymphae. Also, the sublingual 
glands. G., Bowman's, tubular glands 
of the olfactory region. G., Brunner's, 
the granular bodies occurring in the duo- 
denum. G., Buccal, the glands between 
the buccinator muscle (of the cheek) and 
the adjacent mucous membrane. G., 
Cervical, the lymphatic glands of the 
neck, also called cervical ganglion. G., 
Ceruminous, the glands that secrete 
the wax of the ear. G., Coccygeal, a 
gland at the tip of the coccyx. G., Cow- 
per's, two small glands anterior to the 
prostate gland. G., Duodenal. See G. y 
Brunner^s. G., Ebner's, serous glands 
of the tongue. G., Epiglottic, the mu- 
ciparous glands about the epiglottis. G., 
Gastric, the glands of the stomach — tubu- 
lar and peptic. G., Haversian, the 
fatty bodies lying behind the synovial 
fringes of most joints. G., Iliac, the 
glands, six or eight in number, lying on 
both sides of the iliac vessels, that re- 
ceive certain lymphatics and the efferent 
vessels of the inguinal glands. G., La- 
bial, the racemose glands near the edges 
of the lips. G., Lachrymal. See Lachry- 
mal Glands. G., Laryngeal, the muci- 
parous glands scattered about the region 
of the larynx G., Lieberkiihn's, the 
columnar glands distributed over the 
mucous membrane of the intestines. G., 
Lingual. See Salivary Glands. G. 
of Littre, the glands in the submucous 
tissue of the urethra. G. of Luschka. 
See Coccygeal Gland. G., Mammary, 



GLANDERS 



174 



GLIOMA 



the milk-secreting glands in the breasts of 
the female. G., Meibomian, the minute 
follicles between the cartilage and conjunc- 
tiva of the eyelids. G., Molar, the 
glands between the masseter and bucin- 
nator muscles of the cheek. G., Moll's, 
sweat glands opening into the hair-follicles 
of the eyelashes. G. of Naboth, the small 
glandular bodies within the mouth of the 
uterus. G., Nuhn's, mixed glands near 
the tip of the tongue. G., Odoriferae, the 
glands behind the cervix of the penis, ex- 
creting the smegma. G., Oesophageal, 
the glands in the submucous tissue of the 
oesophagus. G., Pacchionian, the so- 
called granulations clustered about the outer 
surface of the dura mater, pia mater, and 
certain sinuses of the brain. G., Palatine, 
the small glands forming a continuous 
layer near the surface of the hard palate 
and about the soft palate. G., Parotid. 
See Salivary Glands. G., Peptic, the 
glands situated all over the mucous coat of 
the stomach secreting the gastric juice. 
G., Peyer's, the clustered glands near the 
lower end of the ileum. G., Pharyngeal, 
the racemose glands of the pharynx. G., 
Pineal. See Pineal Gland. G., Pitui- 
tary. See Pituitary Body. G., Pros- 
tate. See Prostate Gland. G., Salivary. 
See Salivary Glands. G., Sebaceous, 
the minute saccular glands in the corium 
of the skin, that secrete the sebum. G., 
Solitary, the glands scattered through the 
mucous membrane of the smaller intes- 
tine. G., Sublingual. See Salivary 
Glands. G., Submaxillary. See Sali- 
vary Glands. G., Sudoriferous, the 
glands of the skin that secrete sweat. G., 
Suprarenal, the suprarenal capsules. See 
Capsule. G., Thymus, a temporary organ 
lying mainly in the neck, attaining its full 
growth at two years and practically disap- 
pearing at puberty. G., Thyroid, a tabu- 
lated gland in the upper part of the trachea. 
G., Tracheal, the minute ovoid glands 
abundant in the posterior part of the trachea. 
G. of Tyson. See G. Odoriferce. G., 
Uterine, the tubular follicles distributed 
throughout the mucous membrane of the 
uterus. G., Vulvo-vaginal, the gland 
of Bartholini. G., Weber's, mucous 
glands near the root of tongue. 

Gland / ers. See Equinia. 

Glans Pe / nis. The conical shaped body 
forming the head of the penis. 

Glass (Sax. glees). A brittle, hard, and 
transparent substance consisting usually of 
the fused, amorphous silicates of potassium 



and calcium, or sodium and calcium, with 
an excess of silica. When glass of a high 
refractive index is required, lead silicate is 
also added. G. -blowers' Disease, a 
term formerly used to designate any infec- 
tious disease of the lips, especially syphi- 
litic eruptions. Also, applied to pulmo- 
nary emphysema. G., Crown, a very 
hard glass, made from sodium sulphate 
and lime. Has a low refractive index but 
considerable chromatic dispersion. Used 
in lenses of optical instruments. G., Flint, 
composed of lead and potassium silicates. 
Has a very high refractive index. Used in 
lenses of optical instruments. G., Solu- 
ble, potassium or sodium silicate. 

Glas / ses. A synonym of spectacles or 
optical lenses. 

Glau'ber's Salt. See Sodium. 

Glauco / ma (ylavKog, sea-green). A dis- 
ease of the eye whose essential and char- 
acteristic symptom is an abnormally height- 
ened intraocular tension, resulting in hard- 
ness of the globe, excavation of the pa- 
pilla or optic nerve, a restriction of the 
field of vision, corneal anaesthesia, colored 
halo about lights, and lessening of visual 
power that may, if unchecked, proceed to 
blindness. The etiology is obscure. G. Ab- 
solutum, or Consummatum, the com- 
pleted glaucomatous process, with blind- 
ness. G. Acutum, the first or the re- 
newed attack, with the characteristic and 
inflammatory symptoms, generally intermit- 
ting after a few days. G. Fulminans, 
an acute attack coming on with great sud- 
denness and violence. G. Haemorrha- 
gicum, that associated with retinal haemor- 
rhage. G., Secondary, that consequent 
to other ocular diseases. G., Simplex, 
without inflammatory symptoms. 

Gleet (Sax. glidan, to slip down). The 
chronic stage of gonorrhoea with muco- 
purulent discharge. 

Glen / oid {ylrjvri, a cavity. A name given 
to any part or organ having a shallow 
cavity. 

Gli'a Cells. See Belter's Cells. 

Gli'adin. See Ghiten. 

Glio / ma (yXta, glue). A name given by 
Virchow to a variety of round-celled sar- 
coma, consisting of a tumor of neuroglia 
cells, occurring in the central mass of the 
brain, or of the spinal cord. G. of the 
Retina (" encephaloid of the retina "), a 
glioma springing from the connective tissue 
of the retina, usually occurring in the young, 
and involving the choroid, optic nerve, 
and extending finally into the brain. G., 



GLIOMATOSIS 



175 



GLUCOSINE 



Pseudo-, of the Retina, metastatic puru- 
lent choroiditis, simulating the appearance 
of retinal glioma. 

Gliomato / sis. Exuberant masses of glio- 
ma-like tissue in syringo-myelia. 

Gliomyxo / ma. A term applied to tumors 
having the character both of glioma and 
myxoma. 

Gliosarco / ma. Such tumors as have both 
the neuroglia cells of glioma and the fusi- 
form cells of sarcoma. 

Glis / son. See Capsule. 

Globe of the Eye. The eyeball. 

Glo / bin (globus, a globe). A native pro- 
teid of the globulin class, one of the 
products of the decomposition of heemo- 
globin. 

Glob / ular (dim. of globus). Having the 
shape of a globe or sphere. 

Glob / ule (dim. oi globus). A small globe. 
In biology, any minute spherical structure. 
In pharmacy, a small pill or pellet. 

Glob'ules of Donne. See Blood-Plates. 

Glob / ulin. One of the native proteids of 
the general class called globulins; it is 
obtained from the crystalline lens. 

Glob / ulins. A class of native proteids 
comprising Globulin, Vitellin, Para-, or 
Serum-globulin, Fibrinogen, Myosin and 
Globin. They are insoluble in distilled 
water, but soluble in dilute neutral saline 
solutions. These solutions are coagulated 
by heat, and precipitated by a large amount 
of water. They yield acid-albumin when 
acted upon by dilute acids, and alkali-albu- 
min by dilute alkalies. Vegetable Glob- 
ulins have been studied, and named vege- 
table Myosin, Vitellin, and Paraglobulin, — 
found in the seeds of plants. 

Glo'bus (Lat.). A ball or globe. G. 
Epididymis. See Epididymis. G. 
Hystericus, the "lump" or choking 
sensation occurring in hysteria, caused 
probably by spasmodic contraction of the 
oesophagus and pharyngeal muscles. G. 
Major, the larger end or head of the epi- 
didymis. G. Minor, the lower end of 
the epididymis. 

Glom / erate (glomero, to wind around). 
A descriptive term applied to any gland 
consisting of vessels bunched together like 
a ball of thread. 

Glomerulus, or Glom / erule (dim. of 
glomus). A knot or small rounded mass. 
G. Malpighii. See Malpighian Bodies. 

Glos / sa (yAuoca). The tongue; also the 
faculty of articulate speech. 

Gloss / al (yAooca). Pertaining to the 
tongue. 



GlossaPgia (jAoooa, akyog, pain). Any 
pain in the tongue. 

Glossec / tomy [yluaaa, eKTOfirj, excision). 
Amputation or excision of the tongue. 

Glossitis (yAuoca, inq, inflammation). 
Inflammation of the tongue. 

Glos / so- (jAcooca). A prefix denoting 
connection with the tongue. G.-hyah 
pertaining conjointly to the tongue and 
the hyoid bone. G. -pharyngeal, per- 
taining jointly to the tongue and the pharynx. 
G. -pharyngeal Nerve. See Nerve. 
G. -spasm, spasm of the tongue. 

Glossog'raphy {yXuaaa, ypacfxj, to write). 
A descriptive treatise upon the tongue. 

Glossology (yltoaaa, loyoq, a treatise). 
A treatise concerning the tongue. 

Glossophy / tia (yAcocaa, (pvrov, a plant). 
Black Tongue. A dark discoloration of 
the tongue, due to accumulations of spores, 
dead epithelium and accidental impurities. 

Glossople / gia (yAuoca, nAqyq, a stroke). 
Paralysis of the tongue. 

Glossot / omy (yAuaaa, tejuvo, to cut). 
The dissection of the tongue. Also, the 
excision of the tongue. 

Glos / sy Skin. See Atrophoderma. 

Glot / tis (yAoTTa, the tongue). The rima 
glottidis. The opening between the ary- 
tenoid cartilages, or the interval between 
the vocal chords. Over it is the epiglottis, 
a thin lamella of cartilage covering the 
larynx during deglutition. 

Glu / cose (ylvKVQ, sweet). Dextrose, Levu- 
lose, Grape Sugar, Starch Sugar. A sub- 
stance obtained from starch by the action 
of the natural ferment diastase, and by the 
catalytic action of mineral acids on starch. 
Less soluble, and therefore less sweet than 
cane sugar, but equally nutritious. Much 
used as an adulterant of cane sugar. 
Dextrose differs from levulose in its beha- 
vior to the polarized ray that is turned by 
the former to the right, and by the latter 
to the left. 

Glycoside (glucose, eidog, like). A name 
given to a series of compounds that may 
be resolved by the presence of acids into 
glucose and another principle. 

Glu / cosine. Various ptomaine-bases ob- 
tained by the action of ammonia on glu- 
cose. One of these, C 14 H 10 N 2 (C = 6), 
corresponds in formula and general prop- 
erties to a remarkable unnamed base 
formed during the alcoholic fermentation 
of sugar or molasses, — Morin's base, 
C 7 H I0 N 2 : — a colorless, strongly refract- 
ing, very mobile oil, with a nauseous, 
pyridine-like odor. It produces stupor, 



GLUE 



176 



GOITRE 



paralysis, diminution of sensibility, dilata- 
tion of pupils, lowering of pulse and 
temperature, coma, and death. Alkaloidal 
bases have also been found in petroleum, 
paraffine-oil, chloroform, benzole, ether, 
amyl alcohol, and in most solvents in com- 
mon use. 

Glue. An impure gelatine obtained from 
the hides and hoofs of animals. 

Glute'al (y?x>vrog, the buttock). Pertain- 
ing to the gluteal muscles or to the but- 
tocks. G. Artery. See Artery. G. 
Nerve. See Nerve. G. Reflex, a con- 
traction of the gluteal muscles when the 
skin over the buttock is stimulated. 

Glu / ten {gluten, glue). A substance re- 
sembling albumin, with which it is proba- 
bly identical. Occurs abundantly in the 
seed of cereals in the form of cubical cells 
surrounding the starchy fecula of the seed. 
It consists mainly of gluten-fibrin, gluten- 
casein, gliadin and mucedin. 

Glyc / erine (ylMnvq). Propenyl hydrate. 
A viscous, syrupy, colorless substance de- 
rived from certain fats — mainly palm oil — 
by decomposing them with superheated 
steam. Pure glycerine is an emollient; the 
impure article an irritant to the skin. 

Glyc / erine Cu'pric Test (for sugar). 
To an inch of potassium hydrate in a test- 
tube add a few drops of copper sulphate 
and a few of glycerine. Boil and add 
suspected urine by small amounts up to 
less than one inch in the tube. Sugar 
will throw out the cuprous oxide, red or 
yellow. 

Gly'cerite, or 

Glyceri'tum. A glycerite, or mixture of 
medicinal substances with glycerine. There 
are two official glycerites. 

Gly'cin. Called, also, glycocoll, amido- 
acetic acid, or gelatin sugar; derived from 
gelatin. 

GlycochoPic Acid (yXvuvq, x o ~ A V> bile). 
An acid found in the bile. 

Gly / cocol. See Glycin. 

Glycogen (y?ivnvg, yevvaa), to produce). 
A white amorphous powder, tasteless 
and odorless, forming an opalescent solu- 
tion with water, insoluble in alcohol. Com- 
monly known as animal starch. Occurs 
in the blood and the liver, by which it is 
elaborated. Changed by diastasic ferments 
into glucose. 

Gly / conin. See Vitellus. 

Glycosuria (yXvtcvg, ovpov, the urine). 
The existence of grape sugar in the urine. 
See Diabetes. G., Tests for. See Boett- 
cher^s, Fehling's, Glycerine, Cupric, In- 



digo- carmine, Pavfs, Picro sacchari- 
meter, Phenyl-hydrazin, Roberts' Differ- 
ential Density, Saccharomeler, Tronwiers. 

Glycyrrhi / za. Liquorice Root. The root 
of G. glabra. A demulcent and mild lax- 
ative, of sweet taste. In combination with 
other medicaments, an excellent expector- 
ant. Much used as an excipient in pills, 
troches, etc. G., Ext., the liquorice of 
commerce, occurring in black rolls. G., 
Ext. Purum, made with aq. ammonia 
and water by percolation and evaporation. 
G., Fid. Ext., prepared with water and 
alcohol. G., Mist. Comp., Brown mix- 
ture, pure extract, sugar, acacia, aa 3 parts, 
tinct. opium camph. 12, vin. antimony 6, 
spt. nitrous ether 3, water 70. Dose %)-% ss. 
G. et. Opii Trochisci, have each G. ext. 
gr. ij, ext. of opium gr. ^, acacia, sugar, 
oil of anise q. s. Dose j-ij. G. Ammo- 
niatum, the sweet principle of the root 
made soluble by ammonia. Dose gr. 
v— xv. 

Gme / lin-Heintz Reaction. A test for 
bile-pigments in urine. Nitric acid con- 
taining some nitrous acid is added to the 
liquid, and if bile-pigments be present, a 
play of colors follows, beginning with 
green and passing through blue, violet, red 
to yellow. 

GmeTin's Test. See Gmelin-Heintz Re- 
action. 

Gnat (Sax. gncet). A dipterous insect, the 
Ctdex pipiens, differing but slightly from 
the common mosquito, with which it is 
popularly included. The " bite " consists 
in a piercing of the skin and the with- 
drawal of a minute quantity of blood. It 
has no sting nor poison glands. 

Gnathic (yvaBog, the cheek boneV Per- 
taining to the cheek or the upper jaw. 

Goad'by's Solution. A solution of salt 
and corrosive sublimate in water, for pre- 
serving meat against putrefaction. 

GobTet Cells. Chalice-like cells lying 
between the epithelial cells of the intestinal 
villi. 

Gog / gles (E. goggle, to roll the eyes). 
Spectacles w T ith colored lenses and wire or 
cloth sides, to protect the eyes from ex- 
cessive light, dust, etc. 

Goi'tre (guttur, throat). Enlargement, 
particularly if hypertrophic, of the thy- 
roid gland. Called, also, Bronckocele and 
Tracheocele. It generally accompanies 
cretinism. G., Exophthalmic, a disease 
characterized by one or more of three 
symptoms — cardiac palpitation, goitre and 
exophthalmos. 



GOKRHU 



177 



GRACILLIS 



Gok'rhu. The fruit of Pedalium murex, 
found in East Indies. Much used by the 
natives in enuresis and spermatorrhoea. 
Used in infusion of ^j to Oj of boiling 
water. Dose ad lib. Unof. 

Gold. See Auruni. 

Golden Rod. The leaves of Solidago 
odora. Aromatic stimulant and carmina- 
tive. A volatile oil distilled from the plant 
is used in flatulence. Dose of the fid. ext. 
gj-ij ; of the oil n\ij-x. Unof. 

Golden Seal. See Hydrastis. 

Gold-thread. See Coptis. 

Goltz's Balancing Experiment. Ani- 
mals lose their power of equilibrium with 
removal of the mid-brain or corpora quad- 
rigemina. 

Goltz's Croaking Experiment. A pithed 
male frog croaks when the skin of its back 
or flanks is stroked. 

Goltz's Embrace Experiment. During 
the breeding season the body of the male 
frog between the skull and fourth vertebra 
embraces every rigid object with which it 
is brought into contact. 

Goltz's Statical Theory. Every position 
of the head causes the endolymph of the 
semicircular canals to exert the greatest 
pressure upon some part of the same, thus 
in varying degree exciting the nerve-termi- 
nations of the ampullae. 

Gompho / sis. See Synarthrosis. 

Gona / gra {yovv, the knee, aypa, a seizure). 
Gout of the knee or knee-joint. 

Gonarthri / tis (yovv, apdpov, a joint). In- 
flammation of the knee-joint. 

Gonarthroc / ace (yovv, apdpov, naur), evil). 
A cancerous or ulcerated affection of the 
knee-joint, popularly known as white swel- 
ling. 

Gonarthrot / omy (yovv, apdpov, a joint, 
Tefivo), to cut). Incision into the knee- 
joint. 

Gonecyst'ic (yovrj, semen, Kvartg, a blad- 
der). Pertaining to the vesiculce seminales. 

Gonepoiet / ic (yovrj, ttoieu^ to produce). 
Pertaining to the secretion of semen. 

Gonococ / cus (yovrj, kokkos, a kernel). 
A microbe thought to be the specific cause 
of gonorrhoea.. See Gonorrhoea. 

Gon / ion. See Skull. 

Gonorrhoea (yovrj, peu, to flow). Etymo- 
logically, an involuntary discharge of se- 
men, but generally applied to an infectious 
pus-like discharge from the genital organs. 
The gonococcus of Neisser is believed to 
be the specific microbe of gonorrhoea. It is 
a diplococcus, found in clumps of from io 
to 20, surrounded by a mucous envelope. 

12 



G. Balani, affects the glans penis. G. 
Ophthalmia. See Ophthalmia. G. 
Rheumatism, a rheumatic affection of 
the joints as a sequel of gonorrhoea. 

Gonos / cheocele (yovrj } oax^ov, the scro- 
tum, ktjXt], a tumor). A swelling of the 
testicle with semen. 

Gonyon'cus (yovv, the knee, oynoc, a 
tumor). A tumor or swelling of the knee. 

Goose Grass. See Galium Aparine. 

Goose Skin. Cutis Ansera, Goose Flesh. 
A popular name for a well-known condi- 
tion of the skin marked by prominence 
about the hair follicles of acute papules. 
See Arrector Pili Muscle. 

Gor'get (purges, a. chasm). A channeled 
instrument similar to a grooved director. 
It may be blunt, cutting, hooked, etc. 

GossypTum. Cotton. The hairs of the 
seed of G. herbaceum. Freed from impuri- 
ties, and deprived of natural fatty matter, 
it becomes the absorbent cotton of surgery. 
Soluble in an ammonio solution of copper 
sulphate. The root is thought to have 
emmenagogue properties ; the oil is an ex- 
cellent substitute for olive oil. G. Rad. 
Cortex, cotton-root bark. Dose gr. xxx- 
£j. G. Rad. Ext. Fid., prepared with 
glycerine and alcohol. Dose TT^ xxx-^j. 
G. Seminis Ol., the expressed oil, consti- 
tutes most of the so-called olive oil of 
commerce. See, also, Pyroxylin. 

Gouge (Fr.). An instrument for cutting 
or removal of bone or of other hard struc- 
tures. 

GouTard's Extract. See Lead. 

Gout (gutta, 2l drop). A disease character- 
ized by an excess of uric acid or alkaline 
urates, especially sodium urate, in the fluids 
of the body. The latter is first deposited 
about the articular surfaces of the small 
joints, but in time the arteries, cardiac 
valves and connective tissue of the kidneys 
may be involved. The metatarso-phalan- 
geal of the great toe is, curiously, the 
favorite point of attack, and the helix of 
the ear is another favorite seat. Tophi form 
about the affected part. To decreased 
solubility of the urates, due to increased 
acidity of the blood ; increased formation 
of uric acid, and failure in function of the 
kidney, — is ascribed the cause of gout. 

Gow / ers' Method, — of counting the cor- 
puscles of the blood by the haemacyto- 
meter. 

Graafian FolTicles. See Vesicle. 

Gracilis. See Muscle. G. Experiment, 
an experiment performed upon the gracilis 
muscle of the frog, showing that pure 



GRADUATED CONES 



178 



GRAVITY 



muscular excitation does not travel back- 
ward from the muscle to the nerve. 

Grad / uate (gradzts, a step). To take a 
degree from a college or university. Also, 
a person on whom a degree has been con- 
ferred. Also, in pharmacy, a glass vessel 
upon which the divisions of liquid measure 
have been marked. 

Graduated Com / press. A compress 
made of pieces decreasing progressively in 
size, the apex or smallest piece being ap- 
plied to the focus of pressure. 

Graduated Cones. See Cones. 

Grafe's Symp'tom. In exophthalmic 
goitre, when the eyeball is directed down- 
ward, the upper lid does not, us usual, fol- 
low, but remains in a state of spasmodic 
elevation. 

Graft (ypaOig, a style). A small portion of 
skin, bone, periosteum, nerve, etc., inserted 
into or upon a raw surface or tissue deficient 
in the special structure desired. G-, 
Sponge, the insertion of antisepticised 
sponge to act as a framework for the granu- 
lations. 

Grain (granum, corn). A general name 
applied to starch-producing seeds, or those 
of the cereals. Also, any small seed. In 
pharmacy, a small pill. Also, the - 5 ^ - 
part of the Troy pound. 

Graminivorous ( gramen, grass, voro, to 
devour). Feeding upon grass. 

Gramme (jpaujua, a Greek weight). The 
weight of a cubic centimeter of distilled 
water at its maximum density. The gravi- 
metric unit of the metric system of weights 
and measures. See Metric System. 

Gram's Method. See Grain's Solution. 

Gram's Solution. A decoloring agent 
used in bacteriological studies, consisting of 
iodine I part, potassium iodide 2, water 300. 
The preparation is taken from the color- 
bath, washed and plunged into this solution 
until it takes a blackish tinge, then washed 
in alcohol until decoloration is complete. 
This process is called Gram's Method. 

Grana / tum. Pomegranate. The cortex 
of the root of Punica G. contains a liquid 
alkaloid, pelletierine. One of the most 
efficient anthelmintics against tapeworm, 
rarely failing to bring away the whole 
worm. G., Fid. Ext. Dose ^ss-jss. 
G., Decoctum, fresh bark ^xvij, water 
5 xvij, boiled to ^ xij and strained. Dose 
^iv-vj. Pelletierine Tannas, tannate 
of the alkaloid, known as a patent medi- 
cine under the name of Tanret's Pelle- 
tierine. Dose gr. ss-j, followed by a quick 
purgative. All unof. 



Grandry's Corpuscles. Occur in the 
beak and tongue of the duck and goose, in 
the epidermis of man and mammals, etc. 
They are terminations of sensory nerves, 
and are also called Tactile or Touch Cor- 
puscles of Merkel. 

Gran / ular Lids. See Trachoma. 

Granulation (dim. of granum, a grain). 
The operation of reducing coarsely crystal- 
line substances to particles of uniform size 
by solution and rapid evaporation, with 
constant stirring. Some substances, like 
ferrous sulphate, are best granulated by 
filtering a strong solution into alcohol. 

Granulations (granulum). Papilla-, or 
grain-like growths that spring up in the 
healing of wounds and ulcers. 

Gran'ule (gramilum). In anatomy, any 
small rounded grain, such as is found in 
the Malpighian bodies of the spleen. Also 
a spore or an isolated cell. In pharmacy, 
a small pill. G., Elementary, irregular 
protoplasmic bodies in blood, smaller than 
ordinary corpuscles. 

Granuk/ma (gramdum). A term used 
by Virchow to include such neoplasms as 
do not advance beyond the stage of granu- 
lation tissue. G., Fungoides. See 
Mycosis 

Gran / ulose. The starch granules or starch 
enclosed by coats of cellulose. 

Gran / um. See Grain. 

Grape Sugar. See Glucose. 

Gracing [grata). A frame or screen 
composed of bars. Also a sound produced 
by the friction of very rough surfaces 
against each other. In optics, a glass ruled 
with exceedingly fine parallel lines to pro- 
duce chromatic dispersion in the ray of 
light reflected from it. 

Grattage / (Fr.). A method of mild 
scraping or curetting the internal walls of 
the uterus by means of a brush. 

Grav / el. In surgery, a common name for 
the larger calculi or urinary concretions. 
Also, any difficult or painful micturition. 
G. Plant. See Trailing Arbutus. G. 
Root, Queen of the Meadow, the root 
of Eupatorium purpureum. Therapeutic 
properties like those of Boneset. See 
Eupatorium. 

Graves's Disease. See Goitre, Exoph- 
thalmic. 

Grav'id (gravo, to load). With child. 
Pregnant. G. Uterus, the womb during 
pregnancy or gestation. 

Gravity (gravis, heavy). The property 
of possessing weight. Also, a condition 
of serious import. G., Specific, the 



GRAY MATTER 



179 



GUANO 



measured weight of a substance com- 
pared with that of an equal volume of 
another taken as a standard. For gaseous 
fluids hydrogen is taken as the standard; 
for liquids and solids, distilled water at its 
maximum density. 

Gray Matter. See Brain. 

Great Lau'rel. The leaves of Rhododen- 
dron maximum. An expectorant. Use- 
ful in obstinate coughs. Dose of fid. ext. 
TT\v-xv. Unof. 

Green. A simple color of the spectrum. 
G. Dragon. The corm of Arum dra- 
contium. Expectorant and diaphoretic. 
Dose of fid. ext. rr\j-x. Unof. G. 
Osier, the bark of Cornus circinata. An 
astringent tonic and febrifuge. Dose of 
fid. ext. rrLxx-gj. Unof. G. Sickness. 
See Chlorosis. 

Gregarin / idae (grex, a herd). A class of 
parasitic protozoa, of extremely simple na- 
ture. 

Griff e. See Mulatto. 

Griffith's Mixture. See Ferrum. 

Griffith's Pills. See Ferrum. 

GrindeTia. The leaves and flowering top 
of G. robusta, found in California. An 
antispasmodic and motor depressant, in 
large doses producing mydriasis. Valu- 
able in asthma, bronchitis and whooping- 
cough. Dose of the fid. ext. TTlx-^j. 
G. Squarrosa, common ague weed. An 
herb popular in the western U. S. as a 
remedy for ague and malarial diseases. 
Has proved serviceable in chronic rheuma- 
tism. Dose of the fid. ext. TTlxv-xxx. 
Unof. 

Grind / ers' Asthma. A chronic affection 
of the lungs resulting from the inspiration 
of metallic or siliceous dust, accumulating 
in the lungs, and producing symptoms 
similar to those of consumption. Called 
also G. Rot and G. Disease. 

Grippe. See Influenza. 

Groin. The depression between the belly 
and the thigh. 

Groove (~D.,groof, a channel). A furrow, 
or channel. G., Dental. See Dental 
Groove. G., Infraorbital, the furrow at 
the posterior of the superior maxillary 
bone on its orbital surface, which finally 
develops into a canal of the same name. 
G., Occipital, the furrow on the inner 
surface of the temporal bone, in which 
the occipital artery lies. 

Ground Laurel. See Trailing Arbutus. 

Ground-nut Oil. Peanut Oil. A fixed 
oil expressed from the embryo of the seed, 
of the peanut, Arachis hypogcea. Resem- 



bles olive oil in general properties, for 
which it is often substituted. 

Growing Pains. A term applied to neu- 
ralgic pains of the limbs occurring during 
youth. 

Growth (Sax. growan, to increase). The 
augmentation of the body taking place 
between infancy and manhood. Also, 
the increase of any part of the body by 
addition to the number of its cellular ele- 
ments without the production of structural 
abnormality or differentiation into unlike 
tissues. 

Gru / el (dim. of grutum, meal). A decoc- 
tion of corn- or oat-meal boiled to a thick 
paste in water. 

Gru / mous. Knotted, or in granular masses. 

Gru / tum. See Milium. 

Guacha / ta. The flowers of a Mexican 
plant ; contains several bitter tonic princi- 
ples. 

Gua / co. The leaves of Mikania G., 
much used in S. America in snake-bites. 
Thought to be of value in chronic rheuma- 
tism. Dose of fid. ext. gss-j. Unof. 

Guai'acol. An active constituent of 
creasote. Has been recommended instead 
of creasote in phthisis. Doserr\J-iij. Unof. 

Guai'acum. Lignum Vitas. The heart 
of the tree, and also the oleo-resin of G. 
officinale. A prompt diaphoretic, expecto- 
rant and alterative. Efficient in tonsillitis, 
neuralgic dysmenorrhcea, amenorrhcea and 
rheumatism. Formerly much used as an 
antisyphilitic. G., Tinct., strength 20 
per cent. Dose rt\,v-gjin mucilage. 
G., Tinct. Ammoniat., has guaiac 20, 
arom. spt. ammonia 80 parts. Dose TT\,v 
- 3 ss. 

Guan / idine. A toxic derivative from 
guanine. 

Gua / nine {guano). A leucomaine dis- 
covered by Unger in 1844, as a constituent 
of guano. Since then it has been proved 
one of the decomposition -products of nu- 
clein in both animal and vegetable organ- 
isms. In the case of the lower animals it 
is evidently the end-product of katabolic 
change. Guanine and creatine appear to 
mutually replace each other — both being 
substituted guanidines. It is an interme- 
diate product in the formation of urea. It 
is non-poisonous and a muscle-stimulant. 

Gua / no (Peruv. huanu, dung). The 
excrement of sea fowl found on certain 
islands in the rainless regions of the Pa- 
cific Ocean. Consists essentially of alka- 
line urates and phosphates. Used exter- 
nally in certain skin diseases. 



GUARANA 



180 



GYRI 



Guara'na. A dried paste prepared from 
the seeds of Paullinia sorbilis, found in 
Brazil. Contains an alkaloid, guaranine, 
identical with caffeine. Employed chiefly 
in nervous sick headache. Commercial 
preparations not always trustworthy. Dose 
of the fid. ext. Tt^ x-^ij. 

Gubernac / ulum Testis (Lat.). The 
conical-shaped cord attached above the 
lower end of the epidydimis and governing 
the descent of the testes in foetal growth. 

Gubler's Tumor. A prominence over 
the carpus of the dorsum of the hand in 
chronic wrist-drop from lead-poisoning. 

Guillotine. A surgical instrument for 
excision of the tonsils or growths in the 
larynx, etc. 

Guin / ea Worm. A nematode worm of 
tropical countries, that in the human tis- 
sues in which it burrows may develop to a 
length of several feet, producing inflamma- 
tory ulceration, unless removed. 

Gul'let. See (Esophagus. 

Gum. A name loosely applied to con- 
creted juices of plants. Chemically, a 
substance yielding mucic acid when treated 
with nitric acid. See, also, Gums. 

Gum Arabic. See Acacia. 

Gum -boil. Abscess of the jaw. 

Gum Dammar. The resin of a species 
of pine, Dammara orientalis, native to the 
East Indies. An ethereal solution is 
used by microscopists as a mounting fluid. 

GunVma (Fr. Gomme). Gum-like tumors, 
resulting from a peculiar caseation of terti- 
ary syphilitic inflammatory deposit. 

Gums. See Gingiva. 

Gun Cotton. See Pyroxylin. 

Gurgling Sound. The peculiar sound 
caused by air passing through a liquid. It 
is heard in breathing, when the bronchi 
or pulmonary cavities contain a fluid sub- 
stance. 

Gur'jun Bal'sam. Balsamum Diptero- 
carpus, Wood Oil. An oleo-resin obtained 
from several species of Diptocarpus, a tree 
native to Southern Asia. Similar to Copaiba 
in therapeutic effects. Dose TTLx-^ij, in 
emulsion. Unof. 

Gus / tatory [gusto, taste). Pertaining to 
the special sense of taste and its organs. 

Gut. A common name for intestine. 

Gufta (Lat.). A drop. Also, freely used 

as a minim or sixtieth part of a fluid 
drachm. G. Nigra, or Black Drop, a 

dilute acetic acid containing saffron, and 

flavored with sugar and nutmeg. Unof. 
G. Rosacea. See Acne. G. Serena, 

a synonym of Amaurosis. 



Gut'ta Per'cha. The elastic gum exud- 
ing from Isonandra gutta, a tree growing 
in the East Indies ; the best solvents are 
chloroform, oil of turpentine and carbon 
disulphide. G. P. Liq., a solution in 91 
parts of commercial chloroform with 9 
parts lead carbonate. For protective appli- 
cation to slight wounds and eruptions. See, 
also, Traumaticine. 
Gutta / tim (gutta). A pharmaceutical 

term signifying drop by drop. 
Guftur (guttur, the throat). The throat 
with reference to the trachea. 
Guttural (guttur). Pertaining to the 
throat. 

Gut'turo-tet'any (guttur, tetany). A 
form of stuttering in which the pronuncia- 
tion of such sounds as g, k, q, is difficult. 
Gymna / sium (yvfivog, naked). A place 
designed and fitted with appliances for the 
systematic exercise of the muscles and 
other organs of the body. Also, in Ger- 
many, a high school. 
Gymnast/ic (yv/uvoc). Pertaining to the 
science of preserving health by bodily ex- 
ercise. 

Gymnastics (yv/uvoc). The science of 
preserving (and formerly of restoring), 
health by bodily exercise. G., Medical, 
any physical exercise designed to restore 
or promote health. G., Ocular, regular 
muscular exercise of the eye, to overcome 
muscular insufficiency of the eye. G., 
Swedish, a system of exercises to restore 
paretic muscles. 
Gynaecology (yvvrj, a woman, loyog). A 

A treatise on the diseases of woman. 
GynaecomastTa (ywrj, /uaarog, a breast). 
A term used to denote the excessive devel- 
opment of the breasts of a man, either with 
or without atrophy of the testicles. 
Gynan'dria (ywij, avrjp, a man). The 
same as Hermaphroditism. 
Gynatresia (ywrj, a, without, rt-p-npu, to 
perforate). The obliteration or imperfora- 
tion of the vagina. 

GynoplastTc (yvv7j,Tr?MGTiKog, suitable for 
moulding). Pertaining to the closing of 
unnatural openings, or the dilatation of 
contracted, narrow openings in the female 
organs of generation. 
Gyp / sum (yvipog, lime). Native calcium 

sulphate. See Calcium. 
Gyra / tion (gyro, to turn or whirl). A 
turning in a circle. Also, giddiness. 
Gy / ri (pi. of gyrus, a circuit). A name 
applied to the spiral-shaped cavities of the 
internal ear, and also to the convolutions 
of the brain. 



GYRUS 



181 



HEMATIC 



Gy'rus {gyrus, a circle). A term applied 
to the convolutions of the brain. Also, the 
winding of the cochlea. G., Angular, 
the posterior division of the lower parietal 
lobule of the brain. G., Annectant, the 
first and second external occipital gyri. 
G., Ascending Frontal, the anterior 
central gyrus. G., Ascending Parietal, 
the posterior central gyrus. G., Anterior 
Central, the convolution bounding an- 
teriorly the fissure of Rolando, extending 
from behind that fissure backward to the 
margin of the great longitudinal fissure of 
the brain. G., Posterior Central, the 
convolution bounding posteriorly the fissure 
of Rolando, joining the anterior central 
gyrus at the upper and lower ends. G., 
Cuneus, the small convolution joining 



the posterior end of the gyrus fornicatus 
with the apex of the cuneus. G., Den- 
tate, a small notched convolution of giay 
matter in the hippocampal fissure. G., 
Frontal Inferior, a convolution of the 
frontal lobe of the brain, called also the 
third frontal convolution. G. Hippo- 
campi, the convolution at the inferior 
median edge of the upper lobe of the 
brain. G., Marginal, the convolution on 
the inner surface of the great longitudinal 
fissure of the cerebrum. G., Occipital, 
a name given to several convolutions, one 
of which, the G. Occipital Primus, or 
first annectant of Huxley, connects the 
parietal and occipital lobes. G., Tem- 
poral, a convolution on the under surface 
of the temporal lobe. 



H 



H. Abbreviation of hypermetropia. In 
chemistry, the symbol of hydrogen. In 
pharmacy, the abbreviation of haustus, a 
draught. 

Haben / ula {kabena, a rein). A ribbon-like 
structure. In anatomy, the superficial gray 
nucleus of the optic thalamus in front, 
and superior to the posterior commissure. 

Hab / it {kabeo, to have). That condition 
or quality that one naturally possesses, or 
that may be acquired. The tendency to 
repeat an action or condition. In biology, 
the appearance and mode of living of an 
organized being. 

Habitat {habito, to dwell). The natural 
locality, or geographical range of an ani- 
mal or plant. 

Habitation {habito). A dwelling place. 
The natural locality of an animal or a 
plant. 

Hab / itus {habeo, to have). A habit. 

Hae / ma- {aifia, blood). A Greek prefix 
signifying blood. 

Haemacy / anin {atjua, Kvavog, blue). A 
blue coloring matter found in the blood 
and the bile. 

HaemacytonVeter. See Hcemocytometer. 

Haemadynamom'eter. See Hcemodyna- 
mometer. 



Hae / magogue {aifza, ayo, to expel). A 
remedy or agent that excites or increases 
menstrual discharge. 

Hae / mal {ai/ua). Pertaining to the blood 
or vascular system. 

Haemalo / pia {ac/ua, oip, the eye). Effu- 
sion of blood in the eye. Erythropsia. 

Haemarthro / sis {a//ua, apduaig, a joint). 
Effusion of blood into a joint. 

Haemastat / ics {ac/xa, craTitcog, standing). 
That branch of physiology treating of the 
laws of the equilibrium of the blood. 

Haemastheno / sis {at/xa, aadevia, weak- 
ness). A weakening or deterioration of 
the blood. 

Haematachom'eter. See H<zniotacho77i- 
eter. 

Haematangio / sis {cu/ia, ayyecov, a blood 
vessel. Any disease of the blood vessels. 

Haemateme'sis {ai/ua, Ejieu, to vomit). 
Vomiting of blood, from any cause. 

Haematenceph'alon {ai/ua, eyne(pa/\ov, the 
brain). A haemorrhage or bleeding within 
the brain. 

Haematherm / ous {a^ua, Oep/nrj, heat). 
Having warm blood. 

Haemat / ic {ai/ua). Bloody. Pertaining 
to, full of, or having the color of blood. 
Also a tonic to the blood. 



H.EMATIDROSIS 



182 



KLEMATOSPONGUS 



Haematidro'sis (aiua, iSpuaig, sweat). 
Bloody sweat. Ephidrosis cruenta. A 
sanguineous perspiration of the sweat glands 
caused by the extravasation of blood into 
the coils and ducts, whence it is carried to 
the surface mixed with sweat. 

Hae'matin [aifia). An amorphous prin- 
ciple of the blood with steel-black metal- 
lic luster. It is insoluble in water, alco- 
hol, or ether, but dissolves freely in dilute 
acids and alkaline solutions. Should not 
be confounded with hematin, a synonym 
of hematoxylin. 

Haemato- (aiua). A Greek prefix signi- 
fying blood. 

Hae / matoblasts (aijxa, fiAaoTog, a cell). 
Hayenrs term for blood-plates. 

Hae / matocele (aifia, kt/?,?], a tumor). A 
tumor formed by the extravasation and 
collection of blood in a part. 

Haematocepb/alus (aifia, k.e$oat], the 
head). An effusion of blood, or a san- 
guineous tumor of the brain. Also, a 
monstrosity characterized by the effusion of 
blood into the cerebral hemispheres. Also, 
a vascular tumor that is sometimes ob- 
served in the pia mater of anencephalic 
monstrosities. 

Haematocol'pos (aifia, /co/tiroc, the vagina). 
Haemorrhage into the vagina. Also a 
collection of menstrual discharges within 
the vagina. 

Hae / matocyst (aijia, Kvang, a bladder). 
A cyst containing blood. Also an effusion 
of blood into the bladder. 

Haemato / des. See Hematomyces. 

Haematogen / ic (aifia, yeveaig, birth or 
origin). Pertaining to the formation of 
blood. 

Haematog'enous (aijua, yevog, a kind). 
Derived from, or having its origin in, the 
blood. 

Haematoglobin. See Hemoglobin. 

Haematohidro / sis. See Hematidrosis. 

Haematoid / in (ai/ua, eidog, resemblance). 
A derivative of haemoglobin, probably 
identical with the bile-pigment, bilirubin. 

Haematol'ogy (aiixa, faryog, a treatise). A 
treatise on the blood, its nature and func- 
tions. 

Haematol'ysis (aiua, Ivoig, a solution). A 
solution, or an imperfect coagulation of the 
blood. 

Haemato / ma (cu/na, u/ua, tumor). A tu- 
mor, fungus, or swelling containing blood. 
H. Auris, an effusion of blood or serum 
between the cartilage of the ear and its 
covering, occurring in various forms of 
insanity. H. of Dura Mater, an effusion 



under the dura mater, consisting of flattened 
sacs containing blood. 

Haematom / eter. See Hemodynamometer. 

Haematome / tra (ai/ua, p.v~pa, the womb). 
Haemorrhage in the womb. Also, a collec- 
tion or distention of the uterine cavity 
with menstrual discharge, due to obstruc- 
tion. 

Haematomphal'ocele '(ai/xa, ouoa7x>g, the 
navel, Krf/.rj, a tumor). A tumor or a her- 
nia at the navel distended with blood. 

Haematom / yces (aiua, ftvuqg, a fungus). 
A haematoid variety of encephaloid cancer. 
Called, also, Fungus nematodes. 

Haematomye / lia (aiua, uve/.og, marrow). 
Haemorrhage into the spinal cord. The 
symptoms van- with the seat, but paralyses, 
vasomotor and trophic changes, loss of 
sensation, etc., are common. 

Haematomyeli'tis (aifia, juve?Mg, nig, in- 
flammation). An acute myelitis in which 
there is paralysis arising from effusion of 
blood into the spinal cord. 

Haematopericar / dium [aiua, Trepinapdiov, 
the pericardium). An effusion of blood 
into the pericardium, due to rupture or 
perforation of the walls of the heart. 

Haematopb/agous (aiua, oayu, to eat). 
Blood-eating ; pertaining to insects such as 
the gnat, mosquito, etc., that suck the blood. 

Haematoplast'ic (aiua } tt/xlotihoc, plastic). 
Blood-forming. 

Haematopoie'sis (aiua. ttoiecj, to make). 
Blood-making. See, also, Hematosis. 

Haematopor / phyTin (aiua, -opovpog, pur- 
ple). Iron-free haematin, a decomposition 
product of haemoglobin. 

Haematops'ia (ai/ua, uib, the eye). An 
extravasation of blood in the subconjuncti- 
val tissues of the eye. Bloodshot. 

Haemator / rhachis (aijua, 'pa%ig, the spine). 
Spinal haemorrhage. 

Haematorrhce / a (aiua, pea, to flow). A 
passive flow or discharge of blood. A 
haemorrhage. 

Haematosal'pinx (aiua, aa/~iyS, a trum- 
pet). A distention or obstruction of the 
Fallopian tubes with blood. 

Haematos / cheocele (aijua, ooxeov, the 
scrotum, Krf/.ri, a tumor). A tumor or dis- 
tention of the scrotum with blood. 

Haematos / copy (aiua, ckottecj, to see.) 
Examination of the blood and blood-discs. 

Haematosep / sis. See Septicemia. 

Haem / atosine. See Hematin. 

Haemato / sis (aiuarnu, to make bloodyV 
The process of the formation of blood and 
the development of blood corpuscles. 

Haematospon'gus. See Hematomyces. 



H^EMATOXIC 



183 



HEMORRHAGE 



Haematox'ic (aifia, rot-mov, a poison). 
Pertaining to a poisoned or impure con- 
dition of the blood. 

Haematox / ylon. Logwood. The heart 
of H. campechianutn. Occurs in dark 
brown raspings or coarse powder. Con- 
tains tannic acid and a coloring principle, 
hematoxylin, that becomes grayish - red 
by the action of light. A mild astringent. 
H. Ext. Dose gr. v-xx. H. Decoc- 
tum, strength I to 17. Dose Jj-ij. Unof. 

Haematozo / on (aifia, £oov, an animal). 
Any living organism or animal in the 
blood. 

Haematu / ria (aifia, ovpov, urine). Blood 
in the urine. Called, also, hcematuresis. 
It is due to injury, local disease, general 
disorder, or the presence of entozoa. 

Haemautog / raphy (aifia, avrog, self, 
ypatyu, to write). The tracing of the pulse- 
curve by the jet of blood from a divided 
artery caught upon paper drawn in front 
of it. 

Haemid'rosis. See Hcemathidrosis. 

Hse / min. Chloride of haematin. A doubly 
refractive pleochromatic crystalline sub- 
stance derived from blood. H. Test (for 
blood in urine) ; from the colored earthy 
phosphates haemin may be extracted in 
several ways. 

Haemochro'mogen (aifia, ^pw//a, color, 
yevvau, to beget). A reduced alkali-hae- 
matin. 

Haemocryst / alline. See Hcemoglobin. 

Haemocy / anin. A substance correspond- 
ing to hemoglobin, found in the plasma 
of invertebrata. 

Hae'mocyte (aifia, nvroq, cell). A gene- 
ral term for the corpuscles of the blood. 

Haemocytol'ysis (aifia, nvrog, "Xvu, to un- 
loose). The dissolution of blood cor- 
puscles under heat. 

HaemocytonVeter (aifia, nvrog, a cell, 
fierpov, a measure). A device for esti- 
mating the relative number of corpuscles 
in the blood. 

Haemocytotryp'sis (aifia, tcvrog, cell, 
rpeiflo, to rub). The breaking up of blood 
corpuscles under strong pressure. 

Haemodromom'eter (aifia, dpofioq, speed, 
fierpov, a measure). An instrument for 
measuring the rate of the flow of blood 
in the blood-vessels. 

Haemodynamom / eter (aifia, dvvafiiq, 
strength, fierpov, a measure). A con- 
trivance for measuring the tension or pres- 
sure of blood against the walls of the 
arteries. Careful experiments show that 
in man, the pressure of blood in the 



carotid artery is about that of six inches of 
mercury. 

Haemoglobin (aifia, globus, a round 
body). Haematoglobin, Haemocrystalline. 
A doubly-refractive, pleochromatic colloid 
or crystalline matter existing in the cor- 
puscles of the blood, to which the red 
color of the latter is due. In man the 
amount is 13.77 per cent., in woman 12.59 
per cent., reduced by pregnancy to 9 to 12 
per cent. 

Haemoglobinom'eter (hce?noglobin, fier- 
pov, a measure). An instrument for the 
quantitative estimation of haemoglobin by 
comparing the color of a solution of an un- 
known with that of a known strength. 

Haemoglobinu / ria (hcEmoglobin, ovpov, 
the urine). The presence of haemoglobin, 
red coloring matter of the blood, in the 
urine, due to its solution from the red 
corpuscles and subsequent transmission to 
the urine. It occurs after transfusion of 
blood, during certain stages of septicaemia, 
and after severe burns. It is not attended 
with the presence of any structures of the 
blood in the urine, thus differing from hcema- 
turia. H. Test: to a suspected sample 
add a drop of acetic acid and boil ; a red 
coagulum indicates haemoglobin. See, also, 
Almerfs Test, Heemin and Heller. 

HaenVoid (aifia, the blood, eidoc, likeness). 
Having the appearance of or resembling 
blood. 

Haemom / eter. See H<zmodynamometer. 

Haemome / tra (aifia, firf-pa, the womb). 
The retention of menstrual discharge in the 
womb or uterine cavity owing to obstruc- 
tion. 

Haemophilia (aifia, §ikia, love of). An 
abnormal tendency to haemorrhage, or ease 
of bleeding. 

Haemophthal'mia (aifia, ocpdalfiog, the 
eye). A haemorrhage into the interior of 
the eye. It may arise from contusion, from 
iridectomy, or by rupture of a vessel. 

Haemopneumotho / rax (aifia, rrvevfia, 
wind, dupat;, the chest). An effusion of 
air and blood within the pleura. 

Haemoptysis (aifia, rrrvu, to spit). The 
spitting of blood. 

Haemorrhage (atua, prjyvvfii, to burst 
forth). The flowing of blood from wounded 
or broken vessels. H., Accidental, from 
premature detachment of the placenta when 
normally placed. H., Capillary, oozing 
of blood from a wound without a flow from 
large vessels. H., Collateral, in acute 
inflammations. H., Complementary, 
succeeding to another haemorrhage that has 



HEMORRHOIDS 



184 



HANGING 



been cut short. H., Consecutive, ensu- 
ing some time after injury. H., Critical, 
occurring at the turning point of some other 
disease. H., Post-partum, primary, 
within 24 hours after labor; secondary, 
after 24 hours. H., Unavoidable, from 
detachment of a placenta praevia. H., 
Vicarious, abnormal discharge of blood 
from some other part of the body than the 
vagina, and occurring in suppression of the 
menses. 

HaenVorrhoids {Jicemorrhois,^t%). Piles. 
An anal disease consisting of inflammatory 
swellings of the tissues about the anus, 
sometimes with eversion of the rectal mu- 
cous membrane. H., External, situated 
without the sphincter ani. H., Internal, 
within the anal orifice. 

Haemostat/ic [aijia, CTariiioc, stationary). 
Having the property to arrest haemorrhage. 
Also, an agent or remedy that arrests or 
restrains bleeding. 

HaemotachonVeter (aifia, razor, swift- 
ness, fiETpov, a measure). An instrument 
for measuring the rate of flow of arterial 
blood. 

Haemothor / ax (ai/ia, dopat;). The empty- 
ing of a wounded or ruptured vessel within 
the thoracic cavity. 

Hae / ser's Formula. See Christison) s 
Formula. 

Haid / inger's Brushes. A visual phe- 
nomenon seen upon directing the eye to- 
ward a source of polarized light, due to the 
double-refractive character of the elements 
of the macula. 

Hair. The hirsute appendage of the skin. 
Each hair consists of a bulb and a shaft. 
The former is situated in the true skin, but 
is enveloped in a sheath of epidermis. 

Hair-cap Moss. Robin's Rye. The 
leaves and stems of Polytrichum juni- 

perum. A powerful diuretic. Dose of 
the decoction ad lib. ; of the fid. ext. Z j-ij. 
Unof. 

Half'-breed. A popular term applied to 
offspring whose parents belong to different 
races. 

Halister / isis. The loss by fully formed 
bones of ^ to ^ their lime-salts, resulting 
in osteomalacia. 

Ha / litus (Lat., a vapor). A vapor. Also, 
expired breath. H. Oris Fcetidus, tainted 
or foul breath. H. Sanguinis, the cha- 
racteristic smell of the blood, peculiar to 
each kind of animal. 

Hallucination {allucinor, to wander in 
mind). The highest degree of subjective 
sensation, dependent alone upon patholo- 



gical stimulation of the sensory cortical 
centers. (Illusion is where sensations are 
modified and mistaken by the sensorium.) 

Hallux, or HalTus [hallux). The great 
toe. The great toe when overriding the 
second toe. H. Valgus, displacement of 
the great toe outward, or its contraction. 

Ha'lo (&/mc } a threshing floor). The 
brownish circle about the female nipple, 
called also the areola ; the luminous or 
colored circles seen by the patient about 
light in glaucoma. 

HaTogen (d/.g, a salt, yevvau, to produce). 
A term formerly applied to chlorine, bro- 
mine and iodine, as acid elements, other 
than oxygen, that formed salts when com- 
bined with bases. 

HaToid (dZc, etdog, likeness). A term 
sometimes applied to the chlorine, bromine 
and iodine salts of the various bases. 

Ham (Sax. hamm). That part of the leg 
between the knee and hip joints. 

HamameTis. Witch Hazel. The leaves 
of H. virginica. Properties not fully 
known. Thought to be tonic, styptic and. 
sedative. Appears to affect circulation 
in a manner similar to aconite. Highly 
recommended as a haemostatic. A prep- 
aration of this drug is sold under the 
name of Pond's Extract. H., Fid. Ext. 
Dose TT\J-3J. Hamamelin, unof., an 
extract of uncertain composition. Dose 

gr- J— ij- 

Ham / mer, Thermal. Same as Cautery, 
button. 

Ham / mer-toe. A distortion of the second 
toe, in which it is bent upward. 

Ham / mock (Span, hamacd). A couch or 
bed made of netting or canvas, suspended 
at the ends. Much used aboard vessels 
and in tropical regions. 

Ham' string. The tendons of the posterior 
muscles of the thigh. Also, to cripple by 
cutting the tendons of the muscles of the 
thigh. H., Inner, the tendons of the 
semimembranosus,' sartorius, and semiten- 
dinosus muscles. H., Outer, the tendons 
of the biceps flexor cruris. 

HanVular [hamus, a hook). Pertaining 
to or shaped like a hook. 

Hand (Sax.). The organ of prehension 
in bimana and quadrumana, composed of 
the carpus, the palm and the fingers. 

Hanging. Death by suspension of the body 
from the neck, by a rope provided with 
a slip noose. The immediate cause of death 
may be asphyxia, cerebral hemorrhage 
(from strangulation), or dislocation or 
fracture of the cervical vertebrae. 



HANGNAIL 



185 



HEARING 



Hang / nail (Sax. angncegl, a sore by the 
nail). A partly detached piece of epi- 
dermis at the root of the nail, the friction 
against which has caused inflammation of 
the abraded surface. 

Haphemet'ric. See yEsthesiometer. 

Hap / loscope (d7rAooc, single, okotteg), to 
see). An instrument for measuring the 
visual axes. 

Hard / hack. The leaves and twigs of 
Spircea tomentosa. Astringent and tonic. 
A popular New England remedy in diar- 
rhoea and cholera infantum. Dose gr. 
v-xv, in decoction, — of fid. ext. ^ss-j. 
Unof. 

Hare / lip [/tare, lip). Congenital fissure 
of the lip. H., Complicated, with cleft 
or malformation of the bone also. H., 
Double, two clefts of the lip, or one of 
each lip. Twisted or Harelip Suture, 
figuge-of-8 suture about a pin thrust through 
the lips of freshened edges of the cleft. 

Harrison's Groove. A depression, later- 
ally, from the xiphoid cartilage in persons 
with chronic difficulty of breathing. 

Harts / horn. A name popularly given to 
ammonium hydrate. See Ammonium. 

Harvest Bug. See Leptus Autumnalis. 

Hascb/isch. See Cannabis. 

Has / sall's Corpuscles. Concentric, gran- 
ular, nuclear, endothelial cells in the me- 
dulla of the thymus. 

Hatters' Disease. A form of constitu- 
tional mercurial poisoning. Also a skin 
disease arising from the use of mercury and 
arsenic. Also an acute irritation of the 
respiratory tract caused by the fumes of 
nitrogen tetroxide; all these chemicals 
being used in hat-making. 

Haunch (Fr. hanche). The part of the 
body including the hips and buttocks. 

Haust'us (haurio, to pour out). In phar- 
macy, a draught. A portion of medicine 
in the form of a draught. 

Haut Mai. See Epilepsy. 

Haversian Canal. See Bone. 

Hawk'ing. Clearing the throat by a pe- 
culiar expiratory current of air. 

Hay Asth / ma. See Hay Fever. 

Hay / craft's Method. See Uric Acid. 

Hay'den's Viburnum Compound. See 
Viburnum. 

Hay Fever. A disease of the mucous 
membranes of the nasal and respiratory 
passages, also at times involving the con- 
junctiva and eyeball. It is marked by 
catarrhal inflammation, coryza and abun- 
dant lachrymation. It is thought to be 
due to the pollen of the grains and other 



grasses. It is also attributed to the influ- 
ence of microbes that float in the air. 

Hay's Reaction. See Strassburg 's Test. 

Hay's Test. For the presence of bile- 
acids, that lower the surface-tension of 
fluids in which they are dissolved. Throw 
a small quantity of sulphur on the surface 
of the fluid containing bile-acids, and the 
sulphur will sink and be precipitated in a 
few minutes. 

Head (Sax. heafod). The anterior or 
upper part of the body. That part of 
the body containing the brain or central 
nerve-system. Also, the upper end of a 
long bone, as, the femur. 

Head / ache. Any pain in the head, gen- 
eral or local, arising from any cause what- 
ever. According to Hughlings-Jackson, 
frontal headaches,' such as "sick" and 
"bilious" headaches, are due to disorders 
of the digestive system; headache at the 
vertex, to cerebral troubles ; and occipital 
headache, to anaemia. Eye-strain is a fre- 
quent source of headache, especially of the 
frontal region. 

Head / -breeze, Electro-therapeu / tic. A 
device for general static cephalic electriza : 
tion by a head-plate with numerous in- 
sulated pencils for subdividing and accu- 
mulating strong currents, and giving more 
gradual effects. See Static Breeze. 

Head / -fold. An inflection or tucking-in 
of the layers in front and beneath the head 
of the embryo. 

Head / -gut. See Fore-gut. 

Head / -locking. A term in obstetrics de- 
noting the entanglement of the heads of 
twins at the time of birth. 

Heal'ing (Sax. hcelan). Union and cica- 
trization of a wound. Applied generally 
to the cure of disease. H. by First In- 
tention, without the granulating process. 
H. by Second Intention, by the inter- 
mediation of granulations. H. by Third 
Intention, the direct union of two already 
granulating surfaces. 

Health (Sax. hceltJi). That condition of 
the body and its organs necessary to the 
proper performance of their normal func- 
tions. A hale, or whole condition of 
body. 

Hearing (Sax. hyran). The special sense 
by which the sonorous vibrations of the 
air are communicated to the mind. The 
cerebral center is excited by the vibration 
of the fluid contents of the labyrinth, or 
terminal organs of the auditoiy nerve. 
Sound is composed of three factors, pitch, 
intensity and timbre. The first depends 



HEART 



186 



HELLEBORE 



upon the number of the aerial vibrations ; 
the second upon their amplitude ; the third 
upon their form. 

Heart. The organ giving the initiative 
and chief impulse to the circulation of the 
blood. It is enveloped by a membranous 
tissue called- the pericardium. Consists 
essentially of four cavities, a right auricle 
and ventricle, and a left auricle and ven- 
tricle. H., Dilatation of, the abnormal 
increase in size of any or all of the cavities 
of the heart. H., Hypertrophy of, an 
abnormal increase of the muscular tissue 
of the heart. H., Sounds of, the sounds 
observed in the auscultation of the heart, 
occurring synchronously with the con- 
traction and the closure of the valves, etc. 
H., Valves of. See Valve. 

He art 7 burn. A burning feeling at the 
stomach and lower part of the chest, caused 
by the acetic or putrefactive fermentation 
of the food. 

Heat. A mode or rate of vibration of 
ethereal or physical wave-motion. Within 
certain limits of intensity it is essential to 
the development of all organized beings ; 
above a certain degree, destructive to all 
organization and life. As regards the 
body, a temperature above 98. 6° F. Also, 
in physiology, the period of sexual excite- 
ment in the females of many animals. 
H., Animal, the heat generated within 
the bodies of living animals by the libera- 
tion of the latent heat contained in the 
food. H., Latent, physiologically the 
potential energy existing in a complex 
proteid molecule, and which is liberated 
by the simplification of the latter, or the 
katabolic processes of the organism. H., 
Prickly. See Urticaria. H., Specific. 
See Specific. H. Stroke, a nervous 
affection characterized by sudden syn- 
cope, enfeebled circulation and respira- 
tion, caused by exposure to intense heat. 
Called also Stmstroke. 

Hebephrenia ('r/.3?i, puberty, <ppvv, the 
mind). A special form of mental de- 
rangement occurring in young persons of 
both sexes at or soon after the age of 
puberty. 

Heb'etude (hebeto, to be blunt). Dull- 
ness of the senses and intellect. A term 
applied to the state of partial stupor in 
affections of the brain. 

Hec / tic {ektlkoc-, habitual or consumptive). 
Habitual. A word now commonly used 
in connection with certain constant symp- 
toms of phthisis, as H. Fever, the febrile 
symptoms concurrent with pulmonary con- 



sumption. H. Flush, the flushed cheek 
accompanying pulmonary consumption. 
H. Spot, same as H. Flush. 

Hectogramme [enarov, one hundred, 
gramme). One hundred grammes. 

Hectolitre {enarov, liter). One hundred 
liters. 

Hectometre (ekcitov, meter). One hun- 
dred meters. 

Hedeo / ma. Pennyroyal. The leaves and 
tops of H. pulegioides, distinguished by 
their aroma. Properties due to a volatile 
oil. Stimulant and carminative. Has 
some value as an emmenagogue. Useful in 
flatulent colic of children. Odor ex- 
tremely repulsive to fleas and mosquitoes. 
H. Ol., the volatile oil. Dose n\ij-x. 
H. Spf., unof., 10 per cent, of the oil in 
alcohol. 

Hed / rocele (edpa, the anus, Krf>-jq a tumor). 
A hernia in which the part protrudes 
through the notch of the ischium. Also, 
prolapsus of the anus. 

Heel (Sax. hela). The hinder part of the 
foot. 

Helco / sis (e/.nuGig, ulceration). The for- 
mation and development of an ulcer. 

Hel'coid (e/.Kog, an ulcer). Resembling 
an ulcer. 

Hel'enin. See Inula. 

HelianthelTa. The root of H. tenuifolia. 
Aromatic, expectorant, antispasmodic, and 
in large doses emetic. Of reputed service 
in pulmonary complaints. Dose of the 
fid. ext. ttiv-xxx. Unof. 

Helianth / emum. Frostwort, Rock Rose. 
The herb H. canadense. Astringent, aro- 
matic, tonic and alterative. Useful in 
diarrhoea, scrofula and secondary syphilis. 
Dose of fld. ext. rr\v-xx. Unof. 

HeLicine (e/.it;, a spiral). Tortile, or 
spiral in structure. H. Arteries, arteries 
proceeding from the profunda? penis 
tranches of the pudic, and from the dorsal 
arteries of the penis. 

Heli / coid {e/ug). Having a structure with 
spirally arranged parts. 

Helicotre / ma. The opening connecting 
the scales tympani and vestibuli of the 
spiral canal of the cochlea. 

Heliother / aphy ('r//.ioc, the sun, 6epa~eia, 
treatment). The treatment of disease by 
exposure of the body to sunlight. Sun- 
bathing. 

Heliotro'pin. See Piper. 

He'lix (i/.i^, a coil). The margin of the 
external ear. 

HePlebore, or Helleb / orus. The root of 
H. niger, black hellebore. Properties due 



HELLEBOREINE 



187 



HEMIEPILEPSY 



to two glucosides, helleborin and helle- 
boreln. A drastic hydragogue cathartic, 
and emmenagogue. Formerly a popular 
remedy in insanity, dropsy, and amenor- 
rhcea. Helleborein is sometimes used in 
cardiac affections as a substitute for digi- 
talis, its action being obtained by smaller 
doses. and less irritation. H. Nigri., Ext. 
Unof. Dose gr. j-x, cautiously. H. 
Nigri., Ext. Fid. Unof. Dose nyj-xv. 
Helleborin. Unof. Poisonous, insoluble 
in water. Helleborein. Unof. Very 
soluble in water. Dose gr. jg- tV 

Hellebore / ine. See Hellebore. 

Heller's Blood-test. A test for blood in 
urine : Add to urine half its volume of 
solution of caustic potash and heat gently. 
The earthy phosphates are precipitated and 
carry the haematin with them, falling as 
garnet-red flocculi. 

Heller's Test (for albumin in urine). 
Pour down the side of the test-glass con- 
taining the urine, pure nitric acid. A 
white zone of coagulated albumin between 
the acid and urine indicates the presence 
of albumin. (See, also, Roberts 1 Reagent). 

Helminth / agogue. See Anthelmintic. 

Helminthiasis (elfuvg, a worm). A con- 
dition marked by the presence of parasites 
in the body, especially of intestinal worms. 
Also, disorders or lesions caused by worms. 

Helminthics. See Anthelmintics. 

HelminthoFogy (eA/uivg, loyog, a treatise). 
A treatise on worms, especially those para- 
sitic upon the body. 

Helmintb/ous (elfiiv). Wormy. 

Hek/des (e?iog, a swamp). Swampy, or 
marshy. Also, a fever attended by profuse 
sweating. Also, marsh fever. 

He / ma-. See Hamato-. 

Hem / atin. A synonym for hematoxylin. 
See Hczmatoxylon. 

Hemeralo / pia {'yj/nepa, day, uip, the eye). 
Night-blindness, a symptom of several dis- 
eases of the eye, of failure of general nutri- 
tion, etc. Vision is good in day or strong 
light, but fails at night. An unfortunate dif- 
ference of definition prevails in reference to 
this word and Nyctalopia. Sometimes it is 
defined as a condition the reverse of that 
given above. 

Hemi- ('vfii, half). A Greek prefix, mean- 
ing one -half. In anatomy and physiology 
it is applied to one of the two lateral 
halves of the body. 

Hemiachromatops / ia {'Tj/uiavg, ^pw/za, 
color, oi/>«c, sight). Defective, or absent 
color vision in corresponding halves of the 
field of vision. 



Hemi-albumin. See Anti-albumin. 

Hemialbu'minose. The same as Hemi- 
albumose. 

HemiaFbumose. See Peptones. 

Hemianaesthe / sia ('ijfit, avaiad^aca, want 
of feeling). Partial or complete loss of 
the sense of feeling in a lateral half of 
the body. 

Hemiano / pia. See Hemianopsia. 

Hemianopsia ('y/ui, half, av neg, oipig, 
sight). Blindness of one-half of the visual 
field. It may be bilateral (binocular) or 
monolateral (monocular or uniocular), ac- 
cording as it affects one or both eyes. H., 
Binasal, due to anaesthesia of the tem- 
poral halves of the retina, the nasal fields 
thereby becoming invisible. H., Bitem- 
poral, the reverse of the last. H., 
Crossed or Heteronymous, a general 
term for either binasal or bitemporal H. 
H., Homonymous, the most common 
form, affecting the inner half of one field 
and the outer of the other. H., Inferior 
and Superior, the upper or lower halves 
of the retina are insensitive. 

Hemiatax / ia ('tjjui, ara^ia, disordered 
movement). Inability to produce orderly 
or systematic movements on one side of 
the body. 

Hemiatheto / sis ('v^, aderog, without fixed 
position). A term for athetosis or invol- 
untary rhythmic movements of one side of 
the body only. 

Hemiatrophy ('fjfj-i, arpofpia, lack of nour- 
ishment). Imperfect or impaired nutrition 
confined to one side of the body. 

Hemiceph'alus ('v/ii, Ke^ahj). A name 
applied to a monster foetus in which the 
cerebral hemispheres and skull are absent 
or undeveloped. See Anencephalus. 

Hemichore / a ('vfu, x°P eia > a convulsive 
twitching). A form of chorea in which 
the convulsive movements are confined to 
one side of the body only. 

Hemicra / nia ('?///£, Kpaviov, head). Neu- 
ralgia or headache of one-half of the head. 

Hemidiaphore / sis (77/^, duKpoprjag, sweat- 
ing). Sweating of one lateral half of the 
body only. 

Hemidysaesthe / sia ('tffu, dug, difficult, 
aiadf/aig, sensation). Enfeebled or dulled 
sensation in a lateral half of the body, or 
in half of one of the organs of sense. 

Hemienceph'alus {'tj/ui, evuetyaAog). A 
monstrosity without organs of sense, but 
possessing otherwise a nearly normal 
brain. 

HemiepTlepsy ('r/fii, eTufyipia, epilepsy). 
A form of epilepsy in which the con- 



HEMIHIDROSIS 



188 



HEPATOGRAPHY 



vulsions are confined to one lateral half of 
the body. 

Hemihidrosis ('?/,ut, Id pug, sweat). The 
same as hemidiaphoresis. 

Hemim'elus ('///«, ^e/loc, limb). An ectro- 
melic monstrosity with deficient or atro- 
phied forearms, legs, feet and hands, with 
normal arms and thighs. 

Hemiop / ia (V//zj, coijj, eye). The older term 
for hemianopsia. Hemiopia refers to the 
seeing half of the retina, hemianopsia to 
that part of the field not seen. 

Hemip'agus ('vfic, nayog, united). A 
monomphalic monstrosity united by the 
thoraces, and with a common mouth. 

Hemiparaple'gia ('qfu, napairfyyca, paral- 
ysis of the limbs). Paralysis of a lower 
limb on one side only. 

Hemipare / sis {'r/fii, Tcapeoig, impairment 
of strength). Paresis, or weakening of the 
strength on one side of the body only. 

Hemi-pep / tone. See Peptones. 

Hemipho / nia ('yfu, <puvrj, the voice). 
Speech having the characteristics of half- 

• voice, half- whisper; used by patients in 
great weakness and exhaustion. 

Hemiplegia ('t?/^, nfafyri, a stroke). 
Paralysis of the motor nerves of one side 
of the body, due usually to a lesion of 
some part of the corpus striatum and in- 
ternal capsule, or of the crus cerebri, of 
the opposite side of the brain. H., Al- 
ternate, unilateral injury to the pons, 
causing paralysis of the facial nerve on 
the same side, but paralysis of the oppo- 
site side of the body. H., Cerebral, the 
ordinary form first described above. H., 
Crossed, paralysis of the muscles of the 
eye supplied by the third nerve on the 
opposite side to the one otherwise affected. 
H., Facial, motor paralysis of one side 
of the face. H., Hephaestic, from the 
use of the hammer by smiths ; not properly 
a special type. H., Spastic, a form oc- 
curring in infants, in which the affected 
limb is subject to convulsive twitchings. 
H., Spinal, paralysis of one side or of 
the whole body without loss of sensation 
of the opposite side. Due to disease of 
the spinal cord. 

Hemispasm ('y/ui, onac/iog, a spasm). A 
spasm or convulsive movement affecting 
only one side of the body. 

Hemisphere ('v/i/., o(/>aipa, a ball). Half 
a sphere. H., Cerebral, either lateral 
half of the cerebrum. 

Hem / lock. See Conium. 

He'mo-. See Hcemo-. 

Hemorrhage. See Hemorrhage. 



Hemorrhoids. See Hemorrhoids. 

Hen'bane. See Hyoscyamus. 

Henle, Fenestrated Membrane of. The 

layer of longitudinal elastic fibers of the 
inner coat of arteries. H., Loop of. See 
Tubuli Uriniferi. 
Hensen's Experiment. Proving that the 
so-called auditory hairs of the crustacean 
My sis vibrated to a particular note. 
HepataFgia ['r/jrap, the liver, aAyoc, pain). 
Pain in the liver, but more especially the 
paroxysmal pain occasionally affecting the 
right hypochondrium. 
Hepatec / tomy (^rjTcap, eare/Livo, to cut out). 
Excision of a protruding portion of the 
liver. 

Hepat'ic ^rjirap). Pertaining or belonging 
to the liver. H. Duct. See Duct. H. 
Lobes, the natural anatomical divisions 
of the liver, usually designated as right, 
left, quadrate, spigelian and caudate lobes. 
H. Zones, certain areas in an hepatic 
lobule. The central area, capillaries and 
cells form the Hepatic Vein Zone, specially 
liable to cyanotic changes ; the area next 
the periphery of the lobule is the Portal 
Vein Zone; and the area between the 
two the Hepatic Artery Zone. 
Hepatization ('r/irap). An abnormal 
change in lung-tissue, in which it becomes 
solid and friable, somewhat resembling 
that of the liver. H., Gray, the condition 
of a lung in the third stage of pneumonia. 
H., Red, that in the second stage of 
pneumonia. H., White, the condition 
of the lungs in stillborn syphilitic children. 
H., Yellow, the condition of the lung in 
the third stage of pneumonia when tinted 
by numerous pus cells. See Pneumonia. 

Hepatitis ('yjirap, trig, inflammation). In- 
flammation of the liver. 

Hep / atocele ('qirap, nrjlr], a tumor). A 
form of hernia in which the liver pro- 
trudes through an opening in the abdo- 
minal wall. 

Hepatocirrho / sis ('yrrap, ruppog, yellow). 
Cirrhosis of the liver. 

Hepatocystic ('Tjirap, Kvarog, a bladder). 
Pertaining to the liver and gall-bladder. 

Hepatodyn / ia ('fjTrap, odvvr], pain). Pain 
in the liver. 

Hepatogenic ('wrrap, yevvau, to beget). 
Pertaining to conditions produced by the 
liver, as H. Icterus, also called absorp- 
tion icterus, or jaundice, caused by the 
absorption of bile already formed in the 
liver. 

Hepatography {rjirap, ypaQo, to write). 
A description of the liver. 



HEPATOLITHIASIS 



189 



HERPES 



Hepatolithi / asis [r/7rap,7ii.diaaig, presence 
of calculus). A disease characterized by 
gall-stones or other concretions in the 
liver. 

HepatoPogy [?)~ap, 2.oyoc, a discourse). 
A treatise on the nature, structure and 
functions of the liver. 

Hepatomala / cia [ywap, fiaXanoc, soft). 
Softening of the liver. 

Hepator'rhaphy [wap, pa<f>7j, suture). 
Suture of the liver. 

Hepatorrhex / is [qir a P, PV^C, a rupture). 
Bursting or rupture of the liver. 

Hepatot / omy [?)~ap, teuvcj, to cut). Inci- 
sion of the liver. 

Herb [herba, grass). Any annual or peren- 
nial plant that yearly dies to the root. In 
pharmacy, the leaves, stems and flowers of 
an annual or perennial. 

Herbiv / ora [herba, voro, to devour). A 
name formerly given to a division of mam- 
malia. Animals that feed on vegetation. 

Herbivorous [herba, voro). A descriptive 
term applied to animals that subsist on 
vegetation. 

Herbst's Corpuscles. Sensory end- 
organs in the tongue of the duck. 

Hereditary [heres, an heir). Acquired 
by inheritance. H. Disease, one trans- 
mitted to the offspring by the parent. H. 
Syphilis. See Syphilis. 

Heredity [heres). The law by which nat- 
ural form, structure, and conditions, both 
of mind and body, are repeated in offspring 
or descendants. 

Hering's Theory. See Color-sensation. 

Hermann's Difference Theory. See 
Difference. 

Hermaphrodite [Epfir/c, Mercury, A(ppo- 
6tT7/, Venus). One with some congenital 
malformation of the genital organs, such as 
epispadias, hypospadias, cleft of the scro- 
tum, etc., that makes the determination of 
sex somewhat doubtful. H., Apparent, 
the external non-essential organs are the 
only ones of the opposite sex. H., Bi- 
lateral, a testicle upon each side. H., 
Female, essentially female, but with simu- 
lated male organs. H., Lateral, a testicle 
upon one side, an ovary upon the other. 
H., Male, the reverse of H. Female H., 
Neuter, with no organs essentially male or 
female. H., Spurious, non-essential pecu- 
liarities (as the beard in a female) without 
abnormality of the genital organs. H., 
Transverse, the external organs of one 
sex, the internal of another. H., True, 
essential organs of both sexes present. H. 
with Excess, the individual possesses all 



the organs of one sex with some of the 
opposite sex. 

Hermet'ical [Epp.?ig, the god Mercury, the 
reputed founder of alchemy). Pertaining 
to chemistry. Also, having resistance to 
chemical action. H. Sealing, the closure 
of an outlet by cementation or fusion, so 
that it is impervious to air. Also, the 
closing or covering of a wound by imper- 
vious dressings. 

Her'nia [hernia, from epvog, a sprout). A 
tumor formed by the protrusion of the con- 
tents of a cavity (usually the abdominal) 
through its wall. Hernias may be called 
after their locality, as Epigastric, Femoral, 
Inguinal, Perineal, Scrotal, Umbilical, etc.; 
according to their condition, as Encysted, 
Reducible, Strangulated, Purulent, etc. ; 
according to the contents, as Cerebral, In- 
testinal, Omental, Vesical, etc. ; or, lastly, 
according to their origin, as Acquired, 
Congenital, Infantile, etc. H., External, 
one appearing upon the external surface of 
the body. H., Femoral, the protrusion 
takes place through the femoral ring be- 
neath Poupart's ligament. H., Humor- 
al, swelled testicle. H., Incarcerated, 
a strangulated, obstructed or irreducible 
H., — variously used. H., Incomplete, 
not fully passed through the opening. H., 
Inguinal, passing above Poupart's liga- 
ment. H., Inguinal, Direct, to the inner 
side of the epigastric artery, not following 
the course of the spermatic cord. H., 
Oblique Inguinal, through the inguinal 
canal following the course of the sperm- 
atic cord. H., Irreducible, that cannot 
be put back, but that is not strangulated. 
H., Obstructed, obstruction, but not 
positive strangulation. Hernial Sac, the 
serous membrane pushed before it by a 
hernia. H., Strangulated, such con- 
striction as to prohibit passage of blood 
and faeces. H., Umbilical, appearing at 
the navel. H., Ventral, through the 
abdominal wall in front other than at the 
abdominal ring. 

Herniopunc / ture [hernia, punctura, a 
pricking). The puncture of a hernia. 

Herniotomy [hernia, Tejuvo,tocni). Oper- 
ation for the relief of hernia by section of 
the constriction. 

Heroph'ilus, TorcuTarof. SeeTorczilar. 

Herpes [epTru, to creep). Formerly 
creeping eruptions, now applied to erup- 
tions marked by the presence of groups of 
the same upon an exanthematous base. 
H. Circinatus Bullosus. See Hydroa. 
H.Esthiomenos. See lupus. H.Faci- 



HERPETIC 



190 



HETEROTOPIA 



alis or Labialis, an eruption on the lower 
part of the face, most frequently about the 
mouth. Thought to be of neurotic origin. 
Called also H. Febrilis and Hydroa Fe- 
brilis. H., Gestation. See Hydroa. 
H. Iris. See Erythema. H. Progeni- 
tal, consists of vesicles grouped upon an 
inflamed base, on the genitals, especially 
the prepuce and labia, frequently a sequel 
of gonorrhoea and soft chancre. H. 
Tonsurans. See Pityriasis Rosea. H. 
Zoster. See Zoster, Herpes. 

Herpetic (ep-rjg, a disease of the skin). 
Pertaining to herpes. 

Herpet'iform (eprrvg, forma, a form). 
Having a likeness to herpes. 

HerpetoFogy (ep-nrjg, Aoyog, a treatise). 
A treatise on skin diseases. 

Hes'selbach's Triangle. See Triangle. 

Heteradelph / us (erepog, other, adeAqog, 
brother). The same as Heteropagzis. 

Heterade'nic (erepog, a6r/v, gland). Per- 
taining to or consisting of tissue that is 
unlike normal glandular tissue, though 
essentially glandular. 

Heteradeno / ma. Tumor formed of hetera- 
denic tissue. 

Het'ero- (erepog, other). A Greek prefix 
denoting diversity or unlikeness. 

Hetero-al'bumose. SeeAldumoses. 

Hetero-autoplasty, grafting of skin from 
one person upon the body of another. 

Heteroceph'alus (erepog, Keoalrj, the 
head). A foetal monstrosity with two heads 
of unequal size. 

HeterochronTc (erepog, xpovog, time). Ir- 
regular in occurrence. Occurring at dif- 
ferent times, or at other than the proper time. 

Heterod'ymus (erepog, dtdvuog, twin). A 
double monster, the accessory part being 
but an imperfect head. 

Heterogamy (erepog, ya/uog, marriage). A 
term applied to different forms of sexual 
development arising from difference in nu- 
trition or environment. It is typified in 
the Phylloxera vastatrix, the development 
of which is far more complex when the 
insects are bred under ground, on the 
roots of the grape vine, compared with that 
when the insects breed upon the leaves of 
the vine. In the latter case the successive 
generations consist of apterous, oviparous 
females only ; in the former the cycle con- 
sists of male insects, apterous females for 
perpetuating and winged females for spread- 
ing the species. 

Heterogeneity (erepog, yevog, a kind). 
The condition or quality of being hetero- 
geneous. 



Heterogeneous (erepog, yevog). Differ- 
ing in kind or nature ; composed of differ- 
ent substances, not homogeneous. 

Heterogen'esis (erepog, yeveota, genera- 
tion). Organic deviations in the situation 
or character of organs, etc. Also, the fact 
of a living parent giving rise to offspring 
that pass through a totally different series 
of states from those exhibited by the pa- 
rent, and not returning into the parent's 
cycle of changes. 

Heterogenet'ic (erepog, yeveaic). Pertain- 
ing to heterogenesis. 

Heteroinfec'tion (erepog, injicio, to taint). 
Infection transmitted by a person who is 
himself not infected. 

Heterologous (erepog, /.oyog, an account). 
Differing in structure or form from the 
normal. H. Series, a series derived from 
each other by chemical metamorphoses. 
H. Tissues, morbid tissues that have 
no structural relation with the normal tis- 
sues of the part. H. Tumors, tumors 
having a different tissue from that of the 
part in which they are situated. 

Heteromorpb/ism (erepog, /nopdrj, form). 
A condition marked by difference in form, 
as compared with the normal form. In 
chemistry, the property of crystallizing in 
different forms. 

Heteronymous (erepog, vouog, a law). 
Abnormal. Deviating from ordinary laws 
or types. 

Heterop / agus (erepug, other, nay Log, 
united). A parasitic monstrosity with nor- 
mal head, upper and lower extremities, 
but with a parasite attached to the anterior 
abdominal wall. 

Heterop / athy (ererog, iradog, affection). 
The treatment of a disease by inducing a 
different morbid condition to neutralize it. 
Abnormal reaction to stimulus or irritation. 

Heteropho / ria (erepog, different, (popog, a 
tending). A tending of the visual lines in 
some other way than that of parallelism. 
It may be Esophoria, a tending of the 
lines inward; or Exophoria, outward; or 
Hyperphoria, a tending of the right or 
left visual line in a direction above its fel- 
low. Hyperesophoria, a tending of the 
visual lines up and inward. Hyperexo- 
phoria, up and outward. 

Heteroplastic. See Heterologous. 

Heterotax / ia (erepog, ragig, order). A 
congenital, but not hereditary, displace- 
ment of an organ or part. Especially a 
malposition of internal organs. 

Heterotopia (erepog, rorrog, a place). Ab- 
normal position. Misplacement of an or- 



HETEROTROPIA 



191 



HISTOGENESIS 



gan or part. Also, any abnormal growth 
of tissue foreign to that part of the body 
wherein it is situated. 

Heterotro / pia. See Strabismus. 

Heterotypic (irepog, rvnog, a pattern). A 
monstrosity consisting of a well -developed 
foetus from which grows an immature secon- 
dary foetus. 

Heteroxantb/ine. A leucomaine isolated 
from urine in 1884. In composition, it is 
methyl-xanthine, and is intermediate be- 
tween xanthine and paraxanthine or di- 
methyl-xanthine ; exists in the urine of 
man in the same proportion as paraxan- 
thine. But it exists in urine of the dog 
unaccompanied by paraxanthine, and the 
same fact has been observed in the urine 
of leucocythaemic persons. It is thought 
by Solomon to have its origin in the kid- 
ney. Its physiological action is not yet 
fully known. Xanthine, heteroxanthine, 
and paraxanthine form normally a homolo- 
gous series of xanthine bodies in the urine. 

Hewson's Experiments. To prove that 
the blood vessels exert a restraining in- 
fluence on coagulation. 

Hexicol'ogy (egcg, state or condition, Aoyoc, 
science). The relations of a creature to 
its environment. 

Hia'tus (hio, to gape). A space or open- 
ing. Also, the vulva. H. of Fallopius, 
the shallow groove on the petrous portion 
of the temporal bone. 

Hibernation (hibernus, winter). The 
dormant condition or winter sleep of cer- 
tain animals, notably bears, hedgehogs, 
etc., in which animation is almost sus- 
pended. Respiration and circulation are 
greatly reduced, and nutrition is performed 
mainly at the expense of the fatty tissues 
of the animal. 

Hic'cough {hie, a mimic word; cough). 
A spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm 
causing inspiration, followed by a sudden 
closure of the glottis. 

Hickory. The bark of shellbark hickory, 
Carya alba. Tonic and anti-intermittent. 
Useful in malarial fevers. Dose of fid. 
ext. gss-j. Unof. 

Hide-bound Disease. See Scleroderma. 

Hi'dro- (I6pug, sweat). A prefix signify- 
ing sweat. 

Hidroped'esis (I6pag, 7rr]6?jaig, a leaping). 
Excessive sweating. 

Hidropoie'sis (Id pug, rroieu, to make). 
Causing the formation and excretion of 
sweat. 

Hidros / chesis (I6pug, ax^ig, retention). 
Retention or suppression of the sweat. 



Hidro / sis (16 pug). The formation and 
excretion of sweat. 

High / more, Antrum of. The large cavity 
in the body of the superior maxillary bone. 

Hi'lum (Lat. a little thing). A small fis- 
sure, notch, or depression, especially the 
notch on the internal or concave border 
of the kidney. 

Hind / brain (Ger. hinterhirn). A division 
of the brain, developing from a funnel- 
shaped tube in the embryo to an anterior 
lobe that becomes the cerebellum, and a 
posterior lobe that becomes the medulla 
oblongata. 

Hinge -joint. See Diarthrosis. 

Hip (Sax. hype). The upper part of the 
thigh at its junction with the buttocks. 

Hip-joint Disease. An arthritis of the 
hip-joint ; an affection of early life, and ac- 
cording as it begins in the head of the 
femur, the acetabulum, or in the synovial 
membrane and proper structures of the 
joint, is divided respectively into Femoral, 
Acetabular and Arthritic. Its etiology is 
obscure, its symptoms pain (coxalgia), 
swelling, and deformity. Coxalgia is in- 
correctly used as a synonym. 

Hippocamp / us (i7T7roc, horse, Ka/nrog, a 
sea monster). A name applied to the con- 
volutions, H. major and H. minor, the 
former situated in the inferior, and the lat- 
ter in the posterior horn of the ventricles 
of the brain. 

Hippocory / za. See Equinia. 

Hippu / ric Acid. Benzoylamidoacetic acid. 
An odorless, monobasic acid occurring in 
large amount in the urine of herbivora, 
and in them the chief end-product of the 
metabolism of nitrogenous substances. 
Human urine contains a small amount 

Hip'pus (i7T7roc, horse, from analogy to the 
movement of the same). Spasmodic pupil- 
lary movements, independent of the action 
of light. 

Hirsute (hirsutus, shaggy). Covered with 
hair or bristles. Shaggy. 

Hirsu / ties (hirsutus). Hypertrichiasis. Hy- 
pertrichosis. Polytrichia. Trichauxis. Hy- 
pertrophy, excessive, or abnormal growth 
of the hair either in quantity or in position. 

Histioid. See Histoid. 

Histochemistry (Icrog, a web or tissue, 
chemistry). The chemistry of organic 
tissue. 

Histodial'ysis (larog, dicikvaog, a resolu- 
tion). The dissolution of organic tissue. 

Histogenesis (carog, yevvau, to beget). 
The study of the origin and development 
of organic tissues. 



HISTOHJEMATIN 



192 



HOMOLOGOUS 



Histohae / matin ('corog, heematin). A pig- 
mentary extractive of the suprarenal bodies. 

Histoid (iorog, eidog, likeness). Pertain- 
ing to tissue derived from the mesoblast, 
as a histoid tumor. See iVeoplasm. 

Histology (lotos, ^oyog, a treatise). The 
study of the intimate structure of tissues. 

Histolysis (lorog, Ivoig, dissolution). Dis- 
integration and dissolution of organic tis- 
sue. 

Histon'omy (iorog, vo/xog, a law). The 
laws of the development and arrangement 
of organic tissue. 

HistophysioPogy (iorog, (j>voig, nature, 
loyog, a treatise). A treatise concerning 
the functions of the various tissues. 

Histot / omy (iorog, repvu, to cut). The 
dissection of any organic tissue. 

Hives. A name loosely applied to almost 
any papular eruption of the skin. In 
Great Britain, applied to croup and to 
chicken-pox ; in the United States, limited 
to a transitory form of urticaria. 

Hoang Nan. A Chinese preparation ob- 
tained from Strychnos gaultheria. Proper- 
ties due to small percentage of strychnine. 
Recommended as an alterative in syphilis, 
leprosy and similar diseases. An alleged 
preventive of hydrophobia if given in large 
(gr. xv) doses during period of incubation. 
Dose gr. %-y?.. Unof. 

Hoarseness (Sax. has). Harshness of 
voice depending on some abnormal condi- 
tion of the larynx or throat. 

Hodg / kin's Disease. See Lymphade 
noma. 

HofTs Malt Extract. See Malt. 

HoPagogue (blog, whole, ayuyog, leading). 
A medicine or remedy that expels or 
drives out the whole of a morbid substance. 
A radical remedy. 

Holm'gren's Tests. See Blindness, 
Color. 

Ho'lo- (blog, entire). A Greek prefix sig- 
nifying entirety. 

Holoblast'ic (ohx>g, filaorog, a sprout). 
Pertaining to the segmentation of the 
ovum. 

Homat / ropine. See Atropine. 

Home / sickness. Nostalgia. An urgent 
desire to return to one's home. May be 
accompanied by a morbid sluggishness of 
the functions of the various organs of the 
body, developing into profound melan- 
choly. 

HonVicide (homo, a man, c<zdo, to kill). 
The killing of a human being without 
malice or intent, as distinguished from 
murder or manslaughter. Also, the taking 



of human life in general by another. Also, 
one who takes the life of another. 

Ho'mo (Lat). Man. The sole genus of 
the order Bimana. 

Homocent / ric (opog, the same, icevrpov, 
a center). Concentric. Having the same 
center. H. Rays, a pencil of light-rays 
either cone-shaped or rod-shaped. 

Homocer'ebrin (opog, cerebrin). A nitro- 
genous glucoside obtained from brain- 
tissue. 

Hom / ceo- (opocog, like). A Greek prefix 
signifying like or similar. 

Homceomorpb/ous (opocog, poptyrj, a 
form). Like or similar in form and struc- 
ture. 

Homoeopathy (dpoiog, like, nadog, ail- 
ment or disease). A word applied by 
Hahnemann to a system of treatment of 
disease by the use of an agent that, ad- 
ministered in health, " would produce 
symptoms similar to those morbid condi- 
tions for the relief of which the agent or 
medicine is given." The hypothesis ex- 
pressed by the adage, " similia similidus 
curantur." See Regular, and Allopathy. 

Homceoplast/ic. Pertaining to a neo- 
plasm resembling its matrix-tissue in tex- 
ture. One differing widely in this respect 
is heteroplastic. If separated in posi- 
tion, it is said to be heterotopic ; in date, 
heterochronic. 

Homogeneity (opog, alike, yevog, a kind). 
The condition of being homogeneous. 

Homogeneous. Having the same nature 
or qualities. Similar or identical in struc- 
ture. 

Homogen'esis (opog, yevvau, to beget). 
A term used to denote the fact that a liv- 
ing parent gives rise to offspring that 
passes through the same cycle of changes 
as itself. 

Homog / eny. See Homogenesis. 

Homogenous (opog, yovog, seed). With 
like or similar offspring. 

Homoiother'mal (opowg, like, Oepprj, heat). 
Pertaining to animals that are "warm- 
blooded," or that maintain a uniform 
temperature despite variations in the sur- 
rounding temperature. 

HomoPogous (ojuoXoyca). Having the 
same structural form, use, or type. H. 
Series, in chemistry, a graduated series 
of compounds having a common difference. 
See Hydrocarbon. H. Tissues, those 
identical in type of structure. H. Tu- 
mor, a name given by Virchow to a tumor 
consisting of tissue identical with that of 
the organ whence it springs. 



HOMOLOGUE 



193 



HUMERUS 



Hom / ologue (6//oAoyoc) . A particular 
organ common to any number of species, 
classes, or orders of animals. 

Homology (o/xog, Tioyog, a treatise). The 
science treating of the comparative study 
of the same part or organ in different 
species and orders of animals, and also to 
the study of organs or parts developed 
from the same embryonic structure. Also, 
the morphological identity of parts or 
organs in different animals. 

Homonymous (Sjuog, vo/nog, a law). Gov- 
erned by or under the same law. 

Homonymous [6/uoc, ovv/xa, a name). A 
term applied to names that have the 
same sound or pronunciation, but different 
meanings. 

Homother'mic {bfiog, 6epju?j } heat). 
Having uniformity of temperature or bodily 
heat. 

HonVotype (6/uog, tvttoc, a pattern). A 
part corresponding and similar to an- 
other part, as the humerus to the femur, 
etc. 

Honduras Bark. See Cascara Amarga. 

Honey. See Mel. 

Honeycomb Ringworm. See Flavus. 

Hook (Sax. hoc). A curved instrument. 
H., Blunt, an instrument described by its 
name, for exercising traction upon the 
foetus in an arrested breech presentation. 
H., Tyrrell's, a blunt, slender hook for 
operations upon the eye. 

Hop. See Humulus. 

Hope / ine. See Humulus. 

Hordeolum {hordeum, a grain of barley). 
A stye ; a furuncular inflammation of the 
connective tissue of the lids, near the hair 
follicle. 

Hor'deum (Lat.). Barley. H. Decorti- 
catum, barley deprived of its husk ; com- 
monly called pearl barley. H. Germi- 
natum, malt, q. v. 

Hore / hound. See Marrubium. 

Horizon (opi^uv, the horizon). The line 
separating the visible from the invisible 
part of the earth from a single point of 
view. 

Horizontal {ppi r tw). Parallel to the hori- 
zon. 

Hor / mion. See Skull. 

Horn (Sax., horn). The hard projection 
used as a defensive weapon, growing on 
the heads of certain animals. Horns may 
be permanent, as in the ox ; or deciduous, 
as in the deer. Also, the hardened epi- 
thelial substance of which the horn is 
composed. H., Cutaneous. See Comu 
Cutaneum. 
13 



Horner's Muscle. The Tensor Tarsi 
Muscle. 

Horopter (opog, a boundary, ottttjp, an ob- 
server). The sum of all the points seen 
single by the two retinae while the fixation 
point remains stationary. 

Horripilation (horreo, to stand on end, 
pilus, the hair). A sensation as if the 
hairs of the skin were stiff and erect. 

Hor'rors {Jwrred). A popular name for 
delirium tremens, q. v. 

Horse-Chestnut. See Esculus Hippo- 
castanum. 

Horse-Radish. The fresh root of Coch- 
learia armoracia. Properties due to a vola- 
tile oil. Stimulant, diuretic, and exter- 
nally a rubefacient. Much used as a condi- 
ment. Dose of fid. ext. ^j-ij. Unof. 

Hos / pital (hospitale, a large house). A 
building for the care and treatment of sick 
or infirm people. H. Fever, a feverish 
condition formerly common in hospitals, 
due to ill-ventilation and unsanitary con- 
ditions. Also, the fever symptomatic of 
gangrene. See Fever. H. Gangrene, 
a contagious, phagedenic gangrene occa- 
sionally attacking wounds or open sores. 
It is confined mainly to military hospitals, 
and believed to be of microbic origin. 

Hospitalism. The morbific influences 
arising from the gathering of diseased per- 
sons in a hospital, which seems to have a 
tendency to produce septic diseases. 

Host (hostis, a stranger). A landlord. The 
organic body upon which parasites live. 

Hot-spots. See Temperature Sense. 

Hottentot Apron. See Apron. 

Hound's Tongue. The leaves and root 
of Cynoglossum officinale. Anodyne, de- 
mulcent and astringent. Dose of fld. ext. 
gss-j. Unof. 

Hour-glass Contraction. See Uterus. 

Housemaid's Knee. See Abscess, Bur- 
sal. 

Howship's Lacunae. Depressions in 
which lie the osteoclasts of eroded or 
spongy bone. 

Huin / gan. The seed of a plant native to 
the Andes. Infusion used in urinary 
affections. 

Hum. A low rhythmical murmur. H., 
Venous. See Venous. 

Humec'tant (liumecto, to make moist). 
A diluent. Also a substance used to 
moisten. 

Hu / meral {humerus). Pertaining to the 
humerus. 

Humerus. (Lat.) The large bone of the 
upper arm. Also the shoulder. 



HUMIDITY 



194 



HYDRANGIOLOGY 



Humidity {humor, moisture). The state 
or quality of being moist. 

Hu'mor {humor). Any fluid or semi-fluid 
part of the body. H., Aqueous, the 
transparent fluid that fills the anterior 
chamber of the eye. H., Vitreous, the 
transparent gelatine-like substance filling 
the posterior chamber of the eye. 

Hu / moral {humor). Pertaining to the 
natural fluids of the body. H. Path- 
ology, a theory among the Greeks that all 
diseases resulted from a disordered or ab- 
normal condition of the fluids or humors 
of the body. 

Hu / mulus. Hop. The fruit-cones of 
H. lupulus. Contains various principles, 
hopeine and lupulin being most important. 
A bitter stomachic tonic and feeble hyp- 
notic, increasing cardiac action. A poul- 
tice of hops is a favorite remedy in inflam- 
mations. H. Infusum, unof., Jss-Oj. 
Dose §j-iv. H. Tinct., 20 per cent, in 
strength. Dose 3J-ij. Lupulinum, the 
glandular powder. Dose gr. v-xv. L. 
Fid. Ext., alcoholic Dose 3 ss— ij. L. 
Oleoresina, ethereal. Dose gr. ij-v. L. 
Tinct., unof., strength 12^ per cent. 
Dose 3 ss— ij . 

Hun / ger (Sax. hungor). A condition 
marked by a sensation of emptiness of the 
stomach and intense desire for food. 

Hunte'rian Chancre. See Chancre. 

Hunger's CanaF. See Canal. 

Huntsman's Cup. See Trumpet Plant. 

Hutchinson's Teeth. A notched or 
furrowed condition of the free edges of the 
permanent teeth, especially the central in- 
cisors of the upper jaw; due to inherited 
syphilis. 

Hux / ham's Tinct / ure. Red cinchona 
bark ^iv, orange peel ^iij, serpentaria 
gr. lxxx, Spanish saffron gr. clx, cochineal 
gr. lxxx, brandy ^ xl, digested four days. 
Dose gss-ij. 

Hy / alin {vakoq, glass). A translucent sub- 
stance, called, also, canalized fibrin, that 
sometimes occurs in miliary tubercle. 
Also, the membrane or sac forming the 
wall of hydatid cysts. 

Hy / aline {vakoq). Resembling glass in 
transparency. H. Cast, or Cylinder, a 
clear, nearly transparent urinary tube-cast. 
H. Degeneration, a degeneration of 
fibrous tissue that becomes transparent, 
jelly-like, and homogeneous in structure. 

Hyali'tis {vakoq, trtq, inflammation). In- 
flammation of the hyaloid membrane. Used 
as a synonym for inflammation of the vit- 
reous humor. 



Hy / aloid {vakoq, eidoq, like) . Transparent ; 
like glass. H. Artery, in the embryo, a 
branch of the arteria centralis retinae, tra- 
versing the vitreous humor to the posterior 
capsule of the lens. Its hyaloid sheath 
forms the Canal of Cloquet. Persistence 
of this artery after birth has been observed. 
H. Membrane, a delicate, transparent 
membrane surrounding the vitreous humor, 
except in front, where it becomes fibrous 
and strong and forms a leaflet of the zo- 
nula of Zinn. 

Hyaloidi'tis. See Hyalitis. 

Hyal'oplasma. See Protoplasm. 

Hy'brid {hybrida, a mongrel). A term 
signifying the offspring of two individuals 
of distinct but closely related species. 
Among animals, the mule is the best known 
hybrid. 

Hydarthro / sis. See Hydrarthrosis. 

Hydatid {vSanq, a vesicle). The cyst of 
the embryo of Tcenia echinococcus in the 
human body; frequently, also, loosely ap- 
plied to vesicular tumors and cysts of many 
kinds. They are most frequent in the liver, 
but are found in most any tissue, even in 
bone. Synonymous with H. Cyst. H. 
Mole. See Mole, Hydatidiform. H. of 
Morgagni, certain short processes of the 
tunica vaginalis testis. 

Hydatidiform {vdartq, forma, form). 
Having the form of a hydatid. Resem- 
bling a hydatid. H. Degeneration of 
Chorion, or Vesicular Mole. See Mole. 

Hydrac / id. A term sometimes used in 
chemistry denoting an acid formed by a 
combination of hydrogen and some acid 
element or radical other than oxygen. 
Hydrochloric acid, HC1, and hydrogen or 
hydric sulphide, H 2 S, are examples. 

Hydradenoma. Adenoma with serous 
or watery contents. 

Hydrse / mia {vdcop, water, ai/ua, the blood). 
A watery condition of the blood due to de- 
fective renal secretion, or to imperfect fibri- 
nation. Accompanies albuminuria and 
certain other exhausting diseases. 

Hy / dragogue {vdcop, ayu, to expel). A pur- 
gative that causes liquid alvine discharges. 

Hydram / nios (vdop, water, a/uviov, foetal 
membrane). An abnormal amount of 
amniotic fluid. 

Hydran / gea. The root of H. arborescens, 
a saxifrage. Much used by the Cherokee 
Indians in calculi of the bladder, and said 
to be of certain utility. Dose^ss— ij. Unof. 

Hydrangiol'ogy {vdop, ajyuov, a vessel, 
koyoq, a treatise). A treatise on the nature 
and functions of the lymphatics. 



HYDRARGYRIA 



195 



HYDRATE 



Hydrargyria. See Mercuria/ism. 

Hydrargyri'asis. See Mcrcurialism. 

Hydrargyrum. Mercury. Hg — 200; 
quantivalence II, I v. The only liquid 
metallic element, hence the common name, 
quicksilver. In medicine the metal, its 
nitrate, oxides, chlorides and iodides are the 
salts most commonly, the sulphide and cya- 
nide less frequently, used. A tonic, purga- 
tive, and alterative in small doses continued 
not too long a time. In larger doses, or too 
long continued, is apt to produce ptyalism. 
In " biliousness," mercurial purgatives have 
long been a favorite remedy, blue mass, 
and mercurous chloride or calomel being 
usually employed. In syphilis mercuric 
chloride and iodide are generally con- 
sidered a specific. In the form of calomel, 
useful in glandular inflammations. For- 
merly much used in the same form in 
typhoid and malarial fevers. The soluble 
salts of mercury are highly poisonous. 
H. Ammoniatum, ammoniated mercury, 
"white precipitate," mercur- ammonium 
chloride. Used externally. H. Ammo- 
niatum Ung., " white precipitate oint- 
ment," — ammoniated mercury 10, benzo- 
ated lard 90 parts. H. Chloridum Cor- 
rosivum, corrosive chloride of mercury, 
mercur/(f chloride, " bichloride of mercury," 
" corrosive sublimate." Soluble in water 
and alcohol ; antisyphilitic. Dose gr. gV'To • 
Very poisonous. H. Chloridum Mitis, 
mild chloride or subchloride of mercury, 
mercur^.y chloride, "calomel," — laxative, 
tonic and antipyretic. Insoluble in water 
and alcohol. Dose gr. -%-q-x. H. cum 
Ammonia, Emplastrurn. See Ammo- 
nium. H. cum Creta, mercury with 
chalk, " chalk mixture," " gray powder," 
contains mercury 38, sugar of milk 12, 
prepared chalk 50, ether and alcohol q. s. 
Dose gr. ss-x. H. Cyanidum, mercuric 
cyanide. Soluble in water and alcohol. 
Recommended in diphtheria, with aconite. 
Dose gr. x¥o~to- Poisonous. H. Em- 
plastrurn, mercurial plaster, — Mercury 
30, olive oil 10, resin 10, lead-plaster 50 
parts. H. et Arsenii lod., Liq., Dono- 
van's Solution. See Arsenic. H. Flav. 
Lotio, unof, "yellow wash" for syphi- 
litic sores, — corrosive sublimate gr. xviij, 
lime water ^ x. Gibert's Syrup, unof., 
hydrarg. biniodid. gr. iij, potass, iodid. 
gr. cij, water 5 iij, syrup q. s. ad £x. 
H. Iodid. Viride, green iodide of mer- 
cury, mercurous iodide. Dose gr. yu~j. 
H. Iodid. Rubrum, red iodide or binio- 
dide of mercury, mercimV iodide. Soluble 



in solution of potassium iodide. Poisonous. 
Dose gr. ■Jg-'ftf H. Massa, " blue 
mass," " blue pill," has mercury 33, licorice 
5, althaea 25, glycerine 3, confection of 
rose 34. Used mainly as a purgative. 
Dose gr. ss-xx. H. Nigra Lotio, unof, 
"black wash" for syphilitic sores, — calo- 
mel gr. xxx, lime water ^x. H. Nitrat. 
Liq., solution of mercuric nitrate. Used 
as an escharotic. H. Nitrat. Rub., Ung., 
unof., red ointment of mercuric nitrate, 
brown citrine ointment; made with cod- 
liver oil. H. Nitrat., Ung., citrine oint- 
ment, — mercury 7, nitric acid 17, lard oil 
76. H. Oleat., contains yellow oxide 10, 
oleic acid 90. H. Oxid. Flav., yellow 
oxide of mercury. Insoluble in water; 
soluble in nitric and hydrochloric acids. 
Used in preparation of ointments, etc. H. 
Oxid. Flav., Ung., contains 10 per cent, 
of the oxide. H. Oxid. Rub., red oxide 
of mercury. Dose gr. y^-To- H. Oxid. 
Rub., Ung., contains 10 per cent, of the 
oxide. H. Subsulph. Flav., yellow 
subsulphate of mercury, basic mercuric 
sulphate, " turpeth mineral." Soluble in 
nitro-hydrochloric acid. Dose, for emesis, 
gr. ij-v. H. Succinimidum. Has been 
recommended for hypodermic use. H. 
Sulph. Rub., red mercuric sulphate, 
" cinnabar." Used only in fumigation. 
H. Unguent., mercurial ointment, "blue 
ointment," — mercury 450, lard 225, suet 
225, comp. tinct. benzoin 40, old mercurial 
ointment 100; triturated until the globules 
of mercury disappear under a magnifying 
glass. Used to produce mercurial effect 
by inunction. 

Hydrarthrosis (vdop, water, apdpov, 
joint). An effusion of fluid in a joint as a 
result of chronic synovitis. Called also 
Hydrops Articuli, dropsy of the joint, 
white swelling, etc. 

Hydrar'thrus. See Hydrarthrosis. 

Hydrastis, Golden Seal. The roots of 
H. canadensis. Properties due to several 
alkaloids, the principal being hydrastine. 
A simple, bitter tonic with antiperiodic 
properties. Arrests the movements of 
white blood corpuscles. An excellent 
remedy in catarrh of stomach and urinary 
organs, and useful as a lotion in gonorrhoea 
and gleet. Dose of the fld. ext., TT\x-xxx ; 
of the tinct. — 20 per cent. — g ss-ij. Hy- 
drastin, unof, consists mainly of chlo- 
ride of berberine. Dose, gr. ij-v. 

Hy / drate (ydup, water). A. compound of 
an elementary atom, or of a radical, with 
the radical hydroxy! H-O- or -O-H, as 



HYDRATION 



196 



HYDROCOLLIDIXE 



the hydrogen atom maybe positive or nega- 
tive. Practically a hydrate is considered as 
a molecule of water with its basic atom of 
hydrogen replaced by another electroposi- 
tive atom, as potassium hydrate, K-O-H, 
is derived from water, H-O-H. 

Hydration ( bdup). The process by which 
a body or substance becomes impregnated 
or saturated with water. 

Hydrenceph'alocele. See Meningocele. 

Hydrencepb/alus. See Hydrocephalus. 

Hydri'asis. See Hydro-therapeutics. 

Hy / dro- (idup, water). A prefix signify- 
ing ivatcr, or that water forms a structural 
part. See, also, Hydrate. 

Hydro'a (idup). Hydroa herpetiform, 
Dermatitis herpetiformis, Pemphigus prari- 
ginosus, Herpes gestationis, Herpes circi- 
natus bullosus. A bullous or papular erup- 
tion accompanied with erythematous lesions 
and intolerable itching, appearing on un- 
covered parts of the body, as the face, 
hands and wrists. Occasionally resembles 
Herpes Zoster and Erythema circinaturn. 
The recognized varieties are H. Gesta- 
tionis, of pregnancy, and H. Bulleux, 
in which the eruption is attended with 
bullae instead of papulae. H. Febrilis. 
See Herpes. 

Hydrobiliru / bin. Derived from bilirubin, 
a coloring matter of faeces, identical with 
stercobilin. 

Hydrocarbon. A name applied to any 
one of a multitude of compounds com- 
posed mainly of hydrogen and carbon, but 
also under certain conditions containing 
other elements as substitution products. 
The possibilities of the number of such 
compounds may be seen in the following 
series, perhaps the simplest, carbon, 
C, being a tetrad, and requiring four monad 
atoms to saturate its quantivalence : — 



Methane, CH 4 
Ethane, C 2 H 6 . 
Propane, C 3 H 8 . 
Butane, C 4 H 10 . 
Pentane, C 5 H 12 . j 



In either of these 
one or more atoms 
of hydrogen may be 
replaced by other 
atoms or radicals 
without altering the 
structure of the com- 
pound. 



It will be noticed that the members of the 
series differ by CH 9 in the present case. 
The various members of the Fat Series are 
usually indicated as follows : — 
Paraffine Series, C n H 2 n + 2 , ~\ in which n 
Olefines, C 2 H 2 n, >- stands for 

Acetylenes, C 9 H 2 n —o, ) anv number 



of carbon atoms. Thus, if n 



the 



corresponding member of the Paraffine 



All the hydro- 
carbons are inflammable. They occur in 
nature as marsh gas (^fire damp), natural 
gas, naphtha, petroleum, asphaltum, ozocer- 
ite, etc., in a multitude of forms. 

Hydrocele (vdcop, nrf/.Tj, tumor). A collec- 
tion of serous fluid in the tunica vaginalis, 
or in connection with the testicle or cord. 
Applied, also, to a serous tumor in other 
locations. 

Hydrocen'osis (idop, ksvcjgic, evacua- 
tion). An evacuation of water either by 
the use of hydragogue cathartics or by the 
operation of "tapping"' the cavity contain- 
ing the accumulation of fluid. See Para- 
centesis. 

Hydrocepb/alic (vSup,Keoa/.7j). Pertain- 
ing to or affected with hydrocephalus. H. 
Cry, the shrieks of pain of the hydroceph- 
alic child during the exacerbations. 

Hydrocepb/alocele {vdup, neoa/.r], the 
head, vf/.r}, a tumor). Congenital hydro- 
cephalus in which the encephalon pro- 
trudes through the ununited or undeveloped 
cranial wall. 

Hydrocepb/aloid (iSop, K£oa/.7/,thehead). 
Pertaining to or resembling hydrocephalus. 
H. Disease, a disease resembling hydro- 
cephalus, sometimes observed in poorly 
nourished infants just after weaning. 

Hydrocepb/alus (vSup, keoo/.t], head). A 
collection of fluid in the cerebral ventricles, 
preventing closure of the fontanelles and 
causing enlargement of the skull. 

Hydrocholecys / tis (vdcjp, x o/ V, the bile, 
kvotiq, a bladder). Dropsy of the gall- 
bladder. 

Hydrocirs'ocele (vdop, Ktpcoq. a venous 
enlargement, nrf/.rj, a tumor). Hydrocele 
accompanied with varicose veins of the 
spermatic cord. 

HydrocceTia (vdop, koi/jo, the belly). 
Dropsy of the belly or abdominal region. 

Hydrocol'lidine. A highly poisonous 
ptomarne-base, so named by Gautier and 
Etard, and declared by them to be identi- 
cal with the hydrocollidine obtained by 
Cahours and Etard by the action of sele- 
nium on nicotine. Xencki. on the other 
hand, asserted its identity with a base iso- 
lated by him in 1876, to which he had as- 
cribed the formula C g H n X. The formula 
of Gautier and Etard' s hydrocollidine is 
C^H^X. This ptomaine was obtained from 
chloroformic extracts, from putrefying 
mackerel, and putrefying horse flesh and 
ox flesh. The free base is an almost color- 
less, alkaline, oily fluid, having a strong, 
penetrating odor like seringa. So small a 



HYDROCOLPOCELE 



197 



HYDROPHTHALMIA 



dose as 0.0017 gram of the hydrochloride 
injected into birds, produces dizziness, 
paralysis and death. The pupils are nor- 
mal, and the heart stops in diastole. 

HydrocoFpocele (vdcop, koI-koq, Kr/fy, 
tumor). A serous tumor of the vagina. 

Hydrocot / yle. Pennywort. The leaves 
of H. asiatica. Active principle vellarine, 
a bitter tonic and alterative, very service- 
able in skin diseases, syphilitic sores and 
leprosy. Unof. 

Hydrocyanic. See Cyanogen, and Acid, 
Hydrocyanic. 

Hy / drocyst (vdup, kvgtlc, a bladder). A 
cyst containing a water-like liquid. Syn- 
onymous with hydatid. 

Hydroderm / a (vdop, dep/ua, the skin). 
Dropsy of the skin. 

Hydro-electric (vdop, electticily). Per- 
taining to electricity developed by the phy- 
sical action of fluids or in connection with 
water. H. Bath, a bath in which the 
metallic lining of the tub is connected 
with one pole of a battery, the other being 
in contact with the person of the patient. 

Hy'drogen (vdop, yevvaco, to produce). 
H = 1. Quantivalence 1. A gaseous ele- 
ment, one liter of which weighs .0896 
gramme. It is feebly basic and occurs in 
nature combined with oxygen in the form 
of water H 2 0. It has been liquefied at a 
temperature of — 286 F. under a tension 
of 650 atmospheres — a pressure of about 
4.7 tons per square inch. In combination 
with carbon, oxygen and nitrogen, it forms 
a multitude of radicals formerly known as 
" organic " compounds, but now often syn- 
thetically formed. Used largely in the 
qualitative determination of arsenic and 
antimony, and for combustion with-oxygen 
to produce intense heat. Has also been 
used by inhalation in consumption. H. 
Peroxide, an unstable compound having 
the composition H 2 2 . A powerful anti- 
septic and germicide. Used as a disin- 
fectant in diphtheria, glandular swellings 
and suppurative inflammations. It is the 
basis of most hair-bleaching solutions. 
Dose, gss-ij. Unof. 

Hydrohae / mia (vdop, aifia, the blood). 
Watery, or poor condition of the blood. 

HydroFogy (vdop, loyoc, a treatise). A 
treatise on the nature and uses of water. 

Hydrolyt / ic (vdop, Tivo, to dissolve). Per- 
taining to the decomposition of water, or 
the liberation of water during a chemical 
reaction. H. Ferments, those causing a 
combination with the elements of water in 
the substances they decompose. 



Hydro / ma (vdop). A cyst or sac filled 
with water or serous fluid. Also, an 
cedematous swelling. Also, the dilatation 
of a lymphatic of the neck from a cystic 
tumor. 

HydromeningFtis (vdop, fiTjviy^, a mem- 
brane). Inflammation of the membranes 
of the brain or cord, accompanied by ef- 
fusion of watery fluids. 

HydromenhFgocele (vdop, \iriviy$;, Krfkrj, 
a tumor). A watery tumor of the men- 
inges, protruding through the skull. Also, 
a watery tumor in the arachnoid cavity 
or in the continuation of the subarachnoid 
space. 

HydronFeter (vdop, /uerpov, a measure). 
An instrument for determining the specific 
gravity of liquids or solutions containing 
water. 

Hydrome / tra (vdop, [irjTpa, uterus). A 
collection of water or mucus in the womb. 

HydronFphalus (vdop, oju(f>a?ioc, the na- 
vel). A tumor at the navel distended 
with water. May arise either from ascites 
or umbilical hernia. 

Hydromy / elus (vdop, /uvelog, marrow). 
A congenital cavity of the spinal cord. 
Also, distention of the spinal cord caused 
by the effusion of water or serous fluid. 

Hydron'cus (vdop, oynoe, a mass). A dis- 
tention or swelling caused by an accumu- 
lation of water. See, also, (Edema and 
Anasarca. 

Hydronephrosis (vdop, vetypoc, kidney). 
A collection of urine in the kidney from 
obstructed outflow. 

Hydrop'athy (vdop, Tradoc, suffering). 
The treatment of diseases by the use of 
water, externally and internally. 

Hydropericar'dium (vdop, Trepinapdiov, 
(the pericardium). Dropsy of the peri- 
cardium. Also, an effusion of water or 
serous fluid into the pericardium during 
pericarditis. 

HydroperitonaFum. See Ascites. 

Hydrophobia (vdop, tyofioc, dread). A 
symptom of rabies in man, consisting in 
fear of water, or inability to swallow it. 
Used commonly as a synonym of Rabies, 
and particularly of the disease in man. 
H., Pseudo-. See Pseudo-hydrophobia. 

Hydrophobic (vdop, doflog). Pertaining 
to or having the nature of hydrophobia. 
H., Tetanus. See Kopf-tetanus. 

Hydrophobopho / bia (hydrophobia, 
cpofioc). A morbid and intense dread of 
hydrophobia. 

HydrophthaFmia (vdop, water, otydal/uoc, 
eye). An increase of the fluid contents of 



HYDROPHTHALMOS 



198 



HYGROMETRIC 



the eye, resulting in glaucoma, kerato- 
gl obits, staphyloma, etc. 

HydrophthaFmos. See Keratoglobus. 

Hydrophysom'etra (i-dup, ovoa, wind, 
ftqrpa, the womb). An abnormal collec- 
tion of water, or other fluid, and gas in the 
womb. 

Hydrop / ic (idpo-inog, dropsical). Per- 
taining to dropsy. 

Hy / droplasm. According to Xageli, a 
fluid constituent of protoplasm. 

Hydropneumato / sis [vdup, rrvevuaruacc, 
inflation). An abnormal or morbid col- 
lection of water, or other fluid, and air 
within any of the tissues of the body. 
See, also, Hydi'opieumonia. 

Hydropneumo'nia (vdup, -vevuuv, the 
lung). A disease thought to consist of a 
serous infiltration within the lung; also, 
an effusion within the pleura sometimes 
accompanying pneumonia. 

Hydropneumopericard / ium (vdup, ttviv- 
fia, air, Trepinapdiov, the pericardium). 
A morbid collection of air and water within 
the pericardium. It causes the clacking 
sound commonly known as the " water- 
wheel'' sound. 

Hydropneumotho'rax. See Pneiunato- 
thorax. 

Hy / drops ('vdpuip, dropsy). Dropsy; an 
abnormal collection of fluid in a cavity or 
part of the body. See Anasarca. H. 
Paralyticus, that in paralyzed parts. H. 
Spurious, from obstruction of the natural 
outlet of a secreting organ. 

Hydroquin / one. Obtained from Uua 
Ursi. Yaluable as an antipyretic without 
producing injurious after-effects. Effects 
temporary. Dose, gr. xv-xx. Unof. 

HydrorrhachPtis. See Spina ( Ventosa). 

Hydrorrhce / a (vdup, poia, a flow). A 
flow of water. H. Gravidarum. An ab- 
normal discharge of liquid from the preg- 
nant uterus. 

Hydro sadenPtis ('vdup, adenitis). In- 
flammation of the sudoriparous follicles. 

Hydrosalpinx (vdup,Ga'/-r/^, atrumpet). 
A distention of the Eallopian tube with a 
fluid substance, and its obstruction at the 
fimbriated extremity, caused by inflamma- 
tion. Frequently a result of gonorrhoea. 

Hydrosar / cocele. See Sarcocele. 

Hydros / cheocele ('vdup, oax^ov, the scro- 
tum, and ktj'/.t] , a tumor). Dropsical hernia 
of the scrotum. 

Hydrostatic (' vdup, eraac, standing). The 
science treating of the conditions and 
properties of liquids in a state of equilib- 
rium. 



Hydrotherapeu'tics ('vdup, depa-svu, to 
heal). That part of balneology treating 
of the hygienic use of cold water, and of its 
therapeutic application to the body. See, 
also, Bath and Aqua. 

Hydrothionu / ria ['vdup, dtov, sulphur, 
ovpov, the urine). Hydrogen-sulphide in 
the urine. 

Hydrotho'rax (vdup, dupa$, chest). Dropsy 
of the chest. 

Hydrot / omy ('vdup, reuvu, to cut). A 
method of dissecting certain tissues by the 
forcible injection of water into the arteries 
and capillaries whereby the structures of 
the tissues are separated. 

Hydro va'rium ['vdup, ovarium, an ovary). 
Ovarian dropsy. 

HydroxyF amine. An amine having the 
composition XH 2 (HO), and much re- 
sembling pyrogallic acid in physiological 
properties. It has been successfully used 
as a local application in psoriasis. It does 
not discolor the skin. The following 
formula is used by Fabry : hydroxyl amine 
hydrochlorate 2-5, alcohol 1 00 parts, chalk 
to neutralize. Unof. 

Hydrozo / a ('vdup, £uov, an animal). 
A class of the Ccelenterata including 
the Siphonophera, Ctenophora and Hy- 
droids. 

HygePa ('Yyeia, the goddess of health). 
State or condition of health. 

Hy / giene ('tyieivoc, good for the health). 
That science treating of the laws of health 
in its broadest sense. 

Hygreche / ma ('17 poc, moist, tjxv, sound). 
The peculiar sound produced by a liquid 
as observed by the stethoscope, or by per- 
cussion. 

HygrhVic Ether. A substance of uncer- 
tain composition, said to have mydriatic 
properties. Unof. 

Hy / gro- ('v}pog, moist). A prefix denot- 
ing moist or wet. 

Hygro'ma ('vypoc, oma, tumor). A serous 
cyst. The bacillus of tuberculosis, has 
been found in four cases of hygroma con- 
taining rice bodies. 

Hygrom / eter ('typoc, uerpov, a measure). 
An instrument for determining quantita- 
tively the amount of moisture in the air. 
This amount, constantly varying, is ex- 
pressed in terms of the percentage re- 
quired to saturate the air at the particular 
temperature observed. 

Hygromet / ric {'vypoc, fierpuv). Per- 
taining to hygrometry, or the quanti- 
tative determinadon of atmospheric mois- 
ture. 



HYGROPHILIA SPINOSA 



199 



HYPERDICROTIC 



Hygroph / ila Spinc/sa. A shrub used 
in Ceylon and India as a diuretic in dropsy. 
Unof. 

Hygroscopic ('vypog*, ckottcg), to see). 
Having the property of absorbing moisture 
from the air. 

Hy / lonite. See Celluloid. 

Hy'men {^vfiTjv, a membrane). The fold 
of mucous membrane at the vaginal en- 
trance. H., Imperforate, a congenital 
abnormality, the hymen without an open- 
ing, thus closing the vaginal outlet or 
inlet. 

Hyme / nal ('v/ur/v). Pertaining to the hy- 
men. H. Tubercles. See Myrtiform 
Caruncles. 

HymenoFogy ('vfirjv, "koyog, a treatise). A 
treatise on the nature and structure of 
membranous tissue. 

Hymenomala'cia ('vfxrjv, jualanog, soft). 
An abnormal softening of membranous 
tissues. 

Hymenomyce / tes ('v/nijv, p-VKrjg, a. fungus). 
An order of fungi having the hymenium 
or umbrella. All the edible mushrooms 
belong to this class. 

Hymenop / tera ('v/uqv, irrepov, a wing). 
An order or family of insects distinguished 
by two pairs of membranous wings. In- 
cludes ants, bees, wasp, ichneumon, flies, 
etc. 

Hy / o-. A prefix denoting attachment to 
or connection with the hyoid bone. 

Hyoglossal {hyoid, y'AuGca, the tongue). 
Pertaining to the hyoglossus. Extending 
between the hyoid bone and the tongue. 

Hyoglos / sus. See Muscle. 

Hy / oid Bone ("Yoetdqg, similar to Greek 
upsilon). A bone situated between the 
root of the tongue and the pharynx, sup- 
porting the tongue and giving attachment 
to its muscles. 

Hy / oscine. See Hyoscyamus. 

Hyoscy / amus. Henbane. The older 
leaves of II. niger. Contains an alkaloid, 
hyoscyamine, isomeric with and similar to 
atropine ; also, a derivative hyoscine. An 
excellent narcotic, calmative and hypnotic, 
less irritating than belladonna and stramo- 
nium. Useful in mania and the delirium 
of fevers. Hyoscyamine is useful when- 
ever atropine is indicated. A powerful 
but uncertain mydriatic. H. Abstract. 
Dose gr. iij-v. H. Ext., Alcoholic. 
Dose gr. j (of uncertain strength). H. 
Ext., Fid. Dose n\v-xv. H. Tinct., 
15 per cent, in strength. Dose gj-iv; 
as a hypnotic Jss-j. Hyoscyamine 
Sulph. Dose, hypodermic, gr. T fo-^j ; by 



mouth gr. %-]. Hyoscine Hydrobrom. 
Unof. Dose ^^V 

Hypacou'sis, 

Hypacu'sia, 

Hypacu'sis or 

Hypaku / sis ('viro, ciKovaig, to hear). Hard- 
ness of hearing from defect of the auditory 
nerve. 

Hypalbumino / sis. Morbid diminution 
in the proportion of the albumin in the 
blood. 

Hypal'gia ('viro, aAyog, pain). Diminished 
sensibility to pain. 

Hy / per- ('virep, above). A Greek prefix 
signifying above, beyond or excessive. 

Hyperacou'sis. See Hyperakusis. 

Hyperae / mia ('virep, atp.a, blood). A con- 
dition of plethora or congestion of blood, 
especially in the capillaries of the skin. 
H., Active, caused by an abnormal sup- 
ply of blood. H., Passive, caused by 
an impediment to the removal of the 
blood. 

Hyperaesthe / sia ('virep, aicdr/aig, sensa- 
tion). Excessive or exalted sensibility of 
the skin. May be symptomatic or idio- 
pathic. 

Hyperaesthet'ic ('virep, aiodqaig). Per- 
taining to hyperesthesia or an unusual 
sensibility to impressions in the sensory 
nerves. 

Hyperaku / sis ('virep, atcovoig, hearing). 
An excessive or exalted sensibility of the 
sense of hearing. Also, a highly devel- 
oped sensitiveness to the discernment of 
pitch and timbre of musical sounds. 

Hyperalbumino'sis. An unusual rich- 
ness of albumins in the blood. 

Hyperalgesia (*virep, aAyr/oig, sense of 
pain). Excessive sensibility to pain. 

Hyperal'gia ('virep, aAyog, pain). Exces- 
sive pain. H., Acoustic, excessive hy- 
perakusis. 

Hyperaph / ia ('virep, atyr), touch). Exces- 
sive sensitiveness of the tactile surfaces of 
the body. 

Hypercathar'sis ('virep, Kadapaig, cleans- 
ing). Excessive purging, or too free use 
of cathartic medicines. 

Hyperchro / ma ('virep, xpuiua, color). 
The hypersecretion of the pigment of the 
skin, as in phthiriasis, syphilis, etc. 

HypercrhVia ('virep, uptvu, to separate). 
Abnormal or excessive secretion. 

Hypercye'sis ('virep, KvrjOLg, conception). 
Superfcetation. 

Hyperdicro / tic. Pertaining to the pulse 
when the pulse-curve shows the aortic 
notch below the base line. 



HYPERDISTENTION 



200 



HYPERTONIC 



Hyperdisten / tion ('vrrep, distendo, to 
stretch). Forcible or extreme distention. 

HyperdiureSis ('vrrep, Stovpeu, to pass 
urine). Excessive secretion of urine. 

Hyperdynamia (^vrrep, dwajuig, energy). 
Excessive strength or exaggeration of ner- 
vous or muscular functions. 

HyperemeSis ('vrrep, efieaig, vomiting). 
Excessive vomiting. 

HyperencephSlus ('vrrep, eynetyalov, 
brain). An exencephalic monstrosity with 
lack of the superior part of the cranium, 
the brain protruding. 

HyperephidroSis ('vrrep, e<pi6uaig, slight 
perspiration). Excessive or long-continued 
sweating. 

Hyperesopho / ria. See Heterophoria. 

Hyperexopho / ria. See HeterophoTia. 

Hypergen / esis ('vrrep, yevvao), to beget). 
A general term signifying excess or re- 
dundancy of the parts or organs of the 
body. It may be normal, as in the increase 
of the tissue of a muscle ; or abnormal, 
as seen in monstrosities. Also, an exces- 
sive production of the elements of a tissue 
or organ. 

HypergeuSia ('vrrep,y ever eg, taste). Abnor- 
mal increase of the sense of taste. 

Hyperglobu / lia. Polycythemic plethora. 
An abnormal increase of the red-blood 
corpuscles. 

Hypericum. St. John's Wort. The flow- 
ering tops of H. perforatum, abundant 
in temperate climates. A long- known and 
useful remedy, applied locally in contusions 
and ecchymoses. Unof. 

HyperhidroSis or 

HyperidroSis ('vrrep, idpag, sweat). 
Idrosis, Ephidrosis, Sudatoria. Excessive 
sweating. A functional disorder of the 
sweat glands marked by excessive secre- 
tion. May be general or local. 

Hyperin / osis. ('vrrep, ivog, muscle). Ab- 
normal increase in the fibrin-factors in the 
blood. 

Hyperinvolu / tion {'virep, involvo, to roll 
around). A diminution in size of the 
uterus, due to the abnormal involution oc- 
curring after pregnancy. 

Hyperkeratosis ('vrrep, nepag, horn, cor- 
nea). Hypertrophy of the cornea either in 
extent or thickness. 

Hyperkinesia ('vrrep, klvtiglq, energy). 
A general term to denote any exaggerated 
spasm or muscular contraction. 

Hyperkinetic ('vrrep, kivtjclq). Pertaining 
to hyperkinesia. 

Hypermas / tia ('v-ep, uaarog, the breast). 
Excessive development or hypertrophy of 



the mammary gland, which remains normal 
in structure. 

Hypermetro'pia. Same as Hyperopia. 

HypermneSis ('vrrep, fivrjcng, memory). 
Abnormal exaltation of the power of mem- 
ory. 

Hyperodontog / eny ('vrrep, odovc, a tooth, 
yevvau, to beget). The phenomenon of a 
third dentition late in life. Supposed to 
be due to development of one or more su- 
perfluous tooth-germs which have remained 
dormant. 

Hyperopia ('vrrep, of, the eye). That 
condition of the refractive media of the 
eye in which, with suspended accommoda- 
tion, the focus of parallel rays of light is 
behind the retina ; it is due to an abnormally 
short antero-posterior diameter of the eye, 
or to a subnormal refractive power of its 
media. H., Latent, that part of the total 
that cannot be overcome by the accom- 
modation, or the difference between the 
manifest and total. H., Manifest, that 
the accommodation can overcome, or that 
corrigible by a convex glass with acting 
accommodation. 

Hyperos / mia ('vrrep, oa/irj, odor). An ab- 
normal and usually morbidly acute sense 
of smell. 

Hyperostosis ('vrrep, oareov, bone). Exos- 
tosis or general hypertrophy of bony tissue. 

Hyperphc/ria. See Heterophoi'ia. 

Hyperplasia ('vrrep, TrXaaiq, moulding). 
The excessive deposit or augmentation of 
the elements of the tissue composing an 
organ. 

Hyperplastic ('vrrep, TrlaGruiOQ, fit for 
moulding). Pertaining to hyperplasia. 

HyperporoSis ('vrrep, rrupuaig, cementing 
or uniting). An excessive formation of 
callus in the reuniting of fractured bones. 

Hyperprax / ia ('vrrep, rrpagic, exercise). 
The excessive restlessness of movement 
characterizing certain forms of mania. 

Hyperpyret/ic ('vrrep, rrvp, fire). Pertain- 
ing to hyperpyrexia. 

Hyperpyrexia ('vrrep, rrvp, ex^, to have). 
A condition marked by excessively high 
temperature or febrile symptoms. 

Hypersecretion. Excessive secretion. 

HyperselapheSia ('vrrep , ibrj/.aof/aia, 
touch). Abnormal increase of tactile sen- 
sibility. 

Hypersthen'ia ('vrrep, odevoq, strength). 
A condition of exalted strength or tone of 
the body. 

Hypertonic ('vrrep, rovoe, tone). A con- 
dition beyond the natural tension or tone. 
Also, irritability. 



HYPERTRICHOSIS 



201 



HYPOPLASIA 



HypertrichPasis. See Hirsnties. 

Hypertrichosis. See Hirsuties. 

Hypertroph / ic ('vTrep, rpotyr], nourishment). 
A condition of hypertrophy or excessive 
size. 

Hypertrophy ('vrrep, Tpo<j>rj). Excessive 
nourishment or increase in size of any part 
or organ of the body. H., Cardiac, may 
be caused by valvular disease, or by dis- 
ease of the kidneys and other distant 
organs, or by constitutional disease. H., 
Concentric, though the wall be hyper- 
trophied, the cavity of the heart is con- 
tracted. H., Eccentric, cardiac H. with 
dilatation. H., Idiopathic, when without 
further disease of the heart's structure, or 
those of other organs. H. Numerical, 
an increase in the number of the con- 
stituent cells or structures. 

Hypertro / pia. See Strabismus. 

Hyphae / mia {'vtto, aim, blood. Haemor- 
rhage within the globe of the eye. 

Hyphidro / sis ( f i>7ro, 'vdop, water). Defi- 
ciency of water. Less than the normal 
amount of water in the tissues of the 
body. 

Hypino / sis {'vtto, iq [gen. tvoc~], a fiber). 
A deficiency of fibrin in the blood. 

Hypino / tic ('vtto, iq [ ivog~\, the fiber of 
flesh). Pertaining to hypinosis. 

HypnoPogy ('vttv og, loyoQ, a treatise). A 
treatise upon sleep and its hygienic effects. 

Hyp'none. See Acetophenone. 

Hypnop / athy ('virvog, rradog, disease). 
Sleep due to a diseased or morbid condi- 
tion of the body, brain, or mind. 

Hypno / sis ('vKvog). An artificial condi- 
tion produced by hypnotizing. Also, the 
gradual approach of sleep. 

Hypnotic (vjrvog). A remedy that causes 
sleep. A soporific. Also, pertaining to 
hypnotism. 

Hyp / notism ('vttvoc). A state of artificial 
somnambulism ; may be produced by vari- 
ous means, as, for example, looking with 
concentrated attention at any small object 
so near that effort is required to converge 
the axes of the eyes. It is characterized 
by a partial or complete absence of volition, 
sensation and self- consciousness, except 
that which comes from the hypnotizer or 
some dominating will or idea. See, also, 
Somnambulism. 

HypnotPzable. Susceptibility in being 
hypnotized. 

Hypnotiza / tion. The employment of the 
means used to hypnotize a person. 

Hypoblast ('vtto, under, j3Xac?Tog, a sprout) . 
The internal layer of the blastoderm, called, 



also, the endoderm, entoderm or epithelio- 
glandular layer, from which is developed 
the intestinal epithelium (except that of 
the mouth and anus) and that of the glands 
opening into the intestines ; also the epi- 
thelium of the air passages. 

Hypobro / mite Metb/od. A method of 
estimating the urea in urine, based upon 
the fact that when urea is acted upon by 
sodium hypobromite (or calcium hypochlo- 
rite) it is decomposed into nitrogen, car- 
bon dioxide and water. 

Hypochondriac (Wo, xovdpog, cartilage). 
Pertaining to the hypochondrium. 

Hypochondriasis {'vtto, ^o^d^na/coc, one 
affected in the hypochondrium). A dis- 
turbance of the functions of the nervous 
system similar to melancholia, in which the 
patient believes himself suffering from 
bodily disease. Characterized by alternate 
spells of moodiness and excitability. 

Hypochon / drium. See Abdomen. 

Hypochro / mia {'vtto, ^pw/zo, color). Ab- 
normal pallor or transparency of the skin, 
occurring in certain skin diseases. 

Hypodermatic ('vtto, depfia, the skin). 
Pertaining to that which is under the skin, 
or to the introduction of medicines beneath 
the skin. 

Hypodermic. See Hypodermatic. 

HypodermoclySis ('vtto, dep/ua, skin, 
kIvglq, a drenching). The hypodermatic 
injection of nutrient material beneath the 
skin in the algid stage of Asiatic cholera, 
collapse, etc. 

Hypogastric {'vtto, yaarrjp, the belly). 
Pertaining to the hypogastric region. See 
Abdomen. 

Hypogas'trium. See Abdomen. 

Hypogeu / sia ('vtto, yevag, taste). Dimi- 
nution in the sense of taste. 

Hypoglossal ('vtto, yluaaa, the tongue). 
Under the tongue. H. Nerve. See 
Nerve. 

Hypoglot / tis {'vtto, ylurra, the tongue). 
The under part of the tongue, adherent to 
the lower jaw. Also, a swelling at the 
under part of the tongue. 

Hypognath / us ('vtto, beneath, yvadog, 
jaw). A monstrosity in which the parasite 
is attached to the inferior maxillary bone. 

Hypoma / nia ('vtto, fiavia, madness). A 
moderate degree of maniacal exaltation. 

HyponeuSia ('vTTo,vevpov,anerve). Slight, 
or diminished nerve power. 

Hypophysis ('vtto, (pvo, to be developed). 
The pituitary body ; sometimes called the 
H. Cerebri. 

Hypoplasia. See Aplasia. 



HYPOPSELAPHESIA 



202 



HYSTEROLITH 



Hypopselaphe / sia ('rrro, f?/?.a(j)Tjaig, 
touch). Diminution of the sensitiveness 
of tactile sensation. 

Hypop / yon ('vtto, tvvov, pus). A collection 
of pus in the anterior chamber of the eye, 
secondaiy to inflammation of adjacent 
tissues. 

Hypos / mia ('v7ro),oa/nr/, a smell). Diminu- 
tion of the sense of smell. 

Hypospadias ('twro, a-ao, to draw). An 
abnormal opening and ending of the ure- 
thra upon the under surface of the penis. 

Hypostasis (WooTaoyc, a standing under). 
A word loosely used to denote faeces, or 
any sediment falling from a liquid, especi- 
ally the sediment of urine. Also, a form 
of passive hyperemia caused by the de- 
pendent position of the part affected. 

Hyposthen'ic ('vtto, adevog, strength). 
That which reduces strength, especially 
diseases that are more than ordinarily en- 
feebling. Also, a medicine that reduces 
the action of the heart without affecting its 
rhythm. 

Hypotb/enar ('vrrodevap). The fleshy 
eminence on the palm of the hand over 
the metacarpal bone of the little finger. 
Also, the prominences on the palm at the 
base of the fingers. Also, the ball of the 
thumb. 

Hypother / mal ('vrro, depjirj, heat). Tepid. 
A temperature placed arbitrarily between 
59° and 68° F., or 15 and 25 C. Also, 
pertaining to the reduction of the temper- 
ature of the body. 

Hypothesis {'vtto, Oeglq, a position). A 
supposition set forth for discussion or dem- 
onstration. A theory. 

Hypoxan / thine. A leucomaine, also 
known as Sarcine or Sarkine. Occurs, 
accompanying adenine and guanine, in 
nearly all the animal tissues and organs 
rich in nucleated cells. In minute quan- 
tities it is a normal constituent of urine. 
It has also been found in plants, seeds, 
ferments and wines. Hypoxanthine ap- 
pears to be one of the products formed by 
the decomposition and successive oxidation 
of proteid matter previous to formation of 
uric acid and urea. It arises from adenine 
by action of nitrous acid. It is non-poi- 
sonous. 

Hys / sop. The leaves and tops of H. offi- 
cinalis. An aromatic stimulant, carmina- 
tive and tonic. Much employed in chronic 
catarrh. Dose of fid. ext. gj-ij. Unof. 

Hys / tera ('varepa, the womb). The uterus 
or womb. Also, the vulva. Also, the 
placenta or afterbirth. 



HysteraPgia ('varepa, a/yoc, pain). Any 
pain in the womb. Also restricted to 
neuralgic pains. 

Hysteratre / sia ('varepa, a, without, rer- 
paivo), to perforate). An imperforate or 
impervious condition of the mouth of the 
womb. 

Hysterectomy ('varepa, enro[ir], a cutting 
out). Excision or removal of the womb 
by surgical operation. 

Hyste / ria {'varepa). A functional dis- 
turbance of the nervous system, supposed 
by early physicians to be due to disor- 
dered condition of the womb. It is now 
often considered a reflex neurosis; not 
with certainty known whether it is due 
to structural alteration of any part of the 
central nervous system, or to abnormal 
blood supply, etc. Paralyses, impairment of 
vision, convulsions, etc., are usually promi- 
nent symptoms. Major and minor types 
are differentiated. The popular signifi- 
cance of the term is that of feigned disease. 
The physician usually considers the affec- 
tion real. Hypochondriasis is often the 
analogue in men. 

HysterTc ('varepa). Pertaining to hysteria, 
q. v. Also, pertaining to the womb. 

Hysterics. A popular term for hysterical 
or convulsive movements and conditions. 

Hysterics. See Afetritis. 

Hysterocat'alepsy (^varepa, nara/^xbig, 
catalepsy). A form of hysteria accom- 
panied by catalepsy. 

HysteroclePsis ('varepa,K/.eiaic, a closure). 
The closure of the os uteri by scarifying 
and suturing the labia — an operation for- 
merly employed in vesico-uterine fistula. 

Hysterocye / sis ('varepa, kvtjglq, preg- 
nancy). Uterine pregnancy. 

Hysterodyn / ia ('varepa, o6vvrj,-pa.m). Pain 
in the womb. 

Hys / tero-ep / ilepsy (hysteria, ercu.rjTbia, 
falling sickness). A form of epilepsy ac- 
companied by convulsions resembling those 
of epilepsy. Gowers advises the term 
hysteroid in reference to these seizures. 

Hys'tero-epileptog'enous (hysteria, 
E-nilrppia). Producing hysteria and epi- 
lepsy. 

Hysterogenic (hysteria, yevvao, to beget). 
Causing or producing hysteria. 

Hys / teroid. Resembling hysteria. See 
Hystero-epilepsy. H. Convulsions, con- 
vulsional movements with hysterical symp- 
toms in various organic diseases of tie 
brain, in epilepsy, and in hydrophobia. 

Hys / terolith ('varepa, /.idoc, a stone). Cal- 
culus or stone in the womb. 



HYSTEROMALACIA 



203 



ICHTHYOLITE 



Hysteromala / cia {'varepa, palanog, soft). 
Softening of the tissues of the womb, ren- 
dering it liable to rupture at time of labor. 

Hysteromalaco / ma {'varepa, palanoq). 
Softening of the womb or of any part of it. 

Hysteroma / nia. See Nymphomania. 

Hysterom'etry {'varepa, perpov, a meas- 
ure). The measurement of the womb. 

Hysteromyo'ma {'varepa, myoma). My- 
oma or fibro-myoma of the womb. 

Hystero-neuro / sis {'varepa, vevpov, a 
nerve). A reflex action resulting from 
irritation of the uterus. 

Hystero-paral'ysis {'varepa, napaAvaiq, 
palsy). Paralysis or weakness of the walls 
of the womb. 



Hysteropatb/ia {'varepa, iradog, suffering). 
Any disease or disorder of the womb. Also 
hysteria. 

Hysteropexy {'varepa, nTj-yvvpi, to fasten). 
Abdominal fixation of the uterus. 

Hysteropto / sis {'varepa, wrtoaig, a fall- 
ing). Falling of the womb. See Pro- 
lapsus. 

Hysterorrhex'is {'varepa, prjl-iq, rupture). 
Rupture of the womb. 

Hysterotomy. See Cesarean Opera- 
tion. 

Hystrici / asis {'varpig, a hedgehog). A 
disease of the hair in which the latter 
"stares" or stands out like the hair of the 
hedgehog. 



I. The symbol of Iodine. 

Iamatol'ogy {tap, a, a remedy, Aoyoq, 
science). A treatise on remedies. 

Iate / ria {iar?jpioi>). Therapeutics. 

Iatralip / tic {tarpoq, a physician, aleicpo), to 
anoint). The cure of diseases by inunction. 

Iat'ric (larpoq). Pertaining to the physi- 
cian or to the science of medicine. 

Iatro- {tarpevu, to heal). A Greek prefix 
signifying to heal, and in composition, 
relating to medicine or physicians. 

Iatrophys / ics {tarpoq, (pvamog, pertaining 
to nature). The relation of physics or use 
of physics in disease or therapeutics. The 
materialistic explanation of disease. 

Iatrotech/nics {larpevo, rexvq, art). The 
art of healing. 

Ice (Sax. is). The solid form that water 
takes below o° C. or 3 2° F. I. Bag, a 
bag of waterproof material filled with ice, 
for application to any part of the body. 
I. Cap, a bladder or rubber cap filled with 
pounded ice for application to the head 
in congestion. 

IceTand Moss. See Cetraria. 

IceTand Spar. A transparent calcium 
carbonate crystallized in rhomboidal prisms. 
It has the property of dividing and doubly 
refracting a ray of light. 

I / chor {ix u P, pus). An acrid and thin 
puriform discharge from an ulcer or wound. 



ichorous {txo)p). Pertaining to pus con- 
taining ulcerative, serum-like products. 

Ichorrhae / mia (^wp, aipa, the blood). 
The diseased condition of the blood due 
to the absorption of septic matter. Also, 
pyaemia. 

Icb/thin, or Icb/thidin. An albuminous 
substance obtained from fishes. 

IchthyocoFla. Isinglass. The air blad- 
der of the sturgeon, Acipenser. Occurs 
in horny, translucent, white sheets, that 
form a jelly with hot water. The purest 
form of gelatine. Used as a food, for 
clarifying liquids, and as a test for tannic 
acid. I. Emplastrum, court-plaster; 
consists of isinglass 10, glycerine I, alco- 
hol 40, water and tinct. benzoin q. s., spread 
upon fine white silk bolting cloth and 
dried. 

Ichthyography (fj^c, ypacpu), to write). 
A description of fishes and their distribu- 
tion. 

Ichthyoid {lx^vq, eifioq, a form). Re- 
sembling a fish. 

Ich'thyol {lx^vq). A preparation ob- 
tained from certain varieties of asphaltum 
occurring in the Tyrolese Alps. It is 
alleged to be efficient in eczema and 
psoriasis. 

Ich / thyolite {cx^ v C Atdoq, a stone). A 
fossil petrifaction or imprint of a fish. 



ICHTHYOLOGY 



204 



IDIOPLASM 



Ichthyology h^fivg, loyog, a treatise). 
A treatise on fishes. 

Ichthyoph'agus {Lxdvg, qayeiv, to eat). 
Fish-eating. A word applied to such ani- 
mals as subsist on fish. 

Ichthyosis (ixOvg). Xeroderma. Fish- 
skin disease. A chronic, hypertrophic, con- 
genital disease of the skin characterized 
by extreme dryness and excessive develop- 
ment of scales and warty growths. I. 
Hys / trix, a form characterized by thick, 
enormously hypertrophied warty papillae, 
usually localized and morbid, and con- 
sidered by Van Harlingen as a distinct 
disease. I. Sauroderma, " lizard-skin," 
a variety of I. Simplex. I. Sebacea. 
See Seborrhea. I. Simplex, a scaliness 
developing most commonly on the arms, 
legs and back, and not attended by con- 
stitutional disturbance. 

Ichthyotox / icum (ix@vg, rogiicov, poison). 
A name loosely given to poisoning from 
eating the flesh of certain birds, and also 
to the poisonous principle. It may be due 
to a natural poisonous principle, or to pu- 
trefactive fermentation of the substance of 
the fish. It is probably a ptomaine. 

I / con (einuv, an image). An image or 
model. 

Iconography (elkuv, ypcujxj, to write). A 
description by means of pictorial illustra- 
tion. 

Icterepati / tis (mrepog, jaundice, hepatitis, 
inflammation of the liver). Jaundice at- 
tended with inflammation of the liver. 

Icteric (mrepog). Pertaining to jaundice. 

Ic'terode (mrepog). Having jaundice or 
affected by it. 

Ic / teroid (mrepog). Resembling or having 
the nature of jaundice. 

Ic'terus (mrepog). Jaundice, q. v. I., 
Hepatogenic. See Hepatogenic. I . 
Neonatorum, that which is sometimes 
observed in an infant during the first few 
days after birth ; probably an indirect result 
of tying the umbilical cord. 

Ic / tus (Lat.,a stroke). A stroke or attack 
of disease coming without premonition. 

-ide. A suffix used in chemistry to denote 
a combination of two elementary sub- 
stances. 

Ide'a (idea, form or semblance). A men- 
tal representation of something perceived. 
I. Chase, a condition in acute mania in 
which disconnected ideas and fancies flow 
rapidly through the mind. A term much 
used by German authors. I., Fixed, that 
form of mania in which one dominant idea 
controls all actions. 



Identical Points. Corresponding points 
of the two retinae, or the two positions in 
normal eyes where the image of an object 
is focused upon the retinae. 

Ident'ist {idem, the same). A term formerly 
applied to such writers as held gonorrhoea, 
hard and soft chancre, to be due to the 
same specific virus. 

Identity [idem). Absolute sameness. I., 
Personal, that which is commonly proved 
by establishment of similarity or sameness 
of age, sex, physical characteristics, marks, 
and peculiar habits. 

Ideo-mo / tor [idea, a mental image, moveo, 
to move). Pertaining conjointly to idea- 
tion and movement. I. Center, that 
part of the gray matter which, influenced 
by ideation, excites muscular movement. 
I. Movements. Unconscious movements, 
due to impulses of the mind when the 
attention is otherwise absorbed. 

Ideoplast / ic [idea, appearance, rr/.aaao), to 
form). That stage of Irypnotism in which 
the idea impressed on the brain of the 
agent is translated into action. 

-ides (eidog, resembling in form). A suf- 
fix denoting resemblance to the object with 
the name of which it is combined. 

-ideus (idiog, one's own). A suffix having 
the sense of possession or ownership. 

Idiempre / sis (idiog, efiTiprjaig, burning). 
Spontaneous combustion. Also, sponta- 
neous inflammation. 

Id'io- (idiog). A Greek prefix signifying 
peculiar to one's self. 

Id / iocy (idiorr?jg, a private person). A con- 
dition of mental deficiency, usually accom- 
panied by physical degeneracy. See Idiot. 

Idio-mus / cular (idiog, musctdus, muscle). 
Peculiar to muscular tissue. I. Contrac- 
tion, the contraction of a fatigued or tired 
muscle under certain conditions of stimulus, 
influence, etc. 

Idioneuro / sis (idiog, vevpov, a nerve). An 
affection due to some disturbed or abnor- 
mal condition of the nerves supplying the 
affected part. 

Idiopathic (idiog, rradog, suffering^). Per- 
taining to any disease not consequent or 
dependent upon another. The antithesis 
of sympathetic, deuteropathic, etc. 

Idiophren'ic (idiog, oprjv, the mind). A 
term employed by Tuke to denote insanity 
due to disease of the brain. 

Idioplasm (idiog, irAacua, anything 
formed). A word sometimes used to de- 
note the solid part of protoplasm, or that 
part capable of transmitting to offspring 
the peculiarities of the parent. 



IDIOSPASM 



205 



ILIOLUMBAR 



IdTospasm (idtog, ciraofioc, a convulsion). 
A spasm or cramp confined to one part. 

Idiosyncrasy (tdioGvynpacta, peculiarity 
of temperament). Any special or peculiar 
characteristic or temperament by which a 
person differs from other persons of ordi- 
nary habits. 

Id / iot (iduorrjg, a private person). A person 
of imperfect, deficient or arrested mental 
development, either congenital, or due to 
causes arising soon after birth. 

Id / iotism. The state of idiocy. 

Idro / sis. See Hyperidrosis. 

Igasu / ric Acid. An acid occurring in 
St. Ignatius bean, and certain other plants 
containing strychnia. 

Igna'tia. St. Ignatius Bean. The seed 
of Strychnos Ignatii. Properties due to 
the alkaloids strychnine and brticine, of 
which the plant contains of each about I 
per cent. Therapeutic effects similar to 
those of nux vomica, q. v. Recommended 
in hysteria. Highly efficient in control- 
ling the functions of the cerebro-spinal axis. 
I. Abstractum. Dose gr. ss-j. I. 
Tinct., has io per cent, of the drug. 

Ignipunct / ure {ignis, hre,J>unctura, punc- 
ture). A method of cauterization and 
treating certain forms of hypertrophy by 
the introduction of platinum needles heated 
to whiteness by the electric current. 

Ig / nis (Lat.). Fire. Combustion distin- 
guished by rapid oxidation. I. Actualis, 
actual cautery. I. Fatuus, the phenome- 
non known as Jack o' Lantern, Will o' the 
Wisp, etc. Its origin is not known. I. 
Sacer, an obsolete name for erysipelas. 
I. Sancti Antonii, Saint Anthony' 's Fire, 
a common name for erysipelas. 

Ignition {ignis). The process of heating 
solids, especially inorganic compounds, at 
a white-hot temperature until all volatile 
matter has been driven off. 

Il'eac Passion (eiXeog, a colic or griping). 
An ailment characterized by severe griping 
pains and vomiting of faecal matter, to- 
gether with spasm of the abdominal 
muscles. 

Ileadel'phus {ileum, ade/tfog, brother). A 
monocephalic dual monstrosity with bodies 
united at the pelvis, with four lower and 
two upper extremities. 

IFeo- (ileum). A prefix signifying con- 
nection or relation to the ileum. 

Ileo-cae / cal {ileum, ccecum). Pertaining 
or belonging to both ileum and caecum. 
I. Fossa, a depression in the lower part 
of the small intestine at the base of the 
vermiform process. I. Valve, a valve 



consisting of two folds of mucous mem- 
brane that guards the passage between the 
ileum and caecum. 

Ileo-colTc [ileum, colon). Pertaining con- 
jointly to the ileum and the colon. 

Ileo-coli / tis {ileum, colon). Inflamma- 
tion of the lower part of the ileum and 
the colon. It is commonly known as in- 
testinal catarrh. 

Il'eum (ecXeu, I turn). The lower half of 
the small intestine. Receives its name 
from its peristaltic movements. 

IlTac {ilia, the flanks). Pertaining to the 
ilium or to the flanks. I. Aneurism, one 
occurring at the groin. I. Artery. See 
Artery. I. Crest, the upper free margin 
of the ilium to which the abdominal 
muscles are attached. I. Muscle. See 
Muscle. I. Region, one of the regions 
into which the abdomen is conventionally 
divided. See Abdomen. 

Ili'acus. See Muscle. 

IliadeFphus {ilia, ade?.<f>oc, brother). A 
term applied to foetal monsters united at 
the pelvis but double above. 

IlTo- (ileum). A Greek word used as a 
prefix to denote relation to, or connection 
with the ilium. 

Ilio-capsula / ris (ilium, capsula, a little 
chest). A muscle occasionally found in 
man, originating at the anterior lower spine 
of the ilium and inserted into the ilio- 
femoral ligament. 

Ilio-fenVoral (ilium, femur, the thigh 
bone). Pertaining conjointly to the ilium 
and the femur. I. Ligament, an inverted 
V-shaped ligament extending obliquely 
across the hip joint, from a spine of the 
ilium to the trochanters of the femur, pre- 
venting over-extension of the joint. I. 
Triangle, a triangle consisting of a base 
drawn from the summit of the great tro- 
chanter to the anterior upper spine of the 
ilium, with an apex formed by lines drawn 
backward from the anterior upper spine 
and upward from the summit of the tro- 
chanter. 

Ilio-hypogas / tric (ilium, viroyacrpiov, 
the lower belly). Pertaining conjointly to 
the ilium and the hypogastrium. I . Nerve. 
See Nerve. 

Ilio-in'guinal (ilium, inguen, the groin). 
Pertaining to the ilium and the groin. I. 
Nerve. See A T erve. 

Ilio-lum / bar (ilium, lumbus, the loin). 
Pertaining conjointly to the ilium and the 
loins. I. Artery, a branch of the poste- 
rior division of the internal iliac artery, 
supplying the iliacus, and also the psoas, 



ILIO-PECTINEAL 



206 



IMMUNITY 



and quadratus lumborum muscles. I. 
Muscle, that part of the quadratus lum- 
borum muscle that is inserted at the tips 
of the processes of the lumbar vertebrae. 

Ilio-pectine / al. Pertaining conjointly to 
the ilium and the pectineus muscle. I. 
Ligament, that part of the iliac fascia 
which attaches Poupart's ligament and the 
sheath of the crural vessels to the os pubis. 
I. Line, the ridge reaching from the spine 
of the os pubis to the auricular surface of 
the ilium. 

Ilio-pePvic. Pertaining conjointly to the 
ilium and the pelvis. I. Abscess, a sup- 
puration sometimes occurring over the ili- 
acus muscle during first labor, and com- 
monly due to the laceration of muscular 
fiber. 

Ilio-pso / as. The iliacus and psoas mus- 
cles taken conjointly. 

IPium (Lat.). The upper part of the os 
innominatum. The haunch bone. 

Illaquea / tion (illaquea, to ensnare). A 
method of changing the direction of mis- 
placed cilia, by withdrawing them by a 
noose, through an opening in the adjacent 
tissue of the lid. 

Illegitimacy (in, not, legitimus, according 
to law). The condition of being unlaw- 
ful, or not legitimate. 

Illegitimate (in, legitimus). Not in ac- 
cordance with statutory law. I. Child, 
one born out of lawful wedlock ; a bastard. 

Illequa / tion. See Illaqueation. 

Illic / ium. Star Anise. The fruit of 77- 
licium anisatum. Properties due to a 
volatile oil identical with oil of anise. 

Illumination (illumino, to make light). 
A light produced by a luminous body, 
and reflected by surrounding objects. I. 
of Eye, the lighting up of the interior of 
the eye by means of the ophthalmoscopic 
mirror. I., Oblique, in microscopy, an 
illumination produced by throwing the rays 
upon the object at any angle of inclination. 
In ophthalmology, of the cornea, etc., by 
focusing a pencil of rays obliquely upon 
the part. 

Illusion (illusio, a mocking). See Hal- 
lucination. 

Im'age (imago, a likeness). The picture 
of an object formed by the focalized rays 
of light proceeding from it. I., Diffu- 
sion of. See Diffusion. I., Erect, that 
of the fundus oculi as seen by the ophthal- 
moscope, the details of the fundus being 
in their natural position. I., Inverted, 
that obtained by interposing between the 
mirror and observed eye, a high-power lens ; 



it is an aerial image at the focus of the lens 
used. I., Real, that made by the focal- 
ized reflected rays. I., Virtual, that pro- 
duced by the imaginary focus of the rays, 
as, e.g., behind a mirror. 

Imagination (zwa^v). The picture-mak- 
ing power of the mind. The faculty by 
which one creates mental ideas or pictures 
by means of the data derived from ex- 
perience, ideally revivified, extended, and 
combined in new forms. 

Ima / go. An image. Also, the mature or 
winged stage of insects. 

Im / becile (imbecillus, weak). Feeble in 
mind. 

ImbeciPity (imbecillus). Mental weak- 
ness or defect. Similar to that of idiocy, 
but of less degree. 

Imbibe 7 (imbibo, to drink). To drink or 
suck in. 

ImbibPtion (imbibo). The sucking up, or 
capillary absorption, of moisture, liquids, 
or gaseous substances by inorganic, or by 
dead or torpid organic bodies. 

InPbricated (imbrex, a roof tile). Dis- 
tinguished by overlapping. Applied to 
the position and arrangement of scales in 
certain squamous diseases of the skin. 

Imitation (imitor, to be alike). A pro- 
duction that is similar to or a copy of 
another object or process. I., Morbid, 
the occurrence of a convulsive or mental 
affection brought about by observing a 
similar affection in another. 

Imme'diate (in, not, medio, the middle). 
Direct. Without anything intervening. I. 
Contagion, that from a direct source. I. 
Union, union by first intention, or without 
suppurative granulation. 

Immedicable (in, not, medico, to cure). 
That which does not yield to medicine or 
treatment. Incurable. 

Immer / sion (in, mergo, to dip). The 
plunging of a body into a liquid. In medi- 
cine, treatment by a continued bath. I. 
Bath, the liquid employed for the immer- 
sion. I. Battery, a form of battery in 
which, by inclining the cell, the elements 
are immersed in the liquid. I., Objective, 
a microscope objective, usually of high 
power, the lower lens of which is im- 
mersed in a drop of water, glycerine or oil, 
placed on the cover glass of the object 
under examination. 

Immis'cible (in, not, misceo, to mix). 
Incapable of mixture. 

Immu / nity (immzenitas, exemption). The 
condition of an organ, or of" the body, 
whereby it resists the development of in- 



IMMUNIZATION 



207 



IN 



fectious or morbid processes. The inocu- 
lation of attenuated virus and of chemical 
compounds are examples of methods by 
which I. is gained. It has also been shown 
that inflammatory action is destructive of 
bacterial development. I., Acquired, 
that from a previous attack of the same 
disease or a modified form, as varioloid. 
I., Natural, the natural resistance of the 
tissues, or system. Immunization may be 
transient or permanent. 

Immunization. The act or process of 
endowing with immunity. 

Im'munize. To give or acquire immunity. 

InVpact {in, pin°-o, to drive into). A for- 
cible striking against. 

Impacted {in, pingo). Driven against 
and retained, as a wedge. I. Fracture, 
one in which the fragments of bone are 
driven into one another in such a manner 
as to shorten the bone. 

Impale / ment {in, pal, a pale or picket). 
The perforation of the body or a part by a 
rod or stake. 

ImpaFudism {in, palus, a marsh). The 
morbid predisposition to malarial diseases 
common to dwellers in marshy regions. 

InVpar [in, not, par, equal). Odd or un- 
equal. I., Ganglion, a small ganglion on 
the coccyx. 

Imperforate {in, neg., perforo, to pierce). 
Congenital and abnormal closure of an 
opening of the body, as the anus, vagina, 
etc. See Occlusion and Obstruction. 

Imperfora / tion {in, neg., perforo, to bore 
through). Occlusion, especially used of 
the Anus, Hymen, Vagina, etc. 

Impermeable {in, not, per, through, mea- 
tus, an opening). Not capable of being 
traversed. 

Impervious {in, pervius, capable of pas- 
sage). Not permitting a passage through. 

Impetigo (Lat.). Porrigo contagiosa. 
A term formerly used to include almost 
eveiy form of pustular inflammation of the 
skin, most of which are now classified with 
other diseases. The following are recog- 
nized by Tilbury Fox: I. Contagiosa, 
marked by discreteness of vesicles and 
pustules, caused by inoculation with morbid 
pus. Lesions occur mainly about mouth, 
nostrils, chin and occiput. I., Duhling's, 
differs from the foregoing in being non- 
infectious. I. Herpetiformis, an inflam- 
matory disease of the skin described by 
Hebra, consisting of superficial pustules of 
pin-head size, densely crowded into groups, 
usually circular in shape. Very rare in 
America, and occasional in Europe. 



Implantation {in, planto, to set). The 

act of setting in. Also, the transplantation 
of a tooth from the jaw of one person to 
that of another. Also, the engrafting of 
epidermis from the skin of one person upon 
the body of another. I., Hypodermatic, 
the introduction of a medicine in the form 
of a soluble solid under the skin for thera- 
peutic purposes. I., Teratological, a 
foetal monstrosity consisting of an imperfect, 

joined to a perfect foetus. 

Imponderable {in, not, ponderabilis, that 
which can be weighed). That which can- 
not be weighed. I. Fluids, an obsolete 
term, formerly applied to light, heat and 
electricity. 

Importation {in,porto, to carry). Trans- 
ference from another locality or foreign 
country. I. of Disease, the carrying of 
the contagion of disease. 

Impos / thume {airoarrjixa, standing away 
from). A corrupt form of apostema. An 
abscess. 

InVpotence {in, not, possum, to be able). 
Lack of power, applied especially to male 
incapacity of procreation. 

Impregnation {in,prcgnans, with child). 
The state of being pregnant. Fecunda- 
tion. Fertilization. 

Impression {imprimo, to press upon). 
A hollow or depression. Applied to a 
number of such in the body. I., Digital, 
the mark made by finger pressure. 

Impu / beral {in, not,puber, ripe). Desti- 
tute of hair on the pubes. Not of adult 
age. 

Im / pulse {impello, to drive against). Any 
communicated force. Also, the shock and 
reverberation on the chest- walls caused by 
the beating of the heart. Also, a sudden 
spontaneous emotion of the mind or in- 
fluence acting upon it. I., Cardiac, the 
systolic beat of the heart occurring at the 
apex, and felt in the fifth intercostal space. 
I., Morbid, any strong, unnatural im- 
pulse, especially one of an insane charac- 
ter. 

Impulsion {impello). The act of driving 
or urging onward, either mentally or physi- 
cally. 

Impunity {in, not, purus, pure or clean). 
Want of purity or cleanliness. In chem- 
istry the condition of containing some sub- 
stance other than that desired. Adultera- 
tion. In medicine, a want of clearness in 
the sounds of the heart, but not sufficient 
to cause a murmur. 

In. A Latin prefix signifying in or within. 
Also, a particle signifying negation. 



-IN 



208 



INCUBATOR 



-in, or -ine. A suffix added to the names 
of the halogen elements, chlorine, bromine, 
iodine and fluorine. Also, a distinctive 
termination used to distinguish organic 
bases, particularly the class known as al- 
kaloids. It is also loosely applied to cer- 
tain organic radicals. 

Inanimate (in, not, animus, life). Not 
animate. Dead. Without life. 

Inanition (inanio, tomake empty). Empti- 
ness of the organs of digestion for want of 
food. Also, wasting of the body from 
starvation or disease. 

Inap / petence (in, not, appeto, to desire). 
Loss or want of appetite. 

Inartic / ulate (in, not, articulus, a joint). 
Not jointed or articulated. Also, vocal 
sounds not capable of arrangement into 
syllables, or of being understood. 

Inassim / ilable (in, not, assimulo, to make 
like). Incapable of assimilation. 

Incandescent (incandesco, to become 
white hot). A term applied to a substance 
that has been heated to the degree of emit- 
ting light. I. Electric Light, one con- 
sisting of a film of carbon of high resistance 
enclosed in a vacuous glass globe. The 
film emits a white light when the current 
passes through it. 

Incarcerated. See Hernia. 

Incarceration (in, carcero, to imprison). 
The condition of imprisonment or confine- 
ment of a part. See Hernia. 

Incarnation. See Conception. 

In / cest (incestus, not chaste). Carnal in- 
tercourse between persons of near relation- 
ship. 

Incidence (incido, to fall). A falling upon. 
The direction in which one body strikes 
another. I., Line of, the path of a ray 
or a projectile. L, Point of, the point 
upon which the ray or projectile is reflected 
or strikes. 

Incident (incido). Falling upon. 

Incineration (cineres, ashes). The process 
of heating organic substances in contact 
with the air until all organic matter is 
driven off, and only the mineral ash re- 
mains. 

Incased (incido, to cut). Cut. I. Wound, 
one made by a sharp-edged instrument. 

Incision (incido). The act of cutting into 
any tissue of the body. 

Incisive (incido). Having the quality of 
cutting. Pertaining to the incisor teeth. 
I. Teeth. See Incisor. 

Inci / sor (incido). Any cutting instrument. 
I. Nerve, the branch of the inferior dental 
nerve supplying the incisor and canine 



teeth. I. Teeth, the four anterior teeth 
in each jaw. 

Incisu / ra (incido). A notch. Also, an 
incision. 

Inclu'sio Fceta / lis. (Lat.) A form of 
fcetal parasitism in which the parasite is 
more or less included and overgrown by 
the tissues of the autosite. 

Inclusion (includo, to enclose or shut 
in). The state of being shut in. Also, 
the act of shutting in. 

Incoherent (in, not, cohcero, to stick 
together). Not connected or coherent. 
Inability to express that sequence of 
words or of ideas necessary to convey 
meaning. 

Incompatible (in, not, compatibilis, en- 
durable). A term used to designate such 
compounds as are incapable of mixture 
without undergoing such chemical or phys- 
ical changes as impair or destroy their 
value. Also, substances physiologically 
antagonistic, and therefore useless to pre- 
scribe. 

Incompetence (in, not, co)?ipatior, to 
suffer together). Inability to perform 
natural functions. L, Mental, a disorder 
of mind sufficient to produce irresponsi- 
bility. I., Valvular. See Insufficiency. 

Incontinence (in, not, contineo, to con- 
tain). Inability to restrain the faeces or 
the urine ; involuntary evacuation. Some- 
times used as a synonym of venereal indul- 
gence. 

Incoordination (in, not, con, together, 
ordino, order). Not in natural or normal 
order. In pathology, the inability to pro- 
duce voluntary muscular movements in 
proper order or sequence. I. of Ocular 
Muscles. See Insufficiency. 

Incorporation (in, corpus, a body). The 
process of intimately mixing the particles 
of different bodies into a practically homo- 
geneous mass. 

Incremation. See Cremation. 

Increment (incrementum, growth). In- 
crease or growth. 

Incrustation (incrusto, to cover with 
rind). The formation of a crust. Also, 
the formation of a calcareous deposit in 
organic tissue due to senility or disease. 

Incubation (incubo, to sit on eggs). In 
medicine, the period between the implant- 
ing of the contagion and the development 
of the disease. 

In / cubator (incubo}. A device for the 
artificial hatching of eggs or cultivation of 
microscopic plants. I., Crede's, a copper 
tube made with double walls, between 



INCUBUS 



209 



INDOL 



which water at the desired temperature 
may be put, and withdrawn by means of 
pipes and stop-cocks. I., Tarnier's, an 
apparatus for the rearing of premature 
children, consisting of a box with two 
compartments, one containing the child, 
the other, and lower compartment, being 
filled with warm water, so as to keep a 
uniform temperature of 86°-88°. 

In'cubus. See Nightmare. 

Incunea / tion. See Impaction. 

Incu / rable (in, cziro, to care for). That 
which cannot be cured or restored to 
wholeness. 

In'cus [incus, an anvil). A small bone 
of the internal ear between the malleus 
and stapes. 

Indentation {in, dens, a tooth). A con- 
dition of being notched or serrated. I. of 
Tongue, the notches on the borders of 
the tongue made by the teeth, and visible 
especially during inflammation of the 
tongue. 

In'dex, (Lat.) The first finger. Also, the 
relation or ratio of one part to another, taken 
as a standard. I., Altitudinal, the height 
of a skull multiplied by ioo and divided 
by its length. I., Alveolar, the degree of 
prominence of the jaws, measured by the 
basi-alveolar length multiplied by ioo and 
divided by the basi-nasal length. When 
the alveolar index is less than 98, the skull 
is orthognathic, when more than 103, 
prognathic, when intermediate mesog- 
nathic. I., Cephalic, the breadth of a 
skull multiplied by 100 and divided by its 
length. When this is below 75, the skull 
is called dolichocephalic, when above 
80, it is called brachycephalic, between 
these limits, mesaticephalic. I., Nasal, 
the greatest nasal width multiplied by 100, 
and divided by the nasal length. When 
the nasal index exceeds 53, the nose is 
platyrhine, when less than 48, it is said 
to be leptorhine, if between these num- 
bers, mesorhine. I., Orbital, the or- 
bital height multiplied by 100 and divided 
by the orbital width. If the orbital index 
be above 89, it is called megaseme, if 
under 84, microseme, if between, meso- 
seme. I., Thoracic, taken at its widest 
part is 100 times the sagittal, divided by 
the transverse measurement. 

In / dian. Pertaining to India, the West 
Indies, or to the aboriginal Americans. 
I. Black-root, the root of Pterocaulon 
pycnostachium. Has reputed alterative 
properties. Dose of fid. extract TT\,xv- 
xxx. Unof. I. Corn. See Zea Mays. 
14 



I. Physic, American Ipecacuanha, the 
bark of the root of Gillenia trifoliata. 
A mild emetic and cathartic. Dose of fid. 
ext. TT\x-xl. Unof. I. Turnip. See 
Dragon Root. 

Ind / ia-rub / ber. The prepared concrete 
juice obtained mainly from an Indian tree, 
Ficus elasticus, and a South American 
tree, Siphonia elastica. It is valuable 
chiefly for its elasticity and its insolubility 
in water. It is difficultly soluble in oil of 
turpentine, and highly soluble in carbon 
disulphide. Also, called Caoutchouc. 

IndTcan. A glucoside forming the basis 
of indigo. May be obtained from the leaf 
in the form of a yellowish-brown syrup, 
having an acid reaction. 

Indigenous (indu, in, gigno, to be born). 
Native. Originating or belonging to a cer- 
tain locality or country. 

Indigest/ion (in, digesto, to dissolve). 
Same as Dyspepsia. 

Indigita / tion (in, digitus, a finger). A 
term applied to the displacement of a part 
of the intestine by intussusception. 

In / digo. A blue pigment formed during 
the fermentation of Indigofera anil, I. 
tinctoria and other species. It is insoluble 
in alcohol or water, but freely soluble in 
strong sulphuric acid. Used mainly in the 
arts as a dye-stuff. Chemically, it is a 
mixture of several principles, the chief 
being a blue coloring matter, indigotin. 
Therapeutically, it is an irritant to the 
mucous membrane of the alimentary tract, 
producing intense nausea. It has been 
used advantageously in epilepsy, chorea 
and convulsions, in doses varying from 
3 ij- ^ ij daily. Unof. I. -Carmine Test 
for Sugar. Put in 30 minims of water 
one pellet indigo-carmine and sodium car- 
bonate ; heat gently to solution ; add one 
drop of urine and boil quietly. A change 
to red or yellow indicates sugar. 

In'digogen. See Uroxanthin. 

Indirect 7 (in, dirigo, to be in a straight 
line). Not direct. I. Vision, that per- 
ception of an object in which the image 
falls on some other spot than the macula. 
I. Division of Cells. See Karyo- 
kinesis. 

Indisposition (in, dispono, to be out of 
place). Any slight illness or disturbance 
of the functions of the body. 

Indissoluble. See Insoluble. 

In / dol. A product of intestinal putrefac- 
tion ; formed, also, when proteids are heated 
with alkalies or by superheating with water 
to 200 C. 



INDOLENT 



210 



INFIRMARY 



In'dolent (in, not, doleo, to feel pain). 
Sluggish. Without pain ; applied to ul- 
cers, tumors, etc. 

Induced / (induco, to lead into). Made or 
produced by the agency of any means. I. 
Current. See Current. 

Induction (induco). The establishment 
of an abstract law or proposition by means 
of specific or particular illustrations. I. 
Balance, in physics, an instrument used 
for the detection of currents too weak to 
affect the galvanometer. I. Current. See 
Current. I. of Labor, the bringing on 
of labor by artificial means. 

Inducto'rium. A magneto-induction ap- 
paratus for physiological purposes. 

In / durated (induro, to harden). Hard- 
ened. I. Bubo, a hard inflammation of 
the lymphatic glands, usually of syphilitic 
origin. 

Induration [induro). The hardening of 
a tissue without alteration of structure. I., 
Brown, a hardening of lung-tissue with 
accumulation of pigmentary matter. I. 
of Chancre, a hard nodule, or a cup-like 
ring, about the margin of a chancre or 
syphilitic ulcer. 

Inebriation (inebrio, to make drunk). 
The condition of drunkenness. 

Iner'tia (in, not, ars, skill). Sluggish- 
ness. In physics, the inability of matter 
to change its condition except by means 
of an external force. In physiology, in- 
activity of any organ or function of the 
body. I., Uterine, the failure or slug- 
gishness of uterine contractions in labor. 
I., Intestinal, torpor of intestinal action, 
or peristalsis. I. of Drugs, lack of 
power of same, from inferior quality, to 
produce their customary physiological re- 
actions. 

In extre'mis (in, at, extremis, end). A 
Latin phrase, meaning at the end. The 
common form, "in extremis mortis" is in- 
excusable. 

In / fancy (infans, a little child). Early 
childhood. I., Diseases of, those to 
which infants are peculiarly liable. 

In / fant (infans). A babe. According to 
English law, one not having attained the 
age of twenty-one. I., Overlaying of, 
suffocation of an infant by the lying upon 
it of an adult in sleep. I. Shelter, a 
day nursery where the infant children of 
working mothers are kept at a moderate 
expense during the hours of labor. In 
France, a crdche. 

Infanticide (infans, ccedo, to kill). The 
murder of an infant. 



InTarct (infarcio, to fill in). An obstruc- 
tion or plug. In pathology, an organ or 
part filled to distention with a coagulum. 

Infarction (infarcio). The plugging or 
clotting of a vessel by an embolus; the 
masses of extravasated blood in the tissues 
in embolism. 

Infect 7 (inficio, to put in, or corrupt). To 
communicate or transmit the specific virus 
or germs of disease. 

Infection (inficio). The communication 
of disease-germs or virus, by any means, 
direct or indirect. 

Infectious (inficio). Having the quality 
of transmitting disease or the agents that 
cause it. 

Infecund'ity (in, not, fecundus, fruitful). 
Sterility, Barrenness. 

Inferior (comp. of inferus, low). Lower. 

Infibula / tion (in, fibula, a clasp). An 
operation formerly employed to prevent 
the retraction of the prepuce over the 
glans penis in order to prevent copulation. 
It consisted of passing a ring through 
opposite edges of the prepuce. In a simi- 
lar manner a ring was passed through the 
labia of the vagina in order to insure the 
chastity of females. 

Infiltrate (in, Fr., filtrer, to strain). To 
ooze into the interstitial spaces of a tissue; 
also, the substance thus having passed. 

Infiltration (in, Fr., filtrer). The ab- 
normal diffusion of any fluid from with- 
out into an organ or tissue, affecting it 
mechanically so as to destroy its function. 
I. of Bone, a tubercular infiltration of 
bone, consisting either of matter that be- 
comes puriform, or else of gray cancellous 
matter. I., Calcareous, deposits of lime 
or other calcium salts within any tissue 
of the body. I., Cellular, the primary 
exudation into a tissue, conveying white 
corpuscles. I., Fatty, the existence of 
oil or fat globules in the interior of a 
cell. I., Plastic, that of a character 
from which new normal growth may de- 
velop. I., Sanguineous, an extravasa- 
tion of blood. An ecchymosis. I., Tu- 
berculous, a confluence of tuberculous 
granulations. 

Infinite Distance. A term in optics to 
denote parallelism of the light-rays. Abso- 
lute parallelism does not exist, but, practi- 
cally, rays from an object 20 feet away 
are so considered and called. 

Infirm 7 (infirmus, not strong or firm). 
Weak or feeble. 

Infirm / ary (infirmus). A hospital. An 
institution where ill and infirm people 



INFIRMITY 



211 



INGRAVESCENT 



are maintained during the period of treat- 
ment. 

Infirmity {infirmus). Weakness. Feeble- 
ness due to disease or senility. 

Inflame 7 {inflammo, to set on fire). To 
undergo inflammation. To become unduly 
heated and turgid with blood, owing to a 
morbid condition. 

Inflammation {inflammo). A condi- 
tion of nutritive disturbance character- 
ized by hyperemia, with proliferation of 
the cells of a tissue or organ, and attended 
by one or more of the symptoms of 
pain, heat, swelling, discoloration and 
disordered function. I., Adhesive, a 
synonym of Healing by First I?ite7ition. 
I., Aplastic, and I., Plastic. See 
Lymph. 

Inflammatory {inflammo). Pertaining 
to inflammation. I. Exudation, the fluid 
exuded from an inflamed part. I. Focus, 
the central or culminating spot of an in- 
flamed part, or that at which suppuration 
begins. I. Fungoid Neoplasm. See 
Mycosis. I. Infiltration, the exudation 
escaping into the interstices of an inflamed 
tissue and not removed by the lymphat- 
ics. I. Zone, the area of gangrenous 
formation bounded by the line of demarca- 
tion between dead and living tissue. Also 
the line of demarcation. 

Inflation {info, to puff up). Distention 
with air. In surgery, distention of the 
bowels with air to relieve obstruction ; or 
of the lungs for artificial respiration; or 
of the Eustachian tube for the purpose of 
examination. 

Influenza (Lat., an influence [thought 
to be due to the stars]). A contagious, 
epidemic, inflammatory affection of the 
mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, 
accompanied by a muco-purulent discharge, 
fever, and prostration. Popularly called 
by its French name, la grippe. 

Influx {in,fluo, to flow). An inflow. The 
act of flowing in. 

Infra- {infra, beneath). A Latin prefix 
meaning beneath. 

Infra-axillary {infra, axilla, the arm- 
pit). Below the arm-pit. 

Infraclavicular {infra, claviatla, the 
collar-bone). Below the collar-bone. 

Infracostal [infra, costa, the ribs). Below 
the ribs. 

Infraction {in, f radio, breaking) . Incom- 
plete fracture of a bone. Also, an inden- 
tation or driving inward. 

Inframax / illary {infra, maxillium, the 
jaw). Below or under the jaw. 



Infra-orbital {infra, orbita, the orbit). 
Beneath or below the orbit. I. Artery, 
the branch of the internal maxillary artery 
traversing the infra-orbital canal. I . Canal, 
the canal in the superior maxillary bone 
that transmits the infra- orbital vessels and 
nerves. I. Foramen, the aperture in 
the superior maxillary bone through which 
the infra-orbital artery passes. I. Groove, 
the groove leading to the infra-orbital 
canal. I. Nerve, the name of the supe- 
rior maxillary nerve at its entrance to the 
infra-orbital canal. 

Infrascap / ular {infra, scapula, the shoul- 
der-blade). Below the shoulder-blade. 

Infraspinatus. See Muscle. 

Infrasternal {infra, sternum, the breast 
bone). Beneath the sternum. I. Depres- 
sion, the depression of the ensiform car- 
tilage, commonly called the pit of the 
stomach. 

Infundib / uliform {infundibnlum, a fun- 
nel, forma, a form). Funnel-shaped. I. 
Fascia, the funnel-shaped membranous 
layer that invests the spermatic cord. 

Infundib'ulum {infundo, to pour into). 
A funnel. I. of Brain, a funnel-shaped 
mass of gray matter attached to the pitui- 
tary gland. I. of Cochlea, a small cavity 
at the end of the modiolus. I. of Heart, 
the arterial cone from which the pulmonary 
artery arises. 

Infusion. See Infusion. 

Infuso / ria {infusum, an infusion). A class 
of microscopic, ciliated organisms belong- 
ing to the order of Protozoa. They repro- 
duce by fission and budding, and also by 
eggs or germs. 

Infu'sum (Lat.). An infusion. In phar- 
macy, a preparation made by treating a 
vegetable substance with hot or with cold 
water without boiling. Infusions should, 
in the absence of specific directions, con- 
tain I part of the substance to io of water. 
There are 5 official infusa. 

Inges / ta {ingero, to carry into). Sub- 
stances introduced into the body, especially 
for purposes of alimentation. 

Ingestion {ingero). The introduction of 
food or nutrition into the mouth or stomach. 

In / gluvin. A preparation obtained from 
the gizzard of the fowl, used as a substi- 
tute for pepsin and pancreatin. Very effi- 
cient in the vomitiug of pregnancy. Dose 
gr. xx. 

Ingras'sias, Processes, or Wings of. 
The lesser wings of the sphenoid bone. 

Ingravescent {ingravesco, to become 
heavy). Increasing in weight or in se- 



INGRAVIDATION 



212 



INNOMINATE 



verity. I. Apoplexy, probably due to 
slowly increasing cerebral hemorrhage. 

Ingravida / tion. See Impregnation. 

Ingredient (ingredior, to step into). Any 
part that enters into the formation of a 
compound. 

In-growing Nail. See Onychogryphosis. 

In / guinal (inguen, the groin). Pertaining 
to the groin. I. Canal, the canal trans- 
mitting the spermatic cord in the male, 
and the round ligament in the female. It 
is situated parallel to and just above Pou- 
part's ligament. I. Glands, the super- 
ficial and the deep glands of the groin. I. 
Hernia. See Hernia. 

Inguino-Abdom / inal. Pertaining con- 
jointly to the groin and abdomen. 

Inhalation (inhalo, to draw in). The 
in-breathing of air or other vapor. I. 
Diseases, those due to the inspiration of 
air containing dust or any finely divided 
matter. See Grinders' 1 Disease. I. of 
Medicines, the introduction into the air- 
passages or lungs of medicinal substances, 
in the form of vapor or fine spray. 

Inhale 7 (inhalo). To inspire or draw air 
or other vapor into the lungs. 

InhaTer [inhald). An instrument for ap- 
plying, or for inhaling the vapor of a liquid 
medicine. 

Inherited (inhcereo, to cleave to). De- 
rived from an ancestor. I. Disease, a 
disease that has been transmitted to a child 
by its parent. 

Inhibit (inhibeo, to check). To check, 
restrain, or suppress. 

Inhibition (inhibed). The act of check- 
ing, restraining or suppressing. Inhibitory 
nerves and centers, are those intermediating 
a modification, stoppage or suppression of 
a motor or secretory act already in pro- 
gress. I., Vasomotor, an influence ex- 
erted on the contractile walls of the blood 
vessels, that causes their dilatation by a 
diminution of their tone. I., Voluntary, 
the checking or temporary restraint of a 
reflex by force of will. 

Inhibitory [inhibed). Having the power 
to restrain or hold in check. I. Center 
of Setschenow, a cerebral center in the 
optic lobes of the brain of the frog, the 
stimulation of which checks reflexes. I. 
Nerves of the Heart, those of the vagus 
supplied by the cardio-inhibitory center, 
through the spinal accessory nerve. I. 
Nerves of Respiration, certain afferent 
fibers in the laryngeal branches of the 
vagus nerve, that exert an inhibitory action 
on the inspiratory act of respiration. 



Inhumation (inhutno, to put in the 
ground). Burial of the dead in the 
ground. 

In / ial (lvlov, the occiput). Pertaining to 
the inion. The posterior aspect of the 
head. 

Inienceph / alus (lvlov, Eynetyalov, brain). 
A class of exencephalic monstrosities, the 
brain protruding through an occipital fis- 
sure. 

In / ion (lvlov). The external protuberance 
of the occipital bone. 

Initial [in, eo, to go). Beginning or 
commencing. I. Sclerosis, the primary 
induration of a hard chancre. I. Stage 
of Labor. See Labor, Stages of. 

Inject 7 (in, jacio, to throw). The introduc- 
tion of a liquid into any cavity of the body, 
natural or artificial, by means of a syringe 
or similar instrument. In pathology, a 
condition of distention of the capillaries 
with blood. 

Injec/tion (in, Jacio). Aqueous or other 
solutions thrown into the vessels, beneath 
the skin or into any cavity of the body. 
I., Anatomical, filling, the vessels of a 
cadaver or of an organ with preservative 
or coagulating solutions, for purposes of 
dissection, etc. I., Coagulating, injection 
of coagulating solutions into the cavity of 
an aneurism. I., Hypodermatic, by a 
syringe in the tissue beneath the skin. I., 
Nutrient, injection of nutritive fluids into 
the rectum or other cavity. I., Opaque 
Naked-eye, for anatomical or microsco- 
pical purposes, made of plaster-of- Paris, 
tallow, vermilion and gelatine, acetate of 
lead and bichromate of potash (yellow in- 
jection), or acetate of lead and carbonate 
of soda (white). I., Transparent Micro- 
scopic, made with carmine for red, ferro- 
cyanide of potassium for blue, chromate of 
potash for yellow, etc. 

Injury (in, not, jus, a right). Any dam- 
age or harm to the body or any of its 
parts. 

In'let of the Pel'vis. The heart-shaped 
space within the brim of the pelvis. 

Innervation (in, nerviis). The discharge 
of nervous impulse from a ganglionic 
center. The manifestation of nervous 
force. 

Innom'inate (in, without, nomen, a. 
name). A term applied to several parts 
of the body to which no other definite 
name has been given. I. Artery. See 
Artery. I. Bone, the irregular-shaped 
bone forming the sides and anterior wall 
of the pelvic cavity. 



INNUTRITION 



213 



IN SITU 



Innutrition (in, nutrio, to nourish). 
Want of nutrition or nourishment. 

Inoculation (inoculo, to engraft). The 
introduction into the circulation of the 
virus of infectious diseases, or of certain 
medicinal agents. I., Jennerian, vacci- 
nation, or the I. of cowpox virus. I. of 
Smallpox, inoculation with the contagium 
of smallpox to produce a mild type of the 
disease. I., Preventive, inoculation of 
some virus to act as a preventive of a more 
serious disease or type of the same disease. 

I / nogen (eg [gen. ivog~\, sugar, jevvau, to 
produce). A name given to a hypothetical 
substance held to occur in muscular tissue, 
and to be decomposed, during contraction, 
into carbon dioxide, sarcolactic acid, and 
myosin. Because of this behavior it is 
considered the energy-producing substance 
of muscle. 

Inorganic (in, organum, an instrument). 
A term applied to a body or a substance 
that possesses none of the possibilities of 
development, growth or life. I. Constitu- 
ents. See Constituents. 

Inosculation (in, osculo, to kiss). The 
joining, at their mouths, of the branches of 
blood vessels, especially the extremities of 
arteries with the origins of veins. 

Inosin'ic Ac / id. An ammonia derivative 
from muscle ; of unknown constitution. 

I'nosit. See Sugar. 

In / quest (in, qucero, to ask). A judicial 
inquiry. I., Coroner's, an inquiry con- 
cerning the cause of the death of one who 
has died by violence or in some other un- 
known way. 

Inquisition (in, qucero). The inquiry or 
hearing before a jury or commission con- 
cerning the sanity or lunacy of a criminal 
or a person charged with crime. 

Insaliva / tion (in, saliva, the spittle). The 
mixture of the food with saliva during 
mastication. 

Insane 7 (in, not, sanus, sound). Deranged 
or diseased in mind. I. Ear. See Hema- 
toma Auris. 

Insanity (in, sanus). A derangement or 
abnormal condition of one or more of the 
mental faculties, without loss of volition or 
consciousness, arising from causes other 
than bodily disease. I., Acquired, that 
arising after a long period of life of mental 
integrity. I., Alcoholic, that induced by 
alcoholic excess, usually a result of he- 
reditary tendencies. I., Communicated, 
that transmitted by intercourse with an in- 
sane person. I., Epidemic, a form occa- 
sionally manifested among a number of 



people in common association, as in con- 
vents or schools. I., Febrile, a maniacal 
form, occasionally resulting from acute in- 
flammation, fever, or from similar cause. 
I., Hereditary, that acquired by virtue of 
hereditary weakness or taint, and not in- 
duced by other apparent causes. I., Idea- 
tional, a term applied to any form in which 
there is marked perversion of the reasoning 
powers. I., Impulsive, a form in which 
the patient possesses an uncontrollable de- 
sire to commit acts of violence. I., Moral, 
a form marked by perversion and depravity 
of the moral sense, without impairment of 
the reasoning and intellectual faculties. I. 
of Pregnancy, a form occurring during 
pregnancy, characterized by melancholia, 
suicidal intent, and abhorrence of friends 
and relatives. I., Primary, a form, often 
congenital, that arises with the develop- 
ment of the body. It may also proceed 
from injury or disease of the brain in early 
life. I., Puerperal, a term sometimes 
applied to the delirium of childbirth, but 
more properly to the mania occurring after 
delivery. I. Simultaneous, when two 
or more persons hereditarily inclined be- 
come affected at the same time. I., Voli- 
tional, such forms as are marked by de- 
rangement of the will. 

Insatiable Appetite. See Bulimia. 

Insectiv / ora (insectum, an insect, voro, 
to devour). An order of plantigrade ani- 
mals belonging to the ma??imalia. 

In / sect Pow'der. The powdered flowers 
of several species of Pyrethrum or " bu- 
hach," an insecticide in common use. In 
the United States the flowers of P. cinera- 
folium are extensively cultivated for this 
purpose. 

Insemination (insemino, to plant seed). 
The planting of seed. The introduction 
of semen. 

Insensible (in, not, sentio, to feel) . With- 
out the sense of feeling. Incapable of 
being perceived or recognized by the 
senses. 

Insertion (insero, to set in). The act of 
setting or placing in ; or, that which is set 
in. I. Velamentous, the insertion of 
the margin of the umbilical cord upon the 
chorion. 

Insidious (insidia:, an ambush). Deceit- 
ful. Hidden from external view. I. 
Disease, one that shows no apparent 
symptoms. 

In si'tu (in, situ, position). A Latin 
phrase meaning in a given or natural 

position. 



INSOLATION 



214 



INTENSIVE 



Insolation (in, sol, the sun). Exposvire 
to the sun, either as a prophylactic treat- 
ment or a cause of disease. Sunstroke. 
In pharmacy, the drying or bleaching of 
substances by exposure to the sun. 

InsoFuble {in, neg., solubilis, soluble). 
Incapable of solution. 

Insom'nia {in, neg., somnus, sleep). 
Want of sleep. Inability to sleep. 

Inspection {inspectus, a beholding). In 
medicine, the examination of the body, or 
of any part of it. 

Inspiration {in, spiro, to breathe). That 
part of respiration consisting of the draw- 
ing in of the breath. 

Inspissate {inspisso, to thicken). To 
make thick by evaporation or by absorp- 
tion of the liquid menstruum. 

Instaura / tion {instauratio, a removal). 
The first appearance of a physiological 
condition. 

In / step {instop, the bend of the foot). 
The arch of the foot. 

Instillation {instillo, to put in little by 
little) . The pouring of a liquid guttatim, 
or little by little. 

In / stinct [instinguo, to impel). An in- 
herited natural impulse unassociated with a 
reasoning conception as to cause and effect. 

Institute {instituo, to set up). A state- 
ment of principles. Also, any establish- 
ment for the statement or dissemination of 
principles. I. of Medicine, the expla- 
nation or philosophy of the laws of the 
science of medicine ; pathological physi- 
ology. Used sometimes as a synonym of 
pathology. 

Instrument {instruo, to build). Any 
mechanical tool or device used in opera- 
tion or treatment. 

Insufficiency {in, sub, under, facio, to 
make). Incapacity of normal action. I. 
of Muscles, Active, a phenomenon of a 
muscle acting on two or more joints when 
the joints over which it passes are so 
changed that it cannot contract actively 
any further than to the extent of the short- 
ening from which it begins to be active. 
I. of Muscles, Passive, the analogue 
of the phenomena of active I. in many 
jointed muscles, whereby motion of the 
part is prevented from the position of the 
joint, the muscle being too short to act 
under such circumstances. I. of the Ocu- 
lar Muscles, weakness or paresis of the 
same, in high degrees resulting in strabis- 
mus, asthenopia, diplopia, etc. I. of the 
Cardiac Valves, imperfect closure, per- 
mitting regurgitation. 



Insufflation {in, sufflo, to puff). The 
blowing of any finely divided substance 
upon a surface or into a cavity. 

Insufflator {in, sufflo). A small instru- 
ment for blowing fine powders into a cavity 
or on a surface. Also, one for blowing air 
into the lungs. 

InSula (Lat.). In anatomy, the island 
of Reil. 

InSular {insula, an island). Isolated in 
condition, also, pertaining to the island of 
Reil. I. Sclerosis, or disseminated scle- 
rosis — scattered islets of sclerosis in the 
brain and cord. It is called sclerose en 

plaques disse?ninees by the French, and 
multiple sclerosis by the Germans. Its 
etiology is obscure. The symptoms vary 
according to the position of the islets : 
Motor derangements, a jerky tremor, pare- 
sis or paralysis, eye-changes, etc., are the 
most common. The prognosis is grave, 
and treatment of little avail. 

InSulate {insula). To isolate or separate 
from surroundings. In electricity, to sur- 
round a conductor with a non-conducting 
substance or with one having an exceed- 
ingly high resistance. 

InSult {in, upon, salto, to leap). The 
beginning of a paroxysm or of an attack 
of a disease. I., Apoplectic, an apo- 
plectic stroke. 

Integral {integer, whole). Entire. Es- 
sential. 

Integrity {integer). Wholeness. En- 
tirety. Also, virginity. 

Integ / ument [in, upon, tego, to cover). A 
covering, especially the skin. In botany, 
the envelope surrounding the ovule of 
phanerogamous plants. 

Intellect {inter, between, lego, to choose). 
The mind or reasoning power. I., De- 
ranged. See Insanity. 

Intelligence {intellectus, a perceiving). 
The understanding that comes from the 
perception of qualities and attributes of the 
objective world and manifested in the pur- 
posive employment of means to attain an 
end. 

Intemperance {in, not, temperantia, mild- 
ness). Want of moderation. Immoderate 
indulgence, especially with reference to 
alcoholic liquors. 

Intensity {intensus, strong). Concentra- 
tion of energy or activity. Also, a high 
degree of energy or power. I., Specific. 
See Specific. 

Intensive {intensus). Increased in force 
or energy. Strengthening or increasing 
the sexual passions. 



INTENTION 



215 



INTERNAL 



Intension. See Healing. 

Inter- {inter, between). A Latin prefix 
signifying between. 

Interartic / ular {inter, articulas, a joint). 
Situated between joints. I. Fibro-carti- 
lage, the flattened cartilaginous plates, ir- 
regular in shape, between the articular 
cartilages of certain joints. 

Interca / dence {inter, cado, to fall). The 
irregular beating of the pulse that seems 
occasionally to have an additional beat 
between normal pulsations. 

Intercalary (inter, calo, to insert). Placed 
or inserted between. I. Growth, a term 
applied to growths of new material inter- 
stitially deposited. 

Intercellular {inter, cellula,a. small cell). 
Among or between cells. 

Intercen / tral {inter, centrum, a center). 
Between centers. 

Intercil'ium. See Glabella. 

Interclavicular {inter, clavicula, the col- 
lar-bone). Between the clavicles. 

IntercolunVnar. See Fascia. 

Intercondylar, or 

Intercon / dyloid {inter, kovSvaoq, a knob). 
Between condyles. I. Eminence, the 
spine or knob separating the two con- 
dylar portions of the tibia. I. Fossa, the 
notch between the condyles of the femur. 
I. Line, a transverse line separating the 
popliteal and patellar fossae. I. Notch. 
Same as I. Fossa. 

Intercostal {inter, costa, a rib). The 
space between ribs. I. Arteries, the 
aortic arteries of the intercostal spaces. 
I. Muscles. See Muscles. I. Nerves, 
the anterior parts of the dorso-spinal nerves. 

Intercosto-hu / meral {inter, costa, hume- 
rus, the bone of the upper arm) . Pertaining 
to the arm and the space between the 
ribs. 

Intercourse {intercursus, commerce). 
Communication. I., Carnal, sexual com- 
merce. 

Intercurrent {inter, curro, to run). Oc- 
curring or taking place between. I. Dis- 
ease, a term loosely applied to diseases 
occurring sporadically during a period of 
prevailing endemic or epidemic diseases. 
Also used of a disease arising or progress- 
ing during the existence of another dis- 
ease in the same person. 

Interdental {inter, dens, a tooth). Be- 
tween the teeth. I. Splint, a splint used 
in fracture of the jaw, consisting of a me- 
tallic frame at the neck of the teeth, held 
by wire sutures passing between the teeth. 

Interdig'ital {inter, digitus, a finger). 



Between fingers. I. Membrane, the 
skin between the toes of pal mate -footed 
animals. I. Space, that between adja- 
cent fingers. 

Interdigita / tion {inter, digitus). The 
locking or dovetailing of similar parts, as 
the fingers of one hand with those of the 
other ; or of the ends of the obliquus ex- 
ternus muscle with those of the serratus 
via gnus. 

Interfascicular {inter, fasciculus, a bun- 
dle). Situated between fasciculi. 

Interference {inter, and ferio, to strike). 
Interposition. I. of Light, the mutual 
neutralization of waves of light, as shown 
in Newton's rings, when the crest of one 
wave falls upon the trough of another. I. 
of Sound, the neutralization of two sound 
waves, one by the other. 

Interlobular {inter, lobus, a lobe). Be- 
tween lobes or lobules. 

Intermaxillary {inter, maxilla, the jaw- 
bone). Between the maxillary bones. I. 
Bone, a small bone between the superior 
maxillary bones of the foetus that re- 
ceives the incisors. It also occurs in most 
mammals. 

Intermediate {inter, medio, the middle). 
Situated between. 

Intermenin / geal {inter, [irjviyZ, the mem- 
brane enclosing the brain). Between 
the dura mater and the arachnoid ; or, 
between the latter and the pia mater. I. 
Haemorrhage, a haemorrhage between 
the meninges. 

Interment {in, terra, the earth). The 
burial of the body. 

Intermetacarpal {inter, metacarpzis). 
Between metacarpal bones. 

Intermetatar'sal {inter, metatarsus). 
Between metatarsal bones. 

Intermission {intermissis, a breaking-off ). 
The interval between the paroxysms of a 
fever. Also, an interval when the pulse 
fails to beat in rhythmic time. 

Intermittent {inter, viitto, to send or oc- 
cur). Occuring at intervals. I. Fever. 
See Fever. I. Pulse, a pulsation marked 
by irregular pauses interrupting its rhyth- 
mic action. 

Intermuscular {inter, musculus, a mus- 
cle). Situated between muscles. 

Internal {internns, inward). On the in- 
side. I. Capsule, the band of nerve mat- 
ter between the optic thalamus and the 
interventricular portion of the corpus stria- 
tum. I. Capsule, Knee of, the angle 
formed by the two divisions of the internal 
capsule. 



INTERNODE 



216 



INTESTINAL 



In'ternode [inter, nodus, a knotV The 
space between adjacent joints or knots. 
That part of a nerve-fibril between Ran- 
vier*s nodes is called the internodal seg- 
ment. 

Internun / cial (inter, nuncius, a messen- 
ger). That which forms a connecting or 
serving medium, as the nerves and their 
relation to the muscles and the will. 

Inter'nus. See Internal. 

InterorbTtal [inter, orbita, the orbit). 
Situated between orbits. I. Bone, the 
median bone of fishes. I. Plate and 
Septum, a structure of the fore-brain, 
with its extension, found in certain fishes 
and reptiles. 

Interosseous {inter, ossa, a bone). Be- 
tween bones. I. Arteries, a name given 
to various branches of the dorsal, palmar, 
plantar and metatarsal arteries of the 
hand, foot and forearm. I. Muscles, a 
name given to certain muscles of the 
hand, foot and forearm. I. Nerves, the 
nerves supplying the foregoing muscles. 

Interparietal (inter, paries, walls). Be- 
tween walls. I. Bone, a term sometimes 
applied to the upper, squamous and non- 
cartilaginous part of the occipital bone. I. 
Suture, the sagittal suture, or that formed 
by the parietal bones. 

Interpeduncular (inter, peduncuhis, a 
little foot). Situated between peduncles. 
I. Space, the pons Tarini, or posterior 
perforated space that forms the posterior 
floor cf the third ventricle. 

Interphalang / eal (inter, (pa/uzy^, a finger). 
Between the fingers or the toes. I. Articu- 
lations, the ginglymoid articulations of 
the fingers and toes. 

Interpu'bic (inter, pubis). Situated be- 
tween the pubic bones. I. Disc, the fibro- 
cartilaginous mass forming the symphyses 
of the pubis. 

Interscapular (inter, scapula, the shoul- 
der-blade). Between shoulder-blades I. 
Region, the part of the chest between the 
inner border of the shoulder-blade and the 
spine. 

Interspi / nous (inter, spina, the spine). 
Situated between the vertebrae. 

Interstice (inter, status, fixed or set). A 
space or interval. Also, a pore. 

Interstitial (inter stitium, space between). 
Pertaining to any space or interval between 
parts or organs. I. Absorption, in ab- 
scesses, the absorption of tissues between 
a cyst and the skin. Also, any similar 
absorption. I. Atrophy, a condition ob- 
served in certain diseases of the bones 



(arthritis deformatts), in which the min- 
eral matter has been absorbed to such an 
extent that only reticulated laminae remain. 
I. Hypertrophy, a condition in certain 
diseases of the bones in which there is an 
excessive deposit of mineral matter in the 
Haversian canals and lacunae. Often ac- 
companied by diminution in the size of the 
bone. I. Keratitis. See Keratitis. I. 
Pregnancy. See Pregnancy. 

Intertransversa'les (inter, transversus, 
turned across). A name given to the short 
bundles of muscular fibers extending 
between the transverse processes of con- 
tiguous vertebrae. 

Intertrigo (inter, tero, to rub). An ery- 
thematous eruption or lesion of the skin 
produced by friction of adjacent parts. 
See Erythema. 

Intertrochanteric (inter, trochanter}. 
Between the trochanters. I. Line, a ridge 
on the upper end of the femur between 
the great and the lesser trochanter. 

Intertu / bular Sub'stance. The translu- 
cent, granular substance of the dentine of 
the tooth, containing most of its earthy 
elements. 

Interval (inter, vallum, a rampart). A 
space or lapse either of time or distance ; 
as the interval between the paroxysms of 
a fever, or between two organs or parts of 
the body. I., Focal, the distance between 
the anterior and posterior focal points. 

Interventricular (inter, ventriculum, a 
ventricle). Between ventricles, as, of the 
heart. I. Septum, the fibrous septum or 
partition between the ventricles of the 
heart. 

Intervertebral (inter, vertebra, a. bone of 
the spine). Between the vertebrae. I. 
Discs, the lenticular discs of fibro-cartilage 
between the adjacent surfaces of the verte- 
brae. I. Notch, the notch at the base of 
the pedicle of the laminae on the sides of 
each vertebra. I. Substance. Same as 
I. Discs. 

Intestinal (intestinum, the intestine). Per- 
taining to the intestine. I. Absorption, 
the absoiption of the peptonized products 
of digestion by the capillaries, veins and 
lacteals of the inner surface of the intestine. 
I. Arteries, the arteries of the intestines, 
of which the principal trunks are the cceliac 
axis and the mesenteric branches. The 

* lower part of the rectum is supplied by the 
haemorrhoidal branches of the iliac and 
pudic arteries. I. Canal, the entire in- 
testinal passage from the stomach to the 
anus. I. Fistula, a fistula or unnatural 



INTESTINE 



217 



INULA 



.aperture in any part of an intestine. I. 
Obstruction, any cause or agent that ar- 
rests or impedes the progress of the faeces. 
I. Tract, or Tube. Same as /. Canal. 
Intestine {intus, within). The part of 
the digestive tube extending from the 
stomach to the anus. I., Large, com- 
prises the caecum, colon and rectum. I., 
Small, consists of the duodenum, jejunum 
and ileum. 

In / tima {intimus, lowest). Used instead 
of tunica intima ; the innermost coat, or 
thin, transparent endothelium of vessels, 
consisting of a layer of irregular, long, fusi- 
form, nucleated, squamous cells. 

Intolerance {in, tolero, to bear). Want 
of endurance or ability to stand pain. Im- 
patience. Also, the inability to endure the 
action of a medicine. 

Intonation {intono, to thunder). The 
rumbling or gurgling sound produced by 
the movement of flatus in the bowels. 

Intoxication {in, toxicum, a poison). A 
word popularly used to denote the excessive 
use or an overdose of an alcoholic liquor. 
L, Septic. See Septicemia. I.,Uraemic. 
See Urczmia. 

In'tra- {intra, within). A Latin prefix 
signifying within. I. -abdominal, within 
the cavity of the abdomen. I. -articular, 
within a joint. I. -capsular, within the 
capsular ligament of a joint. 

Intracranial {intra, cranium, the skull). 
Within the skull. I. Haemorrhage, cere- 
bral haemorrhage. 

Intralobular {intra, lobus, a lobe). Within 
a lobe or lobule. I. Vein, the vein ex- 
tending from the apex to the base of the 
liver. 

Intrameninge / al {intra, iirfvvy^, the me- 
ninges). Situated within the substance of 
the membranes of the brain and spinal 
cord. I. Haemorrhage, an effusion of 
blood into the sac of the dura mater. 

Intramural {intra, mura, a wall). In- 
traparietal. Within the substance of the 
walls of an organ. 

Intra-oc / ular {intra, oculns, the eye). 
Within the globe of the eye. I. Haemor- 
rhage, an effusion of blood into any part 
of the eye. I. Pressure, or Tension. 
See Tension. 

Intra-or'bital {intra, orbita, an orbit). 
Within the orbit. I. Aneurism, an 
aneurism within the orbit of the eye, 
and usually involving a branch of the 
ophthalmic artery. I. Haemorrhage, a 
haemorrhage taking place within the orbit 
but behind the capsule of Tenon of the eye. 



Intrapari'etal {intra, paries, a wall). 
Within the walls or the substance of the 
walls of an organ. 
Intraperitonae / al {intra, neptrovaiov, the 
^peritonaeum). Within the peritonaeum or 
membranous sac that contains the viscera. 
Intrapolar {intra, polns, the end of an 
axis). Between the poles or ends of an 
axis. See, also, Extrapolar 
Intra-uterine {intra, uterus, the womb). 
Within the womb. I. Amputation, a 
spontaneous amputation occurring occa- 
sionally to some part of the fcetus in utero 
that becomes constricted by the umbilical 
cord or from other causes. I. Fracture, 
that which occurs to a fcetus in ute7-o. I. 
Life, that period of the existence of an 
animal between conception and birth. 
Intravenous {intra, vena, a. vein). 
Within the vein. I. Infusion, the intro- 
duction of a solution or a liquid into the 
vein. I. Injection, same as I. Infusion. 
Intrinsic {intrinsecus, on the inside). In- 
herent, inward. 

Intro- {intro, within). A Latin prefix 
signifying within. 

Intro / itus {intro, eo, to go). Any aperture 
or opening in the body. I. Pelvis, the 
inlet of the pelvis. I. Vaginae, the ex- 
ternal aperture of the vagina. 
Intromission {intro, initio, to send). The 
introduction of one body within the walls 
of another, as of the penis into the vagina. 
Introsuscep / tion {intro, suscipio, to re- 
ceive). The slipping or telescoping of a 
part of the intestine upon itself. 
Introversion {intro, verto, to turn). A 
turning within, as, introversion of the 
uterus. 

Intubation {in, tubus, a pipe). The pas- 
sage of a tube into or past the larynx, to 
allow the entrance of air to the lungs in 
croup, diphtheria, etc., or to dilate a stric- 
ture, etc. 

Intumescence {intumesco, to swell). A 
swelling, of any character whatever. Also, 
an increase of the volume of any organ or 
part of the body. 
Intussusception {intus, within, suscipio, 
to receive). Invagination or involution of 
one part of the intestine by another, pro- 
ducing obstruction, etc. 
In'ula. Elecampane. The root of /. 
helenium. Contains a crystalline substance, 
helenin, and from 20 to 40 per cent, of a 
starch, known as inulin. A gentle stimu- 
lant employed in bronchitis and to hasten 
the appearance of the skin-symptoms in 
exanthematous fevers. Dose gr. xx-^j 



INULIN 



218 



IODOFORM 



of the root, or £J-ij of a ^ss to the Oj 
decoction. 

In / ulin. A form of starch occurring in 
Inula helenium and other plants. It is 
colored yellow by iodine, being different 
in this respect from normal starch, which 
is colored blue. 

Inunction {inungo, to anoint). The act 
of rubbing an oily or fatty substance into 
the skin. Also, the substance used for 
anointment. 

Invagination {invagino, to ensheathe). 
The sheathing or telescoping of a part or 
organ by a canal-like structure, as the in- 
testine. An operation for obliterating the 
canal of a hernial opening by the inflam- 
mation resulting from pushing the skin 
inward and suturing the part fast. 

In 7 valid (in, valeo, to be well). One who 
is not well, especially one who is chroni- 
cally ill or whose convalescence is slow. 

Inva / sion {in, vado, to go). The begin- 
ning or attack of a disease. Also, the 
manner in which the disease begins its 
attack. 

Invermina / tion {in, verminatio, wormy). 
A condition of having intestinal worms. 

Inversion {in, verto, to turn). A turning 
or placing in a position the opposite of the 
normal position. I. of Bladder, a con- 
dition in which the bladder is in part or 
completely pushed into the dilated urethra. 
Occurs in females only. I. of Eyelashes. 
See Entropion. I. of Image, an image 
projected by a convex lens or concave 
mirror, at a point beyond the focus. 

Invertebra / ta {in, vertebra, backbone). A 
term applied to animals that have no spinal 
column. One of the four divisions in 
which it was formerly customary to divide 
the animal kingdom. 

In vermin. See Ferments. 

Invert-sugar. A variety of glucose that 
turns the polarized ray to the left. It is 
practically a mixture of dextrose and levu- 
lose, or fruit-sugar. 

Invisca / tion {in, viscum, bird-lime). The 
mixing of food with the saliva during 
mastication. 

Involu / crum {involvo, to enwrap). The 
covering of a part. The sheath of bone 
enveloping a sequestrum in dry necrosis. 

Involuntary {in, not, volo, to will). Not 
by an act of the will. A term applied to 
certain motions and functions of the vari- 
ous organs of the body that are not con- 
trolled by, or are not dependent on the will. 
I. Contraction, muscular contractions 
not resulting from an act of will. I. 



Muscles, those that are not governed by 
the will. 

Involution {involvo, to roll upon). The 
retrogressive change to their normal con- 
dition that certain organs undergo after 
fulfilling their functional purposes. I. of 
Uterus, the return of the uterus, that after 
gestation weighs about two pounds, to its 
normal weight and condition. 

I'odine, or Iodum. I = 127 ; quan- 
tivalence I. A non -metallic element with 
metallic luster. Volatilizes at a low tem- 
perature, giving off crimson-purple vapor. 
Occurs in cod-liver oil, most marine plants, 
and shell-fish. Soluble in alcohol, in solution 
of potassium iodide, and in solution of salt. 
In its elementary state an irritant to the skin, 
and much used as a tincture to produce coun- 
ter-irritation. Potassium iodide, the princi- 
pal form for internal use, is an alterative, 
ranking as a specific in tertiary syphilis, 
and with mercury, available in all forms of 
that disease. An excellent remedy in 
hepatic cirrhosis and chronic bronchitis. 
Combined with ammonium it is valuable in 
catarrhal affections. Acidi Hydriodici 
Syr., contains I per cent, of the absolute 
acid. Dose 3J-iv. Ammonii Iodidum. 
See Ammonium. Iodized Phenol, unof., 
a mixture of iodine and carbolic acid, 
usually I to 4. For local use. Iodi Liq. 
Comp., Lugol's solution — iodine 5, po- 
tassium iodide 10, water 85 parts. Dose 
TT\, j-x, diluted. I., Tinct., 8 per cent, in 
alcohol. For local use. I. Trichlorid., 
unof., recommended by Langenbach as an 
antiseptic in surgery. I., Ung., iodine 4, 
potassium iodide I, water 2, benzoated lard 
93 parts. Amylum Iodatum, iodized 
starch, iodine 5, starch 95 parts, distilled 
water 100 parts, triturated and dried. Dose 
gj-Hjj. Potassii Iodidum. Dose gr. 
v-^j. Potass. Iodid., Ung., contains 
potass, iodide 12, sod. hyposulph. I, boiling 
water 6, benzoated lard 81 parts. Sodii 
Iodidum, deliquescent. Dose gr. v-^ij. 

I'odism {ojddrjq). A condition arising from 
the prolonged use of iodine or iodine com- 
pounds, marked by redness of conjunctiva 
and mucous membrane of the respiratory 
passages, furry throat, and lachrymation. 

Iod / oform. Tri-iodo-methane, CHI 3 . A 
compound containing about 91 per cent, 
of iodine. An antiseptic and feeble an- 
aesthetic highly useful for local application 
to wounds, abrasions and indolent sores. 
Internally a tonic. Its odor may be cov- 
ered with thymol or oil of rose. Dose, in- 
ternally, gr. j-v. 



IODOL 



219 



IRREDUCIBLE 



I'odol. An iodo-carbamide in the form of 
an amorphous brown powder, soluble in 
ether and oil. More antiseptic than iodo- 
form and free from odor. Locally anaes- 
thetic. Favors granulation. Of reputed 
service in syphilitic sores, etc. Unof. 

Io / dum. See Iodine. 

I / on (i(ov, going). An element set free by 
electrolysis, and classified as an anion or 
kation, according as it is set free at the 
positive or negative plate. I., Migration 
of, the transference of an ion from one 
pole to another. 

Ip / ecac. See Ipecacuanha. 

Ipecacuanha. Ipecac. The root of 
Cephaelis I, found in Brazil. Contains 
an alkaloid, emetine. An emetic, expecto- 
rant, and cholagogue ; in very small doses, 
gr. %, a mild tonic. Used mainly as a 
safe and prompt emetic, in membranous 
croup, and in the summer dysentery of 
children. Dose as an expectorant gr. ss-ij ; 
as an emetic gr. xv-xxx. I., Ext. Dose 
n\J-v. I., Syr., 5 per cent, strength. 
Dose gj-^ss. I., Vin., 7 per cent, in 
strength. Dose rr\, j-gj. I. Trochisci, 
contain each ^ gr. of the drug. I. et Mor- 
phinse, Trochisci, contain each, morphine 
sulph. ^L, ipecac -fa , with flavoring oil and 
sugar. I. et Opii, Pulvis, Dover's pow- 
der, contains ipecac and opium each 10, 
sugar of milk 80 parts. Dose gr. ij— xv. 
I. et Opii, Tinct., deodorized tinct. of 
opium 100, evaporated to 85, fid. ext. ipecac 
10, alcohol q. s. ad 1 00. Dose Tt\v-xxx. 
Em / etine. Dose as expectorant gr. T | 7 

-&■ ; as emetic I-?- 

Ipomae / a Caeru'lea. The seeds of this 
plant have been recommended as a stimu- 
lant of the intestinal glandular appa- 
ratus. 

Iridectomy (iptc, enro^r}, excision). The 
cutting out of a part of the iris. I., An- 
tiphlogistic, one performed in inflamma- 
tory processes to reduce the same. In 
Optical I., the piece of iris excised is 
over a portion of the lens or beneath a 
portion of cornea clearer than that exposed 
in the natural pupil, whence additional 
vision is gained by the iridectomy. See 
Pupil, artificial. I., Preliminary, is per- 
formed in advance of the extraction of 
cataract, instead of at the same time. 

Iridenclei / sis, or Iridenklei'sis. See 
Iridodesis. 

Iridere / mia. See Aniridia. 

Fridin. See Iris. 

Iridochoroidi'tis. Combined inflamma- 
tion of the iris and choroid of the eye, the 



form usually assumed in sympathetic oph- 
thalmia. 

Iridocyclitis. See Cyclitis. 
Iridode / sis (iptg, deoi$, a binding together). 
A disused method of displacing the normal 
pupil by ligature, instead of iridectomy. 
IridodiaFysis. See Coredialysis. 
Iridodone / sis (iptc, dovr/cic, a trembling). 
Tremulousness of the iris. 
Iridon'cus (iptc, oynoc, a mass). A tumor 
or swelling of the iris. 
Iridople / gia (tptg, tt^VJV, a stroke). Paraly- 
sis of the sphincter of the iris. 
Iridot'omy (iptc, rofirj, section). An in- 
cision of any kind into the iris. 
I'ris. Blue Flag. The roots of I. versi- 
color. Contains a resinous principle, iridin. 
The fresh rhizome is purgative, emetic and 
diuretic. Serviceable in catarrh of the 
duodenum, malarial ailments, etc. I., Ext. 
Dosegr.j-v. I., Ext. Fid. Dose n\v-3J. 
Iridin. Unof. Dose gr. j-v. 
I'ris (iptc, a colored halo or circle). The 
anterior portion of the vascular tunic of 
the eye, attached to the pectinate ligament 
and ciliary body; its central aperture 
forms the pupil. I., Absence of. See 
Irideremia. I., Angle of, that formed by 
the cornea and iris. I., Prolapse of (or 
Hernia of), protrusion through a corneal 
or scleral aperture; when adherent it is 
called an anterior synechia ; when adher- 
ent to the lens behind, it is called posteHor 
synechia. I., Tremulous, arises from 
non-support of the iris in aphakia or dislo- 
cation of the lens. 
Irish Moss. See Chondrus. 
Iri'tis (tptc, trig, inflammation). Inflam- 
mation of the iris, called after its origin, or 
character, blennorrhagic, rheumatic, syphil- 
itic, plastic, serous, etc., etc. 
Irit / omy. See Iridotomy. 
I / ron. See Ferrum. 

I'ron Wood. The heart wood of Ostyra 
Virginica. Tonic, antiperiodic and altera- 
tive. Has been successfully used in ma- 
larial diseases, neuralgia and strumous 
affections. Dose of the fid. ext. gss-j. 
Unof. 
Irradiating (irradio, to emit rays in every 
direction). Radiating from a center, as a 
pain arising from a definite focus of irrita- 
tion. In physics, that phenomena causing 
any light-colored object in a dark back- 
ground to stand out stereographically and 
appear larger than it really is. 
Irreducible (in, not, reduco, to lead 
back). That which cannot be reduced or 
restored to its normal condition. In chem- 



IRRIGATION 



220 



ISOBAR 



istry, applied to a compeund that cannot 
be separated. In surgery, applied to a 
fracture or dislocation that cannot be re- 
placed. I. Hernia. See Hernia. 

Irrigation [irrigo, to lead water to). The 
application of water, especially a stream, 
to an inflamed or abnormal tissue for pur- 
poses of moistening, antisepsis, cooling, or 
flushing the part. 

Irritability [irrito, to provoke). The 
quality of being susceptible to excitement 
or irritation. I., Faradic, the muscular 
contraction caused by a secondary or 
induced current. . I., Galvanic, the mus- 
cular contraction produced by the direct 
current. I., Muscular, the inherent 
contractile quality of a muscle. I., 
Nervous, the capacity of a nerve to trans- 
mit an impulse after receiving a stimulus. 

Ir / ritable [irrito). Easily inflamed. Sus- 
ceptible to irritation. I. Bladder, a con- 
dition of the bladder marked by constant 
desire to void urine. I. Breast, a neu- 
ralgic condition of the mammary glands 
usually associated with uterine affections, 
or with intercostal neuralgia. 

Ir'ritant [irrito). An agent or remedy 
that produces irritation or inflammation. 
I., Chemical, one acting by virtue of its 
affinity for the elements or compounds of or- 
ganic tissue, as nitric acid, caustic potash, 
etc. I., Mechanical, that causing lesions 
or inflammations by mechanical operation, 
as cuts, contusions, pressure or distention. 
I., Nervous, one acting through the me- 
dium of the nerves, as in sympathetic in- 
flammations, etc. 

Irritation [irrito). A condition of undue 
excitement. Also, an inflamed state. Also, 
the stimulus necessary to the performance 
of the functions of an organ. 

Ischae'mia [iox u > to check, aifia, blood). 
Bloodlessness. Imperfection of the sup- 
ply of blood to a part. Local anaemia. 

Is / chial [icxiov, the ischium). Pertaining 
or belonging to the ischium. 

Ischiadic [loxiov). Pertaining to the 
ischium. I. Notches, the notches, greater 
and lesser, of the ischium. The former 
transmits the pyriformis muscle, gluteal 
vessels and superior gluteal nerve, the 
latter, the tendon of the obturator internus, 
its nerve, and the pudic vessels and nerve. 
Called also sacro- sciatic notches. 

Ischidro / sis [icx^, to suppress, cdpog } 
sweat). Suppression of sweat. 

Is / chio-. A Greek prefix indicating re- 
lationship to the ischium. I. -anal, pertain- 
ing to the ischium and the anus. I. -bul- 



bar, pertaining to the ischium and the bulb 
of the urethra. I.-cavernosus, the mus- 
cle that compresses the veins of the cms 
penis and assists in the erection of the 
penis. It has a similar relation to the 
clitoris. See Muscle. I. -neuralgia, 
sciatica. 

Is / chiocele [lcfxcov, m?^V> a. tumor). Is- 
chiatic hernia. 

Ischiop / agus [iox lov , ^ayeic, united). A 
monomphalic monstrosity united by the 
ischiae. 

Ischioperinae / al [icxlov, Ttepivaiov, the 
perinseum). Belonging to or pertaining to 
both ischium and perinaeum, the space be- 
tween the anus and scrotum. 

Ischiorect / al [laxtov, rectuni). Pertaining 
to both ischium and rectum. I. Abscess 
or I. Cellulitis, an inflammation of the 
areolar tissue of the ischiorectal fossa involv- 
ing the rectum and thigh. Suppuration 
may occur at any part of the inflammation, 
but is ordinarily near the anus. I. Fascia. 
See Fascia. I. Fossa, a deep fossa filled 
with fatty tissue situated on both sides of 
the intestine, between it and the ischium. 

Is / chium [laxiov). The inferior part of 
the os innominatum or hip-bone ; that 
upon which the body rests in a sitting pos- 
ture. It forms a part, also, of the aceta- 
bulum. 

Iscb/nous [lgxvoq, thin). Emaciated. 

Is'cho- [icrx *, to suppress). A Greek pre- 
fix meaning to suppress. 

Ischo-galac / tia [iox^, yaXa, milk). Sup- 
pression of the natural flow of milk in the 
breasts. 

Ischome / nia [icxu, ^viata, the menses). 
Suppression of the menstrual flow. 

Ischuret/ic [cax^>, ovpov, urine). A remedy 
or agent that relieves retention or suppres- 
sion of urine. 

Ischuria [icxu, ovpov). Retention or sup- 
pression of urine. 

I / singlass. See Ichthyocolla. 

Island of Reil. The central lobe of the 
hemisphere of the brain, situated at the 
base, behind the fissure of Sylvius. 

Is'o- [icrog. equal). A Greek prefix signify- 
ing equality. 

Iso-amylam'ine. A ptomaine obtained 
in the distillation of horn with potash ; 
also occurs in the putrefaction of yeast. 
Boils at 95 . Non-poisonous. 

Iso-a / piol. A substance obtained from 
apiol, exercising a powerful influence upon 
the vasomotor system. 

I / sobar [loos, fiapog, weight). In meteor- 
ology, a term denoting a line drawn 



ISOCHROMATIC 



221 



ITER 



through points having the same synchro- 
nous barometric pressure. 

Isochromat / ic (taog, xpofia, color). Hav- 
ing the same color. 

Isochronous (/<roc, xpovog). Having or 
occupying equal intervals of time. 

Isoco / ria (/croc, equal, nop?j, pupil). Equality 
in diameter of the two pupils. Aniso- 
coria, inequality of the same. 

Isodynam'ic (/croc, 6vvajuig y force). Hav- 
ing equal force. I. Foods, those that 
produce an equal amount of heat in 
undergoing the chemical changes of diges- 
tion. 

Isolate (isola, an island). To separate 
one from another. In chemistry, to sepa- 
rate an element from its combination. In 
electricity, to insulate. 

Isol'ogous (taog, equal, loyog, a word or 
law). Identical in composition with those 
belonging to a series, as, the essential oils, 
all of which have the composition C 10 H 16 . 

Isomeric («7oc, fiepoc, a part). In chem- 
istry, applied to substances having the same 
centesimal composition, but whose mole- 
cules have an essentially different struc- 
ture and chemical properties, as aldehyde 
and ethylene oxide, both of which have 
the formula C 2 H 4 0. The former, however, 
has the structure 

Methyl. Carbonic 
oxide. 

CH 3 — CO — H, 
while the latter is composed of two mole- 
cules of ethylene, joined by an atom of 
oxygen, thus (CH 2 )— O— (CH 2 ). This, 
the most common type of isomerism, is 
sometimes called metamerism. Also, ap- 
plied to substances having the same cen- 
tesimal composition, but whose molec- 
ular weights are in even multiples, a type 
of isomorphism commonly called polymer- 
ism. Also, in crystallography, applied to 
any substance that crystallizes in more 
than one form. Also, applied to a sub- 
stance existing in two or more forms, a type 
of isomerism called allotropism. 

Isomet'rical Act. The tension of a 
muscle when stimulated, its length re- 
maining constant. 

Isomorphism (/croc, p-optprj, a form). Simi- 
lar in crystalline form. Also, the replace- 
ment of one element in a crystalline salt 
by another, without alteration of form or 
system. I., Heteromerous, a condition 
of dissimilarity in molecular composition. 
I., Isomerous, a condition of similarity 
in molecular composition. I., Polymeric, 
the substitution of two or more atoms of 



one element for one of another, without 
alteration of crystalline form. 

Isop / athy («roc, rcadog, suffering). A 
term used to denote the treatment of dis- 
ease by the administration of one or more 
of its own products. Thus, smallpox 
would be treated by the administration in- 
ternally of the variolous excretions, etc. 

I so -propylamine. See Propylamine. 

Isop / ters (taog, otttt/p, an observer). The 
relative visual acuity of the retina at dif- 
ferent distances from the macula, both for 
form and color. 

I / soscope (caog, gkottecj, to see). An in- 
strument consisting of two sets of parallel 
vertical wires, one of which can be super- 
imposed on 'the other; designed to show 
that the vertical lines of separation of the 
retina do not correspond exactly to the ver- 
tical meridians. 

Isother / mal (taog, Oepfir), heat). Of equal 
or uniform temperature. I. Lines, in 
physical geography, lines drawn through 
places having the same average tempera- 
ture for a given period of time. Inasmuch 
as it frequently happens that two places 
having the same annual average tempera- 
ture may have, one a climate of great ex- 
tremes, the other a very equable climate, it 
is now customary to display comparative 
isotherms for the six warm and the six 
cold months of the extra tropical regions. 
I. Zones, zones bounded by isothermal 
lines. 

Isot / ropous (icroc, Tpowrj, a turning). Hav- 
ing the same shape and appearance from 
whatever point observed. 

Is / sue (Fr. issue ^ from,exeo, to go out). A 
discharging ulcer, especially that made arti- 
ficially for purposes of drainage, counter- 
irritation, etc. 

Is / tarin. A nitrogenous, phosphorized sub- 
stance of complex structure occurring in 
brain tissue. Properties not investigated. 

Istb/mo- [cod fiog, a neck). A Greek pre- 
fix signifying \he fauces. 

Istb/mus (igO/uoc), The neck or con- 
stricted part of an organ. I. of Fauces, 
the space between the arches of the palate. 
I. of Thyroid Gland, the transverse cord 
connecting the lobes of the thyroid body. 

Italian Leprosy. See Pellagra. 

Itch. See Scabies. 

-ite. A suffix employed in mineralogy de- 
noting a mineral, or of mineral origin. 
A contraction of Xidoc;, a stone. 

I / ter [iter, a journey). A passage com- 
municating between two or more parts. I. 
ad Infundibulum, the passage between 



J 



222 



JAWS 



the third ventricle of the brain and the in- 
fundibulurn. I. a Palati ad Aurem, 
the Eustachian tube. I. a Tertio ad 
Quartum Ventriculum, the aqueduct 
of Sylvius extending from the third ventri- 
cle to the fourth. 



-itis. A suffix used to denote inflamma- 
tion of the tissue or organ when terminat- 
ing the name of the organ. 

Ixo / des. A wood tick. An insect of the 
natural order Acaridea. I. Ricinus, a 
species parasitic on human beings. 



Jaboran / di. The leaves of Pilocarpus 
pinnatifolius. See Pilocarpus. 

Jacaran / da. The leaves of a South Ameri- 
can plant, J. lancifolia, used by the natives 
in venereal disease. Dose of an ^ ij to Oj 
tincture TTLxv. 

Jack / et (Jacque, a coat of mail). A short 
coat. J., Plaster-of- Paris, a mould of 
plaster-of-Paris cast upon the body or part, 
for keeping it rigid and fixed in a desired 
position, in sprain or dislocation of the 
spine, etc. J., Straight, a system of 
leather straps used to bind violently insane 
persons in order to prevent self-inflicted 
injury. 

Jackso / nian Ep / ilepsy. See Epilepsy. 

Ja / cob's MenVbrane. A name some- 
times applied to the layer of rods and cones 
of the retina 

Ja / cobson's Nerve. The nerve of the 
tympanum. J.'s Organ, two narrow tubes 
in the lower and anterior part of the nasal 
septum. 

Jacob's Ulcer. See Rodent Ulcer. 

Jactitation (jactito, to pour forth). The 
restlessness and tendency to frequent 
changes of position that characterize severe 
distress in disease. 

Jadelot's Furrows. Certain furrows of 
the face of children in serious illnesses. 
Three sets are distinguished : The Genal 
F., from the mouth almost to the malar 
bone ; this and the nasal are said to indi- 
cate disease of the gastro-intestinal tract 
or visceral organs ; the Labial F., from the 
angle of the mouth outward to the lower 
part of the face, and " should direct atten- 
tion to the lungs"; the Nasal F., from 
the nasal alse in a semicircle about the 
mouth; the Oculo-zygomatic F., begin- 
ning at the inner canthus of the eye, 



and passing outward beneath the lower 
lid to be lost on the cheek, — said to point 
to disorders of the cerebro-nervous sys- 
tem. 

Jal'ap, or 

Jala'pa. The tuber of Exogonium pur- 
gata. Properties due to two resins, jala- 
pin and convolvulin. An active hydra- 
gogue cathartic, especially useful in com- 
bination with calomel. J. Abstractum, 
an ingredient of pil. comp. cath. Dose 
gr. j-v. J. Resina, precipitated from the 
tincture by water. Dose gr. ij-v. J. 
Pulv. Comp., contains jalap 35, potas- 
sium bitartrate 65. Dose gr. x-^j. 

Jamaica Dogwood. See Piscidia. 

Jam'bu As'su. The root of Ottonia jabo- 
randi, a Brazilian tree. Thought to be 
stimulant and febrifuge. Properties not 
definitely known. Dose of the fid. ext. 
TTLx-xx. Unof. 

James'town Weed. See Stramonium. 

Ja / nus, or 

Jan / iceps (James, a two-faced divinity, 
caput, head). A sycephalic monstrosity 
with two faces. 

Jas / mine, Yellow. See Gehemium. 

Jasun'di. See Sacara Indica. 

Jaun'dice (Fr. jaunisse, yellow). A dis- 
ease arising from diseases of the liver, 
obstruction of the biliary passages, etc. 
It is characterized by yellow coloration of 
the skin, preceded by languor, malaise and 
nausea. J. Hepatogenic. See Hepato- 
genic. 

Ja / va Tea. The leaves of Orthosyphon 
sta?)iinceus. Reputed to be diuretic in 
3J-ij doses. 

Jaw-jerk. A tendon reflex obtained by 
suddenly depressing the lower jaw. 

Jaws. See Maxillary Bones. 



JEJUNOSTOMY 



223 



JURISPRUDENCE 



Jejunos / tomy [jejunum, oro/na, the 
mouth). The making of an artificial open- 
ing through the abdominal wall into, and 
the lips of the same to become adherent 
with, the jejunum. The operation is de- 
signed to permit the introduction of food in 
cases of cancer of the pylorus and similar 
affections. 

Jeju / num (jejumts, empty, because thought 
to be empty after death). The upper two- 
fifths of the small intestine, or that be- 
tween the duodenum and the ilium. 

JelTy (geler, to freeze). In pharmacy, a 
soft, non-viscid, but somewhat elastic sub- 
stance of which hydrated gelatine is the 
best example. Domestic fruit jellies consist 
of the inspissated juice of the fruit with 
one or two parts of sugar, together with 
the natural mucilage of the seeds of the 
fruit. Many of the imported jellies sold 
in the United States contain no fruit juice, 
being for the greater part ordinary animal 
gelatine acidified with tartaric acid, and 
flavored with artificial flavors. 

Jenner'ian. Pertaining to Jenner or to 
the theory or practice of vaccination. 

Jequi'rity. See Abrus Precatorius. 

Jers'ey Tea. See Red {Root). 

Jes / uits' Bark. Cinchona. 

Jig'ger Flea. See Pulex. 

Johnson's Picro-saccharim / eter. See 
Pier o- sac charimeter. 

Johns / wort. St. John's Wort. The 
flowering tops of Hypericum perforatum. 
Reputed diuretic, astringent and sedative. 
Dose of ext. gr. x-xx; of fid. ext. ^j-ij. 
Unof. 

Joint. See Articulation. 

Joint / -disease. Any morbid affection in- 
volving the joints and their surrounding 
tissues. J., Charcot's, a disease of the 
joints accompanying tabes dorsalis. It 
is characterized by a swelling, due to effu- 
sion of fluid into the cavity and about the 
surrounding tissues, followed by a lax con- 
dition, and ending in distortion or deformity 
of the joint, with diminished range of 
motion. J., Hip. See Hipjoint Disease. 

Ju'das Tree. Red Bud. The bark of 
Cercis canadensis. Astringent. Much used 
in diarrhoea, and as an injection in leucor- 
rhcea. Dose of the fid. ext., TT\xv-zj. 
Unof. 

Ju / gal [jugum, a yoke). Connecting or 
uniting, as by a yoke. J. Bone, the 
malar bone. J. Process. See Zygoma. 

Ju / glans. Butternut. The inner bark 
(collected in autumn) of the root of J. cine- 
rea. A mild cathartic, very popular in 



dysentery and chronic constipation. Dose 
of the ext., gr. v-x. 

Ju'gular (jugulum, the throat). Pertain- 
ing to the throat. J. Veins. See Vein. 

Ju'gum (Lat.). A yoke. J. Penis, a 
cushioned forceps or compressor applied to 
the penis to prevent incontinence of urine. 

Juice {jus, broth). The fluid or liquid 
tissue of an animal or plant. J. Canals, 
spaces within the connective tissues, the 
origins of the lymphatic vessels. 

Jum / pers. A name applied to those af- 
flicted with a neurosis characterized by 
motor incoordination and convulsive move- 
ments of any part of the body, but espe- 
cially of the lower extremities, so that 
springing or jumping movements follow 
efforts to walk, etc. 

JungTe Fever. See Fever. 

Ju'niper, or 

Junip'erus. Juniper. The fruit of J. 
communis. Properties mainly due to a 
volatile oil. A stomachic tonic, diu- 
retic and aphrodisiac. The oil is elimi- 
nated by the kidneys. Valuable in chronic 
pyelitis and cystitis. J. Infusum, unof., 
consists of juniper berries % j, boiling water 
Oj. J. Ol., the volatile oil. Dose tt\v-xx. 
J. Spt., 3 parts of the oil in 97 of alcohol. 
Dose 3J-.|j- J- Spt. Comp., the gin of 
commerce ; oil of juniper 10, oil of cara- 
way I, oil of fennel I, alcohol 3000, water 
q.s. ad 5000 parts. Dose ^ss-j. Oil of 
Cade, unof., a tar obtained by the distil- 
lation of juniper wood. Sometimes used 
externally in eczema and psoriasis. 

Junk (Port, junco, a rush). In surgery, a 
quilted cushion forming a sling in which 
to suspend a fractured limb. It was for- 
merly made of rushes or reeds. 

Junket. Curds and whey ; a delicacy for 
invalids, prepared by taking y z pint of 
fresh milk heated as hot as agreeable to 
the mouth, add I teaspoonful of rennet or 
essence of pepsin, and stir enough to mix. 
Let it stand till curdled, and serve with 
sugar and nutmeg. 

Ju / nod's Boot. A boot-shaped case, usu- 
ally of stiff leather, made to enclose the leg 
so that the air being exhausted, the blood 
vessels and tissues of the limb are dilated 
by the excess of blood. It has been em- 
ployed to relieve inflammation and con- 
gestion of the viscera. 

Jurisprudence (jus,\a.w,prudentia, skill). 
The science of the interpretation and appli- 
cation of the law. J., Medical, the ap- 
plication of medical knowledge to the 
principles of common law. 



JURY 



224 



KARYOLYSIS 



Ju'ry [juro, to swear). A body of men 
legally appointed to determine the guilt or 
innocence of a prisoner, or to determine 
the facts in judicial inquiries. J. of 
Matrons, a body of twelve matrons, for- 
merly empaneled in England to determine 
if a murderess, for whom such plea was 
made, were pregnant. J. Mast, an appa- 
ratus for suspending the head in the treat- 
ment of diseases of the vertebrae. 



Jus'culum (jusculwn, a decoction). A 
vegetable soup commonly known as Ju- 
lienne. 

Jute. The fibers of the bark of an Indian 
plant, Corchorus capsularis, and other sim- 
ilar plants. The fibers are used as a dress- 
ing in surgery. 

Juvenilis (juvenis, young). A term for- 
merly applied to that period of life between 
the ages of twenty-five and thirty-five. 



K 



K. The symbol of Kalium, or its more- 
used equivalent, Potassiu?n. 

K., or Ka. In electrotherapeutics, the 
abbreviation of Kathode, or of Kathodic. 

KabbalistTc. Pertaining to the Kabbala, 
or system of the treatment of diseases by 
supernatural agencies. 

Katrine. An artificial alkaloid prepared 
from chinoline. Valuable as a very power- 
ful antipyretic. Produces diaphoresis and 
emesis; sometimes followed by collapse. 
General properties similar to antipyrene. 
Dose gr. iij-xxx. Unof. 

Kairoli / na. An, antipyretic resembling 
kairine, but less efficient. Unof. 

Kak'ke. A disease occurring in Japan, 
similar to, if not identical with, Beriberi. 

Kakos / mia (/ozkoc, foul, ocfiri, smell). 
Having a repugnant or disgusting smell. 
K., Subjective, a disturbance of the 
olfactory nerve or center, either from hys- 
teria or from disease, giving rise to the per- 
ception of an offensive smell. 

Kakot / rophy. Ill nutrition. Anaemia. 

Ka'li. An obsolete term for potassium. 

KalinVeter. See Alkalimeter. 

Ka'line. See Alkalme. 

Ka'lium. A synonym for Potassium, q. v. 

Kal'mia. Laurel, Mountain Laurel, Sheep 
Laurel, Broad-leaved Laurel, Calico Bush. 
The leaves of K. latifolia, a well-known 
evergreen common in the U. S. Altera- 
tive, cardiac sedative, and astringent. A 
popular cure-all. Has proved valuable in 
diarrhoea and syphilitic affections. Dose 
gr. xx-xxx; of the fid. ext. Tr^xx-^ss. 
Unof. 



Kam / ala. Rottlera. The glands and hairs 
from the capsules of Mallotus philippensis, 
native to Southern Asia and Abyssinia. A 
purgative and anthelmintic much used 
against lumbricoid and other parasitic 
worms. Dose ^j-^j of an ^vj to £ xyj 
alcoholic tincture. 

Kan'dahar Sore. See Furunculus Orien- 
talis. 

Kan / dol. A volatile constituent of coal 
tar. Proposed as a local anaesthetic. Its 
rapid evaporation freezes the surface tissue. 
Possibly identical with Rhigolene. Unof. 

Ka / olin. White clay. The silicate of 
aluminum. Obtained from the decompo- 
sition of felspar. Sometimes used as a 
protective application in eczema. Unof. 

Kaposi's Disease 7 . See Atrophoderma 
Pigmentosum. 

Kar'dio-. See Cardio-. 

Karyokine / sis (mpvov, a nut, Kivrjcig, mo- 
tion). The complicated process of cell- 
division, and especially the changes in the 
nucleus called Indirect Division, Mito- 
sis, or Karyokinesis. There is first 
formed out of the chromatin the wreath, 
rosette, or spirem, subsequently a star- 
shaped form the Aster, and then the barrel 
form, or Pithos, followed by the Diaster, 
or double star. Then follows the separa- 
tion of the protoplasm into two parts, in 
each of which the chromatin rearranges 
itself into a coil, the whole called the 
Dispirem. Two daughter nuclei are 
thus derived from one mother nucleus. 

Karyol'ysis (mpvov, /.vcj, to loose). The 
segmentation of the nucleus of the cell. 



KARYO-MITOMA 



225 



KERATOGLOBUS 



Karyo-mito'ma. See Cell-body. 

Karyom / iton. See Chromatin. 

Karyoplas / ma. See Chromatin. 

Katat/olism [Kara, j3aX7io), to throw down). 
The change in cells whereby their molecule 
is rendered less complex, and contains less 
force. Called, also, Destructive Metabol- 
ism. See Anabolism and Metabolism. 

Katadic / rotism [Kara, dinporog, double 
healing). The occurrence of a divided or 
double pulsation in the downward stroke 
of the sphygmograph. 

Kat'alepsy. See Catalepsy. 

Katal'ysis. See Catalysis. 

Kat/aplasm. See Poultice. 

Katato / nia (nara, rovog, tension). Accord- 
ing to Kahlbaum, a form of mental de- 
rangement progressing from melancholia 
successively through mania and stupidity 
to imbecility and tonic convulsions. 

Katelectrot / onus. See Catelectrotonus. 

Kathar / ophore. An instrument for cleans- 
ing the urethra. 

Kathar'sis. See Catharsis. 

Kath/ode [nara, odog, path). The nega- 
tive pole of a galvanic battery. 

Kathod / ic. Pertaining to the cathode or 
negative pole of a battery. K. Closure 
Contraction, the muscular contraction 
occurring when the circuit is closed with 
the rheophore on a motor point. K. Open- 
ing Contraction, the same when the cir- 
cuit is opened. 

Kat / ion. See Cation and Electrolysis. 

Ka / va-Ka / va. Ava-Kava. The root of 
Piper methysticum, a shrub native to South 
America and the South Sea Islands. A 
diuretic and motor-depressant, producing 
intoxication when taken in large doses. In 
small and moderate doses resembles coca 
in its action in allaying fatigue. Unof. 

Keep / er. See Armature. 

Ke'fir. See Kephyr. 

Keh'rer's Operation. See Cesarean 
Operation. 

KeTectome (nr/faf, a tumor, ekto/jlt], a cut- 
ting). A cutting instrument introduced 
into a tumor, by means of a canula, in order 
to obtain a part of the substance for ex- 
amination. 

KeToid {xrfkr}, a claw). Cheloid, Alibert's 
Keloid. A connective-tissue neoplasm 
marked by irregular, smooth, firmly-elastic 
cicatrice-like lesions. Begins as a small 
nodule on the skin, that finally assumes 
an oval, crab-shaped form; most common 
over the sternum, but occurs also on the 
mammae, neck, arms and ears. K. of 
Addison, forms contractions of the skin 

is 



and fasciae, giving a hide-bound look to 
the part. Arises spontaneously from the 
sites of cicatrices and other injuries to the 
skin. 

Kelot'omy. See Herniotomy. 

Ken'tro - kine / sis (tcevrpov, a center, 
KLvqaig, motion). A term used by Ferrier 
to denote the influence of any motor-nerve 
center. 

Kentucky Coffee Bean. See Chicot. 

Kephal'ic. See Cephalic. 

Keph'alins (/cc^&aA^, the head). A series 
of substances occurring in brain-tissue, con- 
taining the radicals kephalyl, stearyl, gly- 
ceryl, and neuryl. Occur usually as an 
amorphous, colloidal mass. 

Kephalom / eter. See Cephalometer. 

Ke / phyr. A kind of fermented milk used 
in Transcaucasia. Unof. See Kumyss. 

Ker'asin (/cepac, a horn). A cerebroside 
occurring in brain-tissue. 

Keratecta / sia (/cepac, eKTacig, extension). 
The forward protrusion or bulging of the 
cornea. 

Keratin (/cepac). The basis of horny tis- 
sues, hair, nails, feathers, etc. A mixture 
of various complex substances. Decom- 
posed , it yields leucin and tyrosin . N euro - 
keratin, the substance composing the 
sheath of the axis-cylinder and the white 
substance of Schwann. 

Keratitis (/cepac, trig, inflammation). In- 
flammation of the cornea. K., Astig- 
matic, a form of K. said to be due to 
uncorrected astigmatism. K., Interstitial, 
inflammation of the interstitial lamellae of 
the cornea, usually due to inherited syphilis. 
K., Punctate, characterized by minute 
punctate spots on Descemet's membrane. 
K., Traumatic, that consequent to wounds 
or other injury of the cornea. 

Ker / atocele (tiepag, Krfkrj, tumor). A her- 
nia of Descemet's membrane through the 
cornea. 

Kerato-conjunctivi / tis (/cepac, conjunc- 
tivitis). Simultaneous inflammation of the 
cornea and conjunctiva. 

Kerato-cononVeter (/cepac, novog, a cone, 
fierpov, a measure). An instrument for esti- 
mating astigmatism by the images reflected 
from the cornea. 

Keratoco / nus. See Keratoglobus. 

Keratog'enous (tiepag, yevvaw, to beget). 
Pertaining to the formation of horny 
growths. K. Membrane, that part of the 
skin or layer of corium which develops 
into nails, claws and hoofs. 

Keratogk/bus (/cepac, globus, a ball). 
Distention and protrusion of the cornea. 



KERATO-IRITIS 



226 



KINETIC 



The sclerotic may also become distended 
in severe cases. When so extensive as to 
prevent closure of the lids, it has been 
called buphthalmus. When the distention 
is transparent, regular and cone-shaped, 
the apex of the cone being the center of 
the cornea, it is called keratoconus, or 
conical cornea. When the protrusion is 
opaque, or connected with synechia of the 
iris, it is called staphyloma of the cornea, 
or anterior staphyloma. 

Kerato-iri / tis (nepag, iritis, inflammation 
of the iris). Combined inflammation of the 
cornea and iris. 

Kerato / ma. See Callositas. 

Ker / atome (nepag, rofiTj, a cutting). A knife 
with a peculiar trowel-like blade, used for 
making the incision into the cornea in the 
operation of iridectomy. 

Keratomyco / sis (aepag, fxvKrjg, a fungus). 
A fungoid growth on the cornea. 

Keratoplasty (nepag, -xlaoou, to form). 
Plastic operations upon the cornea, espe- 
cially the transplantation of a button or 
excised portion of cornea from an animal 
eye to that of the human. This is effected 
by means of a peculiar trephine, by which 
the tissue to be transplanted is removed 
from the animal's eye, and the place for 
its reception is made in the human eye. 
Sometimes called trephining the cornea. 

Ker / atoscope (/cepac, (jkottscj, to observe). 
An instrument for examining the cornea, 
and testing the symmetry of its meridians 
of curvature. 

Keratos / copy. See Retinoscopy. 

Keratoses (nspag). A class of skin dis- 
eases characterized by thickened epidermis, 
and the presence of such callosities as horns, 
warts, etc. 

Keratosis Pila / ris (icepag, pilzts, hair). 
Called, also, Lichen pilaris , and L. spinu- 
losis. An affection of the skin marked by a 
pin-head-sized conical elevation investing 
the hair follicle and somewhat resembling 
gooseflesh and ichthyosis. 

Ker / atotome. See Keratome. 

Ke / tone. In chemistry, an organic com- 
pound consisting of the unsaturated radical 
=C= O united to two alcohol radicals. 
May be considered as derivatives of second- 
ary alcohols, bearing the same relation to 
them as the aldehydes bear to the primary 
alcohols. 

Kibe. See Chilblain. 

Kid / neys (Mid. Eng. hidneer). The two 
large glandular bodies situated in the lum- 
bar regions, by which the urine is secreted. 
They consist of the kidney proper, and ex- 



cretory duct or ureter. The former consists 
of an outer cortical substance, and an inner 
medullary matter. K., Bright's Disease 
of. See B right's Disease. K., Floating, 
one misplaced or movable. K., Large 
Mottled, that of parenchymatous nephritis, 
mottled with gray patches. K., Large 
Red, the kidney of Bright's disease extrava- 
sated with blood. K., Large White, one 
affected with lardaceous degeneration ; also, 
that of the advanced stage of Bright's dis- 
ease. K., Pelvis of, the funnel-shaped ex- 
pansion of the ureter formed by the infundi- 
bula. K., Small White, the final stage 
of the large white kidney after loss of its 
substance from atrophy. K., Surgical, 
a name sometimes given to pyelo-nephritis, 
or distention of the kidney attendant with 
inflammation, abscesses of the cortex, and 
retention of urine mixed with fcetid pus. 

Kies / tine. See Kyestein. 

Kilogramme (x^tot, one thousand, 
ypa/xfxa, a gramme). One thousand 
grammes, or 2.2 pounds avoirdupois. 

Kilogramme / tre (x i ^ l0l > "ypa/u/ua, pierpov, 
a measure). A term denoting the energy 
required to raise one kilogramme one meter 
in height; equivalent to 7.233 foot-pounds. 

Kilolitre (xMtoi, /urpa, a liter). One 
thousand liters, or 61,027.05 cu. in. 

Kilometre (x i ^ioi, /xerpov, a measure). 
One thousand meters, or 1093.6 yards. 

Kinsesthe'sis (ncvea, to move, aicOrjaig, 
sensation). That quality of sensations 
whereby we are aware of our positions and 
movements, especially those of the auto- 
matic type; distinct from the muscular 
sense. 

Kinematics (tuvq/ia, a motion). The 
science of motion without reference to its 
origin or effects. 

Kinesiat / rics. Same as KinesipatJiy . 

Kinesiom / eter (kivtjgiq, /uerpov, a meas- 
ure). An instrument for determining 
quantitatively the motion of a part. 

Kinesioneuro / ses [Kivjjaig, vevpov, a 
nerve). Functional abnormalism of the 
motor centers or nerves. 

Kinesip / athy (Kivqaig, Tzadog, suffering). 
The treatment of disease by gymnastic or 
calisthenic movements of the parts of the 
body involved. 

Kinesod / ic (ncvqcig, odog, a way). Per- 
taining to those nerve fibers conveying 
motor influences. Also, the motor tracts 
of the nerve-system. 

Kinet / ic (kivtjglq). That which produces 
motion. Pertaining to those forces that 
produce motion. 



KING'S EVIL 



227 



KRESOL 



King's Evil. A name formerly popularly- 
applied to scrofula, on account of a belief 
that it could be cured by the touch of the 
king- 
King's Yellow. See Orpiment. 
Ki'no. The inspissated juice of Ptero- 
carpus marsupium, found in India. Simi- 
lar in action to tannic acid, and used 
mainly as a constituent of gargles and 
diarrhoea mixtures. K., Tinct., 10 per 
cent, of the drug. Dose n^x-^ij. K., 
Pulv. Comp., unof., kino 15, opium 1, 
cinnamon 4. Dose gr. v-xx. 
Kinom'eter (klveo), to put in motion, /uerpov, 
a measure). An instrument to measure the 
amount of displacement of the uterus in case 
of tumor or cellular inflammation of the 
pelvis. 

Ki'otome [kcuv, the uvula, tout], a section 
or cutting). An instrument for amputating 
the uvula, or for dividing strictures. 
Kis / singen Water. A laxative tonic 
mineral water of Bavaria. 
Klang. See Timbre. 
Kleptomania (/cXetttg), to steal, p.avia, 
madness). A form of emotional insanity 
manifested by a morbid desire to commit 
theft. It is sometimes accompanied by 
impaired intellect, and is often hereditary. 
Knead / ing. The same as Petrissage. 
Knee (Sax. cneo). The joint of the bones 
of the thigh and foreleg. K. Cap, the 
patella. K. Joint, a hinge-joint con- 
sisting of the . articulation of the condyle 
of the femur with the upper extremity of 
the tibia and the posterior surface of the 
patella. K., Housemaid's. See Ab- 
scess, Bursal. K. Jerk, Patellar Tendon 
Reflex, K. Reflex, or K. Phenom- 
enon, a reflex of the tendon, consisting of a 
slight convulsive kick, due to a light blow 
on the patella tendon. K. Pan, the patella. 
K. Knock. See Genu. 
Knife (Sax. cnif). An instrument for cut- 
ting. In surgery, knives are of various 
shapes and sizes, according to their use. 
Knit/ting. The union and becoming rigid 
of a fracture. 

Knock-knee. See Genu. 
Knots of Cord. See Cord. 
KnuckTes. The joints of the phalanges 
with the caipal bones and with each other. 
Kce / nig's Manomet / ric Flames. 
Toothed or zigzag flame-pictures seen in 
-a revolving mirror, and produced by the 
vibrations of the voice against a thin mem- 
brane that separates the gas chamber sup- 
plying a small burner from the air chamber 
into which one speaks. The form of the 



flame picture is characteristic for each 
vowel, and varies with the pitch. 

KoTa Nut. The seed of Sterculia acu- 
minata. Used in parts of Central Africa 
as a substitute for tea and coffee. Contains 
an alkaloid similar to caffein. A cerebral 
stimulant and cardiac tonic. Dose of a 20 
per cent, tincture, gj. Unof. 

Kol'po-. See Colpo-. 

Kolpo-perine / oplasty (nolirog, Treptvcuov, 
TrXaaaco, to form). An operation for the 
cure of procidentia. 

Kommabacil'lus. See Spirillum Cholera:. 

Koos'so. See Brayera. 

Kopf-tet'anus. Cephalic tetanus, due to 
wounds of the head, chiefly in the region 
of the fifth nerve. Initial trismus is asso- 
ciated with paralysis of the face on the side 
of the injury. In some cases there is also 
pharyngeal spasm, so that the name Hy- 
drophobic Tetanus has also been given 
to this form of tetanus. 

Kopio / pia (/co7roc, weakness, (oip, the eye). 
A Synonym of asthenopia. K. Hysterica, 
a term applied to those symptoms which in- 
dicate hyperesthesia of the fifth and optic 
nerves. 

Kor'e-. See Core-. 

Koros / copy. See Rhinoscopy. 

Kou'miss. See Ktwiyss. 

Kous / so. See Brayera. 

Krame'ria. Rhatany. The root of K. 
triandra and K. tomentosa, shrubs native 
to South America. Possesses the same 
astringent qualities as tannic acid. A popu- 
lar remedy for fissure of the anus, spongy 
gums, etc. K. Ext., in water. Dose gr. 
v-x. K. Ext., Fid. DoseTT\v-3J. K. 
Syr., contains of the fluid extract 35, syrup 
65. Dose 3 ss- :§ ss. K. Trochisci, con- 
tain each gr. j of the extract. 

Kraurosis (upavpoo/Liat, to become dry). 
Shriveling and dryness of a part, especially 
of the vulva. 

Krause's End-bulbs. Terminal bodies 
of sensory nerves in the skin and mem- 
branes of all mammals. They are elon- 
gated, oval, or round bodies 0.075 to 0.14 
mm. long. 

Kre / atin (i<psag, flesh). A constituent of 
muscular and other tissues having basic 
properties. 

Krea / tinin (Kpeag). C 4 H 7 N 3 0. A deriv- 
ative of kreatin ; a strong organic base occur- 
ring in normal urine. 
Kre / sol. An aromatic substance united 
with sulphonic acid, occurring in urine, in 
two forms, orthokresol, and parakresol; 
metakresol is an isomer of the latter. 



KRIXOSIN 



228 



LABOR 



Krin / osin. A nitrogenized fatty substance 
of the brain, occurring in long filamentary 
crystals. Soluble in boiling ether and al- 
cohol. 

Kryptophan / ic Acid. Said to occur as a 
free acid in urine, though regarded by 
Landwehr as an animal gum. 

Kiihne's Pancreas Powder. Prepared 
by the prolonged extraction of fresh pan- 
creas of ox with alcohol and then with ether. 

Ku / myss. Koumiss. Originally, fermented 
mare's milk. Of high repute among Rus- 
sians as a food for phthisical patients. 
Largely made in the United States, by fer- 
menting cow's milk ^ xxix with yeast 3j ss, 



and grape sugar £ ij. Made in quart bottles 
and drawn with a champagne faucet. An 
excellent food in general debility or chronic 
affections of the kidneys. 

Ku'rung Oil. See Pongamia. 

Kyes / tein (nvrjaig, conception, ecOtiq, a cov- 
ering). A filmy deposit of decomposing 
urine, at one time thought to be diagnostic 
of pregnancy. 

Ky / mograph (kv/lkz, a wave, ypafu, to 
write). A wave- writer. An instrument 
for reproducing graphically the variations 
in the pressure of the blood. 

Kyphosis (nvcpuaig, hump-backed) . Hump- 
backed. Angular curvature of the spine 



L. The abbreviation of Left, and also of 
Libra, a pound. 

Labarraque's Solution. See Chlorine. 

La'bia (Lat, a lip). The lips. Applied 
to lip-like structures and to the edges 
of an incised wound. L. Majora or L. 
Pudendi Majora, two folds of skin of the 
female external genital organs, arising just 
below the mons veneris, surrounding the 
vulval entrance, and meeting at the ante- 
rior part of the perineum. L. Minora, or 
Nympha, two folds of skin at the inner 
surfaces of the labia majorae. 

La'bial {labia). Pertaining to the lips. 
L. Bone. See Intermaxillary. 

La / bials (labia). The consonant sounds 
which are formed mainly by the lips. See 
Consonants. 

Labidom / eter (/la/^c, forceps, fierpov, a 
measure). A forceps designed to measure 
the dimensions of the head of a foetus in 
the pelvis. 

La'bile (labor, to glide). Easily falling 
off. In electro-therapeutics, the passing of 
the electrode — usually the negative — along 
and touching the skin over the track of a 
nerve. 

La / bio-glos / so-larynge / al Paralysis 
(labium, a lip, yAuooa, the tongue, Zapuyf , 
the larynx). See Bulbar. 

Labio-glosso-pharyngeal ( labium, 
y Act oca, §apvy\, the gullet). Per- 



taining conjointly to the lips, tongue and 
gullet. 

Labiomancy (labittm, fiavrsia, a divina- 
tion). The power of understanding what 
is said by observing the motions of the lips 
in speech. 

Labioplas / tic (labium, -KAacau, to form). 
Pertaining to an operation for restoring the 
lip, after injury or partial destruction of the 
same. 

Labiotenac / ulum (labium, tenaculum, an 
instrument for gripping). An instrument 
for holding the lips in a position required 
for examination or operation. 

La / bium (Lat.). A lip. Also, any structure 
consisting of a strip or flap of elastic tissue 
that closes upon an orifice. 

La / bor (Lat.). Work. Parturition ; bring- 
ing forth young : the process whereby the 
foetus and its appendages are expelled 
from the mother. L., Artificial, when 
effected or aided by other means than 
the forces of the maternal organism. L., 
Conduct of the, management, hygienic, 
medical or surgical, of the parturient woman. 
L., Difficult. See Dystocia. L., Dry, 
when there is a deficiency of the liquor 
amnii, or when there has been a prema- 
ture rupture of the bag of waters. L., 
False, or False Pains. See Pains. 
L., Insanity of. See Insanity. L., In- 
strumental, one requiring the use of in- 



LABORATORY 



229 



LACTIFEROUS 



struments to extract the child. L., Mech- 
anism of, the movements of adjustment 
whereby the fcetus is accommodated to the 
dimensions and variations of the birth-canal 
in its passage through it. L., Missed, 
retention of the dead foetus in utero be- 
yond the period of normal gestation. L., 
Natural, or Normal, or Physiological, 
when effected by the sole power of the ma- 
ternal organism. L., Pathological, when 
deviating from the normal type by reason 
of weakness of the maternal forces, anoma- 
lies of the pelvis, or of the fcetus, or of 
complications, all being causes of ob- 
structed L. L., Postponed, delayed 
beyond nine months. L., Premature, 
taking place before the normal period of 
gestation, but when the fcetus is viable. 
L., Stages of, the first begins with dilata- 
tion of the os, and ends with complete di- 
latation, so the head can pass; the second 
ends with the expulsion of the child ; the 
third {placental) includes the expulsion 
of the placenta. 

Laboratory [laboratorium). A room or 
place designed for experimental work in 
chemistry, physiology, biology, etc. 

Labrador Tea. The leaves of Ledum 
latifolium. Demulcent, expectorant and 
tonic. Dose of fid. ext., ^j-ij. Unof. 

Labur / num. The leaves of Cystisus I. 
Properties due to an alkaloid, cystisin. In 
small doses diuretic and resolvent. In 
larger doses poisonous, irritating the ali- 
mentary tract, and producing purging, 
vomiting and exhaustion. Unof. 

Lab / yrinth {lajlvpivdog). A name given to 
the series of cavities of the internal ear, com- 
prising the vestibule, cochlea and the semi- 
circular canals. L.,Bony. See L., osseous. 
L., Membranous, the membranous cavi- 
ty within the osseous labyrinth, from which 
it is partly separated by the perilymph. It 
comprises two sacs contained within the 
vestibule, the semicircular canal and the 

( canal of the cochlea. L., Osseous, the 
bony capsule of the internal ear, communi- 
cating in front with the cochlea and behind 
with the semicircular canals. L. Pit. 
See Auditory. 

Lac (Lat.). Milk. Also, the resinous sub- 
stance deposited on trees by an insect of 
the genus coccus. 

Laceration {lacero, to tear). Mechanical 
rupture by a tearing action. L. of Peri- 
naeum, a tearing through the wall sepa- 
rating the vagina and perinaeum, which 
occurs occasionally to a female in child- 
birth. 



Lachnan'thes Tinctoria. Red Root. 
A plant popular in parts of the U. S. as 
an expectorant and alterative in phthisis. 
Dose of a io per cent, tincture, TT^x. 
Unof. 

Lacb/rymal {lac/iryma, a tear). Having 
reference to the organs of the secretion, 
transfer, or excretion of tears. L. Appara- 
tus, the lachrymal gland, ducts, canal, 
sac, and nasal duct. L. Artery, the first 
branch of the ophthalmic, supplying the 
gland. L. Bone, upon the nasal side 
of the orbit, articulating with the frontal, 
the ethmoid and superior maxillary bones, 
in which begins the lachrymal groove and 
nasal duct. L. Canals, or Canaliculi, 
superior and inferior, extend from the 
puncta to the sac, and serve to convey the 
excess of tears from the eye to the nose. 
L. Ducts, seven to fourteen in number, 
extending obliquely from the gland to the 
fornix conjunctivae, carrying the tears to 
the conjunctival surface of the globe. L. 
Gland, the gland secreting the tears, situ- 
ated in a depression of the frontal bone, 
the L. fossa, at the upper and outer angle 
of the orbit. L. Probe, a probe for 
exploring or dilating the canaliculi and 
nasal duct. L. Puncta, the minute orifices 
of the canaliculi, upon the eyelids near the 
inner canthus. L. Sac, a sacciform enlarge- 
ment of the upper part of the nasal duct, 
into which the canaliculi empty. L. Style, 
a probe used in stricture of the nasal duct. 

Lach/ryma (Lat.). A tear. 

Lachryma / tion. An excessive secretion, 
or an overflow, of tears, from any cause. 

LachViate {lacinia, the flap of a gar- 
ment). Jagged or fringed. 

Lac / mus. See Litmus. 

Lacrimal. See Lachrymal. 

Lactalbu / min {lac, albumen). An alka- 
loid asserted to have been found in milk. 

Lacta / tion (lacto, to suckle). Suckling. 
Applied also to the period during which 
the child suckles. 

Lac'teals [lac, milk). Pertaining to milk. 
Also, the lymphatics of the small intestine 
which take up the chyle or milk-like fluid. 

Lac / teine {lac). Same as Lactoline. 

Lac/tic (lac). Pertaining to milk or its 
derivatives. L. Acid. See Acid, Lactic. 
L. Fermentation. See Fermentation. 

Lac / tide. A crystalline substance obtained 
by heating lactic acid or any of its isomers. 

LactiFerous {lac, ferro, to carry). A 
term applied to vessels that convey milk. 
L. Ducts, the ducts of the mammary gland. 
L. Glands, the mammary glands. L. 



LACTIFUGE 



230 



LALLATION 



Swelling - , a distention of the breast aris- 
ing from the obstruction of a lactiferous 
duct. 

Lac / tifuge {lac,fugo, to flee). Any medi- 
cine or agent that checks the secretion of 
milk. 

Lactig / enous {lac, yevvao), to produce). 
Milk-producing. 

Lac'tinated (lac). Containing sugar of 
milk. 

Lac / tis (gen. of lac). Pertaining to milk. 
L. Redundantia, an excessive flow of 
milk. L. Retentis, suppression of the 
flow of milk. 

Lactiv / orous {lac, voro, to devour). Sub- 
sisting on milk. 

Lacto-. A Latin prefix denoting connec- 
tion with or relation to milk. L. -pepsin, 
a proprietary mixture claimed to contain 
pepsin, diastase, and pancreatin, acidulated 
with lactic and hydrochloric acids. One 
drachm should peptonize ^ viij of albumin, 
casein or fibrin, or emulsionize ^xvj of 
cod-liver oil. See Pepsin. Unof. L.- 
peptone, same as L.-pepsin. L. -Phos- 
phate, any phosphate combined with lac- 
tic acid. L. -protein, a derivative of milk. 

Lac / tocele. See Galactocele. 

Lac / toline. Condensed milk. 

Lactom'eter [lac, fierpov, a measure). An 
instrument for determining the quantitative 
constituents of milk by its specific gravity. 

Lac / tone. An aromatic, colorless, inflam- 
mable fluid, derived from the dry distilla- 
tion of lactic acid. 

Lac / toscope [lac, milk, Gnoireo, to ex- 
amine). An instrument for estimating the 
proportions of water and milk-globules of 
milk. 

Lac / tose [lac). Sugar of milk. A con- 
stituent of the milk of mammals. C 12 - 
^-zS^n- Sweet, but less soluble than 
cane sugar. Much used in pharmacy for 
triturations. The vehicle of most homoeo- 
pathic preparations. 

Lactosu / ria [lactose, sugar of milk, ovpov, 
the urine). A term for the presence of 
sugar of milk in the urine. 

Lactuca / rium. Lettuce. The milky juice 
of Lactuca virosa, a biennial plant. Con- 
tains a crystalline substance, lactucerin, 
to which its properties are thought to be 
due. A mild hypnotic with sedative and 
diuretic properties. Somewhat similar to 
opium, but without depressant after-effects. 
Frequently an ingredient of patent cough 
mixtures. L. Ext., Fid. Dose TT\x-3J. 
L. Syr., contains 5 per cent, of the drug. 
Dose 3J-gj. 



Lactucerin. See Lactucarium. 

Lactu'cerol. The isomeric components 
of lactucerin. 

Lactu / cin. A crystalline extractive of 
lettuce. 

Lactu'con. Same as Lactucin. 

Lactu / men {lac, milk). A synonym of 
Porrigo larvalis. Also, applied to that 
form of aphthae in which the spots have a 
fanciful resemblance to clots of curd. 

Lacu/nae {lacus, a lake). A little hollow 
space. A mucous or lymphatic follicle. The 
irregular cavities of the bone arranged con- 
centrically around the Haversian canals. 

Lacu / nar {lacus). Pertaining to the lacu- 
nae. L. Spaces, the irregular fissures 
between the fasciculi of connective tissue, 
forming the beginnings of the lymphatic 
vessels. 

La / cus (Lat.). A small hollow or cavity 
in a tissue. L. Lachrymalis, the space 
at the inner canthus of the eye, in which 
the tears collect, near the punctum. 

Ladies' Bed-straw. Cheese Rennet. The 
herb Galium verum. Refrigerant and 
diuretic. Dose of fld. ext. gss-j. Unof. 

Ladies' Slipper. See Cypripedium. 

LaemoparaFysis (/lcw//oc, the gullet, irapa- 
Tivclq, palsy). Paralysis of the oesophagus. 

Laemosteno / sis {/mljioc, arevuatg, a stric- 
ture). Constriction of the pharynx and 
oesophagus. 

Lae / sis. See Lesion. 

LaetiFicant {Icetifico, to make glad). A 
term applied to any remedy acting as a 
stimulant tonic in melancholy and languor. 

Laevogy / rous {Icevus, left, gyrus, a circle). 
Having the quality of rotating the polar- 
ized ray to the left. 

Laevoro'tatory {Icevus, roto, to turn). Same 
as Laevogyrus. 

Lae / vulin {Icevus). A name sometimes 
given to a substance probably identical with 
glucose, occurring in immature grain and 
the tubers of certain composite flowers. 

Lae / vulose. See Levulose. 

La Fayette's Mixture. See Copaiba. 

Lag'arous {\ayapoq, lax). Lax, loose or 
soft. 

LagnePa {Xayveca, coition) Same as 
Satyriasis. Also, coition. Also, the semen. 

Lagne / sis {layvTjc). Same as Satyriasis. 

LagophthaPmus {Xayog,.a. hare, from the 
popular notion that a hare sleeps with open 
eyes). Inability to close the eyes. 

Lagos / toma. See Hare-lip. 

Lalla'tion {laXog, babbling). Any unin- 
telligible stammering of speech, such as 
the prattling of a babe. More properly, 



LALONEUROSES 



231 



LANGUAGE 



the defect or peculiarity of speech, usually 
racial, in which / is substituted for r. 

Laloneuro'ses (?^a?iog, vevpov, a nerve). 
An impairment of speech arising from 
spasmodic action of the nerves. It in- 
cludes stammering and aphthongia. 

Lalop / athy (XaXog, iradoQ, suffering). Any 
disorder of speech. Also, aphasia. 

Lamarck'ism. The theory of evolution as 
held by the disciples of Lamarck. It is 
based on Lamarck's theory that matter 
acted upon by heat, light and electricity 
may spontaneously generate life of low, 
homogeneous organisms, and that such or- 
ganisms would develop qualities of hetero- 
geneity and organs as governed by their 
surroundings, and especially by their wants 
or desires. To this preponderating influ- 
ence of new wants Lamarck ascribes the 
chief role in evolution, while Darwin em- 
phasizes the advantage of accidental varia- 
tions in the struggle for existence. 

Lambda. See Skull. 

Lambdoid / al (Xafifida, ecdog, resem- 
blance). Resembling the Greek letter A. 
L. Suture, the suture connecting the oc- 
cipital with the two parietal bones. 

Lambert's Method. A method of mix- 
ing colors by colored wafers and a slip of 
glass. By means of reflections from the 
surface of the latter a color may be in part 
reflected and superimposed on another 
color. 

LamelTa (dim. of lamina, a plate). A 
descriptive term applied to any foliation or 
scale-like appearance. L. of Bone, the 
concentric rings surrounding the Haversian 
canals. 

LamelTar (lamella, a thin plate). Having 
the nature of, or resembling any thin, osse- 
ous or membranous tissue. L. Cataract. 
See Cataract. 

Lame / ness. The condition of inability to 
use the limbs freely, or without pain. 

LanVina [lamina, a plate or scale). A 
descriptive term used to designate foliated 
structure. Also, any thin layer of bone, 
membrane, or other tissue. L., Bowman's, 
the structureless membrane between the 
anterior layers of epithelium and the fibrous 
tissue of the cornea of the eye. L. Cinera, 
the connecting layer of gray matter between 
the corpus callosum and the optic com- 
missure. L. Cribrosa of the Sclerotic, 
the perforated lamina through which the 
optic nerve enters the globe of the eye. 
L. Cribrosa of the Temporal Bone, a 
small laminated bone forming the end of 
the internal auditory meatus. L. Dor- 



salis, one of the two ridges bordering the 
medullary groove, that unite to form a canal 
which finally develops into the cerebro- 
spinal canal. L. Fusca, the pigmentaiy 
tissue of the sclerotic forming the outer 
layer of the perichoroidal sinus. L. Spi- 
ralis, a thin plate in the ear, osseous in the 
inner part and membranous in the outer, 
that divides the spiral tube of the cochlea 
into the scala tympani and sea la vestibuii. 
L. Spiralis Ossea, a thin plate of bone 
that winds spirally around the modiolus 
of the cochlea. L. Superchoroidea, the 
delicate membrane of the outer surface of 
the choroid tunic of the eye. 

Lamina / ria {lamina}). The cured lower 
part of the stem of L. cloustoni. L. Bou- 
gie, a bougie made of the stalk ; used for 
urethral dilatation. L. Probe, a probe 
made of the stalk, used to dilate the cana- 
liculi and nasal duct. L. Tent, a tent 
made of the stem of the plant, for dilata- 
tion of the cervix titeri. 

Lamination {lamina). Arranged in 
plates or layers. An operation in embry- 
otomy, consisting in cutting the skull in 
slices. 

LamTum ALbum. The leaves and 
stems of the plant L. album. Properties 
due to an alkaloid, Lamina. Useful in 
menorrhagia. Dose of the tincture •z ss-ij. 
Unof. 

Lanceolate (lanceola, a little spear). 
Having the form of a lance-head. 

Lan'cet (dim. lancea, lance). A two- 
edged surgical instrument for incising 
tumors, etc. 

Lanc / inate [lancino, to tear). To lacerate, 
pierce, or tear. 

Lanci / si, Nerves of. The stria longitu- 
dinales. The elevated longitudinal bands 
of white matter of the corpus callosum of 
the brain bounding the raphe. 

Lan / dry's ParaKysis. A form of paraly- 
sis described by Landry, characterized by 
loss of motor power in the lower extremi- 
ties, gradually extending to the upper ex- 
tremities, and to the centers of circulation 
and respiration. 

Land Scurvy. See Purpura. 

Lan'essin. A preparation of wool-fat 
similar to lanolin. 

Langerhan's Cells. Certain modified 
epithelial cells forming the simplest nerve- 
endings. 

Lang / uage [lingua, the tongue). The 
articulate sounds, signs, or symbols whereby 
thought is communicated. L., Center 
for. See Aphasia. 



LANGUOR 



232 



LARYNGEAL 



Lang'uor iLat to be faint). Lassitude. 
Disinclination to take bodily exercise, or 
to exert one*s self. 

Lan'olin. A cholesterine fat obtained 
from sheep's wool. Recently introduced 
as a basis for ointments. It does not 
saponify or become rancid and is charac- 
terized by remarkable penetrative powers. 
Unof. 

Lan'tanine. An alkaloid extractive of 
yerba sagrada. Asserted to have antiperi- 
odic and antipyretic properties. Has been 
successfully used in intermittents. Dose, 
gr. xv-xxx. Unof. 

Lan'termann's Notches. The appear- 
ance of the internodal segments of the 
nerve-sheath under the influence of cer- 
tain reagents, dividing the same into strips 
obliquely cut at the ends. 

Lanu / go (/ana, wool). The down-like 
hair that appears upon the foetus about 
the fifth month of gestation. 

Lapac / tic [/.arraaau, to empty). Empty- 
ing. Also, any purgative medicine or 
substance. 

Lap'aro- (?M7rapa, the abdominal walls). 
A Greek prefix denoting connection or rela- 
tion to the abdomen or abdominal walls. 

Laparo-colot / omy (?.a~apa, ko'/jov, the 
colon, rouT/, a cutting). Inguinal colotomy. 

Laparo-cystec / tomy ('/.arrapa, kvgtijq, a 
cyst, £ktou7j, an excision). The excision 
of an extra-uterine foetus with its cyst 
through an incision of the abdominal 
wall. 

Laparo-cystot'omy (/.arrapa, kvctlc, tout], 
a cutting). An incision through the pa- 
rietes into a cyst containing an extra-uterine 
foetus, for the purpose of removing the 
same. 

Laparo-elytrot'omy. See Cesarean Ope- 
ration. 

Laparo-enterot'omy (7.a~apa, evrepov, 
an intestine, tout/, a cutting). An incision 
into the intestine in the iliac region, for 
the relief of an intestinal obstruction. 

Laparo-gastrot'omy [Xasrapa, -;.--. 
the stomach, tout;', a cutting). An incision 
through the abdominal walls for the pur- 
pose of reaching the stomach. 

Laparo-hysterect / omy (?.a-apa, varepa, 
the womb, ektoutj, an excision). The re- 
moval of the womb through an incision in 
the abdominal walls. 

Laparo-hystero -oophorectomy. See 
C&sarean Oferation, Porro s Operation. 

Laparo -hysterotomy. See Gastro-en- 
tei-otomy. 

Laparo-ileot / omy (/a-apa, ileum, rofirj, 



a cutting). The formation of an artificial 
anus in the groin. . 

Laparos'copy {/.a-apa, gko~eo, to exam- 
ine). The examination of the abdomen 
by the stethoscope, plessimeter, or by other 
instrumental means. 

Laparo-splenot / omy {/.a~cpa, c~/.T/v,the 
spleen, tout], a cutting). The surgical 
incision or entrance upon the spleen, 
through the abdominal walls. 

Laparotomy. See Cesarean Opera- 
te :n. 

La'pis (Lat. a rock). An alchemic term 
applied to any non-volatile substance. L. 
Divinus, a mixture of cupric sulphate, 
potassium nitrate and amm onio-potassium 
sulphate, aa 1 6 parts. L. Mitigatus. 
See Argentum. 

Lap 'pa. Burdock. The root of the com- 
mon burdock, L. officinalis; contains a 
bitter principle, a resin, and tannin. Aperi- 
ent and diuretic. Has some reputation as 
an alterative in constitutional blood dis- 
eases. A tincture of the seed has been 
recommended in skin diseases. Dose of 
the root jj-ij, m infusion or tincture. 

Lard. See A.:\r:. 

Larda'cein. An animal proteid, an indi- 
gestible amyloid substance, chiefly occur- 
ring as a pathological infiltration into 
various organs, as the liver, spleen, etc. 

Larda / ceous. See Am\ '::.:. 

Lark / spur. The seed of De!*kinum 
:*7. Diuretic and emmenagogue. 
Dose of fid. ext. mj-x. Unof. 

Lar 'va (la? va, a ghost). That form insects 
take in emerging from the egg, com- 
monly known as the caterpillar or "grub" 
stage. Also, applied to the immature form 
distinguishing many of the lower verte- 
brates before maturity. 

Lar'val (larza). Pertaining to or existing 
in the condition of a larva. 

Laxynge'al | \apw) 5. the larynx or wind- 
pipe). Pertaining to the larynx. L. Artery, 
the superior thyroid artery. L. Cough, 
a shrill, metallic cough of nervous origin, 
occurring occasionally without symptoms 
of disease of the lungs. L. Crisis, an 
acute laryngeal spasm, occurring in the 
course of tabes dorsalis. L. Dilator, an 
instrument designed to dilate the larynx, 
when the latter has become constricted, by 
cicatricial tissues, or from other causes. 
L. Mirror, a small circular, silvered-glass 
mirror used in laryngoscopy. L. Nerve. 
See Nerve. L. Paralysis, a loss of power 
of some or of all of the muscles of the 
larynx. L. Spaces, the upper, middle, 



LARYNGECTOMY 



233 



LATEX 



and lower parts into which the layrnx may- 
be conveniently divided. 
Laryngectomy {lapvytj, ektojuij, a cutting 
out). An operation for the extirpation of 
the larynx. 
Laryngismus [lapvyy^u, to vociferate). 
A term loosely applied to various spasmodic 
affections of the larynx. L. Stridulus. 
Same as Laryngospasm. 
Laryngitis [Xapvytj, itic, inflammation). 
A catarrhal inflammation of the larynx 
accompanied by sore throat, hoarseness, 
and, usually, painful deglutition and cough. 
In severe cases there may be oedema, 
dyspnoea, and suffocation. In infants it is 
much the same disease as croup. It also 
accompanies malignant affections of the 
throat and trachea, such as diphtheria, 
cancer, etc. 
Laryn / go-fis / sure {lapvy!-, fissura). 
Division of the larynx for the removal of 
tumors or foreign bodies. 
Laryngog'raphy {lapvy^, ypacpo, to 

write). A description of the larynx. 
Laryngol'ogy {lapvy%, Aoyog, a treatise). 

A treatise on the larynx. 
Laryngoparal'ysis {Aapvyg, rcapaAvoig, 
palsy). Loss of the voice or paralysis of 
the vocal cords from nervous affections, not 
local disease. 

Laryngop / athy {Aapvyg, iradog, a suffer- 
ing). A term including all affections of 
the larynx. 

Laryngophan / tom {Aapvyg, ^avraa^ia, a 
vision). An artificial larynx designed for 
illustrative purposes. 
Laryn / go-pharynge / al (lapvyg, Qapvyi;, 
the throat). Pertaining conjointly to both 
larynx and pharynx. 
Laryngopb/ony {Aapvyg, (povq, the voice). 
The sound of the voice observed in the 
auscultation of the larynx with the stetho- 
scope ; also the sound of the voice observed 
in the auscultation of a large cavity in the 
lung. 
Laryngople / gia {Aapvyg, irAriyr), a stroke). 

Paralysis of the muscles of the larynx. 
Laryngospasm (Xapvyg, Giraap-og, a 
spasm). Spasmodic contraction or closure 
of the glottis ; spasmodic croup, as dis- 
tinguished from inflammatory croup. 
Laryngoscope {"Xapvy^, gkotteo, to ob- 
serve). An instrument for examination of 
the larynx. 
Laryngo-steno / sis (Aapvyg, arevuaig, a 
contraction). Contraction in size of the 
larynx. 

Laryngot / omy {Aapvyg, tejuvu, to cut). 
The operation of incision of the larynx. 



Laryngo-trache'al {lapvy%, rpaxEia, the 
windpipe). Pertaining conjointly to the 
larynx and the trachea. 

Laryngotracheot / omy (Aapvyt-, rpaxeia, 
T0/U7}, a section). That form of the operation 
of tracheotomy in which the cricoid carti- 
lage, and some of the upper rings of the 
trachea are divided. 

Lar'ynx {Aapvy^,). The upper part of the 
air passage, between the trachea and the 
base of the tongue. It comprises three 
single cartilages, the thyroid, cricoid, and 
epiglottis, and three pairs of cartilages, the 
arytenoid and those of Santorini and Wris- 
berg. It is lined with an extremely sensi- 
tive mucous membrane, which forms two 
transverse lipped folds that constitute the 
vocal cords. 

Lascivious (/rt.5Y7W<2, wantonness). Libidi- 
nous. Wanton. Having an unlawful desire. 

Las / situde {lasszss, tired). A state of ex- 
haustion or weakness, arising from causes 
other than fatigue. 

La'ta. See Miryachit. 

Latency {lateo, to be hid). The condition 
of being latent or concealed. 

La / tent {lateo). Concealed. Not manifest. 
In physics, applied to heat that appa- 
rently disappears when a liquid is vapor- 
ized or a solid melted. L. Period, the 
time required for the incubation of a disease. 

Lat'erad {latus, the side). Toward the 
lateral aspect of. 

Lat/eral {lateralis). At, belonging to, or 
pertaining to the side. The aspect of the 
side viewed from the middle. L. Col- 
umn, that column of the spinal cord 
between the antero- and postero-lateral 
fissures. L. Operation, that form of opera- 
tion in lithotomy in which the opening is 
made on the left side of the perin?eum. 
L. Plates, the part of the mesoblast lying 
external to the provertebrae. L. Sinuses, 
the two veins of the dura mater situated in 
the attached margin of the tentorium cere- 
belli. 

Lateri'tious {later, brick). Pertaining to 
an urinary sediment resembling brick- dust. 

Latero- cervical {lateralis, cervix, the 
neck). At or about the side of the neck. 

Latero-dor'sal {lateralis, dorsum, the 
back). At or near the side of the back. 

Latero-fiex / ion {lateralis, Jlecto, to bend). 
Bending to one side. 

Lateropul'sion {lateralis, pello, to drive). 
An involuntary motion or bearing to one 
side. 

La'tex (Lat., liquid). The sap or the juice 
of the tubes or vessels of plants. 



LATHYRUS CICERA 



234 



LEIPOTHYMIA 



Latb/yrus Cic / era. A species of vetch, 
commonly known as " chick-pea." See 
Latkyrism. 

Lath'yrism (XaOvpig, spurge). The con- 
vulsive movements, tremors and paraplegia 
arising from the use of the seeds of Lathy - 
rus cicera. 

Latis / simus (superl. of lotus, wide). An 
adjective signifying widest. It is used as 
a descriptive term with certain muscles. 
L. Colli. See Muscle (Platysma My- 
oides). L. Dorsi. See Muscle. 

Laud / anin. One of the alkaloids of opium. 
It is soluble in chloroform and alkaline 
solutions. 

Laud / anum. See Opium. 

Laugh'ing (Sax. hlehhan). A succession 
of rhythmic, spasmodic expirations with 
open glottis and vibration of vocal cords. 
L. Gas. See Nitrogen. 

Laur'el. See Kalmia. 

La'va (Lat., a flood or torrent). The 
molten ejecta of a volcano. 

Lavage (Fr.). Irrigation or washing out 
the stomach. 

LavameiVtum (lavo, to wash). An in- 
jection. 

Lav / ender, or 

Lavandula. The flowers of L. vera. 
Properties due to a volatile oil. Aromatic, 
stimulant and carminative, but used mainly 
as a flavor and adjuvant of other medi- 
cines. L. Ol., the volatile oil distilled 
from the whole herb. Dose H\j-v. L. 
Ol. Florum, the oil distilled from the 
fresh flowers, preferable to preceding. 
Dose tt\j-v. A constituent of Spt. Odor- 
atus. L. Spt., 3 parts of the oil in 97 of 
alcohol; a perfume. Dose gss-j. L. 
Tinct. Comp., oil of lavender 8, oil of 
rosemary 2, cinnamon 18, cloves 4, nut- 
meg 10, red saunders 8, alcohol 680, water 
270, dilute alcohol to make 1000. Dose 
3 ss-ij, a constituent of Fowler's solu- 
tion. 

Laveran, Corpuscles of. See Bacillus, 
of Malaria , and Plasmodium. 

Lax (laxo, to loosen). Loose. Not tense. 

Laxative (laxo). An agent that loosens 
the contents of the bowels. A mild pur- 
gative. 

Laxa / tor (laxo). That which loosens or 
relaxes. A name applied to various muscles. 
L. Tympani. See Muscle. 

Lay'er (Sax. leger, a couch). A mass of 
uniform, or nearly uniform, thickness, 
spread over or covering a considerable 
area. 

Lazarel/to (Ital., a pest house). A quar- 



antine establishment. Also, a place for 
fumigation and disinfection. 

Lead. See Plumbum. 

Lead-poisoning. Either due to acci- 
dental or industrial introduction of lead into 
the system. The symptoms are disturbed 
nutrition, anaemia, the gingival line, lead 
colic, constipation, pains in the limbs, local 
muscular paralysis (wrist-drop) and wast- 
ing, saturnine encephalopathy, etc. The 
treatment consists in stopping ingress of 
lead to the system, its elimination by 
iodide of potassium, aperients, etc. 

Leaf Cup. See Bearsfoot. 

Leanness. A condition of having less 
than the normal amount of flesh. It may 
be natural, or the result of disease. 

Leav / en (levo, to raise). A name given 
to several species of ferments belonging to 
the class of saccharoinycetes, of which the 
culture known as "sour dough" is a com- 
mon example. 

Lecit / hin {XeniOog, yolk of egg). A class 
of nitrogenized, phosphorized substances 
occurring in brain- and nerve-tissue. 

LectuaTis (dim. of lectus, a bed). Per- 
taining to a bed or couch. Also, diseases 
that confine one in bed. Also, a patient. 

Lec / tulus (dim. of lectus). A bed or 
couch. Also, a couch or mattress contain- 
ing medicinal substances. L. Medicatus, 
a dry fermentation. 

Leech (Sax. lace, physician). Hirudo 
Medicinalis, of the order Hirudinea, class 
Annelida, sub-kingdom Vermes. To extract 
blood by leeching. L., Artificial, the 
apparatus for cupping. 

Lees (A. S. Ices, dregs). The dregs or solid 
matter held in suspension by a liquid, that 
finally settles at the bottom of the vessel. 
Especially the sediment of vinous liquors. 

Leg. The lower extremity of man, espe- 
cially that part from the knee to the ankle. 
An organ of locomotion of man and 
other animals. 

Legitimacy (legitimo, to make lawful). 
The condition of being within the bounds 
of the law. Also, the statutory recogni- 
tion of a child born within wedlock, or 
within a period of time necessary to gesta- 
tion, which may elapse after the death of 
the father. 

Legu / min. See Casein. 

Leiomyo / ma (Tieioc, smooth, /j.v$, a 
muscle). A form of myoma characterized 
by unstriped muscular fiber. 

Leipothy / mia (lenru, to relinquish, #t>uoc, 
the mind). A term denoting fainting or 
syncope. 



LEITER'S TUBES 



235 



LEPROSY 



Letter's Tubes. Tubes of soft, flexible 
metal designed for bending about any 
part of the body. Cold water is passed 
through the tubes, thereby reducing the 
temperature of the parts encased. 

Lem / on. See Li?non. 

Lens (Lat., a lentil). A regularly-shaped 
piece of glass or crystal for the refraction 
of rays of light. The crystalline lens of 
the eye. L., Achromatic. See Achro- 
matic. L., Biconcave, a thick-edged lens 
having concave spherical surfaces upon 
its opposite sides, called also a negative or 
minus lens; used in spectacles to correct 
myopia. L., Biconvex {positive ox plus 
lens), a thin-edged lens ; it has two con- 
vex surfaces ; used to correct hyperopia. L. , 
Cylindrical (either minus or plus), one 
ground upon a cylindrical tool, i.e., one 
with a plane surface in one axis and a con- 
cave or convex surface in the axis at right 
angles to the same. L., Decentered, 
one in which the optical center is not 
opposite the pupil of the eye. L., Peri- 
scopic, one with concavo-convex or 
convexo-concave surfaces, the opposite 
sides being of different curvatures; to 
avoid spherical aberration, and to gain a 
greater field of clear vision, called meniscus 
lenses. L., Plano-concave, Plano- 
convex, Piano-cylindrical, has a plane 
surface upon one side and a curved surface 
upon the reverse. L., Spherical, one 
whose curved surface is a segment of a 
sphere, either concave or convex, in con- 
tradistinction to a cylindrical lens. L., 
Sphero-cylindrical, one with a spherical 
surface upon one side, and a cylindrical 
upon the reverse, used for the correction of 
either myopia or hyperopia, combined with 
astigmatism. See Spectacle- Lenses. 

Lenticular (dim. of lens). Pertaining to 
or resembling a lens ; also a descriptive term 
applied to an instrument with a curved 
cutting edge for removing the rough edges of 
bone made by the trephine. L. Ganglion. 
See Ganglion. L. Nucleus, the extra- 
ventricular portion of the corpus striatum. 

Lentigo (lens). Freckles, Ephelides. 
Circumscribed spots or patches of pig- 
ment, small in size and occurring mainly 
on the face and hands. Freckles rarely 
occur before eight years, and are not com- 
mon in aged persons. Most frequent among 
people of light complexion. 

Len'tor (lentus, adhesive). Viscidity of a 
liquid. 

Leonti'asis (leo, a. lion). See Elephanti- 
asis. L. Ossa. See Osteitis. 



Lep'er {leirpoq, scaly). One affected with 
leprosy. 

Lep'ido- (Xe-iric, a scale). A Greek prefix 
signifying a scale, or scaly. 

Lep'idoid (/Ie7i7c). Having the appear- 
ance of a scale. 

Lepidoplas / tic (Ae^c, nlaacu, to form). 
Forming scales. 

Lepidop / tera (leinc, 7rrepov, a wing). An 
order of insects distinguished by feather- 
like scales and a spirally coiled suctorial 
apparatus. The order includes butterflies 
and moths. 

Lepid / osis (lie-nic). Same as Ichthyosis. 
Also, a synonym for Lepra. 

Lep'ocyte {Tieiroc, a husk or sheath, /curoc, 
a cell). A nucleated cell. 

Lep / othrix [leiroc, dpi!;, a hair). A condi- 
tion of the hair, especially that of the arm- 
pits, in which the shaft becomes encased 
in a sheath of hardened sebaceous matter. 
Also, the typical thread-like form assumed 
by certain species of bacteria of the order 
Sch izomycetes. 

Lep'ra (leirpa, a leper). Leprosy. Ele- 
phantiasis Graecomm. Leontiasis. Psori- 
asis. An endemic, chronic, and highly 
malignant disease, somewhat analogous to 
syphilis in pathological character. Preva- 
lent in Europe and Asia, especially along 
the Mediterranean shores. Rare in North 
America, except on Pacific coast. A con- 
stitutional disease preceded by malaise, 
debility and languor, followed by character- 
istic bullous, macular, or tubercular lesions 
of the skin. L., Tuberculated, charac- 
terized by massive infiltrations and the 
formation of tubercles, commonly on the 
face, breasts, scrotum and penis. L., 
Non-tuberculated, a form of the disease 
characterized by macular patches that 
spread peripherally, until much or the 
whole of the skin is involved. In later 
stages the disease extends into the subcu- 
taneous tissues, muscles and bones, result- 
ing in disarticulation and destruction of the 
joints of the fingers and toes. This form 
of leprosy is nearly always marked by 
anaesthesia of the parts involved. L., 
Mixed Tuberculated, involves both 
forms of the disease. There is very strong 
evidence in favor of the contagious char- 
acter of the disease, and, also, that it is 
intimately connected with the develop- 
ment of a specific bacillus. 

Leprophthal'mia (Aeirpa, o^Ba'XpoQ, 
the eye). Ophthalmia of a leprous char- 
acter. 

Lep / rosy. See Lepra. 



LEPTANDRA 



236 



LEUCOCYTOSIS 



Leptan / dra. Culver's Root. The rhizome 
and rootlets of L. virginica. Properties 
thought to be due to a glucoside, leptan- 
drin. A tonic, laxative, and cholagogue. 
Indicated in indigestion and chronic con- 
stipation. Dose of the ext. gr. j-iij, of 
the fid. ext. ff\xx-3J. 

Lep / to- (XeTrroc, thin, small, slender). A 
Greek prefix, signifying small or slender. 

Leptocepb/alic, or 

Leptocepb/alous (Ae7rroc, necpafy, head). 
Having an abnormally small head. 

Leptoceph / alus. A monstrosity with an 
abnormally small head. 

Leptomeningi / tis (Ae7rroc, [irjviy^, a mem- 
brane). Inflammation of the pia and 
arachnoid of the brain and the spinal cord, 
in contradistinction to Pachymeningitis, 
though meningitis alone usually signifies 
the same as leptomeningitis. See Menin- 
gitis. L. Cerebralis, an inflammation, 
confined usually to the pia mater of the 
convex surface of an anterior lobe of the 
cerebrum. L. Spinalis, any inflamma- 
tion of the pia mater of the spinal cord. 

Lep / torhine. See Index. 

Lep / tothrix (Ietvtoq, Opii-, a hair). A 
genus of the family Bacteriacees, whose 
elements form straight filaments, often of 
great length. Possibly indistinguishable 
from the genus Bacillus. The only L. 
studied is L. Buccalis, very common in 
the mouth, playing a large part in the for- 
mation of dental tartar and the production 
of caries of the teeth. L. Gigantea, found 
in tartar of the teeth. 

Lep / tus AutumnaTis. Harvest Bug. 
Mower's Mite. A parasite that burrows 
under the skin, causing lesions similar to 
those of itch. 

Le / sion (Iczdo, to hurt). Any injury, hurt 
or wound in any part of the body. In 
pathology, any morbid change. L. of 
Continuity, a division or break in any 
part that is normally continuous. L. of 
Nutrition, any pathological alteration in 
the capillary system, consisting of increase 
or decrease in the amount of blood required 
for assimilation and absorption. 

Le / thal {"krjdrj, a forgetting). Deadly. Per- 
taining to or producing death. 

Leth'argy (fajtfq). A condition of drowsi- 
ness or stupor that cannot be overcome by 
the will. See, also, Somnambulism. L., 
African. See African Lethargy. 

Lettuce. See Lactucarium. 

Leucse / mia. See Lettcocythcemia. 

Leucas / mus, Acquired. See Leuco- 
derma. 



Leuchae'mia. See Leucocythcemia. 

Leu'cin (Xevnog, white). A crystalline 
substance probably identical with amido- 
caproic acid, occurring in the pancreas, 
spleen, thymus gland and other parts of 
the body. It is a product of pancreatic 
digestion. 

Leu / co- (Xevnog). A Greek prefix signify- 
ing white. 

Leu / coblast. See Leucocyte. 

Leu'cocyte (Aev/coc, /orroc, cell). The col- 
orless or white corpuscles of the blood, 
probably derived from the lymph glands, 
and also from the spleen and marrow. 
Similar corpuscles are found in many other 
tissues, and appear thickly wherever in- 
flammation is set up. They are without 
envelope, and are capable of amoeboid 
movements. They average about ^Vo" °f 
an inch in diameter, but three classes are 
differentiated : The small, with one or two 
nuclei, and a small amount of protoplasm ; 
those the size of the red corpuscles ; the 
large amoeboid, with much protoplasm. A 
phagocytic function has been ascribed to 
them. They are divided into two kinds, 
leucoblasts and erythroblasts, the latter 
transformed into colored blood corpuscles 
in the spleen and bone marrow. 

Leucocythae / mia (Xevnog, kvtoq, hollow, 
ac/ua, the blood). A disease of the blood- 
making organs, characterized by an abnor- 
mal increase of the number of white cor- 
puscles, together with enlargement of the 
spleen, lymphatics, and disease of the me- 
dullary substance of the bone. The liver 
and kidneys are also sometimes involved. 
The etiology is obscure; the haemoglobini- 
zation of the leucocytes does not take place, 
and hence the increase of untransformed 
white corpuscles. Anaemia, breathlessness, 
muscular lassitude, hemorrhages, retinal 
and other pain in bones, etc., are the most 
frequent symptoms. See Charcot- Rob in 
Crystals. 

Leucocytogen / esis (\evkoq, yevvau, to 
beget). The formation of white corpuscles 
in the blood. 

Leucocyto / mata {Xevtcog, kvtoc, a hollow). 
A word used to include all tumors contain- 
ing cellular growths similar in constitution 
to the white corpuscles of the blood, such 
as tubercle, lupus, lepra, etc. 

Leucocyto / sis (Tievnog, Kvrog). A tran- 
sient increase in the number of white cor- 
puscles in the blood, not accompanied, 
as in leucocythaemia, by splenic and glan- 
dular enlargement or disease of the bone 
marrow. 



LEUCODERMA 



237 



LEUCOPATHIA 



Leucoder'ma ftevnog, white, dep/ia, skin). 
Vitiligo ; acquired leucasmus ; leuco- 
pathia; piebald skin. An acquired dis- 
ease marked by the existence and growth 
of white patches with irregular rounded 
borders of darker skin. L., Congenital, 
see Albinis7n. 

Leu'coline. See Chinolina. 

Leuco / ma (\zvkoq). An opacity of the 
cornea the result of an ulcer, wound, or in- 
flammation, and giving it the appearance 
of ground glass. 

Leu'comaines (Aevicofta, white of egg). 
" Basic substances found in the living 
tissues either as the products of fermenta- 
tive changes or of retrograde metamor- 
phosis." Bouchard and Schar believe 
they are generated in the intestinal tract 
and absorbed thence into the system. They 
are divided into two groups, according to 
their relations with the analogue chosen as 
a type : the Uric Acid Group comprises 
Adenine, Hypoxanthine, Guanine, Xan- 
thine, Heteroxanthine, Paraxanthine, Car- 



mine, Pseudoxanthine, and Spermine. The 
Creatinine Group comprises Cruso- 
creatinine, Xanthocreatinine, Amphicre- 
atinine and two unnamed bases. Among 
yet undetermined leucomaines are bases 
known to exist in expired air, and animal 
exhalations. The aqueous extract of 
vapors exhaled by dogs has been found to 
cause death within 24 hours, when injected 
into the veins of other animals. The same 
violent poison is said to produce pulmonary 
phthisis in confined air by continuous in- 
fluence. Sewer-air is thought to contain a 
kindred poison. The leucomaines of the 
saliva are also yet undetermined — though 
it is known that normal saliva contains 
several toxic substances, and that the 
aqueous solution of saliva at ioo° poisons 
or narcotizes birds. The leucomaines of 
the venom of poisonous snakes are also 
still undetermined. There are, also, 
several undetermined leucomaines of urine 
and of animal tissues. The following 
table is from Vaughan : — 



TABLE OF LEUCOMAINES. (vaughan.) 



NAME. 


FORMULA. 


DISCOVERER. 


SOURCE. 


PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. 


Adenine. 


C 5 H 5 N 5 


Kossel. 


Nuclein-containing or- 
gans. 


Non-poisonous. Muscle- 
stimulant. 


Hypoxanthine. 


C 5 H 4 N 4 


Scherer. 


Nuclein-containing or- 
gans. 


Non-poisonous. Muscle- 
stimulant. 


Guanine. 


C 5 H 5 N s O 


Ungel. 


Nuclein-containing or- 
gans; Guano. 


Non-poisonous. Muscle- 
stimulant. 


Xanthine. 


C 5 H 4 N 4 2 


Marcet. 


Nuclein-containing or- 
gans; Calculi. 


Non-poisonous. Muscle- 
stimulant. 


Heteroxanthine. 


C 6 H 6 N 4 2 


Salomon. 


Urine. 




Paraxanthine. 


C 7 H 8 N 4 2 


Thudichum, 
Salomon. 


\\ 




Carmine. 


C 7 H 8 N 4 3 


Weidel. 


Liebig's Meat Extract. 


Not known to be poison- 
ous. Muscle stimulant. 


Pseudoxanthine (?) 


C 4 H 5 N 6 


Gautier. 


Muscle. 




Spermine. 


C 2 H 5 N 


Schreiner. 


Sperma. In tissues of 
leucocytheemics. 




Cruso-creatinine. 


C 5 H 8 N 4 


Gautier. 


Muscle. 




Xantho-creatinine. 


C B H 10 N 4 O 


" 


" 


Poisonous. 


Amphi-creatine. 


C 9 H 19 N 7 4 


" 


" 




Unnamed. 


C 11 H 24 N 10 O 5 
C 12 H 25 N 11 5 


'« 


'«! 




" 


C 7 H 12 N 4 2 


Pouchet. 


Urine. 






C 3 H 5 N0 2 









Leuco / matous [AevKu/ua). Having the 
nature of leucoma. Affected with leucoma. 

Leucomyeli / tis (aevkoq, jiveAog, marrow). 
Inflammation of the medullary substance 
of the spinal cord. 

Leuconecro / sis (Aevnog, veKpucig, death). 
A form of dry gangrene, distinguished by 
light or nearly natural color instead of the 
usual dark color of gangrene. 



Leuconos / toc. A genus of the family of 
Coccacees having its elements disposed in 
chains and enveloped in a sheath of tough 
jelly. L. Mesenteroi'des, abundant in 
molasses, beet-root juice, and in sugar 
refineries. 

Leucopath / ia (Aevnog, iradoQ, suffering). 
Albinism. L., Congenital. SeeA/dmism. 
L., Acquired. See Leucoderma. 



LEUCOPHLEGMASIA 



238 



LIEBIG 



Leucophlegma / sia (lev nog, (phey/ia, 
phlegm). A condition marked by a ten- 
dency to dropsy, accompanied by a pale, 
flabby skin, and general oedema of the 
whole body. Also, subcutaneous emphy- 
sema. 

Leucopla'sia (XevKog, TrXacig, formation). 
A name given to formations of white spots 
or plates on the epidermis and epithelium. 

Leucorrhce / a (fay/cog, peu, to flow). An 
ailment characterized by a muco-purulent 
discharge from the female genital canal, 
attended with catarrhal inflammation. The 
pus is usually filled with Trichomonas vagi- 
nalis^ a large rod-like bacterium, in addi- 
tion to the various species of leptothrix and 
micrococcus normally present. According 
to the secreting part it is termed, cervical, 
uterine, vaginal, vulvar, etc. 

Leuco / ses (Xevnog). Diseases of the lym- 
phatic system. 

Leuco / sis (Xevnog). Abnormal whiteness 
of the skin. Also, the development and 
progress of leucoma. 

Leukae'mia. See Leucocythcemia. 

Leu / kocyte. See Leucocyte. 

Leukocytosis. See Leucocytosis. 

Leukoderma. See Leucoderma. 

Leukoplakia {levnog, nlal-, aflat surface). 
Certain white fungoid patches, sometimes 
forming on the dorsum of the tongue and 
mucous surface of the cheeks and lower 
lip. 

Leu / sin. A crystalline body found in 
brain-tissue. 

Levant 7 Wormseed. See Santonica. 

Levator {levo, to lift). That which 
raises. A name given to several muscles. 
See Muscle. 

Levato / res Costa 7 rum. See Muscle. 

Leviga / tion {levigo, to make smooth). The 
trituration of a substance made into a 
paste with water or other liquid. When 
performed with a muller on a slab of por- 
phyry it is called porphyrization. 

Lev'ulose. The natural sugar of fruits. 
See Sugar and Glucose. 

Ley / den Battery. A series of Leyden 
jars connected tandem. 

Leyden Jar. A glass jar coated within 
and without with tinfoil, reaching nearly 
to the neck, and surmounted by a knobbed 
conductor connecting with the inner coat- 
ing. It is designed for the temporary 
"accumulation" of electricity, or rather 
for the preservation of the high potential 
to which the inner foil may be charged. 
It is discharged by connecting the outer 
foil with the knob. 



Lia / tris Odoratis / sima. Southern Va- 
nilla. Contains cumarin, the flavoring 
principle of the tonka bean. Unof. 

Libidinous (libidinosus, lustful). Char- 
acterized by strong sexual desire. 

Li'bra {libra). A weight of twelve troy 
ounces, or 5760 grains. Also, applied to 
the avoirdupois pound of sixteen ounces, 
or 7000 grains. 

Lice. See Louse. 

License {licentid). An official permit or 
authority conferring on the holder the right 
and privilege of exercising his profession. 

Licentiate {licentid). A term sometimes 
applied to a person who practices a pro- 
fession by the authority of a license. 

Li / chen {leixqv, a lichen). A term now 
restricted to those diseases in which in- 
flammatory papulse undergoing no change 
are the main feature of the disease. L. 
Ruber, an inflammatory disease marked 
by pin-head or pea-sized papules, which 
may be smooth, but more often scaly, and 
deep red. May be discrete or confluent. 
The most common form in the U. S., known 
as L. ruber, ox planus, is distinguished by 
angular spots. The acuminate form, L. 
Acuminatum, is rare. L. Scrofulosus, 
characterized by small and chronic inflam- 
matory, red papules, usually arranged in 
circles, and occurring in scrofulous subjects. 
According to Van Harlingen it is rarely 
met with in the U. S. L. Pilaris. See 
Keratosis Pilaris. L. Simplex. See 
Eczema. L. Spinulosis. See Kerato- 
sus pilaris. L. Tropicus. See Milia- 
ria. 

Licheni'asis. The condition of one af- 
fected by the disease lichen. 

Lichenoid of the Tongue. A peculiar 
chronic and spreading rash of the tongue, 
at first appearing in light crescentic bands. 
The etiology is obscure. 

Lid. See Eyelid. 

Lie / ben's Test (for acetone in the urine). 
Acidulate with hydrochloric acid and distill. 
When treated with tincture of iodine and 
ammonia there is a turbidity, due to the 
formation of iodoform. 

Lie / berkiihn's Jelly. An alkali-albumin 
produced by the action of strong caustic 
potash upon egg-albumin. 

Lie / bermann's Reaction. A test for 
proteids. A violet-red color is obtained by 
boiling animal proteids with concentrated 
hydrochloric acid. 

Lie / big. A celebrated German physiolo- 
gist. L.'s Beef Tea, the soluble extrac- 
tive matter of lean meat. It is prepared by 



LIEN 



239 



LIGHT 



macerating a pound of lean meat, free from 
fat and cut into small pieces, in a pint of 
cold water, in which TTLxxx of hydro- 
chloric acid and gr. xl of sodium chloride 
have been dissolved. The liquid is ex- 
pressed and strained. L.'s Bouillon. 
See Bouillon. L.'s Extractum Carnis, 
a proprietary preparation, consisting of the 
soluble fibrin of meat with the natural 
mineral salts and a flavoring principle os- 
mazome. L.'s Infant Food, a proprie- 
tary substance, having the following com- 
position : wheat flour, malt flour, aa J ss, 
potassium bicarbonate gr. vij, distilled 
water ^ j, cow's milk J v, mix thoroughly 
and boil. L.'s Method. See Urea. 

Li' en (Lat.). The spleen. 

Lienomala / cia {lien, /uaTiaKca, softening). 
Softening of the tissue of the spleen of a 
morbid character. 

Li / entery {Xeioq, smooth, evrepov, an in- 
testine). A kind of diarrhoea in which 
the food passes rapidly through the bowels 
without undergoing digestion. 

Life (Sax. lif). The force or principle 
underlying or causing the phenomena of 
organized beings. The power by which 
an organism exists and exercises self-move- 
ments in response to emotions or sensations 
and adapts itself to its environment. L., 
Change of, that period in the life of a 
female at which menstruation ceases. L., 
Duration of. See Probable. 

Life Everlasting. Cud weed. The 
herbs Gnaphalium margaritaceum and G. 

polycephahim. Tonic, astringent and ano- 
dyne. A domestic remedy of some repute 
in affections of the chest and bowels. 
Dose of a decoction ad lib.; of the fld. ext. 
Tlpcv-^j. Unof. 

Life Root. Ragwort. The herb Senecio 
aureus gathered in flower. Expectorant 
and tonic. Formerly used by the Indians 
as a vulnerary; a favorite remedy of the 
eclectic practitioners. Dose of a decoction 
ad lib.; of fld. ext. Tt^xxx-gj. Unof. 

Life Table. A table constructed to show 
the number and ages of the living, and the 
number and ages of the dying in a com- 
munity or society. Halley's, the earliest 
English table, was constructed in the 
second half of the 1 8th Century, and sug- 
gested De Mowre's Hypothesis {q. v.). 
Price's Northampton L. T. was used 
by the Equitable Life Assurance Co., upon 
its establishment in 1 762. These tables 
were not constructed by a comparison of 
the deaths and the living at each age, 
but from the deaths only, and since births 



and deaths are not equal, and since migra- 
tion also disturbs the stationariness of 
population, these tables are not correct, as 
they overstate the mortality of young adults 
and do not dissociate males and females. 
Dr. Farr constructed three English L. T., 
designated respectively, Nos. I, 2 and 3, 
and various other tables have been made, 
called the Healthy Districts, the Upper 
Class Experience, the Healthy Males, 
the Clerical Experience Tables, etc. 
The last noteworthy table is the New 
English L. T., by Dr. Ogle, that starts 
with a million males and a million females 
and shows the number surviving at each 
age, and the mean expectation of life at 
each age. 

Lig / ament {ligo, to bind). A band of 
flexible, compact membranous tissue con- 
necting the articular ends of the bones, 
sometimes enveloping them with a capsule. 
L., Poupart's, the crural arch or lower 
border of the aponeurosis of the external 
oblique muscle. L., Gimbernat's, that 
part of the aponeurosis of the external 
oblique muscle which is reflected down- 
ward and outward, toward the os pubis. 
Also called the third insertion of Poupart's 
gland. L. of Zinn. See Zonula. 

Ligation {ligo). The operation of tying; 
used especially of arteries. L. of Cord, 
applying a ligature about the umbilical 
cord of the newborn child. 

Lig / ature {ligo). A cord or thread of any 
material for tying arteries, etc. L., 
Animal, made from sheep or catgut, the 
tendons or sinews of various animals, etc. 
L., Antiseptic, rendered free from infec- 
tive material by soaking and cleansing with 
germicidal solutions. L., Intermittent, 
the tourniquet, relaxed at times. L., 
Lateral, partial occlusion only of the 
lumen by a loose ligature. L., Metallic, 
made of silver or other metal. 

Light (Sax. led/it). That form of ethereal 
vibration or undulation which, when im- 
pinging upon the retina, produces the 
sensation of vision. L., Diffused, that 
reflected simultaneously from an infinite 
number of surfaces, or that has been scat- 
tered by means of a concave mirror or 
lens. L., Dispersion of. See L., Spec- 
trum of L., Electric, that produced by 
the passage of electricity through a me- 
dium having high resistance, such as the 
carbon film of the incandescent, or the in- 
terval of air between the carbons of the arc 
light, the medium of high resistance being 
heated to whiteness. L., Monochro- 



LIGHTNING 



240 



LINE 



matic, that which, on being analyzed by 
a prism, consists approximately of waves 
of one length only. L., Reflection of, 
that property by which a ray of light strik- 
ing an object rebounds, or is bent back. 
Rays falling on a plane surface are re- 
flected at an angle equal to that of the 
incident ray. Objects are perceived by the 
light reflected by them. L., Refraction 
of, that property by which a ray or pencil 
of light, when passed through a prism, is 
bent out of its course. Refraction occurs 
when a ray of light passes through media 
of differing densities. L., Spectrum of, 
a name given to a ray of light that has 
been decomposed, its primary component 
parts unequally refracted and projected 
upon a screen. See Wave- Lengths. 

Lightning. An atmospheric discharge of 
electricity. In the form commonly known 
as ''chain" or ''bolt" lightning, the elec- 
tricity has an extremely high potential, and 
a stroke under such circumstances is in- 
variably fatal when the discharge passes 
through a living body. The form known 
as "sheet" lightning is a "brush" dis- 
charge of low potential, and harmless. L. 
Pains, the sharp, momentary pains occur- 
ring in tabes. 

Lig / neous [lignis, wood). Having the 
nature of wood. 

Lig / num Vi'tae. See Guaiacum. 

Lig'ula (dim. of lingua, a tongue). A 
little tongue. Also, a name given to the 
tongue of an articulate. Also, a genus of 
cestoid worms. See Lingula. 

Li'lac. The leaves and fruit of Syringa 
vulgaris. A bitter tonic with reputed anti- 
periodic properties. Unof. 

Lily of the Valley. See Convallaria 
Majalis. 

Limb (Sax. Urn, a twig). An arm or leg. 
An organ of prehension or locomotion. L. , 
Artificial, a mechanical substitute for an 
arm or a leg. L. Plexus, the supposed 
rearrangement of nerve-strands so as to 
connect nerves derived from different parts 
of the spinal cord with particular groups of 
muscles. 

Lim / bus (limbus, a border). A border or 
hem. The circumferential edge of any flat 
organ or part. L. Corneae, the edge of 
the cornea at its juncture with the sclerotic 
coat. 

Lime (Per. limu, a lemon). The fruit of 
several species of Citrus. L. Juice, the 
juice of the lemon or lime. Should con- 
tain, when bottled, a small percentage of 
sulphurous acid to prevent fermentation. 



Lime. The popular name for calcium 
oxide, CaO (quick lime), and calcium 
hydrate, Ca(HO). 

LimTc (/it/zof, hunger). Pertaining to 
hunger. 

Lim / inal Intensity. See Fechners Law. 

Lim / itans, or 

Limiting. Bounding. L. Membrane, 
the thin membrane on which the epithe- 
lial tissue of the various glands rests. 

Limitro / phic {limitropus, a name given 
to Roman lands furnishing subsistence to 
soldiers). Remak's name for the great 
ganglionic cord of the sympathetic nerve- 
system. 

Limnomephi / tis (?u/ivr/, a pond, mephi- 
tis, a noxious odor). A general name for 
noxious odors arising from marshy ground 
or swamps. 

Li'mon (gen. limonis). Lemon. The fruit 
of Citrus limonum. Of the same genus as 
the orange and the lime. The rind contains 
a volatile oil identical in structure with oil 
of turpentine. The pulp yields about 7 per 
cent, of citric acid, which has about the 
same properties as acetic acid, but has 
much value as a refrigerant and antiscor- 
butic. The expressed juice is largely em- 
ployed as a refrigerant drink in fevers. 
L. Ol., the volatile oil. Dose mj-v. L. 
Syr., lemon juice 40, lemon peel 2, sugar 
60, water q. s. ad 100. L. Spt., "essence 
of lemon," 6 parts of oil and 4 of peel in 
90 parts of alcohol. Acidi Citrici, Syr., 
citric acid, water, aa 8, spt. lemon 4, water 
980. 

Limopb/thisis (liiiog, hunger, (pdiOLQ, wast- 
ing). The wasting of the body due to pri- 
vation and lack of food. 

Limopso / ra (/l///oc, ipopa). A kind of 
scabies (or pruritus?) asserted to attack 
man and other animals after long priva- 
tion from food. 

Limo / sis (?u[iog). Unnatural appetite. 
Also, a name given to a class -of diseases 
distinguished by depraved appetite. 

Limother / apy [?u/hoq, deparreia). The 
treatment of disease by partial or total de- 
privation of food. 

Line (linum, a thread of flax) . In geometry, 
that extension of dimension which has 
length, but neither breadth nor thickness. 
Also, the -jig- part of an inch. In anatomy, 
an imaginary conventional boundary or 
guide-mark. L., Axillary, a vertical 
line drawn through the anterior fold of the 
axilla. L., Blue, or L., Burton's, the 
gingival line. L., Curved, of Ilium, 
projecting curved lines on the dorsum of 



LINEA 



241 



LINI 



the ilium. L., Curved, of Occiput, pro- 
jecting lines arching outward on each side 
of the occipital protuberance. L., Facial, 
the line joining the most prominent part 
of the forehead with the alveolar process 
of the upper jaw. L., Focal, the meri- 
dional or axis line of a cone of light-rays. 
L., Holden's, a sulcus below the fold of 
the groin, starting from the femoro-scrotal 
furrow, and dying away between the 
great trochanter and superior iliac spine. 
It crosses the middle of the capsule of the 
hip. Ls., Incremental, wavy lines of 
dentine granules traversing the dentine of 
a tooth, showing its stages of growth. L., 
Internal Supracondyloid, the lower ex- 
tension of the inner angle of the shaft of 
the humerus, to which the intermuscular 
septum is attached. Ls., Lizars', a line 
joining the posterior iliac spine and a point 
midway between the tuber ischii and the 
great trochanter; also a line from the 
posterior iliac spine to the inner point of 
trisection of a line between the tuber and 
the trochanter. The upper point of trisec- 
tion of the former indicates the emergence 
of the gluteal artery ; the middle of the latter, 
the spot where the sciatic artery leaves the 
pelvis. L., Mammary, a vertical line 
drawn through the nipple. Ls., Median, 
Anterior and Posterior, the lines whose 
plane divides the body into symmetrical 
lateral halves. L., Nelaton's, the line 
passing across the middle of the acetabu- 
lum and over the top of the trochanter, 
joining the superior spine and tuber ischii. 
L., Parasternal, a line separating the 
median from the lateral regions of the 
thorax. Ls., Sternal, vertical lines dropped 
from the sternal ends of the clavicles, one 
on each side. L., Thompson's, a red 
line of vascular tissue along the margin of 
the gums, frequently noticeable in phthisis. 
Lin'ea (Lat.). An imaginary or real line 
used as an anatomical boundary or guide- 
mark. L. Alba, the median fusion of the 
tendons of the abdominal muscles, extend- 
ing from the metasternum to the pubes. 
L. Albicantis, certain irregular glistening 
striae often observed in the skin after child- 
birth. L. Aspera, the narrow, prominent 
buttress ridge along the hinder aspect 
of the femur. L. Cephalica, a line 
of the palm of the hand, extending 
from the level of the metacarpophalan- 
geal joint to the middle of the fifth 
metacarpal. L. Hepatica, a vertical 
line of the palm of the hand, extending 
from the rasceta to the vallecula of the 
16 



middle finger. L. Ilio-pectinea, or 
Ilio-pubi, a line forming the brim of the 
pelvic cavity. L.ae Nuchales Superi- 
ores, lines on both sides of the occipital 
protuberance passing outward and becom- 
ing continuous with the hinder edge of the 
mastoid process. L. Quadrata, a faint 
line in the femur, descending from a small 
roughness vertically above the level of the 
lesser trochanter; it receives the insertion 
of the quadrati femoris. L. Semilunaris, 
a curved line, concave inward, extending 
from the cartilage of the eighth rib to the 
pubes ; it marks the outer edge of the rec- 
tus abdominalis muscle. L. Solea, an 
oblique line of the tibia at the attachment of 
the soleus muscle. L. Splendens, the 
line of pia mater substance along the an- 
terior median fissure of the spinal cord. L. 
Sterno-mastoides, a line drawn from 
the interval between the two heads of the 
sterno-mastoid to the mastoid process. 
L.ae Transversa, white depressed ab- 
dominal lines, one at the level of the um- 
bilicus; one opposite the tenth rib; and 
one at the seventh rib cartilage. They 
mark the lines of the tendinous intersection 
of the rectus abdominalis with its attach- 
ment to the overlying tendons. 

Lin / eament (linea, a line). The outline 
of the face. Also, the outline of the em- 
bryo. 

Lin'ear {linea). A line. A twelfth part 
of an inch. L. Extraction. See Cata- 
ract. 

Lin'gam. See Phallus. 

Ling / ism. See Ling's System. 

Ling's System. A method of treatment 
of disease by gymnastic and other rhythmic 
movements of the body, employed by Ling, 
a Swedish physician. 

Ling / ual. Shaped like the tongue. Per- 
taining to the tongue. L. Bone. See 
Hyoid. 

Linguet'ta Lamino'sa. See Lingula. 

LinguTa (dim. of lingua, a tongue). A 
transversely lamellose lobule between the 
valve of Vieussens and the central lobule 
of the cerebellum. Called, also, the lin- 
guetta laminosa. Also, a thin, lamellated 
part of the petrous process of the sphenoid 
bone. It is also called the ligula, and 
also the processus petrosus anticus. L. 
Mandibularis, the prominent, thin scale 
of bone partly surrounding the large fora-' 
men of the lower jaws; it serves as the 
attachment of the spheno-mandibular liga- 
ment. 

Li'ni. PI. of linum. 



LIXLMEXTUM 



242 



LISTERIAS" METHOD 



Liniment / um [lino, to smear). A lini- 
ment. A thin, liquid ointment for external 
application, usually a solution of a medici- 
nal substance in an excipient of oil or oil 
mixtures. There are ten official linimenta. 

Lin / seed. See Linum. L. Oil. See 
Linum. 

Lint [linum, flax). A loosely woven or 
partly felted mass of broken linen fibres, 
made by scraping and " picking " old linen 
cloth. It is universally used as a dressing 
for wounds and raw surfaces. 

Li / num (Lat.). Flaxseed. Linseed. The 
seeds of L. usitatissimum, the common 
flax plant, containing 30-40 per cent, of 
fixed (linseed) oil in embryo of seed, and 
15 per cent, of mucilage in epithelium. A 
demulcent, emollient and expectorant, use- 
ful in all inflammations of mucous mem- 
branes. L. Ol., the fixed oil of flaxseed 
expressed cold, a glyceride of linoleic acid. 
Dose ^ss-ij. L. Infus., unof., "flaxseed 
tea," flaxseed 3 iij, liquorice root gj, water 
^ x, infused four hours. Dose indefinite. 
Carron Oil, linseed oil emulsified in lime- 
water. 

Lio-myo'ma. See Myoma. 

Lipacidae / mia [/urrog, fat, acidus, sour, 
aiua, blood). The presence of fatty acids 
in the blood, with diminution of its alka- 
linity. 

Lipacidu / ria [?u~oc, acidus, ovpov, urine). 
An excess of volatile fatty acids in the 
urine. 

Lipae / mia (/.crrog, aiua). The presence 
of an emulsion of fine oil globules in the 
blood. 

Lip / arocele [Inrapog, fat, ktj/.tj, a tumor). 
A tumor of the scrotum. 

Liparom'phalus [/.i~apog, ouqo/joq, the 
navel). A fatty tumor situated at the 
navel, or involving the umbilical cord. 

Liparoscir'rhus [?u~apoc, ciuppog, a can- 
cerous growth). A fatty, scirrhous tumor. 

Lip'arous [/.trrapog). Fat. Obese. 

Lipemania. See Lypemania. 

Lipo / ma [?.i~og, fat). A fatty tumor. 

Lipomatosis [/.irrog). The production of 
lipoma. 

Lip'pia. The leaves of L. mexicana. 
Demulcent and expectorant. Does not 
nauseate. Dose of the tincture ^ss-j. 
Unof. 

Lippitu'do [lippus, watery condition of the 
eyes). A condition marked by a moist and 
raw margin of the eyelids, which discharge 
purulent matter. 

Lips. The fleshy folds surrounding the 
orifice of the mouth. See also Labium. 



Liquefaction [liquefacio, to change to 
liquid form). The condition of having 
been changed to a liquid. 

Liq / uid [liquo, to melt). That form of a 
substance in which the molecules are in a 
state intermediate between attraction and 
repulsion. Water between o° and ioo° C. 
is the best example. 

Li / quor (Lat.). A liquid. In pharmacy, 
any solution in water of non-volatile sub- 
stances, except infusions, decoctions, syrups, 
but including the solution of gutta-percha 
(in chloroform). There are 28 official 
liquo?-es. In anatomy, any fluid of the 
body. L. Amnii, the liquid in which the 
foetus lies. At the middle of pregnancy 
it equals in weight that of the foetus. It 
serves a number of useful functions, and 
in labor protects the foetus and cord from 
pressure, dilates the os and lubricates the 
genital canal. L. Cotunnii, the perilymph 
secreted by the fibro-serous membrane of 
the internal ear. L. Sanguinis, the serum 
of the blood with one or more elements of 
fibrin. 

Liq / uorice. See Glycyrrhiza. 

Lisp / ing. A kind of defect of speech, 
natural or acquired, in which sibilant letters 
are sounded like Unguals, especially s as th. 
It sometimes arises from too great length 
of the tongue. 

Lister'ian Method of Dressing 
Wounds. Carbolic acid was the first 
antiseptic, but from its volatility and slow- 
ness of action as a germicide, it was re- 
placed by corrosive sublimate. But this 
proved irritating and was precipitated by 
the albumin of the blood serum. What 
might be called the Third Method was 
the antiseptic dressing called Sero-subli- 
mate Gauze, consisting of a gauze charged 
with a solution of corrosive sublimate in 
the serum of the blood. This was found 
difficult to manufacture and was harsh and 
non-absorbent. The Fourth Method con- 
sisted in a combination of chloride of 
ammonium and bichloride of mercury, 
called Sal-alembroth. This was likewise 
objectionable because of its ready solubility 
in the blood serum. Fifth Method, a 
gauze containing three or four per cent, by 
weight of the biniodide of mercury. This 
was irritating to the skin. A Sixth 
Method is the latest, and believed to be 
the ideal antiseptic dressing. It consists in 
the application of a gauze impregnated with 
a solution of a double cyanide of zinc and 
mercury. This is said to be non-volatile, 
unirritating, insoluble in water, and only 



LISTERISM 



243 



LITHOTRITY 



soluble in 3000 parts of blood serum. It 
possesses but little germicidal power, but 
I : 1200 keeps animal fluids free from 
putrefaction. Corrosive sublimate I : 4000 
may be added as a germicide. 

List'erism. A general name for the an- 
tiseptic and aseptic treatment of wounds 
according to the principles first enunciated 
by Lister. See Listerian Method. 

List'er's Method. See Listerian Method, 
and also, Fractional Cultivation. 

List'irig's Eye. See Eye. 

Listing's Law. Pertains to the move- 
ments of the eyeball : When moved from 
the position of rest, the angle of rotation in 
the second position is the same as if the 
eye were turned about a fixed axis perpen- 
dicular to the first and second positions of 
the visual line. 

Li / ter. See Metric System. 

Lithagog / ue {TaQog, a stone, ayu, to drive 
out). Any agent or remedy, not mechan- 
ical, which tends to expel calculi from the 
bladder. 

Litb/arge. See Lead. 

Lithect / asy (/uOog, ekteivu, to dilate). 

. Dilatation of the urethra and neck of the 
bladder for the removal of calculi. 

Lithi / asis {lidog). The formation of cal- 
culus. 

Lith/ic Acid. See Uric Acid. 

Litb/ium. Li = 7 ; quantivalence I. One 
of the rarer alkaline metals, a few of the 
salts only being used in medicine. Because 
of its low atomic weight, its high saturating 
power makes its salts more alkaline than 
those of sodium and potassium. The car- 
bonate and citrate are used largely in rheu- 
matism and gout. L. Benzoas. See 
Benzoic Acid. L. Bromidum. See 
Bromine. L. Carbonas, not deliques- 
cent. Dose gr. ij-xv. L. Citras, deliques- 
cent. Dose gr. v-xxx. L. Salicylas. 
See Salix. 

Litb/o- (lidog, a stone). A Greek prefix, 
signifying calculus, or stone. 

Lithocen / osis (?adog, tcevoxjig, evacuation). 
The extraction of the fragments of calculi 
that have been crushed or mechanically 
divided. 

Litb/oclast. See Lithotrite. 

Lithodial'ysis (?adog, dialvu, to dis- 
solve). The dissolution of calculus in the 
bladder. 

Lithol'apaxy {liBog, lait a% 'ig, removal). 
An operation of crushing and of removing 
stone at the same time by irrigation. 

Lithol'ei'n {Tadog, oleum, oil). A substance 
similar to vaseline, and, because of its anti- 



septic and antiparisitic qualities, proposed 
as a substitute for it. It is oily, of neutral 
reaction, without smell or taste, and con- 
tains no fat. 

Lithol'ogy (Xidog, loyog, a treatise). A 
treatise on the nature and treatment of cal- 
culi. 

Lithol'ysis. See Litho dialysis. 

Lithom/etra [hdog, fivrpa, the womb). 
Ossifications in the womb. 

Lithontrip / tic {ltdog, Tpt t 8cj, to wear down). 
See Lithotriptic and Antilithic. 

Lithop3e / dion (7uBog, Tccudcov, a child). 
The calcified or mummified remains of a 
dead foetus carried in the uterus or abdomi- 
nal cavity long after the normal period of 
gestation. 

Litb/ophone (?adog, cpovTj, sound). An 
instrument for detecting by sound the 
presence of calculi in the bladder. 

Lith / oscope (Xtdog, okottecj, to examine). 
An instrument for the detection and ex- 
amination of calculi of the bladder. 

Lithot'omy (?udog, re//vw, to cut). Incision 
into the bladder to remove calculus. L., 
Bilateral, the incision of the perinaeum is 
curved, just in front of the rectum, and 
the lithotome entered by an incision into 
the urethra at this point. L., Lateral, 
the perineal incision is about I l / z inches in 
front of the rectum and to the left of the 
raphe, the cut being downward and out- 
ward. L., Median or Marian, the 
perineal incision is in the median line one- 
half inch in front of the anus, by a straight, 
double-edged bistoury. L., Medio-lat- 
eral, a modification of the lateral opera- 
tion. L., Medio-bilateral, a modification 
of the bilateral. L., Pre-rectal, a modifi- 
cation of the bilateral. L., Recto-vesi- 
cal, extraction of the stone by an incision 
through the rectum. L., Supra-pubic, 
by an incision above the pubis where the 
bladder is not covered by peritoneum. L., 
Urethral, incision of the urethral mucous 
membrane. L., Vaginal, by incision 
through the vaginal wall. 

Lithotresis. See Lithotrity. 

Lithotripsy {lidog, rpi(3cj, to pulverize). 
The operation of crushing calculi of the 
bladder. 

Lithotrip / tic. See LithontHptic. 

Lithotrip / tor (?.tdog, Tpij3o). An instru- 
ment designed for crushing calculi of the 
bladder. 

Lithot/rity {ltdog, rp//3w, to wear by fric- 
tion). Crushing a stone in the bladder, by 
the lithotrite, into fragments small enough 
to pass the urethral canal. 



LITHOUS 



244 



LOCHIOMETRA 



Lith / ous (/.iftoc). Having the nature or 
appearance of calculi of the bladder. 

Lithure / sis {/.(Voc, ovp//aig, making water). 
The voiding of small calculi with the 
urine. 

Lithu'ria (lithium, ovpov, urine). A con- 
dition marked by the presence of lithic 
acid, or of lithium salts in the urine. 

Lit / mus. Archil. A blue pigment ob- 
tained from Rocella tinctoria, a lichen. 
Employed in chemical determinations to 
detect the presence of free acids and free 
alkalies. L. Paper, Blue, unsized paper 
steeped in a solution of litmus ; turns red 
in contact with acid solutions. L. Paper, 
Red, unsized paper steeped in litmus tinc- 
ture colored red with acid ; turns blue on 
contact with alkaline solutions. 

Lit/ter [lectica, a couch). An extemporized 
stretcher or couch with handles for carrying 
sick or wounded. 

Live 7 do (liveo, to grow black). Same as 
livor. 

Liv'er. The largest glandular organ of 
the body, situate on the right side of the 
abdominal cavity just below the diaphragm ; 
its principal function is the secretion of bile ; 
it also affects the constituents of the blood 
in its passage through the gland. It has 
five divisions, the right lobe, left lobe, lobus 
Spigelii, lobus quadratus, and lobus cau- 
datus. The last two are considered pro- 
longations of the lobus Spigelii. 

Liv / id [lived). Discolored from the effects 
of congestion or contusion. 

Li'vor [lived). Lividness. The discolor- 
ation consequent upon severe contusion and 
congestion of the part. 

Lix (/.iq, light). Wood-ashes or the lye 
therefrom. 

Lixivia'tion (lixivium). The process of 
leaching ashes. Also, the process of dis- 
solving any alkaline salt from the insoluble 
impurities with which it is mixed. 

Lixiv / ium (lixiviiwi). The filtrate ob- 
tained by leaching ashes ; practically a solu- 
tion of an impure potassium hydrate. 

Loatb/ing. Intense disgust, that may 
excite nausea. 

Lo / bar (lobus, a lobe). Pertaining to a 
lobe. 

Lo / bate (lobus). Having lobes. 

Lobe (?.o3og). A name used to designate 
the parts or divisions into which an organ 
may be separated by fissures and constric- 
tions, as the lobes of the brain, liver, ear, 
etc. Lobes of Brain, each half of the 
outer cerebral surface is divided by fissures 
into five lobes, the frontal, parietal, occi- 



pital, temporo-sphenoidal and central, or 
Island of Reil. Lobes of Liver. See 
Liver. Optic Lobes. The quadrigemina 
tubercula. 

Lobe'lia. Indian Tobacco. The leaves 
and tops of L. injlata. Contains a liquid 
alkaloid, lobelin, the active principle. An 
expectorant, antispasmodic and emetic. 
In larger doses a motor-depressant and 
narcotic. Valuable in asthma and dry 
cough. The main ingredient of empiric 
consumption cures. An excellent enema 
in strangulated hernia. L., Acetum, 16 
per cent, of the drug. Dose TTLv-gj. L., 
Fid. Ext. Doserry-x. L., Infus., unof., 
^j to Oj. Dose 3J-^j- L., Tinct., 20 
per cent, of the drug. Dose rr\,v-xxx. 
Lobelin, the impure resinoid. Dose 
gr. ss-j. 

Lo / belin. See Lobelia. 

Lob / ular (lobulus). Like a lobule. Per- 
taining to any lobule. 

Lobulus (dim, of lobus). A small lobe or 
division of an organ. L. Caudatus, the 
tailed lobe or elevation of the liver that 
separates the right extremity of the trans- 
verse fissure from that of the vena cava. 
L. Centralis. The Superior Vermiform 
Process. L. Paracentralis, that part 
of the motor cortical zone of Charcot on 
the inner surface of the cerebral hemi- 
spheres. L. Quadratus, the square lobe 
under the right lobe of the liver. L. 
Spigelii, the lobule projecting from the 
back part of the under surface of the 
liver. 

Lo / bus (lobus, a lobe). A lobe. Any 
well-defined, rounded part of an organ. 
L. Caudatus. See Lobulus. L. Quad- 
ratus. See Lobulus. 

Localization (locus, a place). The desig- 
nation of the seat of any pain, irritation or 
disease. L., Cerebral, the designation 
of the place of a localized irritation (neo- 
plasm, injur}", etc.) by means of the study 
of the symptoms of the patient ; often of 
great importance in trephining. The posi- 
tion of the motor and sensory centers of 
the brain. See Center. 

Locb/ia (/.uxoc, confinement). The dis- 
charge from the genital organs during two 
to four weeks succeeding labor. L. Alba, 
the whitish flow that takes place from 
about the seventh day. L. Rubra, the 
sanguineous flow of the first few days. L. 
Serosa, the serous discharge taking place 
about the fifth day. 

Lochiom / etra (/.oje«z, firjrpa, uterus). A 
collection of the lochia in the uterus. 



LOCHIOPYRA 



245 



LOXIA 



Lochiop / yra [2,o^etoc, pertaining to child- 
bed, nvp, fire). Puerperal fever. Same 
as Lochopyra. 

Lochiorrha'gia (loxeta, prjyvvpii, to burst 
forth). An excessive flow of the lochia. 

Lochiorrhce / a (loxeta, p£o>, to flow). Ab- 
normal flow of the lochia. 

Lochios / chesis (Xox^ca, the serous dis- 
charge after childbirth, ff^eo, to retain). 
Retention of the lochia. 

Lochometri'tis (loxog, a woman just de- 
livered, metritis, inflammation of the 
womb). The inflammation of the womb 
consequent upon puerperal fever. 

Lochoperitoni / tis [Xoxog, peritonitis). 
Inflammation of the peritoneum accom- 
panying or following childbirth. 

Lochop'yra [\oxoq, irvp, fire). Puerperal 
fever. 

Lochoty / phus [\oxog, tv^oq, stupor). Con- 
tagious puerperal fever of a typhus type. 

Locked-jaw. See Trismus. 

Lock Hospital. An English hospital for 
the gratuitous treatment of venereal dis- 



Locomo / tion. Animal Movement. 

Locomo / tor Atax'y. See Ataxy, and 
Tabes. 

Lo / co Plant. See Astragalus Mollissimus. 

Lo / cus. An indefinite term in anatomy, 
meaning a place or position, as L. Cseru- 
leus, a bluish-tinted eminence on the 
fasciculi teretes of the fourth ventricle of 
the brain. L. Niger, a dark area in the 
center of the section of the crus cerebri. 
L. Perforatus, the anterior and posterior 
perforated spots at the base of the brain 
through which many vessels pass. 

LoebTsch's Formula. See Christisorts 
Formula. 

LcemoFogy. See Loimology. 

Lcewe's Ring. A demonstration of the 
yellow-spot which in a strong light appears 
surrounded by a bright area. Clerk-Max- 
well's experiment consists in looking 
through a solution of chrome alum when 
there is seen an oval purplish spot due to 
the pigment of the yellow spot. 

Logople / gia {\oyoq, word, -Kkrjyri, a stroke). 
An aphasic symptom, consisting in the 
impossibility of uttering a word though the 
memory of its sound, etc., is clear. 

Logorrhce / a (hoyog, peu, to flow). Ab- 
normal rapidity of speech ; a symptom of 
cerebral irritation. 

Log' wood. See Hcematoxylon. 

LoimoFogy {\oip.oq, a plague, Tioyog, a 
treatise). A treatise on the nature of con- 
tagious epidemic diseases. 



Loins. The lumbi, or lower part of the 
back in the region of the hips. 

Longevity [tonga, long, vita, life). Long 
life. 

Longi- [longus, long). A Latin prefix 
signifying length or extent. 

Long / ing. The earnest desire for any- 
thing; often present in the female during 
pregnancy. 

Longis / simus (super, of longus, long). 
Longest. L. Dorsi. See Muscle. 

Long'itude [longitudo). Angular dis- 
tance from any standard meridian perpen- 
dicular to the plane of the axis. 

Longitudinal [longitudd). In anatomy, 
lengthwise, or in a direction the opposite of 
transverse. L. Sinus, the triangular sub- 
cranial canal extending from the crista galli 
to the tentorium. 

Longsightedness. See Hyperopia. 

Lon / gus {longus, long). Long. L. 
Colli. See Muscle. 

Loop of Henle. See Tubuli Uriniferi. 

Lordo'ma (Xopdoo, to bend inward). The 
anterior or forward incurvation of the 
spine. 

Lordosis {lopdou). Anterior curvature 
of the spine. 

Lore / ta's Operation. The forcible 
dilatation of the pylorus for the relief of 
stricture, by laparogastrotomy. 

LostorTer's Corpuscles. The granular 
masses alleged by Lostorfer to have been 
found in the blood of syphilitic patients. 

Lo / tion {lotio, a wash). Any medicinal 
solution for external use. L., Black. See 
Hydrargyrtim. L., Goulard's. Liquor 
Plumbi Subacetatis. See Plumbum. L., 
Red, zinci sulph. gr. x, spt. rosmarin., 
tinct. lavend. comp. aa gjss, aq. ^x. Use 
locally. L. for Mouth, acid pyrolig. g j, 
aquae ^viij. Use externally. Or, tinct. 
myrrh, ^ss, potass, chlor. ^iij, aquae 
^iv. L., Cold Evaporating, plumbi 
acet. ^j, pulv. opii gj, aquae Oj. Or, 
liq. plumbi subacetat. Jiv, tinct. opii, £ij, 
aquae Oj. For external use. 

Louse. See Pedi cuius. 

Lov / age. The root of Ligusticum levis- 
ticum and Levisticum officinale. Stimu- 
lant, aromatic, carminative and emmena- 
gogue. Dose of fld. ext. gj-ij. Unof. 

Lower, Tubercle of. See Tubercle. 

Lowe's Ring. See Loezve^s Ring. 

Loxar'thron (lo^og, slanting, apOpov, a 

joint). Any oblique or abnormal direc- 
tion of a joint, not caused by spasm or luxa- 
tion. 

Lox / ia. See Torticollis. 



LOXOTOMY 



246 



LYCOPODIUM 



Loxot / omy (/.ofoc, te/uvcj, to cut). That 
form of amputation commonly known as 
the oblique section. 

Loz'enge. A medicated tablet with sugar 
as a basis. See Trochiscus. 

Lubric / ity [lubrico, to make slippery). A 
synonym of lasciviousness. 

Lu'cid {lucid us, clear). Clear, shining, 
unobscured. L. Interval, the transitory 
return of normal mental action and sanity 
in certain forms and cases of insanity. 

Lu / es (avw, to loose). Formerly a pesti- 
lential disease ; at present used as an 
euphemism for syphilis. 

Lu / gol's Solution. See Iodine. 

Lumba / go {lumbus, the loin). Pain in the 
structures about the loins, whether neural- 
gic, rheumatic, etc. 

Lum / bar {lumbus, the loin). Pertaining 
to the loins, especially the region about the 
loins. L. Abscess, an abscess in the 
lumbar region. L. Region. See Abdo- 
men. 

LunVbi (pi. of Lumbus). The loins. 

LunVbricoid {lunibricus, slippery, etdog, 
likeness). Pertaining to, or resembling a 
lumbricus. 

Lum'bricus (Lat.). A name given to a 
genus of worms, including the common 
earth worm, and certain intestinal wonns. 

Lu'men {lumen, light). A term applied 
to the cavity of a vessel when examined 
in transverse section. 

Lu / nacy {luna, the moon). A popular 
name for insanity, so called from the tra- 
ditional belief that it was influenced by the 
moon. 

Lu / nar [luna). Pertaining to the moon. 
L. Caustic. See Argentum. 

Lu / natic [luna). Affected with lunacy or 
insanity. 

Lunette / (Fr.). A spectacle lens. Also, 
a general term including telescopes, marine 
glasses, spectacles, and all similar devices 
to aid vision. 

Lungs. The organs of respiration, in 
which the impure venous blood is oxidized 
by the air drawn through the trachea, bron- 
chi, and air vesicles. Consist of right and 
left lungs, the latter being divided into two, 
the former into three lobes. 

Lung'wort. The leaves of Pulmonaria 
officinalis. Demulcent and mucilaginous. 
A favorite medicine in lung complaints. 
Dose of fid. ext. gss-j. Unof. 

Lunula of Nails. The white convex or 
semilunar area of the nails near their root. 

Lup'ia (Xtwrew, to molest). A name given 
to several kinds of malignant tumor, phage- 



denic ulcer, and fungoid growth. See also 
Molluscum. 

Lu / piform. Same as lupoid. 

Lu'poid. Having the nature of lupus. 

Lu'pulin. See Humulus. 

Lu / pulus. See Humulus. 

Lu / pus. A descriptive term applied to a 
number of skin diseases. L. Erythema- 
tosus, Seborrhcea Congestiva, Lupus 
Superficialis, Lupus Sebaceus. A cellular 
infiltration of neoplastic matter, resembling 
inflammation in its clinical behavior. First 
appears in the form of grouped red spots, 
that ultimately coalesce into slightly 
raised patches. Most frequent on the face. 
Unlike L. Vulgaris, does not end in ulcera- 
tion. Initial lesions are always erythema- 
tous. L. Exedens. See L. Vulgaris. 
L. Vulgaris, Lupus Exedens, Herpes 
Esthiomenos ; a form of disease thought to 
be of tubercular origin, marked by a cellu- 
lar infiltration of neoplastic matter, pro- 
ducing brown-tinted tubercles or patches, 
that either ulcerate or atrophy, leaving a 
scar. On the face, it frequently extends 
into and involves cartilage and mucous 
tissue. Since the discovery of tubercle 
bacilli in the lesions many pathologists 
consider it a tuberculosis of the skin. 
Common in Europe, but of rare occurrence 
in America. 

Lusch'ka's Gland. The coccygeal gland. 
A small conglobate body lying near the tip 
of the coccyx just above the coccygeal 
attachment of the sphincter ani. Function 
not known. 

Lapsus Natu'rae {Judo, to play, natura, 
nature). A freak of nature. Any abnor- 
mal departure from that which is natural. 

Lu'tein {luteus, yellow). A yellow-colored 
principle occurring in the corpora lutea and 
in clotted blood. 

Luxation. See Dislocation. 

Lux'us Consumption. The supposed 
direct combustion or oxidation of the super- 
fluous food-stuffs absorbed into the blood. 

Lycan / thropy [Xvkoc a wolf, avOpurroc, a 
man). A form of mania in which the person 
imagines himself a wild beast. 

Lycoper / don Gigante / um. Puff Ball. 
The hypha of a fungus common to timber- 
covered regions, the spore receptacle of 
which attains to a size of 1)4-2)4 inches in 
diameter. The dust, consisting mainly of 
spores, is sometimes used as a haemostatic. 

Ly / copin. See Bugleweed. 

Lycopo / dium. The spores of L. clavatum, 
common club moss. Used mainly in phar- 
macy to facilitate the rolling of pills and 



LYE 



247 



LYTTA VESICATORIA 



to prevent their adhesion. Employed in 
mucous inflammations by homoeopathic 
practitioners. 

Lye (Sax. Icex, to leach). Formerly the 
solution of alkaline hydrates obtained by 
leaching ashes. Any alkaline solution. 

Lying-in. See Puerperal State. 

Lymph [lympha, water). The fluid in the 
lymphatic vessels, the product of the filtra- 
tion of the liquid portion of the blood 
through the walls of the capillaries. Ap- 
plied, also, to certain products of lymph- 
exudation in wounds, etc. L., Aplastic, 
a lymph product of inflammation that will 
not form embryonic tissue. Called, also, 
Corpuscular ox Croupous L. L., Fibrin- 
ous, same as L., Plastic. L. Follicles, 
or Glands. Branched lacunar labyrinth- 
ine spaces composed of adenoid tissue in- 
tercalated in the course of the lymphatic 
vessels. They are not true glands. L. 
Hearts, exist in certain cold-blooded ani- 
mals, the frog, e. g., having two axillary 
and two sacral hearts for pumping the 
lymph. L., Inflammatory, that thrown 
out as a product of inflammation in wounds, 
etc. L., Plastic, fibrinous lymph, that 
forming embryonic tissue. 

Lympha / den [lympha, adrjv, a gland). A 
general name for a lymphatic gland. 

Lymphadenitis [lympha, aS-rjv, irig). In- 
flammation of a lymphatic gland. 

Lymphadeno / ma. Hodgkin's Disease. 
Malignant lymphoma or hypertrophic dis- 
ease of the lymphatic glands of the body, 
with anaemia, emaciation, etc. L., Leu- 
ksemic, when associated with leucocythse- 
mia and enlargement of the spleen. 

Lymphangeiec / tasis [lympha, ayyeiov, 
enraoig, widening). Abnormal dilatation 
of the lymphatic vessels. 

Lymphangiography [lympha, ayyeiov, 
ypafco, to write). A description of the 
lymphatics. 

Lymphangeiol'ogy [lympha, ayyeiov, Ao- 
yog, a treatise). A treatise on the lym- 
phatics. 

Lymphangei / oma [lympha, ayyeiov). A 
dilated or varicose condition or tumor of 



the lymphatic vessels. L. Tuberosum 
Multiplex, the rare condition of new 
growth of lymphatic vessels in the skin. 
Considered by Van Harlingen as a form 
of fibroma molluscum. 

Lymphangio-myo / ma. See Myoma. 

Lymphangitis. Inflammation of lym- 
phatic vessels. 

Lymphatics [lympha). The capillary 
tubes extending to nearly every part of the 
body, from which they take up the lymph, 
forming the principal part of the absorbent 
system. 

Lymphenteri'tis [lympha, evrepov, the 
bowels, irig, inflammation). Inflammation 
of the bowels with serous infiltration. 

Lymphoder'ma Pernicio / sa. A name 
used by Van Harlingen to designate a cer- 
tain form of Mycosis. 

Lympb/oid [ly?npha, eidog, form) . Having 
the appearance or character of lymph. 

Lympho / ma [lympha). A lymph tumor. 
Also, lymphadenoma. The term includes 
formations not strictly tumors but hyper- 
plasias of the tissue proper to lymphatic 
glands. 

Lymphorrha / gia. Effusion or flow of 
lymph from a ruptured lymphatic vessel. 

Lyon's Apparatus. See Urea. 

Lypema / nia [Xvttt/, sadness, mania). A 
form of dementia accompanied by severe 
mental depression and refusal to take food. 

LypothymTa [Xvtttj, dvjiog, the mind). 
Severe mental prostration from grief. Not 
to be confounded with Leipothymia. 

Ly / ra of For / nix. Certain longitudinal, 
transverse, and oblique lines on the under- 
surface of the fornix, the arrangement of 
which bear a fanciful resemblance to a 
harp. 

Ly / sis [Ivo, to loose). A term somewhat 
loosely used, but now applied to the decline 
of a disease, especially a fever. 

Lys / sa [Ivaca, madness). A synonym of 
Hydrophobia or Rabies. 

Lys / sin. The specific virus or germ of 
hydrophobia. 

Lyssopho / bia. See Pseudo-hydrophobia. 

Lytta Vesicato / ria. See Cantharis. 



M 



248 



MAGISTRAL 



M 



M . The abbreviation of Myopia, of Min im , 
and of Misce, mix. 

Ma. An abbreviation of Milliampere. 

Mac. An abbreviation of Macera, macer- 
ate. 

ft. An abbreviation of Micro-millimeter. 

Macdow'el's Fraenum. The accessory 
fibers strengthening anteriorly the inter- 
muscular septum of the deep fascia of the 
arm attached to the great pectoral tendon. 

Mace. See Myristica. 

Maceration [rnacero, to make soft). Ex- 
traction of the medicinal qualities of a 
substance by steeping or infusing. Applied, 
also, to a softening and non-putrefactive 
decomposition of the dead foetus long car- 
ried in the uterus. 

Ma / cies {macies, a wasting). Atrophy, 
leanness, wasting. 

Mac / ro- (uanpog, long, great). A Greek 
prefix signifying great, long, or ex ten; in. 

Macrobiosis (uanpoc, 3loq, life). A con- 
dition characterized by long life. 

Macrobiotics (uaapoc. fieog). A name 
given to a proposed system of living, con- 
ducive to length of life. 

MacrocephaTia (uanpog, KEoa'/.rj, the 
head). Excessive development of the 
head in size. A systematic deviation in a 
genus or a species distinguished by abnor- 
mally large heads. 

Macrocephalous (/za/cpof, Keoa/.r,). 
Characterized by an abnormally large 
head. 

Macrochei'lia (uanpog, xe&oc, a lip). 
Excessive size or development of the lips ; 
a characteristic of certain negro and ne- 
groid tribes. 

Mac / rocosm (uanpog, koguoc, world). The 
world or cosmos in contradistinction to 
man, the microcosm, or little universe. 

Mac'rocytes (uaicpoc, kvtoq, cell). Giant 
blood-corpuscles, found in the blood in 
pernicious anaemia, leukaemia, etc. 

Mac'rodont (uanpog, odovc, tooth). 
Large-toothed. Used of the comparative 
size of the teeth of different races. When 
the dental length multiplied by ioo divided 
by the basinasal length exceeds 44, the 
skull is considered macrodont, if under 
42 a microdont, if intermediate a meso- 
dont. 

Macroglos'sia (uanpoc, great, y?.a<joa., 
tongue). Hypertrophic development of 
the tongue. 



MacronVelus (uaKpoc, us/.oc, an organ or 
member). A term used to denote the 
excessive development of any organ or 
member. 

Macropb/agus (,ua/cpoc, <jxr}eiv } to eat). 
See Phagocyte. 

Macrops / ia. See Megalopsia. 

Macrosce / lia (uanpog, ane/.og, a leg). One 
marked by excessive development of the 
legs. 

Macroscopic (uaKpoq, ono-eco, to see). A 
term applied to anything large enough to 
be seen by the naked eye in distinction from 
microscopic bodies. 

Macro / sis (uanpoc). A term denoting a 
state of increase in volume. 

Macroso / matous (uanpoc, aco/xa, a body). 
Having a large body. Also, applied to a 
foetal monstrosity characterized by an ab- 
normally large body. 

Macrosto / ma (uanpoc, aroua, mouth") . 
Congenital fissure of the angle of the 
mouth, producing a large opening. 

Mac / rotin. A resin extracted from cimi- 
cifuga by alcohol, and precipitated by water. 
See Cimicifuga. 

Mac'ula (Lat). A spot or small patch. 
M. Acusticae, the terminations of the 
auditor}- nerve in the saccule and utricle. 
M. Cribrosa, a name given to the perfora- 
tions of the fovea hemispherica for the 
passage of the filaments of the auditory 
nerve. M. Germinal, the small spot 
constituting the germinal vesicle or nucleus 
of the ovum. M. Lutea, the yellow 
spot of the retina called, sometimes, the 
spot of Soemmering, but usually called 
simply the macula. The depression in its 
centre is called the fovea centralis. It is 
the point of clearest vision and is pierced 
by the visual axis. 

Maculate [macula, a blemish or spot). 
Spotted. 

Mad. A popular term appli ed to an anim al 
affected with hydrophobia. Popularly 
used as a synonym of insane. M. house, 
formerly an insane asylum. 

Madaro / sis (uadapoq, bald). Loss of the 
eyelashes or hairs of the eyebrows. 

Mad / ness. See Insanity and Mania. 

Madu'ra Foot. See Fungus Foot. 

Magen / die's Solution. See Morphine. 

Magen / ta. See Fuchsin. 

Magistral ( Magister, a master). A term 
used in England to denote those medicines 



MAGMA 



249 



MALE 



that are prepared on prescription, in dis- 
tinction to those prepared or sold without 
the physician's order. 

Mag'ma (juay/ua, dregs). Sediment, dregs; 
any pulpy mass. 

Magne / sium (Mg = 24.3; quantivalence 
n). One of the alkaline metals represented 
in medicine by several mineral and organic 
salts. The sulphate occurs in sea-water 
and many rocks and soils. Its physiologi- 
cal effects are antacid and laxative. Valu- 
able in acidity of stomach, colic, sick head- 
ache, etc. M. Carbonas. Dose gr. x-^j. 
M. Citras Granulatus, " granulated 
citrate of magnesia," combined with citric 
acid, sugar, sodium bicarbonate, alcohol, 
and water. Dose ^ij-^j. M. Citratis, 
Liq., contains M. carbonate gr. 200, citric 
acid gr. 400, syr. citric acid gr. 1 200, potas- 
sium bicarbonate gr. 30, water q. s. ad. 
gxij. Dose ^iv-yj. M. Oxid., Mag- 
nesia, the oxide of the metal, a constituent 
of several laxative mixtures. Dose gr. 
x-^j. M. Ponderosa, heavy or calcined 
magnesia. Dose gr. x-^j. M. Sul- 
phas, " epsom salt," "salts," much used 
as a popular purgative. Dose ^j-^j- 
M. Sulphis. Dose gr. x-xxx. M. Tro- 
chisci, each contains magnesia gr. iij, 
nutmeg, gr. -J^, sugar, tragacanth, water, 
q.s. 

Mag / net (from Magnesia, a district in Asia 
Minor, where lodestone was first found). 
Lodestone, a magnetic oxide of iron. Also, 
a piece of steel that holds its property of 
magnetism permanently. M., Electro, 
a piece of soft iron temporarily magnetized 
by induction or by insertion into a helix. 

Mag / netism. That property of attraction 
and repulsion of masses of like elements 
manifested especially by iron and certain 
of its ores; and also, by nickel, cobalt, 
and other elements in a less degree. M., 
Animal, an empiric term for hypnotism. 
See Somnambulism and Hypnotism. 

Magneto-induc / tion. The production of 
an induced current by the insertion of a 
magnet within a coil of wire. 

Magnetom'eter (magnet, fierpov, a meas- 
ure). A series of magnets suspended so 
as to record graphically variations in di- 
rection and intensity of magnetic force. 

Magnet-operation. The operation of 
removing foreign bodies of steel from the 
eye by the aid of a magnet. 

MagnoTia. The bark of M. glauca, the 
common swamp sassafras, and several other 
species of the same order. An aromatic, 
bitter tonic, popular as a remedy in rheu- 



matism and malarial fevers. Dose "Z ss-i. 
Unof. • 6 

Maidenhead. Popular expression for 
maidenhood. Virginity. 

Maieut / ics (fiacevTrig, an obstetrician). 
Midwifery, obstetrics. 

Maim. Same as Mayhem. 

Main-en-Griffe. See Claw-hand. 

Maize. Indian corn. See Zea Mays. 

Make. " The make," a colloquialism for 
designating the making of the electric cur- 
rent by applying the electrode to the con- 
ducting surfaces of the body. Interruption 
of the current is called The Break. 

Makrocythae'mia (/uanpog, long, great, 
Kvrog, cell, ai/ua, blood). A condition in 
which the size of the red-blood corpuscles 
is increased, owing to malaria, anaemia, 
lead-poisoning, etc. 

Makrops / ia. See Megalopsia. 

Mai. See Epilepsy. 

Ma / la. (Lat.) The cheek bone or prom- 
inence of the cheek. 

Mala / cia (fialanog, a softening). Any 
morbid softening of tissue. Also, a de- 
praved appetite. 

Malaco'ma {jmhamq). The softening of 
any organ or part of the body. Also, a 
synonym of molluscum sebaceum. 

Malaco / sis (fj.ala.Kog). The condition 
distinguished by the abnormal softening of 
the tissues of any part of the body. Also, 
the progress of malacoma. 

Malacos'teon. See .Osteo-malacia. 

Malacot / omy ([laTianog, re/Livo, to cut). 
Incision of the abdomen. Laparotomy. 

Mal'ady. Any illness or disease. 

Malag'ma. See Poultice. 

Malaise (Fr. malaise). A general feeling 
of illness accompanied by restlessness and 
discomfort. 

"M.a/\zx (malum, apple). Pertaining to the 
cheek orupper maxillary bone. M. Bones, 
the two cheek bones. 

Mala / ria (It. mala aria,bad air). A term 
now applied to the germs of noxious 
microscopic organisms, possibly a species 
of bacillus, which cause, or are connected 
with, the various forms of fever occurring 
mainly in w r et and marshy regions. M. 
Cachexia, the depraved and morbid con- 
dition of the system due to exposure to 
marsh miasma or malaria. M., Bacillus 
of. See Bacillus of Malaria. 

Malassimila / tion (mains, bad). Imper- 
fect digestion and assimilation of food. 

Mai de Mer. (Fr.) Sea-sickness. 

Male. The masculine sex, or what per- 
tains to the same. In botany, applied to 



MALFORMATION 



250 



MAMMIFEROUS 



flowers with stamens, but without ovaries. 
M. Fern, the Aspidium felix mas. M. 
Organ, the Penis. M. Uterus. See 
Reproductive Organs. 

Malformation. Congenital or other ab- 
normality of shape or structure. 

Malgaigne's Hooks. An instrument for 
holding the parts of a fractured patella in 
apposition while healing. 

MaFic (malum, an apple). Pertaining to 
malic acid, an acid derived from the juice 
of apples. 

Malice Prepense 7 (Fr. malice, evil, pre- 
penser, to premeditate). In law, a pre- 
meditated determination to commit a 
crime. 

Malig / nant [malus, evil). Used of dis- 
eases that increase with rapidity or that 
proceed to a fatal end. M. Papillary 
Dermatitis, or Paget's Disease of the 
Nipple. See Dermatitis and Carcinoma. 
M. Pustule. See Pustula Maligna. 

Malingerer (Fr. malinger}. A term ap- 
plied to one w 7 ho feigns illness, or defect. 

MalTeable [malleus, a hammer). Capable 
of being beaten or rolled into thin sheets ; 
applied especially to metals. 

Mallea / tion (malleus). A spasmodic ac- 
tion of the hands, consisting in continuously 
striking any near object. It is a symptom 
of chorea. 

Malleolus (Lat. dim. of malleus). A 
part of a process or bone having a hammer- 
head shape. M., External, a name by 
which the lower extremity of the fibula is 
sometimes known. M., Internal, the 
pyramidal process of the internal surface 
of the lower extremity of the tibia. 

MaFleus [malleus). A bone or ossicle of 
the internal ear having the shape of a 
hammer. It is articulated with the incus, 
and the tensor tympani muscle arises from it. 

MalpighTan Bodies. The small, rounded 
masses occurring in the cortical substance 
of the kidney, composed of a collection 
of tubular vessels enclosed in a capsule, 
called the M. Capsule. The convoluted 
tube is known as the M. Tuft. M. Cor- 
puscles, a name given to certain whitish, 
minute granules in the red substance of the 
spleen. 

MalposFtion [malus). The improper or 
abnormal position of any part or organ. 

Malpractice [malus). A term applied 
to that treatment of a disease which is 
contrary to that taught by experience ; as 
the improper setting of a fracture or reduc- 
tion of a dislocation. Also, the unlawful 
production of an abortion. 



Malpresenta / tion [malus, presens, a com- 
ing). A position of the child at birth in 
such form that its delivery is difficult or 
impossible. 

Malt. The seed of common barley, Hor- 
denm distichum, germinated until the 
maximum amount of diastase, the ferment 
that converts starch into grape sugar, is 
developed. Nutritive, and valuable, also, 
for the diastase, which aids in the diges- 
tion of farinaceous foods. Employed in 
wasting diseases, preferably mixed with 
milk. Mellin's Infant Food , Horlick"s 
Food, popular preparations, consist mainly 
of granulated extract of malt. Hoffs Malt 
Extract contains a small percentage of 
alcohol. M., Ext., the soluble principles 
of malt, mainly diastase and glucose. Dose 

Malthu / sianism [Malthus, an English 
Economist). The doctrine that the in- 
crease of population is proportionately 
greater than the increase of subsistence. 

MaltTne. A name given to various pro- 
prietary preparations of malted wheat, or 
barley, useful to invalids for food. 

Malt Liquors. Fermented and clarified 
solutions of malt that have been subjected 
to vinous fermentation, hops being added 
to prevent acetous fermentation subse- 
quently. Beer is made by a comparatively 
slow fermentation, and contains about 2.5 
per cent, of alcohol. Ale and Porter are 
fermented more rapidly. The malt used 
in making porter is browned, giving the 
liquor a darker color. Contain about 
4.7 per cent, of alcohol. Malt liquors 
contain about 5 per cent, of albuminous 
matter, 2 of phosphates, and I of carbon 
dioxide. 

Malt / ose. A sugar derived by the action 
of diastase on the fecula of barley. It is 
considered by some chemists as identical 
with dextrine, and by others as an isomer 
of dextrine. 

ManVelon. See A T ipple. 

Mam / elouc. See Mulatto. 

Mam'ma [uaujua, the child's word for 
mother). The milk-secreting gland of the 
mother. The breast. 

MammaTia [mamma). A division of the 
class of vertebrates including all animals 
that suckle their young. 

Mam'mary [mamma). Pertaining to the 
mammae. M. Gland. See Gland. 

Mam / mate [mamma). Having mammae 
or breasts. 

MammiPerous [mamma, fero, to bear). 
Having mammae or milk-bearing glands. 



MAMMILLA 



251 



MANUBRIUM 



Mammilla (dim. of mamma). A small 
prominence or papilla. M. of Breast, 
the nipple or teat. M. of Kidney, the 
conical-shaped apex of the kidney at the 
point where the urine escapes. 

Mammilla'ria. See Tuber Cinereum. 

Mammilla / tion (dim. of mamma). A term 
applied to certain granulations, especially 
on some mucous surfaces. 

Mammi'tis [mamma). Inflammation of 
the breasts. 

Mam / mose {mamma). Having full or 
abnormally large breasts. 

Man. The only genus of the order Bimana, 
class Mammalia. A term used generally 
to include the human race. M., Descent 
of, the theory that man has developed, by 
successive gradations, from lower forms 
of animal life. 

Man'aca. The root of Franciscea zini- 

flora. Known in Brazil as vegetable 
mercury. Excites the lymphatic system. 
In high repute as an antisyphilitic. In 
small doses a resolvent. In larger doses 
a purgative. Dose of the fid. ext. IT\x. 
Unof. 

MandnVula, or 

Mandib / ulum [mandere, to chew). A 
name sometimes applied to the inferior 
maxillary bone. 

Mandrag'ora {/uavSpa, a stable). The 
mandrake. See Podophyllum. Also, the 
plant Atropa mandragora. 

Mandrake. See Podophyllum. 

Man'drin. The firm stem or guide (usually 
of metal) to give rigidity to a flexible cath- 
eter whilst it is being inserted. 

Manganese, or 

Manga / num (Mn = 54 , quantivalence II, 
iv). A silver- white metal having the gene- 
ral properties of iron. Used in medicine 
and pharmacy in the form of oxides, sul- 
phates, and iodide. In small doses, a 
general tonic ; in large doses, a gastroin- 
testinal irritant. M. Oxid., Nig., " black 
oxide of manganese," used in the manu- 
facture of chlorine gas. M. Sulphas, 
emetic and cholagogue, useful in jaundice 
and catarrh of biliary passages. Dose gr. 
ij-v. Potassii Permanganas, an excel- 
lent antiseptic and germicide, efficient as a 
local wash, £j to Oj, in diphtheria, scar- 
latina, etc., in cancer and foul ulcers, 
tainted breath, and the fetid odor from the 
feet. M. Iodidi, Syr., unof, contains gj 
of the salt to each ^j of syrup. Dose 
TTlx-xxx. M. et Ferri Iodidi, Syr., 
unof. Dose tt\x-xxx. M. et Ferri Car 
bonas Saccharatus. Dose gr. v-xx. 



Mange (Fr. mange, eaten). A disease of 
most domestic quadrupeds, caused by a 
species of acarus, parasitic upon the skin. 

Man / go. The bark of Mangifera indica. 
An unofficial remedy having reputed pro- 
perties as an astringent and tonic to the 
mucous membrane. Has been recom- 
mended in catarrh of the nasal passages 
and purulent discharges of the vagina. 
Also, the fruit of Garcinia-mangostana, 
the mangosteen. Has astringent properties 
similar to the preceding. Unof. 

Manhood. That period in which a man 
possesses all his physical and generative 
faculties in full. 

Ma'nia {/j.atvo/uai, to rage). Delirium or 
madness not accompanying fever or acute 
disease. M. a Potu. See Delirium. M., 
Dancing, an epidemic of choreic or con- 
vulsional movements especially prevalent 
in the Middle Ages. M., Puerperal, a 
form of mania or abnormal mental action 
sometimes following childbirth. 

Mani'acal {mania, madness). Having the 
nature of madness or insanity. 

ManTcure [inanus, the hand, cura, case). 
The processes employed in caring for and 
beautifying the hand. Also, one who pro- 
fessionally attends to the care of the hand 
and nails. Also, a chiropodist. 

Manikin. A model of plaster, papier 
mache, etc., designed to show the anatomy 
or functions of an animal or organ, espe- 
cially of a human being. 

Manipulation {manipulus, a handful). 
The act of doing with the hands; an 
operation or experiment in which the 
hands are particularly employed; dex- 
terity in such acts. A method of reducing 
hernia and treating aneurism. 

Man'na. The exudation of the flowering 
ash, Fraxinus ornus, and other trees. 
Properties due to mannite or manna — 
sugar, glucose, and a resinous principle. 
A mild laxative. May be advantageously 
combined with rhubarb or magnesia citrate. 
Dose jfj-ij. Unof. 

Man'nikin. See Manikin. 

Mannite. See Manna. 

Manom / eter {jiavoq, rare, fierpov, a meas- 
ure). An instrument, in principle similar 
to a barometer, by which the tension of a 
vapor is measured. It consists essentially 
of a V-tube partly filled with mercury. 

Manomet / ric Flames. See Koenig. 

Manubrium (L. manu habere, to hold in 
the hand). A haft or handle. M. of 
Malleus, a vertical process of bone form- 
ing the handle-shaped attachment of the 



MAXUSTUPRATION 



252 



MARSUPIAL 



malleus of the ear. M. of Sternum, the 
upper piece of the breast-bone. 

Manustupra / tion. See Masturbation. 

Manzani'ta (Sp., small apple). The leaves 
of Arctostaphylos glauca, common to Cali- 
fornia. Astringent and tonic with refer- 
ence to the urinaiy organs. Resembles 
uva ursi. Dose of the fid. ext. tr^xx-xxx. 
Unof. 

Maple Sugar. See Saccharum. 

Maquer's Salt. A name sometimes given 
to a compound known as " super-arseniate 
of potassium." 

Marantic (juapaivo, to grow lean). Per- 
taining to marasmus, or to general malnutri- 
tion and prostration. M. Thrombosis, 
primary thrombosis of the cerebral sinuses 
in connection with general malnutrition. 

Maraschino. A liquor made from 
morello cherries. 

Marasmat'ic. Pertaining to or affected 
with marasmus. 

Maras / moid (/zapac/zoc). Resembling or 
simulating marasmus. 

Marasmop / yra {[tapac/ioc, nvp, fire). 
Hectic fever. 

Maras / mus {jiapatvu, to grow lean). A 
gradual general deterioration of the mental 
and physical forces, with emaciation. See 
Marantic. 

Mar'cor. See Marasmus. 

Mar'ea {rnare, the sea). Mountain sick- 
ness. A malady characterized by nausea 
and violent headache, occasionally over- 
coming persons who ascend to high alti- 
tudes. 

Mar'garin. An artificial substitute for 
butter. 

Mariotte's Experiment. A device for 
demonstrating the existence of the blind 
spot of the eye, consisting in placing a 
spot upon a paper at such an angle with 
the visual axis that the image falls upon 
the papilla. 

Mariotte's Law. The law of physics that 
the volume of a gas varies inversely as the 
pressure to which it is subjected. 

Mariotte's Spot. The blind spot, or 
papilla. 

Marjoram. See Origanum. 

Marmalade, or 

Mar'melade (Port, marmello, a quince). 
A conserve prepared from the quince, 
which is sliced and preserved in a saturated 
syrup. At present the orange is mainly 
used instead of the quince. 

Marriageable. Of an age when mar- 
riage may be legally performed. 

Mar' row. A substance composed of water, 



fat and albuminous matter, existing in the 
cavities of many of the long bones. M. 
Cells, large nucleated cells showing amoe- 
boid movement M., Spinal, the spinal 
cord. 

Marru'bium. Horehound. The leaves 
and tops of M. vulgare. Contains a bitter 
principle and a volatile oil. In small 
doses a mild stomachic tonic; in larger 
doses a laxative. Exerts a soothing effect 
in catarrh of the nasal passages, and is 
therefore an ingredient in various cough 
mixtures. Dose ^ss-j. Unof. 

Marsh. A swamp or bog. M. Fever. 
See Malaria. M. Gas, Methyl Hydride, 
Fire-damp, Methane; a hydrocarbon hav- 
ing the composition CH 4 . Occurs in 
swamps as a product of the decomposition 
of vegetable tissue. Constitutes a large 
proportion of common illuminating gas. 
M., Rosemary, the root of Statice caro- 
liniana. A bitte* astringent, resembling 
kino, in therapeutic properties. A popular 
New England remedy for canker and 
aphthous affections of the mouth. Dose of 
fid. ext. gss-j. Unof. 

Marshall's Vestigial Fold. A crescen- 
tic fold of serous membrane of the peri- 
cardium containing the remains of the left 
superior vena cava. 

Marsh's Test. A delicate qualitative test 
for the presence of arsenic. The sus- 
pected tissue or substance is introduced 
into a flask containing chemically pure di- 
lute sulphuric acid and zinc, which is fitted 
with a delivery tube, the end of the latter 
being constructed so as to form a jet burner. 
If arsenic be present, hydrogen arsenide 
will be formed and will escape with the 
nascent hydrogen. If the lighted jet be 
impinged against a piece of white porce- 
lain, the arsenic will be reduced, and will 
form a steel-white mirror on the porcelain. 
For a more delicate test, the delivery tube 
is made about three feet in length, and by 
heating it at a point two-thirds the dis- 
tance from the generating flask, the mirror 
is formed in the tube. By delicate manip- 
ulation the mirror may be chased back 
and forth along the tube, or even separated 
from a film of antimony reduced at the same 
time. The arsenic deposit is distinguished 
from a similar deposit of antimony by its 
solubility in potassium hypochlorite. 

Marsu'pial (uapcvrroc , a. pouch) . Pouched. 
In zoology, an order of animals the females 
of which are distinguished by pouches be- 
hind the mammae, in which the young are 
in part developed. 



MARSUPIUM 



253 



MATICO 



Marsu / pium (papavnog). A pouch. In 
anatomy, the large pouch of the peritoneum. 
In zoology, the pouch in which the young 
of certain species are in part developed. 

Mas / culine (dim, of mas, a male). Of 
the male gender. 

Mask. In surgery, a bandage applied to 
the face in case of erysipelas and extensive 
burns or scalds. 

Masked. Covered with a mask; con- 
cealed. M. Disease, one that is con- 
cealed by other concomitant symptoms. 
M. Reaction, in chemistry, one that is 
concealed by a concurrent reaction. 

Mass (massa, a mass). Any aggregation 
of matter.' M., Blue. See Hydrargyrum. 

Mas'sa. Amass. In pharmacy, amedicinal 
substance together with an excipient which 
gives it the adhesive, plastic quality neces- 
sary to form a pill. There are three offi- 
cial massce. 

Massage (Fr., from paaau, to knead). A 
method of effecting changes in the local and 
general nutrition, action, etc., of the body 
by rubbing, kneading, etc., the superficial 
parts of the body by the hand or an instru- 
ment. Effieurage, a stroking movement 
made in a centripetal direction. M., 
Friction, superficial rubbing. Petris- 
sage, a portion of muscle or tissue is picked 
up subjected to firm pressure and rolled 
from below upward. Tapotement, per- 
cussion by the hand or an instrument de- 
vised for the purpose. 

Mas / seter. See Muscle. 

Mas / taden (paofog, the breast, adyv, a 
gland). The mammary gland. 

Mastal'gia (paarog, alyog, a pain). Any 
pain in the breast. 

Mas / terwort Cow Parsnip. The root of 
Heracleum lanatum. Stimulant, carmina- 
tive and antispasmodic. A popular New 
England remedy for " fits." Dose of fid. 
ext. gj-ij. Unof. 

Masthelco'sis (paarog, eTmooiq, ulcera- 
tion). Ulceration of the breast. 

Mas / tic. See Mastic he. 

Mastication (mastico, to chew). The pro- 
cess of chewing and of insalivation. 

Masticatory. A term applied to remedies 
or agents designed to be masticated or 
chewed; also, agents increasing the flow of 
saliva. 

Mas / tiche. Mastic. The resin exuding 
from Pistacia lentiscus. The greater part 
soluble in alcohol ; the remainder soluble in 
ether. Used chiefly in dentistry as a tem- 
porary filling for teeth that have been pre- 
pared for their permanent filling. 



Mastitis (paarog, the breast). Inflamma- 
tion of the female breast. M., Parenchy- 
matous, true M. of the proper glandu- 
lar substance. M., Submammary, or 
Paramastitis, inflammation of the con- 
nective tissue between the gland and the 
thorax. M., Supra-mammary, inflam- 
mation of the superficial connective tissue 
of the breast. 

Mas / to- (paarog). A Greek prefix signify- 
ing the breast. 

Mastodyn'ia (paarog, odvvr], pain). Pain 
in the female breast. 

Mastoid (paarog). Having the shape of 
the breast, a descriptive term applied to a 
process and to a foramen of the temporal 
bone. M. Cells, the cells exhibited in 
the structure of the mastoid process. M. 
Process, the protruding part of the tem- 
poral bone felt behind the ear. 

Mastoide'an (mastoid). Pertaining to the 
mastoid process. 

Mastoideocente / sis (mastoid, a. process, 
kevt7]ciq, a puncture). Perforation of the 
mastoid process. 

Mastol'ogy (paarog, Xoyog, a treatise). A 
treatise on the breast, its anatomy and 
diseases. 

Mastome / nia (paarog, prjv, month). Vi- 
carious menstruation from the breast. 

Maston / cus (paarog, oy/coc, a tumor). 
Any tumor of the breast, mammary gland, 
or nipple. 

Mastorrha / gia (paarog, pqyvvpt, to break 
forth). Hemorrhage from the breast. 

Mastoschir'rus (paarog, a mppog, a cancer). 
Scirrhous cancer of the breast. 

Masturbation (manus,the hand, stupro, to 
ravish). Production of the venereal orgasm 
by the hand; secret vice. 

Mate. Paraguay Tea. The leaves of Ilex 
Paraguay ensis, an infusion of which is 
used in South America as a substitute for 
tea and coffee. Properties due to caffeine. 

Ma'ter. See Dura Mater and Pia Mater. 

Mate / ria MedTca. A name used to 
designate the materials and substances used 
as medicines. They are conveniently di- 
vided into — I. Those acting upon the ali- 
mentary canal. II. Those affecting the 
secretory and excretory vessels. III. Those 
acting upon the organs of circulation. IV. 
Those affecting the brain and nervous 
system. V. Those acting on the muscular 
fiber. VI. Those acting upon the skin by 
external application. 

Materialism. See Spiritualism. 

MatTco. The leaves of Artanthe elon- 
gata. An aromatic tonic, stimulant, and 



MATRICARIA 



254 



MEDICINE 



aphrodisiac. Valuable in catarrhal dis- 
eases of the mucous membranes. The 
leaves are efficacious as a haemostat. Dose 
of the fid. ext. 3 ss-ij ; of a 10 per cent, 
tinct. 3 ss-ij. 

Matricaria. German Chamomile. The 
flower-tops of M. chamomila. Contains a 
volatile oil and a bitter extractive principle. 
A mild tonic, and in large doses, emetic 
and antispasmodic. A popular domestic 
remedy among German people. The 
chamomilla of the homoeopathic practice. 
Dose, of the infusion, indefinite. 

Matric'ulate (matricula, a register). To 
receive admission and to enroll one's self 
among the members of a college. 

Ma / trix (Lat., a mould in which anything 
is cast). That part or tissue into which 
any organ or process is set, as the matrix 
of a tooth or of a nail. 

Maturation (??iaturo, to ripen). The 
period of ripening. The culminating stage 
of inflammation marked by the collection 
and excretion of pus in some part of the 
inflamed tissue. 

MaxilTa (Lat.). The jaw, either upper or 
lower. 

Max / illary. Pertaining to the maxillae or 
jaws. M. Bones, the bones of the jaws, 
consisting of an inferior or lower, and a 
superior or upper jaw. M. Sinus, the 
antrum of Highmore. 

Maximal (maximus, the greatest). See 
Maximum. 

Maximum (Lat., the greatest). The 
greatest or highest degree. M. Dose, 
the largest that may be safely given. 

May. The name of the fifth month. Also, 
a descriptive term applied to many flowers 
that mature in that month. M. Apple, 
see Podophyllum. M. Flower, see Trail- 
ing Arbutus. 

May / hem (Old Fr. mehaigner, to hurt). A 
legal term signifying the violent and un- 
authorized privation by another, of any use- 
ful part or organ of the body. 

McMunn's Elixir. See Opii Deodorata. 

Me / able [meabilis, easily penetrating). Ease 
or capacity of being readily traversed or 
passed through. 

Mead (Sax. medu). Dilute, fermented 
honey or syrup, variously flavored. 

Mead / ow Saf'fron. See Colchicum. 

Mea / sles. See Rubeola. M. of Pork. 
See Po?-k, Diseases of. 

Measures. See Weights and Metric Sys- 
tem. 

Meat. The flesh of an animal. Also, the 
embryo of a seed. 



Mea / tus (meo, to flow or pass). A passage. 
M. Auditorius Externus, the canal ex- 
tending from the concha to the tympanum. 
M. Aud. Internus, the internal auditory 
canal. M. Urinarius, the orifice of the 
urethra. 

Mechanics (/j,?}x avlK V, a machine). The 
science which treats of forces and powers 
and their application, either directly or by 
the intervention of machinery. It may 
treat of bodies at rest (statics), or in motion 
(dynamics). 
Mecb/anism ({ir/xav?}). Any structure 
having the nature of a machine. M. of 
Labor. See Labor. 
Meckel's Ganglion. See Ganglion. 
Meco-narceine A preparation of narceine 
(one of the alkaloids of opium), free from 
morphine. Its hypnotic power is said to 
be great, but without lethal effects. 
Meco / nic Acid (/ut/kuv, a poppy). One 
of the extractives of opium. Properties 
not well known. Unof. 
Meco / nium. The first faecal discharges 
of the newborn. 

Media of the Eye. The refracting sub- 
stances from the anterior surface of the 
cornea to the retina. 
Me'dian (medius, the middle). Middle or 
mesial. M. Line. See Line. 
Mediastinum (medio stando, standing in 
the middle). A middle portion or septum 
separating adjacent parts. The pleural 
folds or septum extending from the spine 
to the sternum. 
Me / diate (medius, the middle). Indirect. 
Also applied to the medium interposed 
between the surface of the body, and the 
instruments in percussion and auscultation. 
Med / ical (medico, to heal). Pertaining to 
medicine, or the healing art. M. Juris- 
prudence. See Jttrisprudence. 
Medicament (medico). A medicine. 
Med / icated (medico). Impregnated with 
medicine. Also, purified and made fit for 
medical use. 
Medic / inal (medicina, medicine). Pertain- 
ing to, or having the nature of a medicine. 
Medicine (medicina). The science and 
art of healing and curing disease; the 
"healing art;" including the sciences of 
anatomy, physiology, hygiene, obstetrics, 
pathology, therapeutics, surgery and phar- 
macy. Used also in a restricted sense of a 
particular drug or therapeutic application. 
M. Chest, a case or compartment for 
storing or conveying medicines. M., Clin- 
ical, pertaining to the study of disease by 
the bedside of the patient. M., Con- 



MEDICO-CHIRURGICAL 



255 



MELANEPHIDROSIS 



servative, a method of treatment with the 
object of preserving the vital forces, and 
not by active measures to endanger the life 
of the patient ; also used in the ordinary 
sense of the word as relying upon well 
understood or old methods of treatment 
rather than upon new and comparatively 
untried plans. M., Eclectic. See Eclec- 
tic. M., Empiric. See Empiric. M., 
Forensic, or M., Legal, the relations of 
medicine to jurisprudence, involving the 
diagnosis of insanity, questions in toxi- 
cology, surgery, etc. M., Patent, a mix- 
ture or compound of sundry drugs for the 
sale of which the devisor gets a patent 
from the government. 

Med / ico-chirur / gical (medicus, a physi- 
cian, x ei P 0V Py°Si a surgeon). Pertaining 
conjointly to medicine and surgery. 

Med'icus (Lat). A physician. 

Medina-worm. See Guinea Worm. 

Me / dium {inedius, the middle). That in 
which anything moves or through which it 
acts. In medicine, the conditions by which 
a patient is surrounded, especially those of 
light, temperature, and ventilation. 

Me / dius {medius, middle). The middle. 

MedulTa (marrow). A fatty substance or 
marrow occupying certain cavities. M. 
Oblongata, the upper enlarged part of 
the spinal cord extending from the atlas 
to the pons Varolii. M. Spinalis, the 
spinal cord or marrow. 

MedulTary. Pertaining to the medulla. 
Also, pertaining to the white substance of 
the brain contained within the cortical en- 
velope of gray matter. M. Canal, the 
hollow interior of long bones, in which the 
marrow lies. M. Groove, a longitudinal 
groove at the anterior part of the embryo- 
nal shield of the blastoderm. M. Mem- 
brane, the areolar envelope of the marrow 
of the long bones. M. Sheath, the semi- 
fluid, fatty white matter between the en- 
veloping sheath and the central axis- cylin- 
der, or essential part of a nerve. M. 
Tube, the closing of the M. Groove, 
forming a closed M. or neural tube. 

Medulliza / tion. Softening of bone-tissue 
in osteitis. 

Meg'a-, or 

Meg / alo- (/ueyag, gen., jueyaAoc). A Greek 
prefix signifying large. 

Megaceph'alic (fieyaq, netyaAT}, head). 
Used of a skull whose capacity (measured 
by filling with shot through the foramen 
magnum) exceeds 1450 c.cm. If less than 
1350 it is called microcephalic, if be- 
tween these numbers, mesocephalic. 



Meg / alo-. See Mega-. 

Meg / aloblast. See Corpuscle. 

Megaloceph / alic. Same as megacephalic. 

Megalodac / tylous. Pertaining to an ab- 
normal or excessive development and size 
of the fingers or toes. 

Megalops / ia (//eya/ioc, large, uipcg, sight). 
An apparent increase of the size of objects; 
ascribed to changes in the retinal end- 
organs. 

Meg'aseme. See Index. 

Me / grim (Fr. migraine). Neuralgia or 
headache of one -half of the head or upon 
one side, sometimes attended by aphasic 
and visual symptoms and sensory disturb- 
ance. 

Meibo / mian Glands. The sebaceous 
glands of the eyelids, each having an ex- 
cretory duct opening at the free border. 
Their secretion prevents the tears from 
contact with the skin. There are 30 to 40 
in the upper and 20 to 30 in the lower lid. 

Meiocar'dia. See Auxocardia. 

Meiss / ner. A German anatomist. M., 
Corpuscles of. See Corpuscles, Tactile, 
of Wagner. M., Plexus of, a plexus of 
nerves found in the submucous layer of the 
small intestines. 

Mel. Honey. The substance deposited in 
the honeycomb by the common honey bee, 
Apis mellifica, and a few other hymenop- 
terous insects. Consists of a solution of 
cane and grape sugars, with coloring and 
odorous matters. Emollient, nutritive, and 
often laxative, its properties depending 
mainly on the character of the flowers from 
which it is taken. An excellent vehicle 
for expectorant gargles, etc. M. Despu- 
matum, clarified honey, prepared by heat- 
ing, skimming and straining the natural 
product.. M. Rosae, honey of rose; red 
rose 8, clarified honey 92 parts, dilute alco- 
hol, q. s. Used locally as a gargle. 

Melae / na {/ueXag). The affection commonly 
known as black vomit. M. Cholaea, same 
as Melasicterus. 

Melanae / mia (fitAac, aifxa, the blood). A 
morbid condition of the blood due to its in- 
sufficient aeration. 

MelanchoTia (juefazg, koat), bile, from a 
former supposition that it was due to exces- 
sive biliary secretion). An affection marked 
by depression of spirits and gloominess. 
Melancholy. 

Melancholy. See Melancholia. 

Melanephidro / sis (/neAac, efadpuatg, mor- 
bid perspiration). A term sometimes ap- 
plied to Angelicus Sudor. See, also, 
Chromidrosis. 



MELANIN 



256 



MEMBRANE 



Melanin ( /ze/lac, black). A black pig- 
mentary matter occurring naturally in the 
choroid coat of the eye, the skin of the 
negro, and pathologically in the urine and 
melanotic tumors. Sometimes found in the 
tubercles of the lungs. 

Melanis / mus. See Melanicterus. 

Mela / no- (^eAac, black). A Greek prefix 
signifying dark-colored or black. 

Melanocarcino / ma. See Melanoma. 

Melanoco / mous (/zeAac, ko/j,7], the hair). 
Black-haired. 

Melanoderma (fielag, black, 6ep/ua, the 
skin). A form of chloasma in which the 
skin is covered with fawn-colored or dark 
brown patches. 

Melancede / ma (//eAac, black, azdema, a 
swelling). A term sometimes applied to 
melanosis of the lungs. 

MeKanoid (fielag, eidog, likeness). Re- 
sembling dark-colored pigmentary spots. 

Melano / ma (/ue^avoto, to become black). 
A disease marked by the development and 
growth of black or dark-colored tubercles 
within the tissues of the viscera. 

Melanop / athy. A disease that changes 
the normal pigmentation of a part. 

Melanorrha / gia. See Melcena. 

Melanosarco / ma (pielag, sarcoma). Sar- 
coma with excessive pigmentation. 

Melanoschir / rus (fielag, onippoc, a tumor). 
A form of scirrhous cancer characterized 
by unusual pigmentary development. 

Melanosis {/neXag). The condition of 
abnormal, dark or black pigmentary dis- 
coloration of the skin in irregular patches. 
Also, the progress of melanoma. Also, 
the development of pigmentary clots in 
tuberculosis of the lung. 

Melanothan'atos. See Plague. 

Melanotic {[xelac). Pertaining to mela- 
nosis. 

Melanu / ria (jizkaq, ovpov, the urine). A 
black pigmentary substance sometimes 
found in the urine. 

Melanu'rin. See Melanuria. 

Melasic / terus (fielac, Lurepog, jaundice). 
Black jaundice. Bilious melsena. A form 
of jaundice characterized by excessive dis- 
coloration of the skin. 

Melas'ma (//e/lac). Any morbid, dark 
discoloration of the skin. 

MeFeztose. A carbohydrate derived from 
Larch-manna. 

Melice / ra (fieli, honey, Krjpog, wax). A 
term loosely applied to tumors whose con- 
tents have a honey-like appearance. 

Melis / sa. Balm. The leaves and tops 
of M. officinalis. Contains tannin, a 



bitter extractive and an essential oil. A 
mild diaphoretic. Employed chiefly as a 
flavor. 

Melitae / mia (//e?,f, cupa, the blood). The 
condition arising from the presence of sugar 
in the blood. 

Melita / gra (//eAoc, a limb, ay pa, a seizure). 
A synonym for impetigo. Also, any arth- 
ritic or rheumatic pain in the limbs. 

Mel'itose. A carbohydrate derived from 
Eucalyptus-manna. 

Melitu'ria (jueXi, ovpov, urine). Diabetes 
mellitus. M. Inosita. Inosite in the 
urine. 

Mellin's Infant Food. See Malt. 

Melli / ta (plural of fieXi, honey). Pharma- 
ceutical preparations known as honeys. 
They consist of honey, either natural, clari- 
fied or flavored. There are three officinal 
mellita. 

Mellitse / mia. See Melitcemia. 

Melon / cus {jxrfkov, an apple). A tumor 
on the cheek. 

Melon-seed Bodies. Gelatinous bodies, 
somewhat resembling melon seeds, found 
in joints and tendon sheaths. The method 
of their origin is in dispute. 

Mel'oplasty {jirfkov, placed), to form). 
The operation of engrafting or forming a 
new growth of tissue upon the cheek, in 
repair of an injury. 

Melotrid / ymus {/lelog, a limb, Tptdv/uog, 
threefold). A foetal monstrosity with three 
pairs of limbs. 

MenVber (membrum, a limb). Any limb 
of the body, prehensile, locomotive or 
functional. 

Membraria (Lat), or 

Membrane. In anatomy, a term applied 
to almost any thin, enveloping or lining 
substance. M., Basement, a thin, trans- 
parent membrane between the epithelium 
and vascular layer. M., Decidua. See 
Decidua. M., Jacob's, the layer of 
rods and cones of the retina. M., Mucous, 
the analogue of the skin investing those 
internal cavities and organs exposed to or 
communicating with the air. M., Nicti- 
tans, the membrane known as the third 
eyelid, situated in the inner corner of the 
eyes of birds and certain quadrupeds. M. 
of Reissner, a delicate membrane stretch- 
ing across the outer wall of the cochlea. 
M. Ruyschiana, the internal layer of the 
choroid coat of the eye. M., Schnei- 
derian, the mucous membrane lining the 
nasal fossae. M. Serotina, that adherent 
part or layer of the me?nbrana decidua 
which is last developed. M., Serous, 



MEMBRANOUS 



257 



M ENTAGROPH YTON 



the tissue lining such cavities as are not 
open to the air. M., Synovial, a mem- 
brane covering the inner surface of liga- 
ments connecting the articular surfaces of 
joints. M., Tympanum, the membrane 
separating the internal from the external 
ear. 

Mem / branous (membra). Having the 
nature of a membrane. 

Mem / brum Virile (Lat.). The penis. 

Mem / ory (memoria, a recalling). That 
faculty of the mind that enables one to 
recall ideas, events and the images of ob- 
jects that have produced sensation. M., 
Loss of. See Amnesia. 

Mendo / sus (mendax, false). False; ap- 
plied to certain incomplete parts, as the 
floating ribs. 

Menhidro / sis, or 

Menidro / sis {jxr}v y ISpug, sweat). A form 
of vicarious menstruation said to consist in 
monthly excess of sweat instead of the 
menstrual flow. 

Meniere's Disease. A disease or injury 
probably of the semicircular canals, charac- 
terized by vertigo, deafness, tinnitus aurium, 
etc. Called, also, auditory vertigo. 

Meningeal {jitjvv)^, a membrane). Per- 
taining to any membrane of the brain, 
especially the dura mater. 

MenhVges (pi. of ixrjviy^, a membrane). 
A name applied to the membranes of the 
brain, the dura mater, pia mater and 
arachnoid. 

Meningitis (fxrjviy^, membrane, trig). In- 
flammation of the membranes of the brain 
or cord, by which is usually meant of the 
Pia-arachnoid, these two membranes being 
pathologically inseparable, and inflamma- 
tion of the dura mater being called Pachy- 
meningitis. See, also, Leptomeningitis. 
M., Acute, is due to traumatism, adjacent 
disease, general disease, specific disease, 
etc. The qualifying terms, Basilar, Chronic, 
Alcoholic, Epidemic, Purulent, Spinal, 
Syphilitic, Tubercular, etc., indicate the 
site or nature of the special type. 

Meningitopho / bia. An exaggerated fear 
of meningitis, sometimes producing the 
symptoms. 

Menin'go- {j.i-qviy%, a membrane). A 
Greek prefix denoting a membrane. M.- 
encephalitis, a term sometimes used as a 
synonym for chronic cerebritis. 

Meningocele (p-Tjviy^, ktjIj], tumor). A 
hernia of the meninges of the brain. 

Menin / gosis (jurjviy^). A term denoting 
the union of bones by attachment of car- 
tilage. 

17 



MenTnx (jj,rjvty^). A name applied to the 
dura mater. 

Menis / cus (fiTjvioKoc, a crescent). A con- 
cavo-convex lens. See Perisco-pic. Also, 
a term applied to a certain interarticular 
cartilage. 

Menisper'mum. The roots of M. c ana- 
dense, or Canadian moon seed. Has re- 
puted tonic properties. Used in the southern 
part of the United States as a substitute for 
sarsaparilla. Dose gr. v-xx in infusion. 

Menolip / sis (firjvEc, menses, 2.eii(Hg, an 
omission). A term denoting the retention 
or absence of the menses. 

Menopause (/^ec, navaic, cessation). 
The end of the menstrual life, usually oc- 
curring from 45 to 50. 

Menopla'nia (jU7]veg, TrAav?/, a deviation). 
A term applied to a discharge of blood 
occurring at the menstrual period, but 
derived from some other part of the body. 
Also, any deviation or aberration of the 
menstrual flow. 

Menorrhagia (firjvec, pyyvv/ui, to break 
forth). Excessive menstrual flow. 

Menorrhce / a (/u-?]vec y peo } to flow). The 
normal flow of the menses. Also, exces- 
sive menstruation. 

Menos / tasis (firjvec, ctciolc, standing). A 
suppression of the menstrual flow. 

Men'ses (mensis, a month). The recur- 
rent monthly discharge of blood during 
sexual life from the genital canal of the 
female. See Menstruation. M., Exces- 
sive, or Immoderate Flow of. See Men- 
orrhagia. M., Obstruction, or Diminu- 
tion of. §zeAmenorrhcea. M., Suppres- 
sion of. See Amenorrhea and Menostasis. 

Men / strual (menstruus, monthly). Per- 
taining to menstruation. 

Menstruation (menstruus}. That func- 
tion of the female organism whose most 
obvious phenomenon is the menstrual flow. 
M., Vicarious, the discharge of blood in 
connection with, or at the time of, men- 
struation, but taking place from some other 
organ or part than the vagina. Atopomen- 
orrhcea. 

Men / struum. A liquid used for effecting 
solution. A solvent. 

Mensuration (mensuro, to measure). The 
estimation of quantity or dimension. In 
anatomy the quantitative estimation of the 
dimensions of any organ or part of the 
body. 

Men'tagra. See Sycosis. 

Mentagropb/yton (mentagra, (J>vtov, a 
plant). A cryptogamous plant thought to 
be the cause of Sycosis. 



MENTAL 



258 



MESOBLAST 



Men'tal [mens, the mind). Pertaining to 
the mind. Also, pertaining to the mention 
or chin. 

Mentha Piperita. Peppermint. The 
leaves and tops of M. piperita, or common 
peppermint. Properties due to a volatile 
oil, in which form it is commonly used. 
An aromatic, stimulant, carminative, and 
antispasmodic. Valuable internally to re- 
lieve flatulent colic, and externally to 
relieve superficial neuralgia. Of reputed 
value in typhoid fever, and as an antiseptic 
in parasitic skin diseases. M.Pip., Aqua, 
contains 2 parts of the oil in iooo of dis- 
tilled water. Dose indefinite. M. Pip., 
Ol., the volatile oil, consists of a liquid 
turpene and a camphor, ?nenthol, q. v 
Dose n\j-v. M. Pip., Spt., essence of 
peppermint, contains io per cent, of the 
oil and I per cent, of the herb in alcohol. 
Dose TTLx-xxx. M. Pip., Trochisci, each 
contains ^\ of the oil, with sugar and 
tragacanth. Dose indefinite. 

Men/tha Viri / dis. Spearmint. The 
leaves and tops of common "kitchen" 
mint, M. viridis. Properties due to a 
volatile oil, differing slightly in taste and 
odor from oil of peppermint. Medicinal 
properties like those of M. piperita. M. 
Virid., Aq., 2 parts of the oil in iooo of 
water. M. Virid., Ol., the volatile oil. 
Dose n\ij-v. M. Virid., Spt., alcoholic, 
contains io per cent, of the oil and I per 
cent, of the herb. Dose n\x-xl. 

Men'thol. Menthol Camphor. A stearop- 
tene prepared by subjecting oil of pepper- 
mint to a low temperature. The solid 
substance deposited is the menthol of phar- 
macy. Used externally in neuralgia, sci- 
atica, etc. Unof. 

Men / tum. The chin. 

Mephit / ic {Mephitis, a mythological divin- 
ity). A term applied to any foul or noxious 
vapor. 

Mercap / tan ( mercurius, mercury, captions, 
seizing). An obsolescent name given to a 
class of alcohols in which the oxygen is re- 
placed by sulphur. 

Mercier's Bar. The crescentic ridge of 
submucous tissue forming the posterior 
boundary of the trigone of the bladder. 

Mercurial. Pertaining to mercury. M. 
Rash, an eczematous eruption arising 
from the continued use of mercury. M. 
Palsy, a paralysis or an involuntary spas- 
modic twitching of the voluntary muscles 
sometimes affecting persons habitually ex- 
posed to the vapor of mercury. M. 
Tremors, same as M. Palsy. 



Mercu'rialism. A name for the morbid 
condition arising from the too free or the 
long continued use of mercury. Its most 
common form is described under Eczema. 

Mercury. Set Hydrargyrum. M. Weed, 
the herb MercuriaHs annua. Purgative, 
diuretic and emmenagogue. Unof. 

Merid'ian. An imaginary great circle sur- 
rounding any globe and intersecting the 
poles. M. of the Eye, an imaginary 
circle surrounding the globe of the eye, 
vertical if supposed perpendicular, or hori- 
zontal if level. A lens is also described 
in the same way. 

Meridro'sis (uzpog, a part, tdpcjg, sweat). 
A term denoting local perspiration. 

Mehsmope / dia, or 

Meris'ta. A bacterium multiplying by two 
rectangular divisions, thus forming a group 
of four cells in one plane. 

Merkel's Touch Corpuscles. See Gran- 
dry's Corpuscles. 

Meroblas'tic [uepog, a part, S/.aarog, a 
shoot). A term applied to those ova in 
which the yolk is designed mainly for 
nutritive purposes, and does not enter into 
the structural development of the embryo. 

Mer'ocele (uepog, mf/.r,, tumor). A syno- 
nym of Femoral Hernia. 

Mer'ycism [u?;pvKiauog, rumination). Re- 
gurgitation and rechewing of food. Rumi- 
nation ; a fact observed sometimes in man. 

Mesaticepb/alic. See Index. 

Mesencephalon (uscog, the middle, ey- 
neoa/.o v, the brain). One of the divisions 
of the brain, consisting of the lobe of the 
left venti-icle together with the optic lobes, 
the conarium and hypophysis. 

Mesenteries (ueaog. svrepa, the bowels). 
Those folds of the peritoneum which con- 
nect certain parts of the intestine with the 
abdominal wall. 

Mesenteries {uscog, evrepov, an intes- 
tine, trig, inflammation). Inflammation 
of the mesenteric region. 

Mesen'teron (uecog, evrspov). The middle 
portion of the alimentary tract in the 
embryo. 

Me'sial (ueaog). Same as Median. 

Mes / merism j Mesmer, an investigator of 
the phenomena). The phenomena com- 
monly known as animal magnetism, now 
better known as hvpnotism. 

Me'so- (ueaog, the middle). A Greek pre- 
fix signifying middle. 

Me'soblast (uecog, S/.aarog. sprout). The 
middle layer of the blastoderm, probably 
derived from the hypoblast, and from 
which are developed the vascular, muscu- 



MESOCyECUM 



259 



METANEPHROS 



lar and skeletal systems, the generative 
glands and excretory organs. Called also 
Mesoderm. 

Mesocae / cum (fteoog, ccecum). The mes- 
entery that connects the back part of the 
caecum with the right iliac fossa. 

Mesocepb/alic. See Megacephalic. 

Mesocepb/alon. See Pons Varolii. 

Mesocolon (ueoog, colon). The mesen- 
tery connecting the colon with the abdom- 
inal wall. It is divided into ascending, 
transverse and descending parts. M. Sig- 
moid, the fold of the peritoneum joining 
the sigmoid flexure to the left iliac fossa. 

Mesoderm {jiecoc, depfia, skin). The 
Mesoblast. 

Mesod / me. See Mediastinum. 

Mes / odont. See Macrodont. 

Mesogas'tric (psaog, yaoTrjp, the stom- 
ach). Pertaining to the umbilical region. 

Mesogas'trium (//ecroc, yaorr/p). The 
umbilical region of the abdomen. 

MesognattPic. See Index. 

Mesolo / bus. See Corpus Callosum. 

Mesomet / rium (psaog, prjrpa, the womb). 
The vascular membranous tissue connect- 
ing the body of the womb with the ad- 
joining parts. 

Mesoneph'ros. See Reproductive 
Organs. 

Me / sophyll (/uecog, (pvAAov, a leaf). The 
parenchyma or cellular tissue situated 
within the epidermis of the leaf. 

Mesor'chium (p-egoc, op%iQ, testicle). A 
fold of the peritoneum holding the foetal 
testes before their descent, at about the 
fifth month. 

Mesorec/tum. The narrow fold of the 
peritoneum connecting the upper part of 
the rectum with the sacrum. 

Mes / orhine. See Index. 

Mesos'celus. See Perinceum. 

Mes / oseme. See Index. 

Mesoster'num. See Gladiolus. 

Mesothe / nar (psooq, devap, the palm). 
The muscle drawing the thumb toward 
the palm of the hand. 

Mesotcechi / tis. See Mediastinum. 

Mesova / rium (pEOoq, ovarium, the ovary). 
A peritoneal fold connecting the embryonic 
ovary to the Wolffian body. 

Mesoxalyure / a. See Alloxan. 

Metaba / sis (jietcl, flawo, to go beyond). 
Any radical change in disease. Also, a 
change in the treatment of a disease. 

MetaboPic. Pertaining to Metabolism. 
M. Equilibrium, the equality between 
the absorption and assimilation of food, 
and the excretion of effete or end-products. 



Metabolism {jiEraftaAAu, to change). A 
change taking place in the intimate con- 
dition of cells whereby their molecule is 
more complex or contains more force — ana- 
bolism — or less complex — katabolism. The 
former process is also called constructive or 
synthetic M., the latter, destructive M. 

Metacarpus (/uera, with, napiroc, the 
wrist). The bones, five in number, of 
the palm of the hand ; that part between 
the carpus and the phalanges. 

Metacb/ysis (psra, x vai S> an effusion). 
The transfusion of blood. Also, the in- 
troduction of any substance into the blood 
by mechanical means. 

Metacye / sis (//era, Kv^otg, uterine gesta- 
tion). Extra-uterine gestation. 

Metagenesis [jiera, yevvau, to beget). A 
term used to denote the series of changes 
in organic development commonly known 
as alternation of generation. 

Metakre / sol. See Kresol. 

Met'al (jueralAov, a metal). In physics, 
any elementary substance distinguished by 
malleability, ductility and fusibility. . 

MetaPbumin. See Paralbumin. 

Metallography (psraAAov, ypacpo, to 
write). A descriptive treatise on metals. 

Met / alloid (hetclAAov, elSoc, form). Re- 
sembling a metal, in luster and color. 

Metallos / copy. See Metallotherapy. 

Metallother / apy. A method of treating 
certain hysterical or paralytic affections by 
the application of different metals to the 
affected part. There is usually a transfer 
of the anaesthesia, etc., to the limb of the 
other side. Called also Burcquism and 
Metalloscopy. 

MetamerTc. See Isomeric. 

Metamorphop / sia (psrapop^ou, to change 
shape, oipig, sight). An apparent dis- 
tortion or change of form of objects, sup- 
posed to be produced by changes in the 
relative position of the retinal end-organs. 

M etamor'phosis (psra, popcpoo, to change) . 
A term denoting the structural changes in 
form which all organisms undergo during 
their development. Applied particularly to 
that form of sexual reproduction in which 
the embryo undergoes a series of marked 
changes of external form (e.g., the chrys- 
alis, the pupa stage, etc.), and in none of 
which is reproduction possible until the 
sexually developed form (the imago-stage 
of butterflies) is produced. 

MetaneprPros (pera, vE<t>poc, a kidney). 
The posterior of the three segmental bodies 
of the foetus, which forms the rudiment of 
the permanent kidney and ureter. 



METAPHENYLENDIAMIN 



260 



METRAUXE 



Metaphenylendi / amin. A base similar 
in action to the toxic ptomaines, quickly 
producing death in animals, with ptyalism, 
vomiting, diarrhoea, and excessive urinary 
secretion. See Paraphenylcndiamin. 

Metaphysics (pera, (pvaig, nature). That 
science which includes the investigation 
and discussion of the nature of mind and 
all supersensible phenomena. M., Medi- 
cal, the consideration of the essential 
nature and cause of disease. The philoso- 
phy of disease. 

Metaplasia (psra, 7t?m(JG0), to form). A 
type of morbid tissue-change consisting in 
the transformation of one species of tissue 
into another. 

Metastasis (pedioTq/ui, to transpose). 
The change in position, manifestation or 
character of a disease, illustrated, e.g., in 
mumps, the inflammation of the parotid 
sometimes disappearing in a (metastatic) 
orchitis. Such cases are probably explained 
by supposing the transfer of the pathogenic 
virus from one place to another by the 
blood- current. 

Metaster'num (//era, sternum, the breast- 
bone). The xiphoid or ensiform appendix. 
See Xiphoid. 

Metatarsophalan / gian. Pertaining to 
the metatarsus and phalanges. 

Metatarsus {rapcog, the arch of the foot). 
The bones of the arch of the foot, five in 
number, situated between the tarsus and 
phalanges. 

Metath'esis (pera, rtdqpi, to change). An 
operation designed to effect a transforma- 
tion or change of the seat of disease from 
one part to another. 

Metatro/phia (pera, rpo^rj, nourishment). 
Any morbid condition or process of nutri- 
tion. 

Metenceph/alon (pera, eyaetycikov, brain). 
That part of the foetal brain which devel- 
ops into the medulla oblongata. 

Me / teorism (pereupi^o), to elevate). A 
term used to denote the presence of gases 
in the abdominal cavity. 

Meteoriza / tion (pereupi^co). The forma- 
tion of gas in the abdominal cavity. 

Meteorology (psrsupov, meteor, Aoyoc, a 
treatise). A treatise on the phenomena of 
the atmosphere and the laws of its motions. 

Me / ter. See Metric System. 

Methac/etin. An analogue of phenace- 
tine, having the same antipyretic qualities 
as the latter, but more soluble. Unof. 

Methaemoglo'bin. A mixture of albu- 
min, haemoglobin and hsematin, supposed 
at first to be a distinct substance. 



Metb/ane. See Marsh Gas. 

Methoma / nia {ped^, drunkenness, pavia, 
madness). Same as Mania a Potu. 

Metb/yl. In chemistry, a radical molecule, 
having the composition CH 3 . It is the 
base of a large number of compounds, 
including an alcohol, methyl spirit and 
several ptomaines. M.-guanidine, a pto- 
maine, long known as a product of the 
oxidation of creatine and creatinine. Has 
been obtained from horseflesh after four 
months' decomposition at low temperature, 
and from cultures of the comma-bacillus. 
A colorless, easily deliquescing mass, pos- 
sessing a strong alkaline reaction. It 
is highly poisonous. The symptoms are 
dyspnoea, muscle-tremor and general clonic 
convulsions. M.-hydrantoin, a leuco- 
maine base isolated from dogs' flesh by 
Albertoni, but long previously known as a 
decomposition product of various nitro- 
genous bases of the body. As it occurs in 
muscle, it is probably derived from creatine. 
It certainly belongs to the ureides, and is 
intermediate between creatinine, sarconine 
and urea. M. Hydride, marsh gas. M. 
Spirit. See Alcohol. 

Meth/ylal. A substance prepared by dis- 
tilling methyl alcohol with sulphuric acid. 
Hypnotic and antispasmodic. Dose gj. 
Unof. 

Methyl'amine. A colorless gas having 
the composition N(CH 3 )H 2 , easily con- 
densing to a colorless liquid. It is used 
mainly as a reagent in certain organic 
tests. It occurs also as a ptomaine in cer- 
tain putrefactions, notably that of fish. It 
is found in herring brine, to which it gives 
odor. 

Methylene Dichlo / ride. A general 
anaesthetic, frequently used instead of 
chloroform. Asserted by Genther and Eich- 
holz to be more susceptible to management 
than the latter in protracted operations. 
Much of the methylene dichloride con- 
tains 50-75 per cent, of chloroform. 
Unof. 

Me / tis. See Mulatto. 

Metoa / rion (pera, after, ioapiov, the ovule). 
The corpus luteum. 

Metop / agus (prjru-ov, front, nayeig, 
joined). An ensomphalic monstrosity with 
united foreheads. 

Me'tra (pvrpa, the womb). The uterus or 
womb. 

Metranae'mia {prjTpa, anczmia, lack of 
blood). Uterine anaemia. 

Me'trauxe (urjrpa, the womb, avfy, in- 
crease). Hypertrophy of the uterus. 



METRECTOPIA 



261 



MICROBE 



Metrectopia [juerpa, the womb, eicroTrog, 
displacement). Displacement of the 
womb. 

Metric System. A decimal system of 
weights and measures employed in France 
and Germany, and used generally in the 
sciences of chemistry and physics. The 
standard is the meter, the ro>o oVo o o P art °^ 
a quadrant of a meridian circle of the 
earth. The standard of capacity is the 
liter, a cubical volume ^ meter in each 
dimension. The standard of weight is the 
gramme, the weight of y^W liter of dis- 
tilled water at its maximum density. The 
multiples are expressed by the prefixes 
deca, hecto and kilo ; the subdivisions by 
the prefixes deci, centi and milli. 



IOOO 


meters 


= 


i kilometer. 


100 


meters 


= 


i- hectometer. 


IO 


meters 


= 


I decameter. 


.1 


meter 


= 


i decimeter. 


.01 


meter 


= 


I centimeter. 


.001 


meter 


= 


i millimeter. 


IOOO 


liters 


= 


i kiloliter. 


IOO 


liters 


= 


i hectoliter. 


10 


liters 


= 


i decaliter. 


.1 


liter 


= 


i deciliter. 


.01 


liter 


= 


i centiliter. 


.001 


liter 


= 


i milliliter. 


IOOO 


grammes 


= 


i kilogramme. 


IOO 


grammes 


= 


i hectogramme 


10 


grammes 


= 


i decagramme. 


.1 


gramme 


= 


i decigramme. 


.OI 


gramme 


= 


I centigramme. 


.001 


gramme 


= 


i milligramme. 



In common practice, however, the follow- 
ing divisions only are used, the others being 
expressed in figures : — 

io millimeters = i centimeter, 
ioo centimeters = i meter, 
iooo meters = i kilometer. 

iooo cubic centimeters = i liter. 

iooo milligrammes = i gramme, 
iooo grammes = i kilogramme. 

The following are the equivalent values : — 



i meter 
i liter 
i gramme 
i minim 



39.37 inches. 
2. 11 pints. 
15.43 grains. 
.016 centimeter. 



See, also, Weights and Measures. 

Metritis {jrqrpa, the womb, trig, inflam- 
mation). Inflammation of the uterus. 
Endometritis. See same. Parame- 
tritis, inflammation of the tissues con- 
nected with the uterus. Perimetritis, 
inflammation of the uterine peritoneum. 

MetrocoPpocele [prjrpa, /coAttoc, ktj'X.t), 
tumor) . A tumor of the vagina and womb. 

Metrodynia [fir)- pa, odvvrj, pain). Any 
pain of the womb. 



Metromalaco / sis {firjTpa, fialanoq, soft). 
The condition and progress of softening of 
the tissues of the uterus. 

Metropatb/ic (jurjrpa, -rraOog, suffering). 
Pertaining to affections of the womb. 

Metroperitonitis {ji-qrpa, peritonitis). 
Peritonitis involving inflammation of the 
womb. 

Metrophlebitis {jirjjpa, <j>leij), a vein, 
trig, inflammation). Inflammation of the 
veins of the uterus. 

Metrorrhagia (jurjrpa, prjyvv^aL, to burst 
forth). Uterine hemorrhage not due to 
menstrual discharge. 

Metrorrhexes {fir/rpa, pr/gig, a rupture). 
Rupture of the womb. 

Metrorrhoe / a {jxrjTpa, pew, to flow). Any 
morbid uterine discharge. 

Metroscope {pirjTpa, cKOTreo, to observe). 
An instrument for examining the uterus. 

Mexican Ginger. The fresh root of 
Zingiber officinale. Unof. See Zingiber. 

Meynert/s Projection Systems. The 
first is composed of the fibers from the 
cortex of the brain through the corona 
radiata in a radiate direction. The sec- 
ond, longitudinal bundles of fibers pro- 
ceeding downward to the ganglionic gray 
matter reaching from the third ventricle 
through the aqueduct of Sylvius to the 
lowest part of the gray matter of the spinal 
cord. The third, the peripheral nerves, 
motor and sensory, proceeding from the 
central tubular gray matter. 

Meze / reon, or 

Meze'reum. The bark of Daphne m. 
A powerful sialogogue and irritant poison, 
producing purging and gastro-enteric in- 
flammation. Used as an antisyphilitic, 
combined with sarsaparilla, but chiefly as 
a local irritant to stimulate indolent ulcers. 
M., Ext., used in preparation of liniment 
of mustard. M . , Ext . Fid . , used in prepa- 
ration of M. Ung., consisting of fld. ext. 
mezereon 25, lard 80, and yellow wax 12 
parts. 

MPasm, or 

Mias / ma (fuaivo, to pollute). A term 
loosely applied to the floating germs of any 
form of microbic life, especially those gen- 
erating in marshy localities. 

Miasmat / ic. Pertaining to or having the 
nature of miasma. 

MicristoFogy. See Histology. 

Mic'ro- [/niKpog, small). A Greek prefix 
signifying minute. 

Mic / robe [jiLKpog, small, fiiog, life). The 
general name of microorganisms, or 
organic structures, whether animal or vege- 



MICROBIAN 



262 



MICROSCOPE 



table, that require the microscope for their 
study. A large number, so far as known, 
are not pathogenic. Those that are so are 
eliminated by the kidney and other organs 
under certain conditions, or by phago- 
cytosis, or by natural antagonism. Their 
thermal death point is from 129 to 140 F. 

Micro / bian, or 

Micro'bic. Pertaining to microbes or germ 
action. 

Microbiohae'mia (/impog, [3cog, at/ia, 
blood). A designation of those diseased 
conditions resulting from microorganisms 
in the blood. 

MicrobioPogy. The biology of microbian 
life. 

Mic / roblast. See Corpuscle. 

Microblep / haron (pMipog, (3/,£<papov, lid). 
Abnormal smallness of the eyelids. 

Microbrach / ius (fiinpog, small, jSpaxtuv, 
arm). Congenital absence of the arms. 

Microceph/alic. See Megacephalic. 

Microcephalous (funpog, Keoa/^, the 
head). Having a small head. In botany, 
flowers arranged in small heads. 

Microchem / istry [jiLKpog, xW La i chem- 
istry). The chemical investigation of the 
more minute substances of nature. Also, 
the study of chemical reactions, in which 
a drop each of the reagent and the sub- 
stance to be tested are made to coalesce on 
a porcelain or glass plate, the reaction being 
observed under a microscopic objective of 
low power. 

Micrococcus (fitKpog, kokkoq, kernel). 
According to Mace the first genus of the 
family of coccacees, a microorganism having 
spherical elements, isolated, united by twos 
or by larger numbers, or disposed in chap- 
lets, or masses of zooglceae. Sometimes 
they are united in a way to resemble 
bunch of grapes and are then called Sta- 
phylococcus (ara(pv?.T/ } grape). When 
united in couples they are called Diplo- 
cocci (6i-7.ooq, double). If arranged in 
strings or chaplets they are called Strepto- 
cocci (orpe-rog, sinuous). Certain species 
are pathogenic, others are notable as chromo- 
genic, others have a fermentative function, 
and some, no discoverable function. M . of 
Yellow Fever. No results at present 
warrant the belief that the specific microbe 
has been isolated. The same may be said 
of the M. of Hydrophobia. M. of 
Measles. The M. of Cornil and Babes 
resembles the M. Pyogenes ; of possible 
specificity. M. of Scarlet Fever. The 
etiology of the disease is not made certain 
by bacteriological research. A Table is 



appended giving the characteristics of the 
principal M. (See pp. 263-271.) 

Mic'rocosm (uucpog, noouog, a world). 
Man in contradistinction to the universe, or 
the macrocosm, a man being considered as 
the epitome of the cosmos. 

Microcoulomb. See Coulomb. 

Mic / rocyst. A cyst of diminutive size, or 
one derived from another. 

Mic / rocytes (utupog, nvrog, cell). Dwarf 
corpuscles found in the blood in anaemia, 

regarded as young forms. 

Microcythae / mia (/uiKpog, nvrog, cell, atfia, 
blood). Abnormal smallness of the cor- 
puscles of the blood, caused by certain 
poisons and diseases. 

Mic'rodont. See Macrodont. 

Microfarad. See Farad. 

Microglossia [juinpog, y/.ucaa, tongue). 
Abnormal smallness of the tongue. 

Micrography (jiiKpog, ypaou). A descrip- 
tion of bodies that are studied under the 
microscope. See Photo-micrography . 

MicrokkPesis (fwtpog, nivqaig, movement). 
A term applied to certain involuntary mus- 
cular movements in an infant which do not 
cease by the application of external stimuli. 

MicroPogy (pinpog, /.oyog, a treatise). A 
treatise on minute objects, especially micro- 
scopic objects. 

MicronPelus (iwcpog, small, pe/.og, limb). 
Congenital smallness of the limbs. 

MicronPeter (/uiicpog, fierpov, a measure). 
An instrument designed for measuring ex- 
ceedingly small dimensions. 

MicromiPlimeter (juinpog, millimeter). 
The one-thousandth part of a millimeter or 
one -millionth part of a meter. It is the 
unit of certain microscopic measurements. 

Microorganisms. See Microbe. 

MicroptPagus (fj.iK.pog, small, (payeiv, to 
eat). See Phagocyte. 

MicrophthaPmus (uiKpog,oo6alfiog). An 
abnormally small, but otherwise healthy 
eye. 

Micropsia (utupog, small, uipcg, sight). 
An apparent diminution in the size of ob- 
jects, supposed to be produced by changes 
in the retinal end-organs. 

Mic / ropyle (umpog, ttv/.t], door). A minute 
canal traversing the vitelline membrane of 
certain animal ova. 

Microscope (/uiKpog, gkottsu, to see\ An 
optical instrument for the magnification and 
definition of substances too small to be 
seen with the naked eye. In a good clini- 
cal microscope, definition, resolution and 
penetration are to be sought rather than 
magnification. 







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pq 


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u .r 




Rapidly 
clouds the 
bouillon. 


Persistent 
cloudiness ; 
reddish, 
coherent, 
viscous 
deposit. 


c 


0, 


A grayish 

layer, 
thickest in 
the middle. 




Thin 

yellowish 
pellicle, 

lusterless, 

but only 

at 30 . 


Yellow, 

light 
citron- 
colored. 

Mucoid 

layer in 

two days. 


IT. 



a 
O 


1 arge 

grayish- 
white 
pellicles, 

with 
sinuous 
borders, 

resembling 
white wax. 




Thin band 
of brilliant 
white the 
length of 
the streak. 


Large, 
brick-red, 

rose-tii it id 
colony. 




1 )< >t's not 
liquefy. 
Cultures 
grayish- 
while. The 
colonies al 
the surface 
resemble a 

pellicle ol 
white wax. 


Culture does 
not liquefy. 
Resembles 

yellow wax. 


White 

1 iilluns, 

slightly 

tiatispaicnl 

at surface. 

Small, round 

colonies at 

Infecting 

point. 


Does not 
liquefy. 

Abundant 
culture, 
brick-red, 
slightly rose- 
colored. 


Slides. 


in circular- 
shaped 

colonies 

with 

regular 

border ; 

forming in 

white 
patches on 
the surface. 


Like that 

oftlie 
pin eding, 

except that 

the colonies 
arc citron- 
yellow. 


Small, 
Irregular, 
yellowish 

granular 

discs. 


3 o5 

- is 

'Jr. ~ 



:-- a 



264 



■2S 

c 3 



8- 










Si 

oj bo 

i.I 


Inflammation 
similar to prim- 
itive infection, 
but developing 
more rapidly. 


a 


a 
eS 
t/J 


Pathogenic. In- 
fla m m a tion, 
with redness 
at point of in- 
oculation. 




a 

05 




CD *i cy 
g|g 








Somewhat mobile 
coccus, i fj. ; re- 
united in diplo- 
cocci. 


Mobile coccus, 
0.5 to 1 ju. in di- 
ameter. 


co~ 

3 
O 
<J 
O 
°60 

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5 " 


w.S 

3 

oii 
°n 
« 3 . 

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o-oo 


CO u 

111 

T3 _0 *j 

'o.ao 

C/)'~'~ 


Cloudiness 
from the 
15th hour 

at 35 ; very 
abundant 
deposit in 

three days. 


a* 
two in 

02 


« 


co co 

E.S 

o_£o' 

51 






Culture 

orange 

yellow, the 

color 

showing 

from the 

first day. 




Cultures 
not visible 

to 
naked eye. 




Yellow 
culture, 

very 

abundant 

in two days. 


Elevated 
spots, at 
first white, 
then 
orange- 
yellow. 


J3 . 
W CO 

= 

P 


55 ^ 

cd*£ 

E.21 




Citron-yellow 

colonies, 

which 

divide with 

age. Do 
not liquefy. 


Liquefies the 

gelatine and 

produces 

yellowish 

flakes on 

the surface. 


Does not 
liquefy. Dirty 
yellow mu- 
coid mass ; 
colors jelly 
yellow, with 

greenish 
fluorescence. 


Does not 

liquefy. In 

streaks, the 

medium band 

whitish, with 

indented 

borders. 


Glue-like yel- 
low mem- 
brane, invest- 
ing surface. 
Liquefies 
slowly. 


Small, 
yellow, 
homogene- 
ous granu- 
lar spots. 




Small, 

round, 

granular 

colonies. 




Rounded 
colonies, 
with sinu- 
ous bor- 
ders, slight- 
ly brown- 
ish-yellow, 
growing to 
1 cm. The 
gelatine 
softening 
around it. 


il 

u 


Blood of 
patients 
affected 
with 
Biskra 
boil. 


<i 


Serum and 
blood of 

erysipela- 
tous 
plaques. 


< 


C 



in 3 

3 — 


rt 
u 

CO 

M 
<<- . 

. O 
2-° 


M Diffluens. 


CO 

'co 
u 

w 
2 


tu 

3 
> . 

a co 

Eg 

g-8 



u 
u 
o 
u 

o 

ex 

y 



< 

U 
z 

ex 
ex ^ 

w 

CO ^ 

y i 

CO 

5 

UJ 

u 

< 
ex 
< 

u 

UJ 

X 

Uh 

o 

UJ 

-j 

CQ 
< 



> 
a 
a 

2 

D 
tSl 






Color does not 
change either 
by acids oralka- 
lies. 


Decolorized by 
Gram's method. 


^ 

N 3 

'u tn 

5 a 

8 ri 

30 


u 

II 
it 

x 

PL) 


Saprophytic. 


a 
o 

S. 
ri 


,3 
ft 
O 

ft 
ri 


Fresh cultures 
virulent, but 
succeeding 
cultures rapid- 
ly attenuated. 


Pathogenic; 
cultures quick- 
ly lose their 
virulence. 


Action 

of 

Oxygen and 

Heat. 












w 

a 
u 
w 

K 


3 o en 
O— en 
Cjja ri 

°o S 
ri 


Somewhat large 
cellules, solitary 
o r i n small 
masses. 


to 
o 

i 

ri "? 

a m 

co tn" 

&3 
If) 


Asymmetric, 
ovoid coccus, 
averaging 0.5 /u. 
in length. In 
diplococci. 


tn~o 

y a 

°s 
"So J 

3+j 

c- O 


in 
w 

D 
h 
J 
D 
U 
w 
X 
H 
b 

en 

o 
p 

0) 

5 
u 

H 
U 
< 

< 
EC 
U 


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o 
pq 






• 




tn ^ 

O.H 


o 

ri 
O 
Ph 






Reddish, 
mucoid 
drops, 
which ex- 
tend in a 
continuous 
coating. 




cu 

3 
O 


6 

to 
O 








Clear, 

transparent 

lusterless 

colonies at 

35°. 


Cultures do 
not develop 
except at 
35 , attain- 
ing their 
maximum 
in 48 hours. 
Round, 
brownish 
colonies. 


g 

O 


Rapid lique- 
faction. The 
clear liquid 
deposits a 
thick sedi- 
ment. 


Does not 
liquefy ; de- 
velops slowly; 
forms small, 
yellow 
colonies. 




CO 

tn >, 
C33 

O (Li 

O 
(XI 




tn 

to 

c/5 


Yellowish 
colonies ; 
liquefies 

the gelatine 


Round 
colonies, 
yellow or 

dark 
chrome. 






' 


< 

H 

3 
< 


< 


< 


c o"ri 

81-9 

v« 5 ri 
Wo o 


Blennor- 
rhagic pus, 

in the 

globules of 

pus, and 

epithelial 

cells. 


Exudate of 
cerebro- 
spinal 
meningitis. 




a 
s 
< 
5 


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s s 
> H 
a a 

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v.-- o y 

ll !0 C 01 

t- 3 3 

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u 

J 

c 
u 

c 

u 



< 
a. 

u 



a* — 
wtj 

X < 

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OS 
ft 3 

P 

00 

5 
m 

u 

< 

< 
X 

u 

w 

x 

O 
LU 

< 



> 

M 

Q 
Z 

D 
I/) 


Old cultures ex- 
hale a penetrat- 
ing sulphurous 
odor. 


Does not decolor- 
ize by Gram's 
method. 


Decolorized by 
Gram's method. 


Cultures have an 
odor like tri- 
methylamine. 


Purulent infiltra- 
tion at point of 
inoculation. 
Metastatic ab- 
scesses. 


< 

u . 

o 2 

2u 

X 

CL, 


"£> 

a 

8 
a 


Pathogenic, 
virulence f 
cultures being 
lost rapidly. 


'5 

ho 

O 


>> 

ft 

p 



'3 


ACTION 
OF 

Oxygen and 
Heat. 


o 

■■v 


Facultative 
anaerobia. 


May grow 
in absetice 
of oxygen. 


O 
u 

< 




w 

a 
j 

D 
J 
J 
a 
U 

a 

3 
H 


Spherical coccus, 
0.5 to 0.8 /u. ; as 
d 1 p 1 c c c i or 
small mobile 
chains. 


Ovoid coccus, 1 to 
1.5 ju- ; lanceola- 
te d and sur- 
rounded by a 
capsule, which is 
wanting in cult- 
ures. 


Cellules, often 
united in diplo- 
cocci with hya- 
line capsule, not 
found in the cult- 
ure. 


Spherical or oval 
cellules, 0.5 to 1 
/a ; doubtfully 
mobile. 


3 
O 
O 
O 
O 

T3 . 
3 i 


en 

a 
oi 

D 

u 

a 
a 

a 

c 

(0 

o 

H 
10 

3 

a 

H 
U 
< 

< 

X 

u 


c 

'3 
o 

P3 


Milk is col- 
ored yellow 
at its sur- 
face after 
5 or 6 days. 


- _ "J 

ill 

>"1 








d 

O 






Thick, yel- 
lowish cult- 
ure, some- 
what viscid 


Thick, 
blood-red, 

mucoid 

layer with 

metallic 

luster. 




O 
"3 

o 




Brilliant 

hyaline 

drops at 35 


°1 


Large 
bands of 
carmine- 
red, with 
gold-green 

luster. 




c 

C 


Softens gela- 
tine, after 
having 
formed a thin 
membrane. 
Sulphur at 

center, 

whitish at 

borders. 


Does not 
liquefy. Cult- 
ures white 
and nail- 
shaped. 


Does not 

liquefy. 
Whitish 
culture, nail- 
shaped. 

Liquefy 

rapidly; 

liquid very 

clouded with 

red. Rose-red 

deposit. 


12 

CO 




Round 
colonies, 
grayish- 
white in 

color, 
growing 

slowly. 


Small, 
whitish, 

arched 
colonies. 

Rose eoloi - 
ed discs, 
darkening 
in gelatine, 
which they 
liquefy. 




< 


Isolated 
from urine. 


Normal 
saliva and 
rusty spu- 
tum of 
pneumonia. 


Rusty spu- 
tum of 
fibrinous 
pneumonia, 
pus of em- 
pyema, and 
of cerebro- 
spinal men- 
ingitis. 

Air. 


O 3 

ill 


1 

■ i 


1 


1/5 

3 
O 
3 
0) 





s 


3 

<U 
in 
cs 
PL, 

3 


£ 

"2 


£ 

3 

4) 

a 

PL, 
2 


en 
3 
in 

O 

'5j 

'-3 


& 


'i 

Id 
Oj3 



268 







Cultures develop 
an odor of sour 
milk or ferment- 
ed starch paste. 


Probably a varie- 
ty of preceding. 






u .*" 

O 3 
c cd 

en w 

tv d cu 

Q-3 


Pathogenic, 
cultures quick- 
ly lose their 
virulence. 


s 
<u 
to 
o 

(X 


Pathogenic. 


Pathogenic. 




'5 

<u 
be 

O 
.3 

ed 


Saprophytic. 


Pathogenic. 
Produces 1 0- 
calized suppu- 
ration. 


o <u - 

= .= V 

en 3 be 

O V X 
Q*- 


Preserves 

vitality a 

long time 

without air. 


Preserves 

vitality a 

long time 

without air. 










tn'C 
3 — 

o 

o •- 

8* 

_o o tn 




Spherical coccus, 
0.9 to 1.2 /ut ; soli- 
tary or in small 
masses. 




Spherical coccus, 
averaging 1 ju ; 
solitary or in 
small masses. 


Large ovoid coc- 
cus, measuring 
1.4 ju. ; often uni- 
ted in diplococci 




Grayish 

sediment, 

the liquid 

remaining 

clear. 


Cloudy 

liquid, with 

whitish 

deposit. 


Rapid 
clouding at 
20°. Yel- 
lowish de- 
posit, 
cloudy 
liquid. 








Cloudiness 
in 2 hours. 
White de- 
posit. 


No appar- 
ent culture. 
Develops at 
the surface. 


££■=• 

1.C 

Its 


Thin layer. 
Golden- 
yellow, 

slowly de- 
veloping. 

Same as 
preceding, 
but dark 
citron-yel- 
low discol- 
oration. 








3 V rQ 


'J 


Thick 
band, of a 
beautiful 
golden- 
yellow. 


Liquefies. 
Cloudy 

liquid, with 
yellowish 
deposit. 


.J-cu 
— In ° 


S en 
tn 




Does not 
liquefy. Mu- 
coid, white, 
somewhat 
thick colony. 


Liquefies 

rapidly. 

Liquid 

milky, with 

white 

deposit. 


Liquefy- 
rapidly. 
Liquid 
cloudy, with 
gold-yellow 
deposit. 




No develop- 
ment. 

"Thick "cul- 
ture, rose or 
flesh-colored. 
Softening the 
surface of the 
gelatine very 
little. 

Liquefies 

slowly. 

Liquid and 

thin viscid 

veil. 


Small, 
transpa- 
rent, discoid 
colonies, 
whose de- 
velopment 

stops 
quickly. 

Whitish 

colonies, 

liquefying 

the gelatine 


Small, 

round, yel- 
low-gray 
colonies, 

liquefying 
rapidly. 






Small, rose- 
colored 
buttons, 
often in 

elevations, 
forming 

large discs. 

Round 

colonies ; 

opaque, 

white, 

liquefying 

slowly. 


3 
P-, 


tn 
3 
PL, 


en 

3 
PL, 


3 

PL, 


en 3 % 


u 

< 


> 


tn 

<u 

c 

V 

to 
o 
>, 

p* 


tn 

w 

s 
tu 
6X) 
o 


to 

V 
V 

be 

O en 

tl 

. 3 


OJ 

be 
O tn' 

>>3 

S"3 


en 
0) 

CL> 

Ph 2 

S 5 


en 

3 
<U 
en 

O 

2 


tn 

_3 

o3 

> tn 
™ to 

rt 3 
tX w 

QO 

P 



269 



I 

u 
u 

o 
u 

o 

u 



< 

U 

z 
2 



W u 

x< 

CO < 

y ~ 

H 

CO 

2 

LU 
H 

O 

< 

< 
U 

x 

vu 

O 

UJ 

< 



> 
z 


*• - - - 


inoculation pro- 
duces septicae- 
mia, with death 
in from 18 to 4« 

boms. 


L ■ r - 

— - > - 

3| « 
«>'3 


Cultures ca u Be 
but a s i m pi e 
erysipel a tons 

redness. 


Colors by Cram's 
method. 


Kills the rabbit 
in twelve days. 
Pound in the 
walls of the ab- 
scess. 


< 
u 

§1 

I: 


Z 

DC 

o 


Pal hogen 1c. 
Dogs, chick- 
ens and guinea 
pigs refrai 
lory; vii ulence 
quickly lost. 


o'li 

•- Ed = 


Saliva produces 
a sort oi chro- 
nic septicaemia 
in hares. 


Inoculation of 

hare causes an 
abscess. 

In the rabbit 
causes a sup- 
puration that 
tends tO e x - 
lend. 


Action 
OF 

( >xy<.kn and 

Heat. 




1 








D 

-J 
Ed 
U 

Id 

a 


Rounded, solitary 

coccus; double 
or in masses. 


Rounded coccus, 
i to 2 ju ; d i s- 
posed in long 

chaplets; slight- 
ly mobile. 


oo 

s 

o 

2 * 
"o M 
> o 
0~ 


.Spherical coccus, 
0.7 to 0.8 ix ; in 
long chains. 


<•> - - ^r 
or,-. c 

£ "a 2 5 

5 ^ s 


01 

Id 

:i 
D 
i- 

- 
C 
fd 
E 
u 

fc. 
O 
en 
O 

H 

s 

a 

H 
U 

< 
PS 

< 

u 


j5 

'3 
o 
pq 






Quickly 

clouds ; 

numerous 

chains. 

Cloudiness 

from 15th 
hour at 
35°. yel- 
lowish de- 
posit. 


Potato. 






Small, de- 
pressed 

colonies, of 

a dirty- 
white color. 

Develop- 
ment 
hardly ap- 
preciable. 




V 

ED 

O 






Round, iso- 
lated colo- 
nies. 

1 >evelops 

rapidly. 

Ochre-yel- 
low plaques 




"3 

o 


Does not 
liquefy. Very 
small, whitish 

colonies. 




1 )oes not 
liquefy • 

Small, [sola 
ted colonies. 

Liquefies 
alter produc- 
ing colonies 
of an ochre- 

ous-yellow. 


oi 

o 

c/3 


Grayish 

colonies, 
not liquefy- 
ing. 

Oval colo- 
nics ; gray 
yellow, in- 
dented bor- 
ders. 


Yellowish- 
gray colo- 
nies, granu- 
lar toward 
the 5th day. 




< 

n 

< 


Saliva of 

puerperal 

fever. 


Putrid 

blood of 
anthrax. 

Blood of 
putrid 
beef. 

Saliva ; in 

two eases 
oi angina, 
and in one 

oi erysipe- 
las of the 

larynx. 

Vaginal 
mucus and 

lochiss. 

Pus of 
mamillary 

abscess. 

Blennor- 

rhagic pus 

Putrefied 

bl i. 




U 

s 

< 
2; 


01 

_3 

d 
> . 

~ r. 

o. 

• - 


M. of septicae- 
mia following 
anthrax. 


i 

:- 

- rt 


1 

I 

■t-i 


M. Subflavus. 


m. of progres- 
sive suppura 

lion ol rabbit 



270 



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271 



MICROSEME. 



272 



MILK. 



Mic'roseme. See Index. 

Microso'mia [uinpog, acopa, the body). An 
arrest of growth resulting in a dwarfing of 
the whole body. 

Microspo'ron [piKpog, cnopov, a seed). A 
fungus to which several diseases of the 
skin and hair are believed due. M. Au- 
douini, the cause of Pelade, a. disease of 
the hair-covered skin. M. Diphtheriti- 
cum, micrococci or rod-like forms differ- 
entiated by Klebs as the specific causes of 
the affection. M. Furfur, the specific 
fungus of Pityriasis versicolor. M. 
Septicum, a round coccus found by 
Klebs in the blood of septicaemia. 

Mic'rostat (uinpog, LarrjuL, to stand). A 
stage and finder, for attachment to a micro- 
scope. 

Microstoma (jumpog, arop.a, mouth). Ab- 
normal smallness of the mouth. 

Mic / rotome (pMcpog, rofii], a cutting). An 
instrument for making thin sections for 
microscopic examination. M., Freezing, 
one in which the tissue is surrounded by a 
freezing mixture and frozen, in order to 
obtain the hardness required for section- 
izing. The microtomes of Rutherford, 
Hamilton, Williams, Lewis and Cathcart 
are the most used. 

Microzy / ma (pinpog, £vpog, leaven). Mi- 
nute particles of living matter, the real 
agents of the functions of the organism, 
according to the theory of Bechamp, the 
perversion of whose function constitutes 
disease. They secrete a ferment, Zymase, 
w T hich in disease is transformed into patho- 
genic microbes. Microzymatous has lately 
been proposed as a more correct term 
than zymotic, and would include tuber- 
culous, syphilitic, pneumonic, and other 
diseases. 

Micturition {micturiro, to pass water 
often). An abnormally frequent desire to 
urinate. Also, to urinate. 

Mid / riff. See Diaphragm. 

Mid 7 wife (Sax. mid, zvif, a wife). A 
female obstetrician. A female nurse who 
attends women in childbirth. 

Migraine 7 . See Megrim. 

Migration {jnigro, to wander). In zool- 
ogy, the periodical departure of certain 
animals, especially birds, to another climate. 
M. of Ovum, its passage from the ovary 
to the Fallopian tube. M. of White 
Corpuscles, one of the phenomena of 
inflammation, consisting in the passage of 
the white corpuscles of the blood through 
the vessel- wall. 

Mik'ron. Same as Micromillimeter. 



Mil'dew (Sax. mildeazv). Any fungus 
producing discoloration, parasitic upon 
vegetable matter. 

Mil'foil. See Achillea. 

Miliaria [milium, millet). Sudamina; 
Miliaria Alba. A disorder of the sweat 
glands, consisting of an obstruction to the 
escape of their secretion. M. Crystal- 
lina, a non-inflammatory form of the dis- 
order. M. Papulosa, Lichen Tropicus, 
or Prickly Heat, a form in which prior 
inflammation causes the obstruction. M. 
Rubra, or Vesiculosa, an inflamed con- 
dition due to distention of the glands. 
Red Gum, or Strophulus, a form occur- 
ring in nursing infants; due to excessive 
swathing. Miliary Fever, or Sweating 
Sickness, an epidemic, febrile disease, 
in which profuse sweating and miliaria are 
prominent symptoms. 

Miliary Fever. See Miliaria. 

Military Med / icine, or Surgery. The 
treatment of the diseases and wounds to 
which soldiers and sailors are liable. 

MilTtary Sur / gery. See Military Medi- 
cine. 

MilTum [milium, millet seed). Grutum; 
Strophulus Albidus; Acne Albida; Tuber- 
culum Sebaceum. A small pearly white 
tumor seated just below the epidermis, 
commonly about the forehead, orbit, cheeks 
and scrotum. When the tumor receives an 
infiltration of calcium carbonate and phos- 
phate, it is known as cutaneous calculus. 

Milk. A secretion by the mammary glands 
of mammalia, consisting of an emulsion 
of casein, albumen, fat, lactose and mineral 
salts, in about 88 per cent, of water. Cream 
consists mainly of the fats rising to the 
surface of the milk. Skim-milk is the 
residue left after the removal of the cream. 
Buttermilk is cream from which the fatty 
matter has been removed. The sp. gr. of 
good milk varies from 1. 027 to 1. 034. It 
should contain not less than 10 per cent, 
of cream. M., Condensed, the milk of 
cows from which a large part of the water 
has been evaporated and sugar added. M., 
Deficiency of. See Agalactia. M., Ex- 
cessive Secretion of. See Galactor- 
rhcea. M. Fever, certain phenomena, 
possibly with a slight rise of temperature, 
attending the establishment of the secre- 
tion of milk. M.-leg. See Phlegmasia 
Alba Dolens. M. -plasma, the clear fluid 
in which the milk-globules float. M.- 
sickness, a disease supposably caused by 
the milk from a cow that had eaten im- 
proper food. M. Teeth, the first or tern- 



MILKERS' CRAMP 



273 



M1TOMA. 



porary teeth. M. -curdling Ferments. 
See Ferments. M.-rice Culture 

Medium. To ioo parts by weight of 
finely powdered rice add 210 parts by 
measure of a 3 to I mixture of milk and 
bouillon. Beat together and sterilize. M. 
Weed. Silk- weed. The root of Asclepias 
comuti. Properties similar to those of A. 
tuberosa. A popular cure-all in the South- 
ern States. Dose of fid. ext. TT^x-zj. 
Unof. 

Milkers' Cramp. A spasmodic contrac- 
tion of the extensors and flexors of the 
forearm in consequence of continuous ex- 
ertion in milking. 

Milliam / pere. One-thousandth of an am- 
pere, = I volt divided by 1000. 

MillianPperemeter. An ammeter for ex- 
ceedingly delicate electrical measurements. 

Milligramme. See Metric System. 

Milliliter. See Metric System. 

MiFlimeter. See Metric System. 

Millon's Reagent. Made by dissolving 
10 grammes of mercury in 20 grammes of 
nitric acid, diluting the solution with an 
equal volume of water, and decanting in 
twenty-four hours. Proteids warmed in 
contact at 70 C. yield a purple-red color. 

Mime / tic {fiifirjotQ, a mimicry). Imitating 
or resembling something else. 

MimTcism. Neuropathic imitation of 
words, gestures, etc. 

Mind. The understanding. The reason- 
ing and intellectual faculties considered as 
a whole. M. Blindness, loss of power 
of recognition of the nature of objects, 
though without loss of sight; due to cor- 
tical lesion. M. Deafness, an analogous 
fact in reference to hearing. 

Mindere'rus, Spirit of. See Ammonii 
Ac etas, Liq. 

Min / eral {jninera, a mine). Any chemi- 
cal combination containing an organic base 
found in the earth. M. Oil, petroleum. 
M. Pitch, bitumen. M. Water, water 
naturally or artificially impregnated with 
mineral salts or oxides. Owing to the great 
and increasing importance, medically and 
hygienically, of the natural spring waters 
of the United States, a classified lis't of 
the springs of the country has been pre- 
pared and inserted as an appendix. The 
general classes into which the springs are 
grouped indicate the therapeutic actions of 
the waters. Analyses of typical examples 
of each class are given in full; of the rest, 
the active ingredients are indicated by the 
chemical formulae. Alkaline and Carbon- 
ated springs are usually hot. Saline and Sul- 
18 



phur springs may be either hot or cold. 
Silicious springs are always hot. 

MineraFogy [minera, a mine, /.oyog, a 
treatise). A treatise on minerals. 

Miners' Cachexia. See Anc/iylostomiasis. 

Miners' Nystag'mus. See Nystagmus. 

Min'im (dim. of minus, little). The one- 
sixtieth of a fluid drachm, or about one 
drop. 

Mint. See Mentha Viridis. 

Mirage 7 (Fr. mirer, to look at carefully). 
An illusion caused by the reflection of 
objects against the surface at which two 
layers of air of unequal density rest, the 
lighter on the heavier. 

Mir'ror (Fr. mirer*). A term applied to 
any polished surface that reflects a large 
proportion of the light falling upon it, espe- 
cially a glass silvered on the anterior, or 
coated with a tin amalgam on the posterior 
surface. Mirrors, plane or focusing, are 
used in the ophthalmoscope, laryngoscope, 
otoscope, etc., to reflect light into the 
cavity studied, and thus illuminate it for 
observation. 

Miry / achit (Rus.). A peculiar disease 
observed in some oriental tribes, the chief 
characteristic of which consists in mimicry 
by the patient of everything said or done 
by another. The same disease is called 
Lata by the Javanese. 

Miscarriage. See Abortion. 

Mislacta / tion. See Galactia. 

Mis / tletoe. See Viscum. 

Mistu'ra (Lat). A mixture. In phar- 
macy an aqueous preparation of an insolu- 
ble substance held in suspension, usually 
by the addition of soluble gum, egg- 
emulsion, etc. There are II official mis- 
turcB. 

Mite. A term loosely applied to various 
small insects, especially to Acarus siron. 

Mitb/ridatism. That immunity from the 
effects of a poison induced by the adminis- 
tration of gradually increased doses. The 
selection of the word has reference to the 
fable concerning Mithridates, King of 
Pontus, that he became so charged with 
the poisons he experimented with, that he 
obtained an immunity from them all. 

Mitigated Stick, or Caustic. See 
Argentum. 

Mifigating (mitigo, to soften). Assuaging, 
allaying. Also, a descriptive term applied 
to anodynes. 

MitoclPysis (juirog, thread, xvmg, liquefac- 
tion). Cell-multiplication either direct or 
by mitosis. 

Mito / ma. See Cell-body. 



MITOSIS. 



274 



MOXATOMIC. 






Mito'sis (uiro^). The process of the for- 
mation of rays or star-like forms prior to 
cellular division. See Karyokinesis. 

Mi'tral Valve. See Vah 

Mixed Blood. See Mulatto. 

Mix'ture. See Mistura. 

Mnemonics [uir/ur;, the memory). The 
act of remembering. The science of the 
cultivation of the memory by systematic 
methods. 

Mobility (mobilis, movable). That prop- 
erty by which the position of a body may 
be changed. The condition of being 
movable. M. of Fractures, Abnor- 
mal, the condition of unusual motion of 
parts consequent upon fracture. 

Modio/lus. The central pillar or axis of 
the cochlea, around which the spiral canal 
takes two and one-half turns. 

Mo'dus Operandi [modus, a mode, oper- 
andus, an action). Method of the per- 
formance of an action. 

MogigraphTc {uo^tc, with difficulty, 
■}papo), to write). Difficulty or inability to 
execute writing movements. 

Mogipho'nia (uo; /c, ouvr/, voice). Loss of 
power, or difficult}' in the use of the voice. 

Mohr'enheimer's Space. The groove 
between the cephalic vein and humero- 
thoracic artery on the deltoid muscle. 

Mo'la. See Mole. 

Mo'lar Teeth. See Teeth. 

Molas / ses. See Theriaca. 

Mole (mo/a, a mass). A proliferative 
degeneration of the chorionic villi, pro- 
ducing a mass of berry -like vesicles attached 
to the placenta. Called vesicular M.. Jr. da- 
tidiform or myxomatous degeneration of 
the placenta. Also applied to a small, pig- 
mented spot of the skin. 

Molecule [mold). The smallest quantity 
into which the mass of any substance 
can be physically divided, or the smallest 
quantity that can exist in a free state. A 
molecule may be chemically separated into 
two or more atoms. The integrity and 
properties of a substance reside in its mole- 
cules. 

Molec / ular. Pertaining to molecules, or 
composed of the same. M. Weight, the 
weight of a molecule of any substance as 
compared with the weight of an atom of 
hydrogen. It is equal to the sum of the 
weights of its constituent atoms. 

Moli / men (Lat. an endeavor). Any effort 
or attempt. M., Menstrual, the men- 
strual act or function. 

Molisch's Test ifor sugar). To 5 c.c. 
of the fluid add 2 drops of a 1 7 per cent, alco- 



holic solution of a-naphthol, or a solution of 
thymol. Add I to 2 c.c. of concentrated 
sulphuric acid, and shake. The presence 
of sugar colors the a-naphthol mixture 
deep violet, the thymol deep red. 

MolTine {mollis, soft). A soap of potash 
and cocoanut oil. proposed as a basis for 
ointments. Unof. 

Mollifies [mollis). Softness. M.Ossium. 
See Osteo-malacia. 

Molluscous (mclluseum, a shell fish). 
Pertaining to the mollmca or second divi- 
sion of the animal kingdom. Also, per- 
taining to or having the nature of a mollusc. 

Mollus / cum. (Lat.) A tenn applied to 
several diseases of the skin. M. Con- 
tagiosum, Molluscum Sebaceum, Molius- 
cum Sessile, Acne Varioliforme, Molluscum 
Verrucosum. Small, sessile, gland-like 
tumors formed in the rete. The tumors 
are discrete, nearly hemispherical, opaque 
and of nearly pinkish luster. Usually con- 
fined to the face, neck, scalp and breast. 
Generally considered contagious. M. Fi- 
broma. See Fibroma. M. Pendulum. 
See Fibroma. M. Simplex. See Fi- 
broma. 

Molyb / do- (uo'/.v3Soc, lead). A prefix 
denoting reference to or connection with 
lead. In chemistry, sigriifying composition 
with the element molybdenum. 

Momentum [momen 1 a motion). Amount 
of force. Also, the quantity of potential 
energy possessed by a body in motion. It 
is estimated as the product of its weight 
expressed in units of gravity, by its velocity 
expressed in units of time. It is usually 
expressed in the formula m = zv v, and 
may be estimated in foot-pounds or kilo- 
gram meters. 

Momor'dica Bu'cha. A species of cu- 
cumber native to Brazil. It is a powerful 
drastic purgative, useful in dropsy. Unof. 

Mon- (uovoc, one). A Greek prefix de- 
noting one or single. 

Mon / ad. See Quantivalence. 

Mon'amine. See Amine. 

Mo'nas. M. Warmingii, M. Okeni, M. 
Vinosa and Rhabdomonas rosea, are prob- 
ably the vibratile cilia, from Beggiatoa, 
disconnected and free in the water. 

Monaster [uovoc, cum/p, a star). Applied 
to the stage in development of the ovum 
when a pencil of rays extends toward each 
pole of the cell. 

Monatom'ic (uovoc. atom). In chemistry, 
an atom of an element, or a radical, which 

is saturated by a single monad atom. See 
Quantivalence. 



MONELITHRIX. 



275 



MORBID. 



Monelith / rix. A form of atrophy of the 
hair characterized by a beaded appearance. 

Mon'era (povog). An order of minute, 
marine rhizopods, including some of the 
lowest forms of life. 

Mon'o- (/Ltovog). A Greek prefix signify- 
ing one or single. 

Monobrach / ius (povog, fipaxtcav, arm). 
A developmental defect consisting in ab- 
sence of one arm. 

Monocepb/alus (povog, KeipaArj, head). A 
double monstrosity consisting of a single 
head with two bodies more or less fused. 

Monochromatic (juovog, xpco/ua, a color). 
Having but one color. 

Mon / ocle (povog, ocuhis, eye). A single 
lens or eye-glass. 

Mon / oclinic (/novo?, kAlvtj, bed). Pertain- 
ing to flowers that have the male and 
female organs in a single perianth. 

Monococ/cus (povng, noniiog, grain). A 
single coccus; one not united in chains, 
etc. 

Monoc'ranus (p.ovog,Kpaviov,\\\e cranium). 
A foetal monster with a single mass of 
brain. 

Monovular (/uovog, ocuhis, an eye). A 
term applied to an optical instrument 
having but one eye-piece. Also, having 
but one eye, or pertaining to one of the 
eyes. 

Monoc / ulus (jiovog, ocuhis). In surgery, 
a bandage for covering one eye. 

Monce / cious (jiovog, oiKia, a house). 
Having male and female organs united in 
one animal. 

Monogamous (p-ovog, yapog, marriage). 
Having but one wife. In botany, flowers 
which are isolated from one another or not 
collected under a single capitulum. 

Monoge / neous (povog, yevog, race). Of 
one race or family. In botany, having but 
one surface of increase. 

Mon / ograph (povog, ypacpu), to write). A 
treatise or memoir considering a single 
subject. 

Monoloc / ular {jiovoq, /ocuhis, a cell or 
cavity). Having one cell. Unicellular. 
Also, a one-celled cystic tumor. 

Monoma / nia (fiovog, paivojiai, to rave). 
A form of mania or madness in which the 
person is insane or demented on one sub- 
ject only, being sound on all others. 

Monomaniac (povog, pavca). A person 
who is insane or irrational on one subject 
only. 

Monomphalus (povog, opxpaAog, navel). 
A double monstrosity united together with 
a common umbilicus. 



Monoplegia (povog, ixAriyq, a stroke). 

Paralysis of a single limb. 
Mon / opus. A developmental defect con- 
sisting in absence of one lower limb. 
Monor / chid. See Cryptorchid. 
Monoso / ma (povog, oopa, body). A double 
monstrosity with a single body and two 
heads. 

Mon / ospasm (fiovog, ciraoiiog). Convul- 
sion or spasm due to cortical lesion and 
affecting limited or localized areas, as the 
facial, brachial, crural, etc. 
Mon/sePs Solution. See Ferrum. 
Mon'ster. See Monstrosity. 
Monstrosity (monstrurri). A foetus or 
being with an abnormal development or 
deficiency of parts or some vice of con- 
formation. These may be compound or 
double, single or simple, according as the 
monster is composed of the malformations 
of one or more elementary organisms. M., 
Parasitic. A class of Compound M. in 
which a subsidiary part is nourished by the 
principal organism. 
M on 7 strum. See Monstrosity. 
Monthly, or Monthly Courses. A pop- 
ular designation for the monthly menstrual 
flow. 

Mons Ven / eris (Lat.). The female pubic 
eminence, bounded by the hypogastrium 
above, the labia majora below, and the 
groin upon either side. 
Montic'ulus CerebePli (Lat.). The 
small convex projection on the upper part 
of the median line of the cerebellum. 
Moon-blindness. Amblyopia caused by 
exposure of the eyes to the moon's light 
during sleep. 

Moon'seed. See Menispermum. 
Moore's Test (for sugar). Caustic potash 
or soda is added until the mixture is 
strongly alkaline, and it is then boiled. 
If sugar be present, a yellow, brown or 
brownish-black coloration is obtained. If 
nitric acid be added, the odor of burned 
sugar and formic acid is obtained. 
Mor / al (mores, manners or customs). Con- 
forming to those laws and customs neces- 
sary for the healthy and righteous develop- 
ment of the faculties. M. Insanity. See 
Insanity. 
Mor'bi. Plural of morbus. Agens 
Morbi, the cause or agent of disease. 
Ens Morbi, the being or essential quality 
of disease. 
Mor'bid (morbus, disease). Pertaining to 
i disease or a departure from health. M . 
I Anatomy, the anatomy of organs or tis- 
/ sues in a state of disease. M. States of 



MORBIDITY 



276 



:: . lution. 



Mini, a melancholic or other abnormal 
condition of the emotions that are not due 
to external causes. 

Morbid fry The quality of dis- 

ihe conditions inducing dis- 
ease. Also the statistics of the dl- e 
a community at a given period. 

Morbidity and Mortal'ity. A term ex- 
e of the stadstical relations of disease 
and the death-rate. 

Morbific \morbus t fat , to make 
ing or inducing disease. 

Morbil'li. See Rubeola. 

Mor'bus Lat.). A disease or illness. 
M. Brightii. See Brigkfs Disease, if. 
Caducus. See Epilepsy. M. Caeruleus. 
M. Coxarius. See Cox- 
M. Elephas. See Elepha 
M. Senilis, the physiological retrogression 
frequently seen in old age. M. Medico- 
rum, the mania of those who seek the 
advice of physicians for imaginary dis- 
eases. Over-much doctoring. See also 
_". i 

Mor'dant (mordeo, to take hold). A name 
given to such substances as precipitate or 
" fix " ; dye colors within the fibers of any 
texture, or to the staining reagents of bac- 
teria, 

Morgagn'i, Hy'datid of. See H\dziid. 

Morgue ^Pers. Marg, death |. A dead 
house. A place where unknown dead are 
exposed for identification. 

Mo'ria (fiupoc, fool). A form of dementia 
characterized by talkativeness and childish 
silliness . 

Mor'ibund [morior, to die). Dying. Ripe 
for dissolution. Dead. 

Mor'ioplasty uopoov, part, ttaocgu, to 
form). The same as autoplasty. 

Moroco'nium. See Asylum. 

Morodoch'ium. See Asylum. 

Morphi / na, or 

Mor'phir.e Me ztvc, god of sleep). The 
principal alkaloid of opium, to which the 
properties of that drug are chier. 
Anodyne, hypnotic, and narcotic. : _ gr. 
:>ne gr. opium of average strength. 
M. Acetas, soluble in water. Dose gr. 
- : — ; . M. Pulv. Comp.. TuLVs powder, 
contains morphia sulphate I, camphor, 
liquorice, and calcium carbonate aa, 20 parts. 
Dosegr. v-xv. M. Hydrochloras, occurs 
y crystals, soluble in water. Dose 
gr. - 2 ] — j- M. et Ipecacuanhas. Troch., 
each contains gr. ■£$ of morphine. M. 
Liq. Sulph., Magendie's solution, unof., 
contains morphine sulph. gr. xvj to each 
r. 5. DoseTt\x-xv. M. 01eatum,unof., 



contains morphine 10, oleic acid 90 parts — 
for local use. M. Sulphas, acicular crys- 
tals, soluble in hot water. Dose gr. |— |. 

Morphinism. The diseased condition 
caused by the excessive and habitual use 
of morphine. 

Morphinoma'nia (H.opoevc,fiavia, mania). 
Excessive use of morphine injections. 

Morphae'a. A synonym of circumscribed 
scleroderma. See Scleroderma and Ke- 

:.-;_'. 

Morphog'raphy (jjopoq, a form, ~}pa6u, to 
write). A descriptive treatise or history of 
natural forms. 

MorphoFogy (jwpdrj, Aojoc, a treatise). 
The science of the external form or shape 
of organisms or of their parts. 

Morpbom 'etry (uopcwy, fierpov, a measure). 
The measuring or estimation of the external 
:"::-_: 

Morpho'sis (fwppoo, to form). Any mor- 
bid formation or organic change. 

Morrh'uae Oleum. Ccd- liver Oil. The 
fixed oil from the livers of the cod-fish, 
Gadus Morrhua and other species of 
Gadus. The best and only official is pale 
yellow in color, usually obtained from 
drippings. An easily assimilated nutritive 
food, indicated in phthisis, nervous debility 
and strumous skin diseases. Black coffee 
and oil of eucalyptus are the best vehicles 
for administration. Dose 5jj— ij on a full 
stomach, or J j— ij by inunction. Glyconin 
Emulsion, contains ol. morrhuie 5 : ■'. 
glyceritum vitelli (glyconin) £ix, arom. 
spt. ammonia £j, sherry wine ^ij, dil. 
phosphoric acid giv, essence of bitter 
almond 5J to Oss. of alcohol. Lcse ~ :\ 
Morrhuol. Unof. An alcohplic extract 
of the oil containing brcmine, iodine and 
phosphorus. Alleged to have the thera- 
peutic properties of the oil. 

Mors Lat. . Cessation of life. Death. 
M. Nigris. See Plague. 

Mor'sus Diab'oli. See Fimbria. 

Mortal {mors). Perishable. Liable to 
death or dissolution. 

Mortality m;rs . The state of being 
mortal. Also, the Death-rate. M. Table. 
See Life Table. 

Mor'tar {mortarium, an urn). An urn- 
shaped vessel for containing substances 
for pulverization. It is usually of iron, 
porcelain, or agate. 

Mortifica'tion. See Gangrene. 

Mor'ton's Solution. A solution consist- 
ing of potassium iodide gr. xxx. iodine gr. 
x. glycerine 3 j, used for injection in spina 
': r. s's . 



MORTUARY 



277 



MOXOSPHYRA 



Mortuary {mortuarium, a tomb). A 
house or tomb for temporary burial. 

Mor / ula (morus, a mulberry). In embry- 
ology, the mass of cells derived from the 
cleavage and multiplication of the nucleus 
of the impregnated ovum. Called, also, 
the segmentation spheres, or the mulberry 
mass. The cells themselves, from the fact 
that all the tissues of the future embryo are 
formed from them, are called Blastomeres. 

Morgan's Disease. An ulcerative and 
necrotic disease of the fingers, with anaes- 
thesia, and extending to the hand, arm, and 
even the head. The feet may be impli- 
cated. 

Morve. See Equinia. 

Mos / chus. Musk. The dried secretion 
obtained from the follicles of the prepuce 
of the musk deer, M. Moschiferous. Al- 
ways liable to adulteration, but the Chinese 
musk is considered the best. A diffusible 
stimulant acting on the nervous centres. 
Used with advantage in the collapse of 
typhoid fever and pneumonia. Used 
chiefly as a perfume, the odor being 
somewhat aphrodisiac. Dose gr. ij— x. 
M. Tinct. 10 per cent, in strength. 
Dose 5Jss. 

Mosqui / to. See Culex. 

Mother. A female parent. Also, any 
nidus producing certain lower forms of 
life, especially algae. Also, any residue 
contained in a solution, as M . Liquor ; see 
M. Water. M. Nucleus, see Karyokin- 
esis. M. Water, the remaining solution 
of salts and other substances that fail to 
crystallize after the spontaneously crystal- 
lizable salts have been removed. M. of 
Vinegar, the filaments of Mycoderma 
aceti found in vinegar, so called because, 
when introduced into a saccharine solution, 
it converts the same into vinegar. 

Mother's Mark. See Angeioma 

Motherwort. The herb Leonurus cardi- 
aca. Emmenagogue, nervine, and anti- 
spasmodic. A popular remedy in amenor- 
rhoea and hysteria. Dose of fld. ext. 
gss-ij. Unof. 

Mo / tion {jnoveo, to move). Continuous 
change of position. Also, an evacuation 
of the bowels. M., Involuntary, a 
movement of an organ or part which is not 
an act of volition. M., Voluntary, any 
change of position of an organ or part due 
to an act of will. 

Mo 7 tor {moved). A mover. A term applied 
to various muscles and to a class of nerves. 
M. Centers, see Center. M. Nerves, 
those efferent nerves that induce muscular 



contraction and relaxation. M. Oculi, see 
Nerve. M. Vaso-, see Vaso- Motor. 

Moto / res Oculo / rum. See lYerve, Motor 
Oculi. 

Moto'rial End-plates. A name given 
by Kuhne to the form of termination of 
motor nerve filaments in minute discs. 

Mouches Volantes. See Muscce Voli- 
tantes. 

Mould. See Fungus. 

Mound / ing. The rising in a lump of 
muscle-fibers when struck by a slight firm 
blow. It is observed in the thin and feeble, 
and in certain diseases, as late ataxia. 

Mountain-climbing. See Terrain-cure. 

Mountain Laurel. See Kalmia. 

Mountain Sickness. See Marea. 

Mounting Fluids. Viscid solutions for 
mounting section-cuttings of microscopic 
specimens. Camphor, iodine, glycerine 
jelly, Canada balsam, gum dammar, glycer- 
ine, turpentine, etc., are used; but Farrant's 
Solution, as modified by Hamilton, is highly 
commended : Make a saturated solution of 
arsenious acid in distilled water by boiling. 
Let it stand for twenty-four hours, and 
filter. Mix equal quantities of this, glycer- 
ine and water, and add picked gum acacia 
to make a syrupy liquid. Filter. 

Mouth. The superior terminus of the ali- 
mentary canal. The oval-shaped cavity in 
which mastication takes place. 

Mouvements de Manege. A form of 
forced movement where the animal runs 
about in a circle. 

Movement. A motion or action. M., 
Acquired, those acquired after much 
practice and the exercise of voluntary con- 
trol. M., Forced, unsymmetrical move- 
ments of the body from unilateral injury 
of the motor centers or the conducting 
paths, as in the following: Index M., 
when the anterior part of the body is 
moved about the stationary posterior part. 
Rolling M., when the animal rolls on its 
long axis. M. Cure. See Kinesipathy. 

Mower's Mite. See Leptus Autumnalis. 

Mox / a. A term used to designate com- 
bustible organic matter which, by burning 
in contact with the skin produces deep- 
seated cautery. The Chinese moxa con- 
sists of bundles of Artemesia. In modern 
surgery, rolls of cotton half an inch in di- 
ameter, impregnated with nitre ^ j to 3 viij 
are used. Unof. M. Bearer, or Porte- 
Moxa, an instrument for applying the 
above. 

Moxosphy'ra {moxa, o<j>vpa, a hammer). 
A hammer heated in boiling water and ap- 



MUCEDIX 



278 



MULTIPAROUS 



plied to the skin for purposes of counter- 
irritation. 

Muce'din. See Gluten. 

Mu / cigin. A substance found in goblet- 
cells, which, upon the addition of water, 
yields mucus. 

MiFcilage. See Mucilago. 

Mucilaginous. Pertaining to mucilage 
or gum. 

Mucilago. (Lat.) A mucilage. In phar- 
macy, a thick, viscid liquid found by ex- 
tracting the soluble mucilaginous principles 
of certain plants in water. There are 5 
unofficial mucilagines. 

Mu'cin. An albuminoid tissue, the char- 
acteristic substance in mucus, occurring 
also in saliva, bile, mucous tissue, synovia, 
etc. Decomposed it yields leucin and 
tyrosin. 

Mu / cocele (mucus, ktj^j}, tumor). A mucus 
tumor or distention of the lachrymal sac. 

Mu'coid. Resembling mucus. 

Muco-pu / rulent (juvga, sap, rrvpog, putre- 
fying). In the condition of secreting 
mucus mingled with pus. 

Mu/cor. One of the polymorphic forms of 
Penicilliwn, a mould-fungus growing on 
many substances, but chiefly on articles 
of food, excreta, etc. Like Eurotium, 
Aspergillus, etc., this fungus is not consid- 
ered the specific cause of diseased condi- 
tions of the mucous passages, though in 
cases of bronchiectasis vomicae, pulmonary 
gangrene, etc., it produces hyphse condiae 
and sometimes condiophores. 

Mu'cosine. An albuminoid substance 
derived from mucus, — isomerous with 
keratine. 

Mu / cous (fivfja). Containing or having 
the nature of mucus. A term applied to 
those tissues that secrete mucus. M. 
Membrane. See Membrane. 

Mu / cus (uvga). The viscid liquid secre- 
tion of the mucous membrane, composed 
essentially of mucosine holding in suspen- 
sion desquamated epithelial cells, leuco- 
cytes, etc. 

Mug / wort. The leaves and tops of 
Aj-temisia vulgaris. Therapeutical prop- 
erties similar to those of wormwood. See 
Absinthium. Dose of fid. ext. rrvxx-^j. 
Unof. 

Mulatto (Sp. muleto, dim. of mule, a 
mule). The offspring of a negro mother 
and a white father, or of a white mother 
and negro father. The term is also loosely 
used of other and all degrees of intermix- 
ture. According to the classification adopted 
and recognized in the French slave-colonies, 



the people of color were supposed to repre- 
sent a whole of 128 parts white and 128 
parts black. Xine different varieties of 
mixed race were recognized ; but between 
each of these existed a vast number of in- 
termediate shades and interblendings for 
which no classification was attempted, or 
could be made, even in theory : — 



Parts. 



1. The sacratra, nearest of 

all to the pure negro type, 
may be the result of 5 
combinations, and may 
have 

2. The griffe, result of 5 

comb 

3. The capre, or marabou, 

result of 5 comb 

4. The mulatre (mulatto), re- 

sult of 12 comb 

5. The quart eron (quadroon), 

result of 20 comb 

6. The metis, result of 6 comb. 

7. The mamelouc, result of 5 

comb j 116-120 

8. The quarteronne, result of 

4 comb 122-124 

9. Thesa7i£--me/e (lit. "mixed 

blood "), the result of 4 

comb. 125-127 



White. Black. 



8- 16 

21- 32 
40- 48 

7I-.76 

1 04-1 1 2 



96-104 
80- 88 

58- 72 

32- 57 
16- 24 

8- 12 

4- 6 



Mulberry CaFculus. See Calculus. 

MuFberry Mass. See Morula. 

MuFder's Test. See Neubauefs Test. 

MuFlein. See Verbascum. 

Muller's Duct. See Reproductive Orgatis. 

Muller's Fluid. For hardening tissue 
specimens : Potassic bichromate grm. 45 ; 
Sodic sulphate grm. 20; Water 2 liters. 

Muller's Ring. The internal os uteri, the 
upper limit of the cervical canal. 

Muller's Ring Muscle. Certain fibers 
of the ciliary muscle lying near the ciliary 
border, abnormally developed in hyper- 
opia. 

MuFti- (pi. oi multus, much). A Latin pre- 
fix signifying many. 

MuFtifid. See Muscle, Multijidus Spince. 

MultigravTda (multus, many, gravidus, 
pregnant) . A woman who has been preg- 
nant several times. 

Multilobular [multus, lobus, a lobe). 
Many lobed. 

Multilobular {multus, loculus). Many- 
celled. 

Multipara (multus, pa rire, to bring forth V 
One bearing several offspring at a birth. 
Also, applied to one who has borne several 
children. See Pregnancy, Multiple. 

Multip / arous. Referring to a multipara. 



MULTIPLE NEURITIS 



279 



MUSCULAR 



Multiple Neuritis. A disease in which 
many nerves are attacked by inflammation 
at the same time. Beri-beri is commonly 
regarded as an endemic multiple neuritis. 
Multiple neuritis may be spontaneous, 
or without assignable cause ; toxic, due 
to alcohol and chronic poisoning ; infec- 
tious, or complicated with other diseases ; 
epidemic or endemic. The symptoms are 
pain, tenderness of nerves and muscles, 
anaesthesia, motor-paralysis, spasms, 
cramps, vaso-motor changes, etc. 

Multiplica / tor, or Multiplier. An in- 
strument for detection of an electric cur- 
rent and for measuring its strength. 

Multipolar (multus, pokes, a pole). Hav- 
ing more than two poles. Also, nerve 
cells having more than two processes. 

Multiv / orous (multus, voro, to devour). 
Voracious. 

Mummifica / tion. See Gangrene, Dry. 

Mum/my (mumia). An embalmed body, 
especially a body embalmed after the 
Egyptian process. 

Mumps. See Parotitis. 

Munro's Foramen. See Foramen. 

Murex / ide Test. A test for the presence 
of uric acid. The suspected substance is 
moistened by nitric acid, evaporated to 
dryness, and again moistened with ammo- 
nium hydrate. The residue, after evapo- 
ration, has a yellow or pink-yellow color, 
if uric acid be pres'ent, which turns to a 
rich purple-red on the addition of ammo- 
nium hydrate. 

Muriat / ic [muria, brine). Pertaining to 
sea-salt. Also, the common name for 
hydrochloric. See Acid, Hydrochloric. 

Mur'mur. A mimetic name for the rhyth- 
mic sounds observed in auscultation, made 
by the friction of moving currents in the 
organs of respiration and circulation. See 
Bruit. M., Arterial, the sound made by 
the arterial current. M., Cardiac, those 
sounds, diastolic or systolic, produced in 
health or disease by the muscular actions 
of the heart and the passage of the blood 
through the same. M., Haemic, the 
sounds due to changes in the quality or 
amount of the blood itself, and not to 
changes in the vessels or valves. M., 
Respiratory, the normal or abnormal 
sounds of the passage of the air through 
the bronchi and lung tissue during inspira- 
tion and expiration. M., Uterine. See 
Souffle. M., Venous. See Bruit de 
diable. 

Mus / cae Volitan'tes (Lat. same; Fr. 
Mouches volantes). Floating spots or im- 



perfections in the field of vision, due to 
shadows of vitreous cells. 

Mus'ca Hispanio'la. See Cantharis. 

Mus / cardine. A disease of silkworms, 
due to the mycelial fungus Botrytis bassi- 
ana. 

Muscarine. A ptomaine, the well-known 
toxic principle obtained by Schmiedeberg 
from poisonous mushrooms (Agaricus mus- 
carius), and, later, obtained by Brieger 
from haddock after five days' decomposi- 
tion. Very small doses of this ptomaine 
produce in rabbits profuse salivation and 
lachrymation, contraction of pupil, profuse 
diarrhoea, and passing of urine and semen, 
and, finally, convulsions and death. Mus- 
carine belongs to the Choline group, and, 
like that of the other ptomaines of that 
group, its action may be antagonized by 
subsequent injection of atropine. 

Mus'cle (Afusculus). Organic tissues pos- 
sessing contractile power under nervous or 
other stimulus; they provide the means 
of movement in animals, and are of two 
kinds, the striped and smooth, the first be- 
ing voluntary, the second not directly sub- 
ject to the will. M. of Animal Life, 
Striped or Voluntary M., those under 
the control of the will ; they are composed 
of fasciculi of fibers enclosed in a delicate 
tissue called internal perimysium. M. of 
Organic Life, Unstriped or Involun- 
tary M., those composed of spindle- 
shaped, contractile fibers and nucleated cells 
collected in bundles. A table arranged 
alphabetically is appended, showing the 
principal muscles of the human body, with 
their origin, insertion, innervation and func- 
tion. (See pp. 280-290.) M. -plasma, 
the liquid obtained from fresh muscle by 
expression, preferably after freezing. Its 
coagulation is the essential condition of 
rigor mortis, and is comparable to the coagu- 
lation of blood. The solid proteid thus 
separated is called myosin. Two of its pro- 
teids, paramyosinogen and myosinogen go 
to form the clot, while the other three, myo- 
globulin, albumin and myoalbuminose re- 
main in the muscle serum. M. -serum, 
the liquid residue left after the separation 
of the clot by coagulation of muscle-plasma. 
See Muscle-plasma. 

Mus / cular. Pertaining to a muscle or to 
muscles. M. Fiber, the fibers, each 
sheathed in a delicate membrane, which 
compose the mass of muscular tissue. It 
consists of two varieties, striped and 
unstriped, the latter being associated 
with involuntary, the former with vol- 



TABLE OF MUSCLES (arranged alphabetically). 



Name. 



Origin. 



Insertion. 



Innervation. 



Function. 



Abductor miuimi Pisiform bone. First phalanx little Ulnar. 

digiti. finger. 



Abductor of littli 
finger. 



Abductor minimi Outer tuberos., os First phalanx little Ext. p'antar. 
digiti. calcis and plantar toe. 

fascia. 



Abducts little toe. 



Abductor polli- Trapezium, 
cis. 



First phalanx of Median, 
thumb. 



Draws thumb from 
median line 



Abductor polli- Inner tuberos., os 
cis. calcis. 



Accelerator uri- Central tendon of 
nae. j perinaeum and me- 

j dian raphe. 



Adductor brevis. Ramus of pubes. 



First phalanx great Int plantar, 
toe. 



Abducts great toe. 



Bulb, spongy a n d Perinseal. 
cavernous part of 
penis. 



Ejects urine. 



Upper part linea as- Obturator, 
pera of femur. 



Adducts and flexes 
thigh. 



Adductor longus. Front of pubes. Middle of linea as- Obturator. Adducts and flexes 

pera of femur. thigh. 

Adductor mag- Rami of pubes and All linea aspera of Obturator and great Adducts thigh and 
nus. ischium. femur. sciatic. rotates it out- 

ward. 



Adductor polli- 3d metacarpal. First phalanx of Ulnar, 

cis. ! thumb. 



Draws thumb to 
median line. 



Adductor polli- Tarsal ends 3 mid- Base first phalanx Ext. plantar, 
cis. 1 die metatarsal. of great toe. 



Adducts great toe. 



Anconeus. 



Back of ext. condyle 
of humerus. 



Aryteno- epiglot- 
tideus inferior. 



Arytenoid (anteri- 
orly). 



Olecranon and shaft Musculo-spiral. Extends forearm. 

of ulna.. 



Epiglottis. 



Recurrent 1 a r y n- Compresses saccule 
geal. . of larynx. 



Aryteno- epiglot-j Apex of arytenoid. Aryteno- epi g lot- Recurrent lar yn- Constricts aperture 
tideus superior. tidean folds. geal. : of larynx. 



Arvtenoideus. 



Post, and outer bor- Back of other aryte- 
der of one aryte-! noid 
noid. 



?up. and recurrent Closes back part of 
laryngeal. glottis. 



Attollens aurem. Occipito-frontalis Pinna. 
I aponeurosis. 



Branch cerv ical Elevates pinna, 
plexus. 



Attrahens aurem Lateral cranial apo- Helix, 
neurosis. 



Facial. 



Advances pinna. 



Azygos uvulae. Post, nasal spine Uvula. 
I of palate bone. 



Facial through Raises uvula, 
spheno -palatine: 
ganglion. 



Biceps (2 heads). 1. Long — Glenoid T u b e r o s i ty of 
cavity. 2. Short — radius. 
Coracoid process. 



Musculo-cutane- Flexes and supi 
ous. nates forearm. 



Biceps {2 heads). 1. Ischial tuberos- Head of fibula, 
ity. 2. Linea as- 
pera. 



Great sciatic. 



Flexes and rotates 
leg outward. 



Bi venter cervi- Transv. processes, Sup. curved line of: 
cis. 2-4 upper dorsal. I occipital. 



Portion of com- Retracts and ro- 
plexus. tates head. 



Brachialis an ti- Lower half shaft Coronoid proc. of 
cus. of humerus. ulna. 



Musculo-cutane- Flexes forearm. 
ous, musculo-spi- 
ral. 



280 



TABLE OF MUSCLES (ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY).— Continued. 


Name. 


Origin. 


Insertion. 


Innervation. 


Function. 


Buccinator. 


Alveolar process of 
maxillary bones 
and pterygo-max- 
illary ligament. 


Orbicularis oris. 


Facial. 


Compresses cheeks 


Cervicalis ascen- 
dens. 


Angles of 5 upper 
ribs. 


Tra n s v e r s e pro- 
cesses of 4th, 5th 
and 6th cervical. 


Branches of cervi- 
cal. 


Keeps neck erect. 


Coccygeus. 


Ischial spine. 


Coccyx. 


Sacral 


Supports coccyx, 
and closes pelvic 
outlet. 


Complexus. 


Transv. process 7th 
cervical and 3 up- 
per dorsal, and 
artic. processes of 
4th to 6th cervical. 


Occipital bone. 


Sub-occipital, great 
occipital, and 
branches of cervi- 
cal. 


Retracts and ro- 
tates head. 


Compressor na- 
ris. 


Sup. maxillary. 


Fellow muscle. 


Facial. 


Dilates nostril. 


Compressor na- 
rium minor. 


Alar cartilage. 


Skin at end of nose. 


Facial. 


Dilates nostril. 


Compressor ure- 
thras. 


Ramus of pubes. 


Fellow muscle. 


Perinaeal. 


Compresses ure- 
thra. 


Crico- arytenoi- 
deus lateralis. 


Side of cricoid. 


Angle and ext. sur- 
face of arytenoid. 


Recurrent laryn- 
geal. 


Closes glottis. 


Crico - arytenoi- 
deus posticus. 


Back of cricoid. 


Base of arytenoid. 


Recurrent laryn- 
geal. 


Opens glottis. 


Crico-thyroid. 


Cricoid cartilage. 


Thyroid cartilage 
(lower inner bor- 
der). 


Sup. laryngeal. 


Tenses vocal cords. 


Constrictor (in- 
ferior). 


Cricoid and thyroid 
cartilages. 


Pharyngeal raphe. 


Glosso- pharyngeal, 
pharyngeal plexus 
and external laryn- 
geal. 


Contracts pharyn- 
geal caliber. 


Constrictor (mid- 
dle). 


Cornua of hyoid 
and stylo-hyoid 
ligament. 


Pharyngeal raphe. 


Glosso - pharyngeal 
and glosso-p ha- 
ryngeal plexus. 


Contracts pharyn- 
geal caliber. 


Constrictor (su- 
perior). 


Int. pterygoid plate, 
pterygo-max, lig., 
jaw and side of 
tongue. 


Pharyngeal raphe. 


Glosso -pharyngeal 
and pharyngeal 
plexus. 


Contracts caliber of 
pharynx. 


Coraco - brachi- 
alis. 


Coracoid process 
of scapula. 


Inside shaft of hu- 
merus. 


Musculo-cutaneous 


Draws arm forward 
and inward. 


Corrugator su- 
percilii. 


Superciliary ridge. 


Orbicularis palpe- 
brarum. 


Facial. 


Draws eyebrow 
down and in. 


Crureus. 


See Vastus Interims 








Deltoid. 


Clavicle, acromion 
and spine of scapu- 1 
la. 


Shaft of humerus. 


Sub-scapular. 


Rotates humerus 
inward. 


Depressor anguli 
oris. 


Ext. obi. line inf. Angle of mouth, 
maxillary. 


Facial. 


Depresses angle of 
mouth. 


Depressor alas 
nasi. 


Incisive fossa sup. Septum and ala of 
maxillary. 1 nose. 


Facial. 


Contracts nostril. 



281 



TABLE OF MUSCLES (ARRANGED AIJ»HABETICALLY).— Continued. 



Name. 



Origin. 



Insertion. Innervation. 



Function. 



Depressor labii Ext. obi. inf. max- Lower lip. 
inferioris. illarv. 



Facial. 



Diaphragm. 



Ensiform cart., 6 or Central tendon. Phrenic. 
l 7 lower ribs, liga- 

menta arcuata , : 

bodies of lumbar 

verteb. 



Digastric (ante- Inner surface inf. Hyoid bone, 
rior belly)- m axi 1 1 ary , near 

symphysis. 



Inf. dental. 



Digastric (poste- Digastric groove of Hyoid bone, 
rior belly). mastoid process, i 



Facial. 



Dilator naris an- Alar cartilage, 
terior. 



Border of ala. 



Facial. 



Dilator naris Nasal notch sup. Skin at margin of Facial, 
posterior. maxillary. nostril. 



Depresses lip. 



Respiration and ex- 
pulsion. 



Elevates hyoid and 
tongue. 



Elevates hyoid and 
tongue. 



Dilates nostril. 



Dilates nostril. 



Dorsal interos- Sides metacarpal. Bases of phalanges. Ulnar, 
sei, 4. 



Dorsal interos- Sides metatarsals. Base 1st phalanx Ext. plantar, 
sei. corresponding toe. 



Abduct fingers from 
median line. 



Abduct toes. 



Erector penis. Ischial tuberosity, Crus penis, 
crus penis and pu- 
bic ramus. 



Perinaeal. 



To maintain erec- 
tion. 



Erector spinae. Iliac crest, back of Divides into sacro-lumbalis and longissimus dorsi. 
sacrum, lumbar 
and three lower 
dorsal spines. 



Extensor brevis Os calcis, external- 1st phalanx great Ant. tibial, 
digitorum. ly. toe and tendons of 

extensor longus. 



Extends toes. 



Extensor carpi Ext. condyloid Base 3d metacarpal. Post, interosseus. 
radialis brevior. ridge of humerus. 



Extends wrist. 



Extensor carpi Lower % ext. con- Base 2d metacarpal Muscuio-spiral. 
radialis longior. dyloid ridge of hu- 



Extends wrist. 



Extensor carpi Ext. condyle of hu- Base 5th metacar- Post, interosseus. Extends wrist. 



ulnaris. | merus. 



pal. 



Extensor coccy- 
gis. 



Last bone of sacrum Lower part of coc- Sacral branches, 
or first of coccyx. cyx. 



Extends coccvx. 



Extensor com- 
munis digito- 
rum. 



Exter. condyle of All 2d and 3d pha- Post, interosseus. 
humerus. langes. 



Extends fingers. 



Extensor indicis. Back of ulna. 



2d and 3d phalanges Post, interosseus. 
index. 



Extends index. 



Extensor longus Outer tuberosity of 2d and 3d phalanges Ant. tibial, 
digitorum. tibia and shaft of of toes, 

fibula. 



Extends toes. 



Extensor minimi 
digiti. 



External condyle of 2d and 3d phalanges Post, interosseus. 
humerus. little finger. 



Extensor primi Back of radius, 
internodii pol- 
licis. 



Base 1st phalanx of Post, interosseus. 
thumb. 



Extensor of little 
finger. 

Extends thumb. 



283 



TABLE OF MUSCLES (ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY).— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Insertion. 


Innervation. 


Function. 


Extensor ossis Back of radius and 
metacarpi pol-l ulna, 
licis. 


Base of metacarpal 
of thumb. 


Post, interosseus. 


Extends thumb. 


Extensor pro- 
priuspollicis. 


Middle of fibula. 


Base last phalanx 
great toe. 


Ant. tibial. 


Extends toe. 


Extensor secun- 
di inter no dii 
pollicis. 


Back of ulna. 


Base last phalanx 
of thumb. 


Post, interosseus. 


Extends thumb. 


Flexor accesori- 
us {2 heads). 


1. Inner; 2. Outer 
surface os calcis. 


Tendon flexor lon- 
gus digit. 


Ext. plantar. 


Accessory flexor of 
toes. 


Flexor b r e v i s 
digitorum. 


Inner tuberos. os 
calcis and plantar 
fascia. 


2d phalanges lesser 
toes. 


Int. plantar. 


Flexes lesser toes. 


Flexor brevis 
pollicis. 


Trapezium, trape- 
zoid, os magnum, 
base of 3d metacar- 
pal. 


Base 1st phalanx of 
thumb. 


Median and ulnar. 


Flexes thumb. 


Flexor brevis 
minimi digiti. 


Unciform bone. 


1st phalanx of little 
finger. 


Ulnar. 


Flexes little finger. 


Flexor brevis 
minimi digiti. 


Base 5th metatar- 
sal. 


Base 1st phalanx of 
little toe. 


Ext. plantar. 


Flexes little toe. 


Flexor brevis 
pollicis. 


Cuboid and ext. cu- 
neiform bones. 


1st phalanx of great 
toe. 


Int. plantar. 


Flexes great toe. 


Flexor carpi ra- 
dialis. 


Internal condyle. 


Metacarpal bone of 
index. 


Median. 


Flexes wrist. 


Flexor carpi ul- 
naris {2 heads). 


1. Inter, condyle. 
2. Olecranon and 
ulna 


5th metacarpal 
annular lig. and 
pisiform bone. 


Ulnar. 


Flexes wrist. 


Flexor 1 n g u s 
digitorum. 


Shaft, of tibia. 


Last phalanges of 
toes. 


Post, tibial. 


Flexes phalanges 
and extends toes. 


Flexor longus 
pollicis. 


Shaft of radius. 


Last phalanx of 
thumb. 


Ant. interosseus. 


Flexes the phalanx. 


Flexor longus 
pollicis. 


Lower % shaft 
fibula. 


Last phalanx of 
great toe. 


Post, tibial. 


Flexes great toe. 


Flexor profun- 
dus digitorum. 


Shaft of ulna. 


Last phalanges by 
4 tendons. 


Ulnar and ant. in- 
terosseus. 


Flexes the pha- 
langes. 


Flexor sublimis 
digitorum (j 

heads). 


1. Inner condyle. 
2. Coronoid pro- 
cess. 3. Oblique 
line of radius. 


2d phalanges by 4 
tendons. 


Median. 


Flexes 2d pha- 
langes. 


Gastrocnemius (2 
heads). 


Condyle of femur. 


Os calcis by tendo 
Achillis. 


Int. popliteal. 


Extends foot. 


Gemellus infe- 
rior. 


Tuberosity of ischi- 
um. 


Great trochanter. 


Sacral. 


Ext. rotator of 
thigh. 


Gemellus supe- 
rior. 


Ischial spine. 


Great trochanter. 


Sacral. 


Ext. rotator of 
thigh. 


Genio-hyoid. 


Inf. genial tuber- 
cle of inf. maxil- 
lary. 


Body of hyoid. 


Hypo-glossal. 


Elevates and ad- 
vances hyoid. 



283 



TABLE OF MUSCLES (ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY).— Continued. 



Name. 



ORIGIN. 



Insertion 



Innervation. 



Function. 



Genio-hyo-glos- 
sus. 



Gluteus maxi 
mus. 



Gluteus medius. 



Gluteus mini 
mus. 



Sup. genial tuber- 
cle of inf. maxil- 
lary. 



Hyoid and bottom 
of tongue. 



Sup. curved iliac 
line and crest, sac- 
rum and coccvx. 



Ilium between sup. 
and mid. curved 
lines. 



Gracilis. 



Hyo-glossus. 



Ilium between mid. 
and inf. curved 
lines. 



Rami of pubes and 
ischium. 



Cornua of hvoid. 



Fascia, and femur 
below great tro- 
chanter. 



Hypoglossal. 



Inf. gluteal and sac- 
ral plexus. 



Retracts and pro- 
trudes tongue. 



Extends, abducts, 
and rotates thigh 
outward. 



Oblique line great Sup. gluteal, 
trochanter. 



Rotates, abducts, 
and advances 

thigh. 



Great trochanter. jSup. gluteal. 



Rotates, abducts, 
! and draws thigh 
[ forward. 



Tibia, upper and in-: Obturator, 
ner part. 



Side of tongue. Hypoglossal. 



Flexes and abducts 
leg. 



Depresses side of 
tongue. 



Iliacus. 



illiac fossa, crest, Lesser trochanter. I Ant. crural. 

i base of sacrum. 



I Flexes and rotates 
, femur outward. 



Infracostals, 10. 



• Inner surface ofjnner surface of : Intercostal. 
j ribs. 2 or 3 ribs below. I 



Inspiration. 



Infra-spinatus. i Infra-spin ous 



fossa. Great tuberosity of Supra-scapular. 
i humerus. 



Rotates humerus 
I outward. 



Intercostals, ex- 
ternal, n. 



Intercostals, in- 
ternal, 12. 



Inter-spinales. 



Inter- transver- 
sales. 



Latissimus dorsi. 



Outer lip of inf.Sup. border of ribs Intercostal, 
costal border. above. 



Raise ribs in inspi- 
ration. 



Inner lip of inf. Sup. border of ribs Intercostal, 
costal border. I below. 



Depress ribs in ex- 
piration. 



Between spines of contiguous vertebrae. 



Between transv. proc. of contiguous vertebrae. 



Spines of 6 lower Bicipital groove of Subscapular, 
dorsal and lumbar humerus, 
and sacral verte-| 
brae, crest of ileum, 
and 3 or 4 lower 
ribs. 



Draws arm back- 
ward and down- 
ward. 



Laxator tympani 
major. 



Spinous process Neck of malleus, 
sphenoid and! 
tube. 



: Facial. 



Relaxes membrana 
tympani. 



Levator a n g u 1 i 
oris. 

Levator anguli 
scapulae. 



Canine fossa sup. Angle of mouth, 
maxillary. 



Facial. 



Elevates angle of 
mouth. 



Transverse pro- Post, border of sea- 5th cervical and Elevates upper 
cesses of 4 upper pula. cervical plexus. angle of scapula, 

cervical. 



Levatores costa- 
rum, 12 



Trans, proc. of dor- Each to the rib Intercostal. 
I sal vertebrae. J below. 



Raise ribs. 



Levator ani. 



Levator labi 
inferioris. 



Post, body and Rectum, c occyx, Sacral and perineal. 

I ramus of pubes, and fibrous raphe, 
pelvic fascia, ischi- 
al spine. 

Incisive fossa inf. Skin of lower lip. Facial. 
maxillary. 



Supports rectum 
vagina, etc. 



Elevates lower lip. 



284 



TABLE OF MUSCLES (ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY.— Continued. 


Name. 


Origin. 


Insertion. 


Innervation. 


Function. 


Levator labii 
superioris. 


Lower margin of 
orbit. 


Upper lip. 


Facial. 


Elevates lip. 


Levator labii su- 
perioris alaeque 
nasi. 


Nasal process sup. 
maxillary. 


Alar cartilage and 
upper lip. 


Facial. 


Elevates lip, dilates 
nostril. 


Levator palati. 


Petrous portion of 
temple. 


Soft palate. 


Spheno-palatine 
ganglia (.facial). 


Elevates soft pal- 
ate. 


Levator palpe- 
bral sup. 


Lesser wing of 

sphenoid. 


Upper tarsal carti- 
lage. 


Third. 


Lifts upper lid. 


Lingualis. 


Under surface of 
tongue. 




Chorda tympani. 


Elevates center of 
tongue. 


Longissimus 
dorsi. 


Erector spinae. 


Transverse pro- 
cesses of lumbar 
and dorsal 7-11 
ribs. 


Branches of lumbar 
and dorsal. 


Erects spine and 
bends trunk back- 
ward. 


Longus colli : — 
i. Superior ob- 
lique portion. 

2. Inferior ob- 
lique portion. 

3. Vertical por- 
tion. 


Transverse pro- 
cesses 3d~5th cer- 
vical. 

Bodies of ist-3d 
dorsal. 

Bodies of 3 dorsal 
and 3 cervical. 


Anterior tubercle 
of atlas. 

Transverse pro- 
cesses 5th-6th cer- 
vical. 

Bodies of 2d-4th 
cervical. 


Lower cervical. 


Flexes cervical ver- 
tebrae. 


Lumbricales, 4. 


Tendons of deep 
flexor. 


Tendons of com- 
mon extensor. 


Median and ulnar. 


Flex 1st phalanges 


Lumbricales, 4. 


Tendons flexor 
longus. 


Second phalanges 
lesser toes. 


Int. and ext. plan- 
tar. 


Accessory flexors. 


Masseter. 


Zygomatic arch. 


Angle and ramus 
of jaw. 


Inf. maxillary. 


Muscle of masti- 
cation, molar 
teeth. 


Multifidus spi- 
nas. 


Sacrum, iliac 
spine, artic. proc. 
lumbar and cer- 
vical verteb., and 
transverse proc. 
of dorsal. 


Laminae and spines 
next 4 vertebrae 
above. 


Post, spinal branch- 
es. 


Erects and rotates 
spinal column. 


Musculus acces- 
sorius ad sacro- 
lumbalem. 


Angles of 6 lower 
ribs. 


Angles of 6 upper 
ribs. 


Branches of dorsal. 


Erects spine and 
bends trunk back- 
ward. 


Mylo-hyoid. 


Mylo-hyoid ridge 
of inf. maxillary. 


Body of hyoid and 
raphe. 


Inf. dental. 


Elevates and ad- 
vances hyoid. 
Forms floor f 
mouth. 


Obliquus capitis, 
inferior. 


Spinous proc. atlas. 


Trans, proc. same. 


Sub. and great 
occipital. 


Rotates atlas and 
cranium. 


Obliquus capitis, 
superior. 


Trans, proc. atlas. 


Occipital bone. 


Sub. and great 
occipital. 


Draws head back- 
ward. 


Obliquus exter- 
nus. 


8 lower ribs. 


Middle line, iliac 
crest Pouparts 
ligament. 


Intercostal ilio- 
hypogastric, ilio- 
inguinal. 


Compresses viscera 
and flexes thorax. 


Obliquus, in fe- 
rior. 


Orbital plate sup. 
maxillary. 


Sclerotic. 


Third. 


Rotates eyeball up 
and out. 



285 



TABLE OF MUSCLES (ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY).— Continued. 



Name. 



Origin. 



Insertion. 



Innervation. 



Function. 



Obliquus inter- Lumbar fascia, iliac Four lower ribs, Intercostal, i 1 i o 
nus. crest, Poupart's linea alba, pubic hypogastric, ilio- 

ligament. crest, pec t i n ea 1 inguinal. 

line. 



Compresses viscera 
and flexes thorax. 



Obliquus s u p e- Above optic fora- 
rior. men, through pul- 

lev. 



Sclerotic. 



Fourth. 



Rotates eyeball 
I down and out. 



Obturator inter- Obturator foramen 
nus. and membrane. 



Great trochanter. Sacral. 



Obturator exter- Obturator foramen 
nus. and membrane. 



Digital fossa, base Obturator, 
of great trochan- 
ter. 



Occipito- front- Sup. curved 1 in e Aponeurosis. 
I of occiput and 
angular process of 
I frontal. 



alis. 



Omo-hyoid. 



i Upper border of 
I scapula. 



Ext. rotator of 
thigh. 



Ext. rotator of 
thigh. 



Body of hyoid. 



Opponens mini- Unciform bone. 5th metacarpal. 
mi digiti. 



Post, auricular, Moves scalp. Facial 
small occi p it al, expression, 
facial. 



Descendens a n d Depresses and re- 
communicans tracts hyoid. 
noni. 



Ulnar. 



I Flexes little finger. 



Trapezium. 



Opponens polli 
cis. 



Orbicularis oris. Nasal septum and 

I canine fossa of 

inf. maxillary, 

( by accessory fibers 



Metacarpal of 
thumb. 



Median. 



Flexes thumb. 



Forms lips and 
sphincter of mouth 



Facial. 



Closes mouth. 



Orbicularis pal- 
pebrarum. 



Internal margin of 
orbit. 



Outer margin of 
orbit. 



Facial. 



Palato-glossus. Soft palate. 



Closes evelids. 



Side and dorsum of 
tongue. 



Spheno-palatinelC on strict s the 



ganglion. 



Palato-p haryn 
geus. 



Palmaris inter- 
ossei. 



Soft palate. 



Thyroid c a r t i 
lage and p h a 
rynx. 



Spheno-pal a t in e 
ganglion. 



Palmaris brevis. 



Palmar surfaces 2d, 
4th and 5th meta- 
carpals. 



Bases of ist phalan- 
ges of correspond- 
ing fingers. 



Ulnar. 



Annular ligament 
and palmar fascia. 



Skin of palm of 
hand. 



Ulnar. 



Palmaris longus. Internal condyle. 



Annular lig and 
palmar fascia. 



Median. 



Pectineus. 



Ilio-pectineal line 
and pubes. 



Femur below lesser 
trochanter. 



fauces. 



Closes posterior 
nares. 



Adductors of fin- 
gers. 



Corrugates skin of 
palm. 



Tenses fascia. 



Ant. crural, obtura- Flexes thigh and 
tor. rotates it out. 



Pectoralis major. Clavicle, sternum Ext. bicipital ridge Ant. thoracic. Draws arm down 

and costal carti- of humerus. I and forward. 

'■ lages. 



Pectoralis minor. 3d, 4th, and 5th ribs Coracoid process. 



Ant. thoracic. 



Depresses point of 
shoulder. 



Peroneus brevis. I Middle Y 3 shaft'Base 5th metatar- Musculocutaneous Extends foot. 



fibula, externally. 



Peroneus longus. Head and shaft of 
fibula. 



sal. 



First metatarsal Musculocutaneous Extends and everts 
great toe. foot. 



286 



TABLE OF MUSCLES (ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLV).— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Insertion. 


Innervation. 


Function. 


Peroneustertius. 


Lower Vi, of fibula. 


5th metatarsal 
bone. 


Ant. tibial. 


Flexes tarsus. 


Plantaris inter- 
ossei. 


Shafts 3d, 4th and 
5th metatarsal. 


Base 1st phalanges 
of same. 


Ext. plantar. 


Adducts toes. 


Plantaris. 


Outer bifurcation 
of linea asp era 
and post. lig. of 
knee. 


Os calcis by tendo- 
Achillis. 


Int. popliteal. 


Extends foot. 


P 1 a t y s m a ray- 
oides. 


Clavicle, achromion 
and fascia. 


Inf. maxillary, 
angle of mouth, 
etc. 


Facial and super- 
ficial cervical. 


Wrinkles skin and 
depresses mouth. 


Popliteus. 


Ext. condyle of fe- 
mur. 


Shaft of tibia above 
oblique line. 


Int. popliteal. 


Flexes leg. 


Pronator quad- 
ratus. 


Lower % of ulna. 


Lower % shaft of 
radius. 


Ant. interosseus. 


Pronates hand 


Pronator 'radii 
teres. 


Int. condyle and 
coronoid process. 


Outer side shaft of 
radius. 


Median. 


Pronates hand. 


Psoas magnus. 


Bodies and trans- 
verse process, last 
dorsal and all lum- 
bar vertebrae. 


Lesser trochanter. 


Lumbar. 


Flexes aud rotates 
thigh outward, 
and flexes trunk 
on pelvis. 


Psoas parvus. 


Bodies last dorsal 
and 1st lumbar 
vertebrae. 


Ilio-pectineal emi- 
nence and iliac 
fascia. 


Lumbar. 


Tensor of iliac 
fascia. 


Pterygoid (ex- 
ternal). 


Two heads. Ext. 
pterygoid plate of 
sphenoid. 


Neck of condyle. 


Inf. maxillary. 


Draws inf. maxil- 
lary forward. 


Pterygoi d (in- 
ternal). 


Pterygoid fossa of 
sphenoid. 


Inner surface of 
angle of jaw. 


Inf. maxillary. 


Raises and draws 
inf. maxillary for- 
ward. 


Pyramidalis. 


Pubes. 


Linea alba. 


Ilio-hypogastric. 


Tenses linea alba. 


Pyramidalis nasi 


Occipito-frontalis. 


Compressor naris. 


Facial. 


Depresses eyebrow 


Pyriformis. 


Front of sacrum, 
through great sci- 
atic foramen. 


Great trochanter. 


Sacral. 


External rotator of 
thigh. 


Quadratus fem- 
oris. 


Tuberosity ischium 


Quadrate line of 
femur. 


Sacral. 


Ext. rotator of 
thigh. 


Quadratus lum- 
borum. 


Crest of ilium, 

transverse process 
lower 3 lumbar 
vertebrae. 


Last rib, transverse 
process last 3 lum- 
bar vertebrae. 


Lumbar. 


Flexes thorax later- 
ally. 


Quadriceps ex- 
tensor. 


Includes the rectus, vastus int. and ext., and crureus muscles. Common tendon 
contains the patella. 


Rectus abdomi- 
nis. 


Pubic crest. 


Cartilages 5th to 7th 
ribs. 


Intercostal, ilio- 
hypogastric, i 1 i 0- 
inguinal. 


Compresses viscera 
and flexes thorax. 


Rectus capitis 
anticus major. 


Transverse pro- 
cesses 3d-6th cer- 
vical. 


Basilar process. 


Cervical plexus. 


Flexes head. 


Rectus capitis 
anticus minor. 


Transverse process 
and lateral mass 
of atlas. 


Basilar process. 


Cervical plexus. 


Flexes head. 



387 



TABLE OF MUSCLES (ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY).— Continued. 



Name. 



Origin. 



Insertion. 



Innervation. 



Function. 



Rectus capitis 
posticus major. 



Spine of axis. 



Inf. curved line oc- 
ciput. 



Sub. and great oc- 
cipital. 



Rotates head. 



Rectus capitis 
posticus minor. 



Post, arch atlas. 



Below inf. curved 
line occipital. 



Sub. and great oc- 
cipital. 



Draws head back- 
ward. 



Rectus externus. 



Two heads, outer 
margin optic fora- 



Sclerotic. 



Sixth. 



Rotates eyeball out- 
ward. 



Rectus femoris. 



Ant. inf. iliac 
spine, brim aceta- 
bulum. 



Tuberosity of tibia. 



Ant. crural. 



Extends leg. 



Rectus inferior. 



Lower margin optic 
foramen. 



Sclerotic. 



Third. 



Rotates e y e b a 1 1 
downward. 



Rectus internus. 



Inner margin optic 
foramen. 



Sclerotic. 



Third. 



Rotates eyeball in- 
ward. 



Rectus lateralis. 



Transverse process 
of atlas. 



Jugular process. 



Cervical plexus. 



Draws head lat- 
erally. 



Rectus superior. 



Upper margin optic 
foramen. 



Sclerotic. 



Third. 



Rotates eyeball up- 
ward. 



Retrahens aurem 



Mastoid process. 



Concha. 



Posterior-auricular. 



Retracts pinna. 



R h o m b o i deu s 
major. 



Spines of 5 upper 
dorsal. 



Root of spine of 
scapula. 



5th cervical. 



Elevates and re- 
tracts scapula. 



Rho mboideus 
minor. 



Spines of 7th cer- 
vical and 1st dor- 
sal. 



Root of spine of 

scapula. 



5th cervical. 



Retracts and ele- 
vates scapula. 



Risorius. 



Fascia over mas- 
seter. 



Angle of mouth. 



Facial. 



Draws out angle. 



Rotatores spinas 



Transv. proc. 2d to 
12th dorsal. 



Lamina next dorsal 
above. 



Dorsal branches. 



Rotate spinal col- 
umn. 



Sacro-lumbalis. 



Erector spinas. 



Angles of 6 lower 
ribs. 



Branches of dorsal. 



Erects spine and 
bends trunk back- 
ward. 



Sartorius. 



Ant. sup. spine ili- 
um. 



Upper int. shaft 
tibia. 



Scalenus anticus 



T ubercl e on 1st 
rib. 



Scalenus medius 



:st rib. 



Scalenus pos t i 
cus. 



2d rib. 



Semi-membrano 
sus. 



Tuberosity of ischi 
um. 



Se m i spi na lis 
colli. 



Se m i s p i n a 1 i s 
dorsi. 



Transv. proc. 4 up- 
per dorsal and 
artic. proc. 4 lower 
cervical. 



Transverse p r o - 
cesses 3d-6th cer- 
vical. 



Transv. processes 
6 lower cervical. 



Transv. processes 
3 lower cervical. 



Inner tuberosity of 
tibia. 



Spines 2d to 5th cer- 
vical. 



Ant. crural. 



Flexes and crosses 
legs. 



Lower cervical. 



Flexes neck later- 
ally. 



Lower cervical. 



Flexes neck later- 
ally. 



Lower cervical. 



Great sciatic. 



Cervical branches. 



Bends neck later- 
ally. 

Flexes leg and ro- 
tates it inward. 



Erects spinal col- 
umn. 



Transv. proc. lowerSpines last 2 cervi-! Branches of dorsal. Erects spinal col- 
dorsal, vical and 4 upper umn. 
dorsal. 



288 



TABLE OF 


MUSCLES (ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY).— Continued. 


Name. 


Origin. 


Insertion. 


Innervation. 


Function. 


Semi-tendinosus 


Tuberosity of ischi- 
um. 


Jpper and inner 
surface of tibia. 


Great sciatic. 


Flexes leg on thigh. 


Serratus magnus 


1 upper ribs. 


Inner margin post, 
border scapula. 


Post, thoracic. 


Elevates ribs in in- 
spiration. 


Serratus posticus 
inferior. 


Spines of last two 
dorsal and first 
three lumbar. 


Four lower ribs. 


Post, branches of 
dorsal. 


Depresses ribs i n 
expiration. 


Serratus posticus 
superior. 


Spines of 7th cervi- 
cal and two upper 
dorsal. 


2d, 3d, 4th, and 5th 
ribs. 


Post, branches of 
cervical. 


Raises ribs in in- 
spiration. 


Soleus. 


Shaft fibula, oblique 
line tibia. 


Os calcis by tendo- 
Achillis. 


Int. popliteal. 


Extends foot. 


Sphincter ani. 


Tip of coccyx. 


Tendinous center 
of perinaeum. 


Hemorrhoidal. 


Closes anus. 


Sphincter va- 
ginae. 


Central tendon of 
perinaeum. 


Corpora cavernosa 
and clitoris. 


Homologue of accelerator urinae in 
male. 


Splenius capitis 
et colli. 


Half of lig. nuchae 
and spines of 6 up- 
per dorsal. 


Into occiput and 
mastoid, also trans- 
verse processes of 
4 upper cervical. 


Post, branches of 
cervical. 


Retracts head and 
keeps neck erect. 


Spinalis colli. 


Spines of 5th and 
6th cervical. 


Into spine of axis, 
or 3d and 4th cer- 
vical spines. 


Cervical branches. 


Steadies neck. 


Spinalis dorsi. 


Last two dorsal and 
first two lumbar 
spines. 


Remaining dorsal 
spines. 


Dorsal branches. 


Erects spinal 
column. 


Stapedius. 


Interior of pyra- 
mid. 


Neck of stapes. 


Facial. 


Depresses base of 
stapes. 


Sterno-c 1 e i d o - 
mastoid. 


Two heads, sternum 
and clavicle. 


Mastoid process. 


Spinal accessory 
and cervical plexus 


Depresses and ro- 
tates head. 


Sterno-hyoid. 


Sternum and clavi- 
cle. 


Hyoid bone. 


Descending & com- 
municating branch- 
es hypoglossal. 


Depresses hyoid. 


Sterno-thyroid. 


Sternum and carti- 
lage of first rib. 


Side of thyroid 
cartilage. 


Hypoglossal. 


Depresses larynx. 


Stylo-glossus. 


Styloid process. 


Side of tongue. 


Hypoglossal. 


Elevates and re- 
tracts tongue. 


Stylo-hyoid. 


Styloid process. 


Body of hyoid. 


Facial. 


Draws hyoid up 
and back. 


Stylo-pharyn - 
geus. 


Styloid process. 


Thyroid cartilage. 


Glosso-pharyngeal, 
and pharyngeal 
plexus. 


Elevates pharynx. 


Subanconeus. 


Humerus above 
olecranon fossa. 


Post. lig. of elbow. 


Musculo-spiral. 


Tensor of ligament. 


Subclavius. 


Cartilage of 1st rib. 


Under surface of 
clavicle. 


5th and 6th cervi- 
cal. 


Draws clavicle 
downward. 


Subcrureus. 


Ant. inf. part of fe- 
mur. 


Synovial sac be- 
hind patella. 


Ant. crural. 


Draws sac up. 


Supinator brevis 


Ext. condyle hu- 
merus, oblique 
line of ulna. 


Neck of radius and 
its bicipital tuber- 
osity. 


Post, interosseus. 


Supinates hand. 


Supinator longus 


Ext. condyloid 
ridge of humerus. 


Styloid process of iMusculo-spiral. 
radius. 


Supinates hand. 


Supra-spinales. 


Lie on spinous processes in cervical region. 



19 



289 



TABLE OF MUSCLES (ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY).— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Insertion. 


Innervation. 


Function. 


Supra-spinatus. Supra-spinous fossa Great tuberosity of Supra-scapular. 

j humerus. 


Supports shoulder 
joint, raises arm. 


Temporal. Temporal fossa and Coronoid process Inf. maxillary, 
fascia. 1 inf. maxillary. 


Brings incisor 
teeth togethor. 


Tensor palati. Scaphoid fossa of About hamular pro- Otic ganglia, 
i sphenoid. | cess into soft palate 


Renders palate 
tense. 



Tensor tarsi. .Lachrymal bone. Tarsal cartilages. Facial. 



Tensor tympani 



Temporal bone, Handle of malleus. .Otic ganglia. 
Eustachian tube! 
and canal. 



,Compresses puncta 
' and lachry mal sac. 
Renders tense mem- 
! brana-tympani. 



Tensor vaginae 
femoris. 



Teres major. 



Teres minor. 



Iliac crest and ant, 
sup. spinous pro- 



Inf. angle scapula 



Axillary border of 
scapula. 



Thyro-a r y t e n ■ 

oideus. 
Thyro-epiglot- 

tideus. 
Thyro-hyoid. 



Thyroid and crico- 
i thyroid m embrane 
Inner surface of 
| thyroid. 



Fascia lata. 



Int bicip. ridge of 
humerus. 



Sup. gluteal. 



Sub-scapular. 



Great tuberosity of Circumflex, 
humerus. 



Tensor of fascia. 



Draws arm down 
and back. 



Rotates humerus 
outward. 



Arytenoid, inf. and 
ant. surface. 



Recurrent laryn- 
geal. 



Relaxes vocal 
I cords. 



Epiglottis. 



(Side of thyroid 
I cartilage. 



Body and greater 
cornu of hvoid. 



Recurrent laryn 
geal. 



Depresses epiglot- 
tis. 



Hypoglossal. 



Elevates larynx. 



Tibialis anticus. 



Tibialis posticus. 



Outer tuberosity 
and upper part of 

shaft of tibia. 



Trachelo -mas- 
toid. 



Transversalis. 



Shaft of fibula and 
tibia. 



Int. cuneiform and 
ist metatarsal. 



Tuberos. scaphoid 
and int. cunei- 
form. 



Ant. tibial. 



Transv. proc. o f Mastoid process. 
3d-6th dorsal, and. 
artic. proc. of 3 or 
4 lower cervical. 



Post, tibial. 



Flexes tarsus and 
| elevates inner bor- 
j der of foot . 

Extends tarsus and 
inverts foot. 



Branches of cervi- 
cal. 



Poupart'slig., iliac 
crest, 6 lower ribs, 
lumbar vertebrae. 



Linea alba, pubic 
crest, pectineal 
line. 



Intercostal, ilio- 
hypogastric, ilio- 
inguinal. 



Steadies head. 



Compresses viscera 
and flexes thorax. 



Transversalis 
colli. 



Transverse pro- Transverse pro- Cervical branches. 



cesses of 3d -6th 
dorsal. 



Trans versus Head 5th metatar- ist phalanx of great Ext. plantar 



pedis. 
Transversus pe- 

rinaei. 
Trapezius. 



i sal. 



Ramus of ischium. 



Sup. curved line of 
occipital, spinous 
processes, last 
cervical and a 1 1 
dorsal. 



Tri angulari s Ensiform cart., 
sterni. costal cart, of 3 or 4 

lower true ribs, 
and sternum. 



Triceps (j heads) 



Vastus externus. 



cesses of 5 lower 
cervical. 



Keeps neck erect. 



Adducts great toe. 



Central tendon. 



Perinaeal. 



Tensor of central 
tendon. 



Clavicle and spine Sp i n al accessory Draws head back 



of scapula, 
achromion. 



and and cervical plex- 



Border of inner sur- Intercostal. 
faces 2d, 3d, 4th 
and 5th costal 
cartil 



Ext. and Int. near Olecranon 
musculo -spiral! of ulna. 
groove, shaft of 
humerus, middle 
or long, lower mar-' 
gin glenoid cavity. I 



process 



Musculo-spiral. 



Ant. Border great Tuberosity of tibia. Ant. crural, 
trochanter and 
linea aspera. I | 



Vastus internus Inner lip linea Tuberosity of tibia. Ant. crural, 
and crureus. | aspera of femur. I 



ward. 



Expiration. 



Extends forearm. 



Extends leg. 



Extends leg. 



Zygomaticu s Malar bone, 
major et minor. 



Angle of mouth. Facial. 



Elevates lip 
, ward. 



290 



MUSCULATION 



291 



MYCOSIS 



untary motion. M. Force, the energy 
produced in muscular motion. It is thought 
to be derived from the oxidation of the fats 
or carbo-hydrates of muscular tissue. M. 
Motion, the phenomena attending a self- 
produced change of position of the body 
or any of its parts. It consists of volun- 
tary, involuntary, and mixed movements. 
See Motion. M. Rheumatism, rheu- 
matism seated in or affecting the muscles. 
M. Sense, the sense of motion and 
weight upon which the adjustment of the 
body to its surroundings depends. Sen- 
sory nerve-fibrils probably exist in muscles 
that intermediate these sensations. M. 
System, all the muscles of the body in 
their co-relation. M. Tumor. See 
Myoma. 

Musculation {musculus, a muscle). The 
muscular endowment of the body or a part. 
The action of the muscles of the body, in- 
cluding the study of voluntary motions and 
locomotion. 

Mus / culine. The semi-solid albuminoid 
of which is composed the principal part of 
the contractile fibers of muscle. 

Mus / culi Pectina / ti (pecten, a comb). 
Small muscular columns traversing the 
inner surface of the appendix auriculae and 
the adjoining portion of the wall of the 
sinus. 

Mus / culo- [musculus). A Latin word used 
as a prefix to denote connection with or 
relation to muscular tissue. M. -cutane- 
ous. See Nerve. M. -spiral. See 
Nerve. 

Mus' cuius. Muscle. 

Muse / um (Movoa, a muse). Formerly, 
any library or place devoted to the arts 
and sciences, because these were supposed 
to be presided over by the Muses. Any sys- 
tematic collection of objects of nature, or 
of art. M., Anatomical, a collection of 
the various specimens of the natural parts 
of the body in their normal or pathological 
state. 

Musk. See Moschus. M. Root. See 
Sumbul. 

Muskeg Moss. A plant of the North- 
western United States, recommended as a 
cheap and excellent absorbent material for 
surgical dressings. 

Mus / sel-Poi / soning. The toxic effects 
in man sometimes resulting from eating 
mussels, especially the mytilus ednlis. See 
Mytilotoxine. 

Mussita / tion (mussito, to mutter). The 
muttering frequently observed in severe 
illness, consisting of the movement of the 



lips without the production of articulate 
speech. 

Must. The unfiltered and unfermented 
juice of the grape. 

Mus'tard. See Sinapis. 

Mute. Dumb. Unable to use articulate 
speech. 

Mutilation (mutilo, to cut off). The 
state of being cut or excised. Also, the 
condition of those parts remaining after 
the excision or amputation of a member 
or part. 

Mutis / ia. The seeds of M. vicicefolia, a 
plant native to Andean regions. Has 
reputed qualities as a cardiac tonic among 
the natives, and also in various affections 
of the respiratory organs. Unof. 

Mu'titas (mutus, mute). Dumbness. M. 
Atonica, dumbness arising from disorder 
of the nerves of the tongue. M. Organ- 
ica, that from loss of the tongue. M. 
Surdorum, dumbness consequent upon 
congenital deafness. 

Myal'gia (fivg, akyog, pain). Any pain 
of the muscles. 

Mya / sis. The presence of worms in the 
nasal cavities. 

Myasthenia (//i»c, aadeveia, weakness). 
Muscular debility. 

Myce / lium (p«)/f, a fungus). The ten- 
drils or filaments of germinating fungi- 
spores. 

Myceto / ma. See Fungus Foot. 

Mycoder / ma [jjlvktjq, mucous, depjua, skin). 
A genus of fungi forming like a membrane 
upon or in fermenting liquors. M . Aceti, 
the microbe of the acetous fermentation, 
constituting the mother of vinegar. M. 
Saccharini and M. Vini, alcoholic fer- 
ments. 

Mycoder'mis (juvkt/c, depjia). The various 
species of microbic or fungoid organisms 
found in the excreta of certain skin dis- 
eases, especially of favus. 

Mycodermosphac / elus [mycoderma, 
sphacelus). A gangrenous affection of the 
mucous membrane of any part. 

Mycohse / mia (/hvktj^, at/ua, blood). A 
generic name for those affections caused by 
the presence of microorganisms in the 
blood. 

Mycon'ostoc Grega / rium. A class of 
microorganisms, little studied, probably 
identical with the genus Cladothrix. 

Myco / sis. Granuloma Fungoides; Ec- 
zema Hypertrophicum; Inflammatory Fun- 
goid Neoplasm ; Lymphoderma Perniciosa. 
Ulcerative Scrofuloderma; Fibroma Fun- 
goides. A disease of the skin charac- 



MYDALEINE 



292 



MYLO- 



terized by soft mammillated tumors, show- 
ing an abnormal growth of lymphatic 
glands, which frequently develop into fun- 
gous ulcers. A mucous tumor or polypoid 
growth. M., Acute, of the Blood, a 
name proposed by Neelson for septic 
intoxication from microbes in the blood. 
M., Toxic, of the Blood, putrid intoxica- 
tion or sapnemia, death being due to 
ptomaines. M. of Brain, colonies of 
micrococci in the brain as a result of septi- 
caemia, diphtheria, etc. 

MydaTeine (fivdaleog, putrid). A 
ptomaine obtained from putrefying cada- 
veric organs. It is apparently present in 
liver, spleen, etc., after seven days' putre- 
faction, but it is not obtainable before the 
third or fourth week. It has an entirely 
specific action as a poison, producing maxi- 
mum dilatation of pupil, injection of ear 
vessels, increase of temperature, peristaltic 
action of intestines. Post-mortem shows 
contraction of the bladder and intestines, 
and the stopping of the heart in diastole. 
Animals recover from small doses. 

Mydatox / ine. A ptomaine obtained from 
horseflesh and human flesh after 4 months 
of decomposition. It is toxic, producing 
lachrymation, diarrhoea, and dyspnoea in 
animals; but is not a strong poison. A 
base, C 7 H 17 N0 2 , with which it is associ- 
ated, is, however, a very violent poison, 
producing effects partly like curara and 
partly like mussel-poison — paralysis a few 
minutes after injection, during which cer- 
tain reflexes are preserved, but the animal 
cannot move from its place. The same 
effects are produced by mydatoxine, but 
more slowly. 

My / dine [/uvdaco, to putrefy). A non- 
poisonous ptomaine obtained by Brieger 
from the putrefaction of human internal 
organs. The free base is strongly alkaline, 
has an ammoniacal odor, and is character- 
ized by its strong reducing properties. 

Mydriasis (juvdpiacig). Abnormal dilata- 
tion of the pupil of the eye. 

Mydriatic. A medicine or agent which 
causes mydriasis, or dilatation of the pupil. 

MyelaFgia (/uveTiog, marrow, akyog, pain). 
Any pain in the spinal cord. 

Myelano / sis (fxvelog, avaXoaig, wasting). 
Same as my el atrophy. 

Myelap / oplexy (/ivelog, aTroTrTiyt-ta, a 
stupor). Apoplexy due to a haemorrhage 
in the spinal cord. 

Myelat'rophy (juve?iog„ arpo<pia, wasting). 
Any wasting or atrophy of the spinal 
cord or medullary substance. 



Myeletero / sis (fivehog, erepootg, altera- 
tion). Any morbid alteration of the spinal 
marrow or other medullary substance. 
My / elin. A name given by Thudichum to 
a class of compounds obtained from the 
white matter of the brain. Occurs usually 
as a white, amorphous, ivory- like mass, but 
crystallizes from an ethereal or alcoholic 
solution. Amido-myelin and Sphingo- 
myelin differ from myelin mainly in con- 
taining one or more additional nitrogen! zed 
radical molecules. 

Myeli / tis {jxvtkog, trig). Inflammation of 
the spinal cord, with diminution of con- 
sistence usually but not always present. 
The term, " Softening of the Cord," as a 
synonym, is, therefore, incorrect. M. 
Acute, due to exposure to cold, injuries, 
acute general diseases, etc., is followed by 
sensory disturbances and motor paralysis, 
complete or incomplete, according to the 
part involved and the degree of the inflam- 
mation. M., Compression, due to com- 
pression of the cord. M., Concussion, 
due to concussion, direct or indirect. ML, 
Focal, when a small area is affected. M., 
Diffuse, when large areas are attacked. 
M., Disseminated, when there are sev- 
eral foci. M., Transverse, a variety of 
M. Focal, the area extending through a 
transverse section of the cord. 

My'elo- (/zveAoc, marrow). A Greek pre- 
fix denoting reference to or connection 
with the spinal cord, or other medullary 
substance. 

Myelocele. See Spina Bifida. 

My / eloid {/nvsTiog, eidog, a form). Resem- 
bling marrow in structure or appearance. 
Also applied to a form of sarcoma distin- 
guished by multinucleated cells. 

Myelo / ma (/uveTiog). A tumor or enlarge- 
ment of the medullary substance. 

Myelomalacia (fivelog, //aAa/coc, a soften- 
ing). A softening of the spinal cord. 

Myelomeningitis (/uveTiog, firjvLy^, a mem- 
brane, trig, inflammation). Inflammation 
of the membrane investing the spinal cord. 

Myelom / yces. See Myeloma. 

My-'elon (fiveTiog). The spinal cord, or 
medulla spinalis. 

Myel'oplacques, or Myeloplax / es. A 
name sometimes given to the giant cells of 
the marrow. See Cell. 

Myelosclerosis. Sclerosis of the spinal 
cord or of the marrow of bones. 

Myi'tis (/uvg, trig, inflammation). Inflam- 
mation of a muscle. 

My / lo- (fivlr/, a mill). A Greek prefix 
denoting connection with the lower jaw 



MYO- 



293 



MYORCYTES 



or the molar teeth. M.-hyoid. See 
Muscle. 

My / o-. (/uvg, a muscle). A Greek prefix 
signifying a muscle. M.-albuminose. 
One of the proteids of muscle-plasma, 
closely associated with the myosin ferment. 
See Mtiscle-plasma. 

My / oblast (juvg, muscle, filaorog, a cell). 
Embryonic cells which develop into mus- 
cular tissue. 

Myocarditis (fJ-vg, napdca, the heart, trig, 
inflammation). Inflammation of the mus- 
cular tissue of the heart ; the parenchyma- 
tous and the interstitial are the two chief 
forms. 

Myocardium. The muscular mass of the 
heart. 

Myochron / oscope (juvg, muscle, upovog, 
time, OKoireco, to examine). An instrument 
for measuring the rapidity of muscular con- 
traction or the propagation of nerve-stimu- 
lus through a muscle. 

Myoclonus Multiplex. Clonic spasm 
chronically affecting the muscles of the legs 
or arms, and, also, sometimes of the back, 
generally constant, but sometimes parox- 
ysmal. A disease of obscure nature. 

Myoc'tonine. A bitter extractive of Aco- 
nitum lycoctonu?n. A powerful poison re- 
sembling curare in action. 1.5 grains 
caused the death of a cat. Unof. 

Myo'des (fj.vg, u6r]g, an excess). Exces- 
sively muscular. Also, the fleshy expan- 
sion of the neck. 

Myodesop / sia. See Mtiscce Volitantes. 

Myodynam / ic (p-vg, dvvapig, power). Per- 
taining to the force of muscular contraction. 

Myodynamometer (pvg, dwaptg, perpov, 
a measure). An instrument for measuring 
muscular strength. 

Myodynia (u-vg, odvvr], pain). Any pain 
in the muscles. 

Myoglob'ulin (p.vg; globulin). One of 
the proteids of muscle-plasma, resembling 
serum-globulin, coagulated at 63 C. See 
Muscle-plasma . 

My / ogram. The muscle-curve as in- 
scribed by the myograph. 

Myograph (pvg, ypafu, to write). An 
instrument for determining the duration of 
each phase of a muscular contraction. 

Myography (pvg, ypatytd). A description 
of the muscles. 

Myohae / matin. A nitrogenous coloring 
matter of muscles, especially of the lower 
animals, haemoglobin being the coloring 
matter of human voluntary muscles. 

My'oid (pvg, eidog, form). Having a re- 
semblance to muscular tissue. 



Myoide / ma (pvg, otdTjpa, a small tumor). 
A name given to the small eminences 
sometimes occurring on the muscles of 
consumptive patients. 

MyolenVma (pvg, leppa, a covering). 
The thin membrane enveloping the fibrillar 
of muscle. Same as Sarcolemma. 

Myol'ogy (/uvg, Aoyog, a treatise). A trea- 
tise on the nature, structure and functions 
of muscles. 

Myo / ma {jivg). A muscular tumor. Also, 
an affection of the skin marked by the 
growth of small, reddish tumors consisting 
of involuntary muscular fiber, sessile, freely 
movable and isolated in the skin. If small 
and multiple, they are called lio-?nyomas ; 
if a large single tumor, dartotc myoma; 
if they contain much fibrous tissue, fbro- 
myoma; if vascular and erectile, angio- 
myoma; if the lymphatics are involved, 
lymphangio-?nyoma. 

Myomalacia (pvg, paAanog, a softening). 
An abnormal and morbid softening of the 
muscles. M. Cordis. See Softening of 
the Heart. 

Myomectomy. See Myomotomy. 

Myom / eter. An instrument for measuring 
the shortening of a muscle in contracting. 

Myomot / omy [myopia, EKToprj, excision). 
The operation of excising fibro-myomata 
of the uterus by incision through the ab- 
dominal wall. 

Myoparalysis. Paralysis resulting from 
muscular abnormality without affection of 
the nervous centers or nerves. 

Myop'athy (pvg, Tradog, suffering). A 
generic term for any disease of a muscle or 
of the muscular system. 

Myo / pia (pvu, to close, utp, the eye ; myopes 
having the habit of partially closing the 
lids to avoid spherical aberration). Near- 
sightedness ; an optical defect, usually due 
to a too long antero-posterior diameter of 
the globe, whereby the focal image is 
formed in front of the retina. M., Pro- 
gressive, continuous increase of M., due 
to increasing elongation of the eyeball. 
M., Malignant, rapidly progressing 
myopia. 

Myop / ic. Pertaining to or having the 
nature of myopia. Nearsighted. M. 
Crescent, a yellowish-white, crescentic 
area about the papilla, due to atrophy or 
breaking away of the choroid, and ex- 
posure of the sclerotic; seen in myopia, 
but often, also, in other refractive condi- 
tions. 

Myor'cytes Weisman'ni. A small para- 
sitic round worm found in muscle. 



MYORRHEXIS 



294 



MYTILOTOXINE 



Myorrhexis (fivg, pegig, a tearing). Lacer- 
ation or rupture of a muscle. 

Myosarco'ma. A sarcoma with myoma- 
tous elements, or having originated in a 
myoma. 

My / osin. A native proteid of the globulin 
class, the chief proteid in dead muscle. Its 
coagulation in muscle after death causes 
rigor mortis. 

MyoshVogen {myosin, yevvao, to beget). 
One of the proteids of muscle-plasma, 
coagulated at 56 C. See Muscle-plasina. 

Myo / sis (uvu, to close). Abnormal small- 
ness of the pupil of the eye. 

Myositis (/uvg, a muscle, trig, inflamma- 
tion). Inflammation of muscular tissue. 
It may be confined to the perimysium, 
or to the fibrous elements of the muscle, 
and may be rheumatic, purulent, tuber- 
culous, or syphilitic in nature. M. Ossi- 
ficans, is characterized by the formation 
of osseous deposits in the tissues. 

My / ospasm (p.vg, crrae/uog, a convulsion). 
A spasmodic contraction of a muscle. A 
cramp. 

Myotat'ic (/uvg, teivcj, to stretch). Per- 
taining to the deep reflexes or contractions 
of the muscles dependent upon passive 
tension for their elicitation. A term sug- 
gested by Gowers to replace the inaccurate 
one, Tendon Reflexes, the tendons not 
being etiologically connected with the 
phenomenon. " The irritability on which 
they depend is due to and demonstrative 
of a muscle reflex action which depends 
on the spinal cord." Increased Myotatic 
Irritability is a symptom of severe diseases 
of the cord, of hemiplegia, etc. 

MyotTc. An agent causing myosis, or 
contraction of the pupil. The one most 
used by ophthalmologists is eserine. Mor- 
phine, pilocarpine, muscarine and other 
drugs also contract the pupil. 

Myot / omy (/uvg, rofiij, a cutting). The inci- 
sion or dissection of muscles. See Tenotomy. 

Myot'onus (fJ-vg, rovog, stretching). Mus- 
cular tone, quality, or tension. 

Myr'ciae Oleum. Oil of Myrcia; Oil of 
Bay. The volatile oil of the Bayberry, 
M. acris. An aromatic, pungent liquid, 
used chiefly as a perfume and in cosmetics. 
Somewhat refreshing in faintness and head- 
aches. M., spt., " bay rum," contains — oil 
of bay 16, oil orange-peel 1, oil pimento I, 
alcohol 1000, water 782 parts, mixed and 
filtered through carbonate of magnesia. 
Myrtol, obtained by distilling the leaves. 
Recommended in acute bronchitis. Dose 
gr. iv-viij. Unof. 



Myringitis (/uvpiyf;, the membrana tym- 
pani). Inflammation of the membrana 
tympani. 

Myringodec / tomy (fivpivt;, the tympanum, 
£KT£/u.vo, to cut out). Excision of a part or 
of the whole of the tympanum. 

Myrin'go Myco / sis (/uvpivt;, /uvK?]g, a 
fungus). A fungous growth within the 
meatus, or on the tympanum. 

Myris / tica. Nutmeg. The kernel of the 
seed of M. fragrans, indigenous to the 
East Indies. Also, the fleshy covering of 
the fruit, called mace. Properties due 
mainly to a volatile oil. An aromatic 
stomachic and tonic. In large doses a 
powerful narcotic. The oil is sometimes 
employed as a rubefacient in paralysis and 
rheumatism. Much used as a condiment. 
Dose gr. v-xx. M. Ol., the volatile oil. 
Dose tt\j-v. M. Spt., a 3 per cent, solu- 
tion in alcohol. 

Myrme / cia ({ivpfiT/g, an ant). A name 
applied to certain warty growths on the 
palms and soles which produce the sensa- 
tion of formication. 

MyrobaFanus. The fruit of M. embelica 
(Philanthiis E. of Linnaeus). It has a 
slight laxative followed by an astringent 
effect, and is highly recommended in 
dysentery, chronic diarrhcea, etc. Dose 

3ij-3j- Unof - 
Myropho / rum (/xvpov, an ointment, <pepo, 

to carry). An instrument for applying 

ointment to narrow openings or parts of a 

body difficult of access. 

Myrrh. The resinous substance obtained 
from Balsamodendron M., indigenous to 
Arabia. In small doses a stimulant, in 
larger doses an irritant to the gastrointes- 
tinal membrane. Valuable in amenorrhoea 
and bronchial catarrh. An excellent mouth 
wash and lotion for spongy gums. Used 
chiefly in dentifrices. M. Tinct., 20 per 
cent. Dose TT^x-xxx. 

Myr / tiform (myrtum, a myrtle-berry, 
forma, form). Shaped like a myrtle- 
berry or leaf. M. Caruncles. See Ca- 
runculce. M. Fossa, a shallow pit be- 
tween the edge of the pyriform aperture 
above and the sockets of the front teeth 
below. 

Myrtol. See Myrcia Oleum. 

Mys'tax (/uvara^, the upper lip). The 
upper lip. Also, the moustache. 

MytilotoxTne. A ptomaine, the specific 
poison of toxic mussel [Mytilus edulis). 
This poison is formed during the life of the 
animal, under special conditions. It is not 
now believed that poisonous mussel is a 



MYXCEDEMA 



295 



NAPE 



special variety; but Schmidtmann and Vir- 
chow have shown that edible mussel may- 
become poisonous after being left in filthy 
water for fourteen days, and that the poi- 
sonous mussel itself may become edible if 
kept for four weeks in good water. Putrid 
mussel does not contain mytilotoxine. The 
free base does not exist by itself for any 
length of time, and soon becomes converted 
into an inert substance. The physiological 
effects strongly resemble those of curara. 
It used to be believed that mussel-poisoning 
was due to copper obtained by the animals 
from the bottoms of ships ; but Christison 
and others have shown that copper cannot 
produce the symptoms. 
Myxcede'ma (fivt-a, oideu, to swell). A 
disease characterized by a dropsical gather- 



ing of a mucus-like substance in and about 
the connective tissue, and atrophy of the 
thyroid gland. It is sometimes induced by 
surgical interference with, or by ablation 
of, the thyroid gland. See Cachexia 
Strumipriva. 

Myxo / ma (fJ-vga, mucus, oma). A tumor 
composed of colloid or gelatinous struc- 
tures held in a network of cellular or adi- 
pose tissue. 

Myxomatoses. Partially degenerate sar- 
comata, or tumors with sarcomatous and 
mucous tissue combined. 

Myxomatous Degeneration of Pla- 
centa. See Mole. 

Myxo-sarco / ma ([iv%a, mucus ; cap!;, 
flesh; ofia, tumor). A sarcoma of soft gela- 
tinous structure or contents. 



N 



N. The symbol of Nitrogen; also, the 
sign of the index of refraction. 

Na. Symbol of Natrium (or Sodium). 

Naba / lus. The leaves of N. altissimus. 
A poultice of the pounded fresh leaves has 
been useful in ulcers gangrenous sores, etc. 
Unof. 

Na / both. See Ovule. 

Nae'gele. See Pelvis. 

Nsevus. (Lat.) A mark or blemish due 
to the dilatation of the blood-vessels near 
the surface of the skin or within its texture. 
N. Maternus. See N. Vascularis. N. 
Pigmentosus. Pigmentary mole. Birth- 
mark. Congenital pigmentary deposits 
with or without other changes of the skin. 
It may be N. Spilus, or simple discolora- 
tion of the skin; N. Verrucosus, charac- 
terized by rough, warty appearance; N. 
Lipomatodes, soft and flaccid from 
abundance of fatty tissue; or N. Pilosus, 
possessing a growth of hair. N. Sangui- 
neus. See N. Vascularis. N. Vascularis. 
Naevus Vasculosus ; Naevus Sanguineus. 
Birthmark. A congenital overgrowth of 
cutaneous vascular tissue presenting almost 
every variety of size and form. Generally 
on a level with the skin, but sometimes 
raised above it. Its principal varieties are : 



Capillary Naevus, a form marked by the 
distention and aggregation of the capil- 
laries; Port-wine Mark, a variety of 
capillary naevus; Venous Naevus, a 
raised, convex, and sometimes lobulated 
form, consisting of thin-walled veins and 
sinuses bound together by connective tissue. 
N. Vasculosus, same as A T . Vascularis. 

Nail. The horny lamina covering the back 
of the end of each finger and toe. N., In- 
growing, an overlapping of the nail by the 
flesh, from pressure, giving rise to ulcera- 
tion. 

NanTsm (vavog, a dwarf). Abnormal 
smallness of size from arrested develop- 
ment. Dwarfishness. 

Nanoceph / alus (vavog, ne^alr/, the head). 
With a dwarfed or diminutive head. 

Na / noid (vavog, eiSog, a form). Dwarf- 
like, or resembling a dwarf in abnormal 
proportions. 

Nanom'elus (vavog, jue?iog, a limb). A 
foetal monstrosity characterized by under- 
sized limbs. 

Nanoso / mia. See Microsomia. 

Na'nus (vavog). Dwarfed. Of less than 
ordinary stature. 

Nape. The back part of the neck; the 
nucha. 



NAPHTHA 



296 



NATURALIZATION 



Naph / tha (Arabic, nafata). A name loosely 
applied to various volatile, inflammable, 
liquid hydrocarbons obtained in the frac- 
tional distillation of petroleum and coal 
tar. It is an excellent solvent for fats. 

Napb/thalin. A white, crystalline sub- 
stance having the composition C 10 H 8 , 
derived from the distillation of coal tar. 
Soluble in alcohol and ether. An excel- 
lent antiseptic, and, internally, a decided 
expectorant. Useful as a dressing for in- 
dolent sores, and, internally, in pulmonary 
catarrh. Dose gr. v-Zss in emulsion. 
Unof. 

Naph/thalol. See Betol. 

NaphthoTum, or Naptb/ol. Beta Naph- 
thol. A coal tar product, C 10 H 8 SO 3 , hav- 
ing strong disinfectant qualities. It is pre- 
pared by treating naphthalin with sulphuric 
acid. Unof. 

Nar / cein (vapurj, sleep). An alkaloid ex- 
tractive of opium, resembling morphine, 
but rather more hypnotic. Unof. 

Narcolepsy (vapur], Xafipavu, to seize). A 
term applied to the sudden but short attacks 
of deep sleep occasionally accompanying 
gouty and diabetic affections. 

Narco'ma (yapKri). The condition of stupor 
produced by the use of a narcotic. 

Nar'cose (yapurj). In a condition of 
stupor. 

Narco / sis (vapnoo, to benumb). The 
deadening of pain, or production of incom- 
plete or complete anaesthesia by the use of 
narcotic agents, such as alcohol, opium, 
etc. 

NarcotTc (vapnoiS). A hypnotic that also 
allays pain. See Narcosis. 

Nar'cotine (vapaou). An alkaloid extract- 
ive of opium. Antiperiodic and tetaniz- 
ing. Has no narcotic or hypnotic effects. 
Unof. 

Narcotism (vapicou). The condition re- 
sulting from the continued use of a nar- 
cotic. 

Nard. See Spikenard. 

Narega / nia. The bark of N. alata. 
Properties due to an alkaloid, nareganin. 
It is useful in bilious disorders and rheu- 
matism. The alkaloid has proved valuable 
in dysentery. Dose gr. xv. Unof. 

Na / ris. The nostril. See Nasal Fossa. 

Na / sal (nasus, the nose). Pertaining to 
the nose. N. Bones, the two small 
bones forming the arch of the nose. N. 
Duct. See Lachrymal. N. Fossae, 
the nostrils. The cavities in the middle of 
the face leading to the internal surfaces of 
the nose. 



Nas / cent (nascor, to be born). A term 
applied to gaseous substances at the 
moment of their liberation from chemical 
union. 

Na / sion. The nasal process of the max- 
illa. See Skull. 

Nas / myth's Mem / brane. The epithelial 
membrane enveloping the enamel of the 
teeth during their development. 

Na / so- [nasus). A Latin name used as a 
prefix to denote connection with or rela- 
tion to the nose. N.-la / bial, pertaining 
conjointly to the nose and lips. Applied 
to certain muscles. N. -palatine, pertain- 
ing to both nose and palate. Also, the 
name of the nerve entering the nasal fossa 
and passing across the roof of the nose, 
to the roof of the mouth, supplying that 
part of the mucous membrane behind the 
incisor teeth. N. -pharyngeal, pertaining 
conjointly to the nose and the pharynx. 

Na / sus. (Lat). The nose. 

Natal 7 Sore. See Furunculus Orientalis. 

Na'tant (nato, to swim). Swimming or 
floating at the surface of a liquid. 

Na'tes. The buttocks. N. of Brain. See 
Corpora Quadrigemina. 

Na'tive Al'bumins. A class of animal 
proteids occurring in a natural condition 
in animal solids and fluids. They are 
soluble in water, not precipitated by alka- 
line carbonates, sodium chloride, or very 
dilute acids. Their solutions are coagulated 
by heat at 65 to 73 C. Dried at 40 C. they 
yield a clear, yellow, amber- colored, friable 
mass soluble in water, called soluble albu- 
min. The two chief varieties of N. A. are 
serum- and egg-albumin. 

Na / trium. See Sodium. 

Na'tron. Native sodium carbonate. Also, 
sodium or potassium nitrate. This was 
formerly the exclusive meaning of the 
word. 

Natural. Pertaining to nature. N. His- 
tory, a term including a description of all 
the products and phenomena of nature, but 
now usually restricted to the sciences of 
zoology and botany. N. Order, one of 
the divisions in the classification both of 
animals and plants, varying in its technical 
meaning according to the system of classi- 
fication. N. Philosophy, the science 
treating of the physical properties of matter 
at rest and in motion. It is now usually 
called Physics. 

Naturalization. The process by which 
a plant or an animal transferred from its 
natural habitat adapts itself to its new 
surroundings. 



NATURE 



297 



NEOPLASM 



Nature (natus, born). The quality or 
characteristic of a thing. The whole of 
the properties of an object. The world or 
universe considered as a whole. 

Nausea (yavg, a ship). Sickness at the 
stomach, with inclination to vomit. 

Nauseous [vavg). Affected with nausea. 

Na / vel. See Umbilicus. 

Na'vel-string. See Umbilicus. 

Navicular (navicula, a little ship). Boat- 
shaped. N. Bone. See Scaphoid. N. 
Fossa, applied to several cavities, espe- 
cially to a depression between the vaginal 
aperture and the fourchette, and to a 
dilatation of the urethra near the glans 
penis. 

Near Point. See Punctum Proximum. 

Near-sightedness. See Myopia. 

Nearthrosis (ysog, new, apdpuatg, a joint). 
A new and abnormally-produced articula- 
tion, either the result of a fracture, disloca- 
tion, disease of bone, etc. 

NebAila (Lat. a cloud). A faint, grayish 
opacity of the cornea. When more pro- 
nounced, it is called leucoma. 

Neck. See Cervix. 

Necrobiosis (ye/cpos, fiiog, life). Molec- 
ular dissolution. Death of a part, such as 
caries, necrosis or gangrene. 

Necroco / mium. See Morgue. 

Necrodo / chium. See Morgue. 

Necrology (venpog, loyog). A register 
containing the statistics concerning the 
causes, particulars, and rate of mortality. 

Necrophagous (veKpog, <j>ayeiv, to eat). 
A term applied to those animals that feed 
on dead or putrid flesh. Carrion-eaters. 

Necrop / sy (ve/cpoc, oxptc, seeing). The 
examination of a dead body. 

Necroscopy. See Necropsy. 

Necro / sis (veKpou, to kill). Mortification 
or death of bone, corresponding to gan- 
grene of the soft parts, and, like it, acute 
or chronic, dry or moist, inflammatory, 
senile, etc. See, also, Exfoliation, Seques- 
trum, Involucrum. The term is also used 
of local death of any parts, and may be 
due to mechanical, chemical, thermal, or 
denutritional causes. N., Coagulative, 
the precipitation of fibrin by a (supposed) 
ferment, in death of tissue cells from denu- 
trition, so that the part becomes hard and 
swollen. The process is believed analo- 
gous to that taking place in coagulation of 
the blood. 

Necrotomy (i/f/cpoc, repivo), to cut). The 
dissection of a dead body. 

Needle (Sax. nedl). An instrument used 
in surgery for puncturing tissues, ligating 



vessels and for other purposes. N., Aneu- 
rism, with a handle, and with the eye at 
the point, especially adapted for ligating. 
N., Cataract, for operating upon the cata- 
ractous lens or its capsule. N., Des- 
champ's, with the eye at the point, and 
with a handle for ligating arteries. N., 
Discission, for insertion through the cor- 
nea, and breaking the lens-capsule and 
substance. N., Stop-discission, with 
a shoulder on the shank so it will not enter 
too far. N., Exploring, grooved to 
bring away a few drops of the contents of 
a tumor or abscess. N., Hare-lip, with a 
small canula for leaving in the lips after 
withdrawing the needle. N. -holder, a 
handle for clasping a needle. Also, an 
insulated handle for holding the needles 
employed in certain forms of electro-cau- 
tery. N. Operation. See Extraction 
of Cataract. 

Nee / dling (of Cataract). See Extraction 
of Cataract (Discission). 

Neef s Hammer. An automatic arrange- 
ment for opening and breaking the current 
in an inductorium. 

Neg / ative. That quality the opposite of 
positive. N. Pole, that pole of a galvanic 
cell connected with the carbon or least 
oxidizable plate. Also, that pole of an 
electric generator toward which the as- 
sumed electric current flows. 

Ne'gro (niger, black). A race of people 
distinguished mainly by woolly hair, black 
skin, and thick protruding lips. The 
melanochroi of Huxley's classification. 
Also, an individual of the race. See 
Mulatto. 

NeFaton's Line. One drawn from the 
anterior superior spinous process to the 
tuber ischii. 

Nematachom / eter (vTjjua, thread, raxoq, 
rapidity, /uerpov, measure). An instrument 
for measuring the rapidity of transmission 
of nervous impulses in peripheral nerves. 

Nem / atoid {vrjpia, etSog, form). Filiform. 
Resembling a thread. 

Nematoid / ea (vn/ia, eidog). A name ap- 
plied to certain species of parasitic, in- 
testinal worms. 

Neme / us (yrjfia). In botany, a term ap- 
plied to certain cryptograms characterized 
by filamentous or thread-like spores. 

Ne / o- (veog, new). A Greek prefix signi- 
fying new. 

NeogaTa. See Colostrum. 

Ne'oplasm (veog, irlaafjia, a growth). The 
abnormal and exaggerated growth of 
tissue existing in body, either normally or 



NEOPLASTIC 



298 



NEURAL 



abnormally located. N., Compound 
Histioid, derived from compound tissue 
elements — angeioma, carcinoma, etc. N., 
Mesoblastic, derived from the mesoblast, 
include the Sarcomata, and the Histioid 
(Fibroma, Lipoma, Chondroma, Osteoma, 
Myoma). 

Neoplastic. Pertaining to a neoplasm. 
Applied, also, to plastic operations for re- 
storing lost tissue. See Autoplasty. 

Ne / oplasty. See Autoplasty. 

Nepen'the. An old name for an Egyp- 
tian anodyne, probably opium. Also, a 
genus of plants including the pitcher plants. 

NepheFium. See Nebula. 

Nephraemorrha / gia {ye<j>pog, the kidney, 
aifia, the blood, prj-yvvfii, to pour out). 
Hemorrhage from the kidney. 

Nephralgia (veippog, alyog, a pain). Any 
pain of the kidney. 

Nephrapost'asis (ye$pog, airooTaoLQ, sup- 
purative inflammation). Abscess, or sup- 
purative inflammation of the kidneys. 

Nephrat / ony (yetypog, a negative, rovog, 
tone). Atony or paralysis of the kidneys. 

Nephrau'xe {vetypog, avt-ij, increase). En- 
largement of the kidney. 

Nephrectomy (vetypog, enrofiT], excision). 
Excision of the kidney. 

Nephrelco / sis (vecppog, eTinocug, ulceration). 
A condition of ulceration of the kidneys. 

NephreFcus (vzcppog, cXnog } an ulcer). An 
ulcer of the kidney. 

Nephremphrax / is (vecppog, e/bLcppatjig, ob- 
struction). Obstruction of the vessels of 
the kidneys. 

Nephrit'ic. Pertaining to nephritis. 

NephrFtis. Inflammation of the kidneys. 
See Bright' 's Disease. 

Nephrocele (vecppog, ktjIt], a tumor). 
Hernia of the kidney. 

Nephrolith (veippog, XiOog, a stone). Cal- 
culus or stone in the kidney. 

Nephrolithotomy (vecppog, Xtdog, roprj, 
cutting). Operation for calculus of the 
kidney. 

Nephropyo / sis (vecppog, irvuaig, suppura- 
tion). Suppuration of the kidney. 

Nephror / aphy (vecppog, pacp-q, suture). 
Suture of the kidney to the wall of the 
abdomen, in floating kidney, instead of 
nephrectomy. 

Nephrotomy (vecppog, tejuvg), to cut). 
Incision of the kidney. 

Nephrozy / mose. An animal gum some- 
times found in urine. 

Ne'reum. The leaves or root of N. 
odorum, the common oleander. The ex- 
tractive principles exert a marked effect on 



the motor centers, in lethal doses, produc- 
ing paralysis and death from heart failure. 
In small doses, a cardiac tonic resembling 
digitalis. Dose of the extract gr. ^. Unof 

Nerve (nervus). Nerves are fibrillar or 
tube-like cords of albuminous tissue pro- 
ceeding from ganglia, chiefly of the cord 
and encephalon, to other ganglia or 
plexuses, or to peripheral organs, forming 
the routes of intercommunication for motor, 
vasomotor, sensory, volitional, trophic, or 
other stimuli, whereby the organism is 
bound into a unit, and controlled from a 
central source. N., Anabolic, one di- 
rectly or indirectly bringing about con- 
structive metabolism. N., Augmentor, 
the cardiac sympathetic nerves. N., 
Katabolic, one producing chemical de- 
structive changes in a muscle or tissue. 
N., Vaso - Motor. See Vaso- Motor. 
An alphabetical list of the principal 
nerves, with their function, origin, dis- 
tribution, and branches, is appended. (See 
pp. 299-304.) 

Nerve -stretching. Mechanical elonga- 
tion or tension of an exposed nerve, for 
neuralgia, spasmodic contraction, etc. 
N.-s., Subcutaneous, by flexion or 
massage of the part instead of exposing 
the nerve. 

Nerve Tumor. See Neuroma. 

Ner / vine (nervus). A remedy that calms 
nervous excitement or acts favorably on 
nervous diseases. 

Nervi Nervorum. A term sometimes 
applied to the small nerves supplying the 
nerve sheaths. 

Ner / vous. Pertaining to nerves. Applied 
to conditions of nervous hyperdssfhesia and 
neurasthenia. N. System. See Cerebro- 
spinal. 

Nestle. The root of Urtica dioica, the 
common stinging nettle. A common 
domestic remedy in nephritic complaints 
and hemorrhages. Astringent, diuretic and 
antiscorbutic. Dose of fld. ext. ir^xx-xl. 
N. Rash. See Urticaria. 

Neu / bauer's Test (for sugar). A solution 
of indigo-carmine, rendered alkaline with 
sodic carbonate, is added to the suspected 
solution until a slight bluish color is ob- 
tained. With heat, if sugar be present, 
the color passes into purple, red and yellow. 
Shaken with air, the fluid again becomes 
blue. 

Neuradyna / mia. See Neurasthenia. 

Neu'ral. Pertaining to nerves. N.Axis, 
the spinal cord. N. Tube, the closed 
medullary groove of the epiblast. 





TABLE OF NERVES (alphabetical). 




Name. 


Function. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Abducens (6th 
cranial). 


Motion. 


4th ventricle. 


External rectus of 
eye. 




Articular. 


Trophic, sensory (?) 


Ant. crural. 


Knee-joint. 


Capsular, synovial. 


Articular., 2. 


Trophic, sensory (?) 


Ulnar. 


Elbow-joint. 


Filaments. 


Auditory (8th 
cranial, portio 
mollis of 7th). 


Hearing. 


4th ventricle. 


Internal ear. 


Vestibular, coch- 
lear. 


Auricular (Ar- 
nold's). 


Sensation. 


Pneumogastric. 


External ear. 


Filaments. 


Auricular {post.). 


Motion. 


Facial. 


Retrahens a u r e m 
occipito-frontalis. 


Auricular, occipital. 


Auricularis mag- 
nus. 


Sensation. 


Cervical plexus 2d 
and 3d cervical. 


Parotid gland, face, 
ear. 


Facial, posterior 
mastoid. 


Auriculo- tempo- 
ral. 


Sensation. 


Inf. maxillary. 


Pinna and temple. 


Ant. and post, tem- 
poral. 


Buccal. 


Sensation. (Mo- 
tion ?) 


Inf. maxillary. 


Cheek. 


Sup. and inf. buc- 
cinator and ext. 
pterygoid. 


Cardiac (cervical 
and thoracic). 


Motion. 


Pneumogastric. 


Heart. 


Branches to cardiac 
plexuses. 


Cervical, 8. 


Motion and sensa- 
tion. 


Cord. 


Trunk and upper 
extremities. 


Ant. and post, 
divisions. See 
Plexus. 


Cervical, ist(ant. 
div.). 


Motion and sensa- 
tion. 


Cord. 


Rectus lat. and two 
ant. recti. 


Branches and com- 
municating to 
pneumogast., hy- 
poglos., symp. 


Cervical, 1st 
(post. div.). 


Motion and sensa- 
tion. 


Cord. 


Recti, obliqui, com- 
plexus. 


Branches, commu- 
nicating and cuta- 
neous filaments. 


Cervical, 2d (ant. 
div.). 


Motion and sensa- 
tion. 


Cord. 


Communicating. 


Ascending, de- 
scending, commu- 
nicating and fila- 
ments. 


Cervical, 2d 
(post div.) 


Motion and sensa- 
tion. 


Cord. 


Obliq. inf., scalp, 
ear, complexus, 
splenius, trach. 
mastoid. 


Internal or occipi- 
talis major, and 
external. 


Cervical, 3d (ant. 
div.). 


Motion and sensa- 
tion. 


Cord. 


Communicating. 


Ascending, de- 
scending, commu- 
nicating filaments. 


Cervical, 3d 
(post. div.). 


Motion and sensa- 
tion. 


Cord. 


Occiput, etc., sple- 
nius, complexus, 
etc. 


Internal, external 
and filaments. 


Cervical, 4th 
(ant. div.). 


Motion and sensa- 
tion. 


Cord. 


Shoulder and com- 
municating. 


Communicating fil- 
aments, muscular, 
etc. 


Cervicals, 5th to 
8th (ant. div.). 


Motion and sensa- 
tion. 


Cord. 


Brachial plexus. 


Communicating. 


Cervicals, 4th to 
8th (post. div.). 


Motion and sensa- 
tion. 


Cord. 


Muscles and skin 
of neck. 


Int. and ext. 
branches. 



299 



TABLE OF NERVES (ALPHABETICAL).— Continued. 



Name Function. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Cervicofacial. 


Motion. 


Facial. 


Lower part face and 
part of neck. 


Buccal, supra-max- 
illary, infra-max- 
illary. 


Chorda tympani. 


Motion. 


Facial. 


Tongue, etc. 


Filaments. 


Circumflex. 


Motion and sensa- 
tion. 


Brachial plexus. 


Teres minor and 
deltoid. 


Upper and" lower. 


Colli, superfici- 
alis. 


Sensation. 


Cervical plexus. 


Platysma muscle 
and antero-lateral 
parts of neck. 


Ascending and de- 
scending branches 
and filaments. 


Communicans 
noni. 


Motion and sensa- 
tion. 


2d cervical, 3d cer- 
vical. 


Descendens noni. 


Omo-hyoid and fila- 
ments. 


Communicating. 


Motion and sensa- 
tion. 


Cervical plexus. 


Spinal accessory. 


Branches. 


Communicating.- 


Sensation and mo- 
tion. 


1st and 2d cervical. 


Pneumogastric, hy- 
poglossal, sympa- 
thetic. 


Three branches and 
filaments. 


Crural, anterior. 


Motion and sensa- 
tion. 


Lumbar plexus. 


Thigh. 


Middle and int. 
cutaneous, long 
saphenous, muscu- 
lar, articular. 


Cutaneous. 


Sensation. 


Musculo-spiral. 


Skin of arm, radial 
side forearm. 


One internal, two 
external. 


Cutaneous. 


Sensation. 


Ulnar. 


Wrist and palm. 


1st and palmar cu- 
taneous. 


Cutaneous {dor- 
sal). 


Sensation. 


Ulnar. 


Little and ring fin- 
gers. 


Filaments and com- 
municating br. 


Cutaneous (ext.). 


Sensation. 


2d and 3d lumbar. 


.Skin of thigh. 


Anterior, posterior. 


Cutaneous (int.). 


Sensation. 


Brachial plexus. 


Forearm. 


Ant. and post, 
branches and fila- 
ments. 


Cutaneous (less- 
er int.) {"Wris- 
berg.") 


Sensation. 


Brachial plexus. 


Inner side of arm. 


Filaments. 


Cutaneous (mid- 
dle and int.). 


Sensation. Motion? 


Ant. crural. 


Thigh and commu- 
nicating. 


Com mun icating 
and filaments. 


Dentals (post, 
and ant.). 


Sensation. 


Sup. maxillary. 


Teeth. 


Filaments. 


Dental (inf.). 


Sensation. 


Inf. maxillary. 


Teeth, muscles, 
gland. 


Mylohyoid, incisor, 
mental, dental. 


Digastric. 


Motion. 


Facial. 


Post, belly of digas- 
tric. 


Filaments. 


Dorsal, 12 (ant. 
and post. div.). 


Motion and sensa- 
tion. 


Cord 


Muscles and skin 
of chest and 
trunk. 


External, internal, 
cutaneous, etc. 


Facial (7th cra- 
nial , port io 
dura). 


Motion. 


4th ventricle. 


Face, ear, palate, 
tongue. 


Petrosals, tym- 
panic, chorda-tym- 
pani, post. -auricu- 
lar, digastric, 
stylo- hyoid, tem- 
poro-facial, c e r - 
vico-facial. 



300 



TABLE OF NERVES (ALPHABETICAL).— Continued. 



Name. 


Function. 


Origin. 


. Distribution. 


Branches. 


Frontal. 


Sensation. 


Ophthalmic. 


Forehead and lids. 


Supra-orbi ta 1, 
supra-trochlear. 


Gastric. 


Motion. 


Pneumogastric. 


Stomach. 


Filaments. 


Genito- crural. 


Motion and sensa- 
tion. 


2d lumbar. 


Cremaster and 
thigh. 


Genital, crural, 
communicating. 


Glosso-pharyn - 
geal, 9th cranial 


Sensation and taste 


4th ventricle. 


Tongue, middle ear, 
tonsils, pharynx. 


Tympanic, carotid, 
pharyngeal, mus- 
cular, tonsillar, lin- 
gual. 


Gluteal (supe- 
rior). 


Motion. 


Sacral plexus. 


Glutei, tensor vagi- 
nae fern. 


Filaments. 


Gustatory. 


Taste and sensation 


Inf. maxillary. 


Tongue and mouth. 


Branches and fila- 
ments. 


Hepatic. 


(?) 


Pneumogastric. 


Liver. 


Hepatic plexus. 


Hypoglossal, 
12th cranial. 


Motion. 


4th ventricle. 


Glossus and hyoid 
muscles. 


Descendens noni, 
muscular, thyro- 
hyoid. 


Ilio-hypogastric. 


Motion and sensa- 
tion. 


1st lumbar. 


Abdominal and 
gluteal regions. 


Iliac, hypogastric, 
communicating. 


Ilio-inguinal. 


Motion and sensa- 
tion. 


1st lumbar. 


Inguinal region 
and scrotum. 


Muscular, cutane- 
ous and communi- 
cating. 


Infra-orbital. 


Sensation. 


Sup. maxillary. 


Nose and lip. 


Palpebral, nasal, 
labial. 


Interosseus 

(anterior). 


Motion. 


Median. 


Deep muscles of 
forearm. 


Branches and fila- 
ments. 


I n t e r os seu s 
(posterior). 


Motion and sensa- 
tion. 


Musculo-spiral. 


Carpus and radial, 
and post, brachial 
regions. 


Branches and fila- 
ments. 


Lachrymal. 


Sensation. 


Ophthalmic. 


Gland and conjunc- 
tiva. 


Filaments. 


Laryngeal (r e- 
current or infe- 
rior). 


Motor. 


Pneumogastric. 


Larynx. 


Branches to all 
muscles except 
crico-thyroid. 


Laryngeal (supe- 
rior). 


Sensation and mo- 
tion. 


Pneumogastric. 


Larynx. 


External — c r i co- 
thyroid muscle and 
thyroid gland. In- 
ternal — m u co us 
memb., larynx, etc. 


Lumbar (5). 


Motion and sensa- 
tion. 


Cord. 


Lumbar and genita! 
tissues, etc. 


Ant. and post, di- 
visions, lumbar 
plexus, etc. 


Masseteric. 


Motor. 


Inf. maxillary. 


Masseter muscle 
(and temporal ?). 


Filaments. 


Maxillary (in- 
ferior). 


Sensation, motion, 
and taste. 


Trigeminus. 


Muscles of mastica- 
tion, ear, cheek, 
tongue, teeth. 


Masseteric, auricu- 
lotemporal, buc- 
cal, gustatory, inf. 
dental. 


Maxillary (su- 
perior). 


Sensation. 


Trigeminus. 


Cheek, face, teeth. 


Orbital, sphenopa- 
latine, dentals, 
infra-orbital. 



301 



TABLE OF NERVES (ALPHABETICAL).— Continued. 



Name. 



Function. Origin. 



Median. 



Motion and sensa- Brachial plexus, 
tion. 



Distribution. 



Branches. 



Pronat. rad. teres, Muscular, ant. in- 
flexors, 2 lumbri-i terosseus, palmar 
cales, fingers,! cutaneous, 
palm, etc. 



Motor oculi (3d Motion, 
cranial). 



Floor aqueduct Syl- 
vius. 



All muscles of eye. 



Except rectus ext., 
obliq . sup., and 
orbic. palpeb. 



Muscular. 



Motion and sensa- 
tion. 



1 st and 2d cervical 



Muscles. 



Rec. cap. lat., rec. 
ant. major et 

minor. 



Muscular. 



Motion and sensa- 
tion. 



Cervical plexus. 



Sterno-mastoid,lev. 
ang.scap., scalenus 
med., trapezius. 



Branches. 



Muscular. 



Motion. 



Brachial plexus. 



Longus colli, sca- 
leni, rhomboidei, 
subclavius. 



Branches. 



Muscular. Motion 



Muscular. 



Musculo-spiral. 



Triceps, anconeus, 
supinat. long., ex- 
tens, car pi rad . 
long., brach. antic. 



Internal, posterior, 
external. 



Motion. 



Median. 



Superficial muscles Branches and fila- 
of forearm. i ments. 



Muscular. 



Motion. 



Ulnar. 



Flex. carp, ulnaris, 2 branches, 
flex, pr of un d .! 
digit. 



Muscular. 



Motion. 



Great sciatic. 



Biceps, semimem- Filaments, 
branosus, semi- 
tendinosus, adduc- 
tor magnus. 



Muscular. 



Motion. 



Sacral plexus. 



Pyriformis, obtura- Filaments, 
tor int., gemelli, 
quadratus femoris. 



Muscular. 



Musculo- cutane- 
ous. 



Musculo- cutane- 
ous. 



Motor. 



Ant. crural. 



Pectineus and mus- 
cles of thigh. 



Motion and 
tion. 



sensa- Brachial plexus. 



Filaments. 



Coraco-brach., bi- Branches, ant. and 
ceps, brach. anti-i post, 
cus, forearm. 



Motion and 
tion. 



sensa-JExt. popliteal. 



Musculo-spiral. 



Nasal. 



Obturator. 



Motion and 
tion. 



Sensation. 



Muscles of fibular Internal, external, 
side of leg, skin of 
dorsum of foot. 



Brachial plexus. 



Back of arm and Muscular, cutane- 
forearm, skin of ous, radial, post, 
back of hand. 1 inteross. 



Ophthalmic. 



Motion and 
tion. 



sensa- Lumbar plexus. 



Iris, ciliary- gangli- Ganglionic, ciliary, 
on, nose. j infra-trochlear. 

— i 

Obturator ext., ad- An t. and post, 
ductor, joint and articulating and 
skin. , communicating. 



Obturator, (a c 
cessory). 



Motion and 
tion. 



sensa-i Lumbar plexus. 



Pectineus and hip- Branches and fila- 
joint. ments. 



Occipitalis m i 
nor. 



Sensation. 



(Esophageal. 



Motion. 



|Sec. cervical. 



jPneumogastric. 

302 



jO c c i pito-frontalis Communicating.au- 
ear, etc. j ricular filaments. 



;Stomach. 



GEsophag. plexus. 



TABLE OF NERVES (ALPHABETICAL).— Continued. 



Name. 


Function. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 

| 


Branches. 


O 1 fa c t ory (ist 
cranial.) 


Smell. 


Frontal lobe, optic 
thai., island Reil 


Schneiderian mem- 
brane of nose. 


20 branches. 


Ophthalmic. 


Sensation. 


Trigeminus. 


Forehead, eyes 
nose. 


Frontal, lachrymal, 
nasal. 


Optic (2d cranial) 


Sight. 


Cortical center in 
occipital lobe. 


Retina. 


None. 


Orbital. 


Sensation. 


Sup. maxillary. 


Temple and cheek. 


Temporal and ma- 
lar. 


Palmar Cutane- 
ous. 


Sensation. 


Median. 


Thumb and palm. 


Outer and inner. 


Palmar (deep). 


Motion. 


Ulnar. 


Little finger, dorsal 
and palmar inter- 
osseous, 2 inner 
lumbricales ab- 
ductorpollicis, etc. 


Branches and fila- 
ments. 


Palmar (super- 
ficial). 


Sensation and mo- 
tion. 


Ulnar. 


Palmaris br ev i s, 
inner side of 
hand and little 
finger. 


Filaments and two 
digital branches. 


Patheticus (4th 
cranial). 


Motion. 


Valve Vieussens. 


Sup. oblique of 
eye. 


None. 


Petrosals. 


Motion. 


Facial. 


Ganglia and plexus. 


Great, small, ex- 
ternal to Meckel's 
gang., otic gang., 
and mening. plex- 
us, respectively. 


Pharyngeal. 


Motion. 


Pneumogastric. 


Pharynx. 


Pharyngeal plexus, 
muscles and mu- 
cous membrane. 


Phrenic. 


Motion and sensa- 
tion. 


3d, 4th, and 5th cer- 
vical. 


Diaphragm, peri- 
cardium, pleura, etc 


Branches and fila- 
ments. 


Plantar (exter- 
nal). 


Motion and sensa- 
tion. 


Post, tibial. 


Little toe and deep 
muscles of foot. 


Superficial and 
deep. 


Plantar (inter- 
nal). 


Sensation and mo- 
tion. 


Post, tibial. 


Sole of foot, adduct. 
pollic, flexor brev. 
dig., toes, etc. 


Cutaneous, muscu- 
lar, articular, digi- 
tal. 


Pneumogast ric 
(10th cranial 
" Par Vagum"). 


Sensation and mo- 
tion. 


4th ventricle. 


Ear, pharynx, 
larynx, heart, 
lungs, oesophagus, 
etc. 


Auricular, pharyn- 
geal, sup. laryn- 
geal, recurrent la- 
ryngeal, cardiac, 
pulmonary, oeso- 
phageal, gastric, 
hepatic. 


Popliteal (exter- 
nal). 


Sensation and mo- 
tion. 


Great sciatic. 


Extensors of skin 
of foot. 


Ant. tibial.musculo- 
cutaneous. 


Popliteal (inter- 
nal). 


Motion and sensa- 
tion. 


Great sciatic. 


Knee, gastrocne- 
mius tibialis, plan- 
taris, soleus, popli- 
teus,skin of foot, etc 


Articular, muscu- 
lar cutaneous, ext. 
saphenous, pi a n- 
tar. 


Pulmonary (ant. 
and post.). 


(?) 


Pneumogastric. 


Lungs. 


Branches to pulmo- 
nary plexuses. 


Pudic. 


Motion and sensa- 
tion. 


Sacral plexus. 


Perineum, anus, 
genitalia. 


Inf. Hemorrhoidal 
perineal, cutaneous 
dorsal of penis. 


Radial. 


Sensation. 


Musculo-cutaneous 


Thumb and 3 fin- 
gers. 


External and in- 
ternal. 



303 



TABLE OF NERVES (ALPHABETICAL).— Continued. 



Name. 


Function. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Sacral, 5. 


Motion and sensa- 
tion. 


Cord. 


Multifidus spinae, 
skin gluteal re- 
gion, etc. 


Filaments and sa- 
cral plexus. 


Saphenous (long 
or int.). 


Sensation. 


Ant. crural. 


Knee, ankle, etc. 


Cutaneous, patellar, 
c m m u n icating, 
filaments. 


Sciatic (great). 


Motor and sensa- 
tion. 


Sacral plexus. 


Skin of leg, muscles 
of back of thigh 
and those of leg 
and foot. 


Articular, muscu- 
lar, popliteals. 


Sciatic (small). 


Sensation and mo- 
tion. 


Sacral plexus. 


Perineum, back of 
thigh and leg, glu- 
teus maximus. 


Muscular, cutane- 
ous. 


Spheno-palatine. 


Sensation. 


Sup. maxillary. 


Meckel's ganglion. 


See Ganglion. 


Spinal accessory 
(nth cranial). 


Motor. 


4th ventricle. 


Sterno-cleido mas- j Branches and fila- 
toid, trapezius. ments. 


Splanchnic 
(great). 


Sympathetic. 


Thoracic ganglia. 


Semilunar gan-C ommunicating 
glion, renal and su- and filaments, 
pra-renal plexus. 


Splanchnic 
(lesser). 


Sympathetic. 


10th and nth tho- 
racic ganglia great 
splanchnic. 


C celiac p lexus'C om mu n icating 
and great splanch- and filaments, 
nic. 


Splanchnic 
(renal). 


Sympathetic. 


Last thoracic gan- 
glion. 


Renal and cceliac 
plexus. 


Communicating 
and filaments. 


Stylo-hyoid. 


Motion. 


Facial. 


Stylo-hyoid mus- 
cle, 


Filaments. 


Subscapular, 3. 


Motion. 


Brachial plexus. 


S ub s c a p . , teres 
maj., and latiss. 
dorsi. 


Filaments. 


Supra -clavicular 
(descending). 


Sensation. 


3d and 4th cervical. 


Skin of neck, Sternal, clavicular, 
breast and shoul- acromial, 
der. 


Supra-orbital. 


Sensation. 


Frontal. 


Upper lid, fore- 
head. 


Muscular, cutane- 
ous and pericra- 
nial branches. 


Supra-scapular. 


Motion and sensa- 
tion. 


Brachial plexus. 


Scapular muscles. 


Branches and fila- 
ments. 


Supra -trochlear. 


Sensation. 


Frontal. 


Forehead. 


Muscular and skin 
branches. 


Sympathetic. 


See Sympathetic, Ganglion, and Plexus. 


Temporo-facial. 


Motion. 


Facial. 


Upper part of face. 


Temporal, malar, 
infra-orbital. 


Thoracic (post, 
or long). 


Motion. 


Brachial plexus. 


Serratus magnus. j Filaments. 


Tibial (anterior). 


Motion and sensa- 
tion. 


Ext. popliteal. 


Tibialis antic, ex- 
tensor long, digit., 
peroneus ter., etc., 
joints of foot, skin 
of great toe, etc. 


Muscular, external, 
internal. 


Tibial (poste- 
rior). 


Motion and sensa- 
tion. 


Great sciatic. 


Tibialis post., flexor 
long, digit, flexor 
long, pollic, skin 
of heel and sole, 
knee-joint. 


Plantars, muscular, 
plantar cutaneous, 
articular. 


Thoracics (ante- 
rior and ext.) 


Motion. 


Brachial plexus. 


Pectoralis major et Branches and fila- 
minor. ! ments. 


Trigeminus or 
trifacial (5th cra- 
nial). 


Motion and sensa- 
tion. (Taste.) 


Medulla. 


Skin and structures 
of face, tongue and 
teeth. 


Ophthalmic, sup. 
and inf. max. divi- 
sions. 


Tympanic. 


Motion. 


Facial. 


Stapedius and laxa- 
tor tympani mus- 
cles. 


Filaments. 


Ulnar. 


Motion and sensa- 
tion. 


Brachial plexus. 


Muscles, etc., shoul- 
der and wrist 
joints, and skin of 
little finger. 


Two articular, mus- 
cular, cutaneous, 
dorsal, sup. pal- 
mar, deep palmar. 



304 



NEURALGIA 



305 



NEURO-EPITHELIUM 



Neural'gia (vevpov, alyoc, pain). Nerve- 
pain. It may be spontaneous or due to 
external cause. Spontaneous or idiopathic 
N. is probably central in origin. The 
pathology is obscure, as also the origin of 
the " tender-points," or hyper- sensitive 
areas, especially at emergent spots. The 
causes of N. differ widely, and depend also 
upon the special situation or nerves affected. 
If of the fifth nerve it is called tic doulour- 
eux, or prosopalgia, and is the most fre- 
quent variety. Others are ocular, cervico- 
occipital, cervico-brachial and brachial, 
trunk, leg (sciatica), visceral, etc. Accord- 
ing to character, classed as epileptiform, 
reflex or sympathetic, traumatic, herpetic 
(zoster), hysterical, rheumatic, gouty, dia- 
betic, anaemic, malarial, syphilitic, de- 
generative, etc. N., False. Nerve-pains 
due to mechanical compression of a nerve. 

Neuranagen / esis {vevpov, avayevvau, to 
renew). Regeneration or renewal of 
nerve tissue. 

Neurasthenia [vevpov, acdeveta, weak- 
ness). Deficiency or exhaustion of nervous 
force. Debility of the nervous centers. 
N. Gastrica, feeble digestion of a purely 
nervous origin. 

Neurectasis. See Nerve-stretching. 

Neurectomy (vevpov, eKTOjujj, excision). 
The operation of excising the whole or 
part of a nerve. 

Neu'ridine. A ptomaine, the first diamine 
isolated from animal tissues by Brieger in 
1884. It is one of the most common 
products of putrefaction ; has been obtained 
from putrid human flesh, horseflesh, fish, 
gelatine and cheese. It can be obtained 
from fresh eggs in the preparation of cho- 
line by heating with baryta, and from fresh 
brain by heating with 2 per cent, hydro- 
chloric acid. It is almost invariably accom- 
panied by choline in the process of putre- 
faction: according to the duration of 
putrefaction, choline decreases and yields 
corresponding increase in trymethylamine, 
while neuridine increases in quantity ac- 
cording to nature of decomposing organ. 
The greatest yield is from gelatinous tissue, 
such as intestines ; tissues like those of the 
liver and spleen yield little. Neuridine is 
isomeric with cadaverine. The free base 
has an excessively repulsive seminal odor. 
It is soluble in water; not in ether and 
alcohol. Pure neuridine is not poisonous, 
but when mingled with the products of 
putrefaction, has a toxic effect like pepto- 
toxine. This holds true of other non- 
poisonous bases. 
20 



Neurilemma (vevpov, lefifia, the bark of 
a plant). The sheath encasing a nerve. 

NeuriFity (Fr. nevrilite). The stimulus 
or power possessed by a nerve fiber to 
cause contraction of a muscle. 

Neu / rin. The albuminous basis forming 
the substance of nerve tissue. 

Neu / rine. A highly-poisonous ptomaine- 
base of the choline group. Its genesis is 
still rather obscure ; but it has been found 
to occur with choline in a manner sug- 
gesting its derivation from choline by the 
removal of water. Has been obtained 
from human brains and human flesh, horse- 
flesh, and beef. The free base has a strong 
alkaline reaction, and yields a cloud on 
contact with fumes of hydrochloric acid. 
As a poison its action resembles that of 
muscarine. The injection of a few milli- 
grams into frogs produces in a short time 
complete paralysis of the extremities, with 
deadening of reflex excitability. Respira- 
tion first stops, then the heart decreases its 
action, and finally is arrested in diastole. 
At this point an injection of atropine does 
away with the effect of neurine, so that the 
heart begins to beat again. Direct appli- 
cation of the poison to the eyes of animals 
produces contraction of the pupil; the 
same symptom follows injection. The 
peristaltic action of the intestines is so 
heightened that continual evacuation takes 
place until death, which is accompanied 
by clonic convulsions. Atropine possesses 
so strong an antagonism to neurine, that 
the injection of even a small quantity is 
sufficient to dispel these symptoms. 

Neurit / ic. Pertaining to neuritis. 

Neuritis (vevpov, trie, inflammation). In- 
flammation of a nerve, especially of a nerve- 
trunk. The nerve-structure itself is little 
subject to inflammatory lesions, which are 
usually confined to the coverings, and 
therefore is more properly termed peri- 
neuritis. N., Multiple. See Multiple 
Neuritis. N., Peripheral, is confined to 
the terminal filaments of nerves. N., Op- 
tic, of the optic nerve. See Papillitis. 

Neu / ro- (vevpov). A Greek prefix signify- 
ing connection with or relation to a nerve. 

Neurocyte (vevpov, kvtoc, cell). A nerve 
cell; the essential element of nervous struc- 
tures. 

Neurodynam / ic(v£i» j oov, Swa/uic, strength). 
Pertaining to the power of a nerve-current 
or of the nervous forces of the system. 

Neurodynia. See Neuralgia. 

Neu / ro-epithe / lium. The retinal layer 
of the rods and cones. 



NEUROFIBROMA 



NIGHT-BLINDNESS 



Neurofibroma. A tumor of the neuri- 
lemma, composed of cellular and fibrous 
tissue. 

Neuroglia. A name given by Virchow 
to the connective tissue of nerve, brain and 
spinal-cord substance. 

Neurography (vevpov, ypa^o), to write). 
A descriptive anatomy of the nerves. 

Neuro-ker'atin. See Keratin. 

NeuroFogy (vevpov, Aoyoc, a treatise). A 
treatise on the nerves. 

Neuro / ma {yevpov). An abnormal en- 
largement in the course of a nerve ; a nerve 
tumor. Also, N. Cutis, a tumor of the 
skin, resembling myoma, consisting mainly 
of firm connective tissue, starting from the 
neurilemma. Pathologically considered as 

fibro-neiiro-myoma. 

Neuromala'cia {yevpov, /ualanog, a soften- 
ing). A softening of nerve tissue. 

Neuromatous (vevpov). Having the na- 
ture of a nerve tumor. 

Neuromime / sis {vevpov, juipirjo-cg, imita- 
tion). Nervous or hysterical mimicry of 
disease. 

N euro-muscular (vevpov, mtisculus, a 
muscle). Pertaining conjointly to nerves 
and muscles. 

Neuromyelitis (vevpov, piveloq, marrow). 
Inflammation of nerve tissue or medullary 
substance. 

Neuromy / elous (vevpov, fiveloq). Per- 
taining to or of the nature of nerve or 
medullary substance. 

Neuropathic (vevpov, iraOoQ, suffering). 
Pertaining to nervous diseases. 

Neuropathology (vevpov, iradog, loyog, 
a treatise). A treatise on diseases of the 
nerves. 

Neuropathy (vevpov, rradoq). Any dis- 
ease of the nerve system. 

Neurophysiology (vevpov, <pvci$, nature, 
"koyoq, a treatise). A treatise on the 
physiology of the nerves. 

Neuror / aphy (vevpov, pa<pr}, a suture). 
The operation of joining a divided nerve 
by sutures. 

N euro -retinitis. Combined inflammation 
of the optic nerve and the retina. 

Neuro'sis (vevpov). An abnormal nervous 
action or an affection of the nerves or 
nerve-centers of a functional nature. N., 
Cutaneae, a term used to express ab- 
normal functional conditions of the sensory 
cutaneous nerves. N., Reflex, a func- 
tional nervous disease whose origin is in 
some irritation or part distinct from that 
in which the affection is manifested. Such 
a neurosis may result in organic lesions. 



Neuro-stear'ic Acid. An acid isomeric 
with stearic acid, occurring in the brain. 

Neuro-stear / ic Ether. A substance 
formed by treating phrenosin, an element 
of brain-tissue, with sulphuric acid and 
alcohol. 

Neurosthe / nia (vevpov, adevog, power). 
Great nervous power, or abnormal excita- 
tion of the nervous centers. 

Neurothe'le (vevpov, OrfArj, a nipple). A 
nervous papilla. 

Neurot'ic. Pertaining to the nerves or ner- 
vous phenomena, and especially to neuroses. 
In therapeutics neurotics are such drugs as 
have a special influence upon nervous cen- 
ters and functions. 

Neurotomy (vevpov, refivo), to cut). Divi- 
sion of a nerve. 

Neutralization (neuter, neither). That 
process or operation which precisely coun- 
terbalances or cancels the action of an 
agent. In medicine, the process of check- 
ing the operation of any agent which pro- 
duces a morbid effect. 

Neu'tral Mixture. Liquor potassii ci- 
tratis. See Potassium. 

New-born. The child during a short 
period after birth. 

New-formation. See Neoplasm. 

Nickel. Ni = 58 ; quantivalence II, IV. 
A metal of silver- white luster, resembling 
iron in physical properties. Asserted to 
be a compound body, in 1889, by Krauss, 
of Munich. Much used for plating metallic 
surgical appliances. N. Bromide, recom- 
mended in epilepsy. Dose gr. v-x. N. 
Sulphate, has been used as a nerve tonic 
in tabes dorsalis. Dose gr. iij-v. All 
unof. 

Nicol's Prism. A polished prism of Ice- 
land spar, cut diagonally across the prin- 
cipal axis, the sections being joined to- 
gether by means of Canada balsam. It 
has the property of reflecting the ordinary 
ray of light out of the field, while the so- 
called polarized ray is transmitted. 

Nicoti'anin. The solid volatile principle 
to which tobacco owes its flavor. 

Nic / otine. See Tabacum. 

Nicotinism. The constitutional effects 
of the continued or excessive use of to- 
bacco. 

Nictitating Membrane. See Membrane. 

Nictitation (nictito, to wink). Abnormal 
frequency of winking. 

Ni'dus Hirundi'nis (Lat., a swallow's 
nest).' A deep fossa of the cerebellum 
near the uvula. 

Night-blindness. See Hemeralopia. 



NIGHT-BLOOMING CEREUS 307 



NOMENCLATURE 



Night-blooming Ce / reus. The flowers 
of Cactus grandiflora. Sedative and diu- 
retic. Useful in functional ailments of the 
heart, palpitation and angina pectoris. 
Dose of the fid. ext. (alcoholic) tt\x-xxx. 
Unof. 

Nightmare. A feeling of distress or suf- 
focation during sleep, attended with fright, 
hideous dreams and often with inability to 
stimulate muscular contraction except in a 
very slight degree. 

Night-soil. See Fczces. 

Niphablep / sia. See Blindness, Snow. 

Nip / ple. The conical elevation in the 
center of the areolar of the mamma. The 
mammilla. 

Ni'sus {nitor, to endeavor). The peri- 
odical desire for procreation manifested in 
the spring season by certain species of ani- 
mals. Also, the contraction of the dia- 
phragm and abdominal muscles, for the 
expulsion of the faeces or the urine. 

Nit. A popular name for the larvae of 
several species of pedicidus ; they are at- 
tached to the hair during incubation. 

Ni / trate. Any salt of nitric acid. All 
nitrates are soluble in water. N. Test 
Reagent. See Acid Phenyl Sulphate. 

Nitric Acid Test. See Hellers Test. 

Nitric Magne / sian Rea'gent. See Rob- 
erts' Reagent. 

Ni / trite {virpov, niter). A salt of nitrous 
acid, HN0 2 . Also applied to certain com- 
binations with organic radicals, as nitro- 
glycerine, C 2 H 5 (N0 2 ) 3 , nitrobenzol, amylic 
nitrite, etc. N., Amylic, nitrite of amyl, 
C 5 H n N0 2 , possesses a fruity odor. Inhaled 
it causes tumultuous action of heart and 
lowered respiration. Useful in angina pecto- 
ris, asthma, etc. Occasionally useful in sea- 
sickness. Dose, internal, TT\,X~J> dissolved 
in alcohol; by inhalation, Tryj-v. Nitro- 
glycerine, an oily liquid soluble in alco- 
hol, and extremely explosive. Therapeu- 
tic action like that of amylic nitrite. Dose 
Tt\ zcro^V Dose of the tincture, I per 
cent, in alcohol, nL^-x. N., Sodium, 
like amylic nitrite, but less prompt. Em- 
ployed in desquamative nephritis when 
accompanied by weak action of heart. 
Dose gr. J^-v. 

Nitro- {yirpov). A Greek prefix denoting 
composition with nitrogen. Also, denoting 
composition with the radical N0 2 . 

Ni / trogen {yirpov, yevvao), to produce). 
N=I4; quantivalence I, III, v. One of 
the non-metallic elements, gaseous at ordi- 
nary temperatures. A component element 
of ammonia, various acids, and a great 



number of animal and vegetable tissues. 
Forms about 79 per cent, of the air. Most 
active in combination with oxygen. The 
salts of nitric acid are called nitrates, of 
nitrous acid nitrites. 

Nitroglycerine. See Nitrite. 

Nitrous Ox'ide. Laughing Gas. A gase- 
ous compound, having the structure N 2 2 . 
Inhaled, produces mental exaltation and 
cerebral excitement, followed by anaesthe- 
sia. Much used in dentistry. 

Njin'io Wood. A remedy used in West 
Africa against gastric pains and loss of appe- 
tite. Effects similar to those of coca. Unof. 

Nocturnal {nox, night). Pertaining to the 
night-time; operating or performing nor- 
mal functions in the night instead of during 
the day. N. Blindness. See Hemera- 
lopia. N. Emission, and N. Pollu- 
tion. See Spermatorrhea. 

No / dal Point {nodus, a knot). The point 
of intersection of convergent rays of light 
with the visual axis of the eye. The First 
N P. is 6.9685 mm. behind the summit 
of the cornea. Second N. P. is 7.3254 
mm. behind the summit of the cornea, or 
0.1254 mm. behind the lens. 

Node {nodus). Oblong, indurated swell- 
ings or tumors upon bone in some forms 
of periostitis and osteitis. N., Parrot's, 
bosses of new bone on the outer table of 
the skull, the result of syphilis. N., 
Ranvier's, certain constrictions occurring 
in the course of medullated nerve-fibers, so 
that the sheath of Schwann lies upon the 
axis-cylinder. The part of the nerve be- 
tween the nodes is called an interannular 
or internodal segment. 

Nodose 7 {nodus). Characterized by nodes 
or nodosities. 

Nodo / sis {nodus). The condition of hav- 
ing or forming nodes. 

Nodosity. See Node. 

Nod / ule (dim. of nodus). A little knot or 
excrescence. N. of Arantii. See Cor- 
pus. N. of Cerebellum, the anterior 
termination of the inferior vermiform pro- 
cess of the cerebellum situated in front of 
the uvula. 

Nceud Vital. See Center, Respiratory. 

NoTi Me Tan'gere. See Rodent Ulcer. 

No / ma {vejuo, to eat away). A synonym of 
ulcerative stomatitis. Applied also to other 
corroding ulcers. Said to be of bacterial 
origin. 

Nomenclature {nomen, a name, calo, to 
call). A term denoting the systematic ap- 
plication and arrangement of the distinctive 
names employed in any science. 



NON 



308 



NUCLEUS 



Non- [non, not). A Latin prefix denoting 
negation. 

Non Com'pos Mentis. (Lat.) A legal 
term denoting an acquired unsoundness of 
mind, of such character that one is incap- 
able of conducting his own affairs. 

Nor / ma (Lat. a measure). In anatomy, 
a view or aspect — essentially of the skull. 
N. Basilaris, a view or aspect of the skull 
looking toward the under side. N. 
Facialis, an aspect looking toward the face. 
N. Lateralis, the aspect looking toward 
either half; a profile view. N. Occipi- 
talis, the aspect looking toward the back 
of the skull. N. Verticalis, the aspect 
viewed from above, or that looking at the 
top of the skull. 

Normal [norma). That which conforms 
to the natural order or law. 

Normoblast. See Corpuscle. 

Nor'ris's Invisible Corp / uscle. Color- 
less transparent biconcave discs of the 
same size as the red ones, invisible in the 
serum because their color and refractive 
discs are the same as that of the liquor 
sanguinis ; believed by Norris to exist in 
the blood. Probably colored discs that 
have lost their haemoglobin. 

Nose. The organ of smell, composed of a 
framework of bone and cartilage, covered 
externally by the skin and internally by 
mucous membrane, the membrana pituita- 
ria. N. Bleeding, haemorrhage from 
the nasal passages. Epistaxis. 

Nosoco / mium (yococ, disease, ko/ueu, to 
take care of). A place designed for the 
care of the sick. A hospital. 

Nosog / eny [voaocyevvao, to beget). The 
development and progress of diseases. 

Nosog / raphy [vocoq, ypa(j>u } to write). A 
descriptive treatise on the character and 
nature of diseases. 

Nosol'ogy [vouog, Xoyog, a treatise). A 
treatise on the classification of diseases. 

Nosoma / nia [voooc, juavca, mania). The 
belief that one suffers successively from 
many diseases. 

Nosophobia [voaog, (pofiog, fear). The 
exaggerated fear of disease. 

No / sophyte [voaog, <pvrov, a plant). A 
term applied to any pathogenic microbe, or 
minute parasitic organism which produces 
disease. 

Nosot'rophy [vocoq, Tpetio, to nourish). 
The proper care of the sick. 

NostaFgia [vogteu, to return, aTiyog, pain). 
Homesickness. 

Nos / trils (A. S. nosu, nose; thyrel, to 
drill). The nares. 



Nostrum [noster, ours). A term loosely 
applied to any quack medicine or cure-all. 

Notal'gia [vcotov, the back, aXyoq, pain). 
Any pain in the back. 

Notch. An indentation, especially on the 
circumferential edge of a bone. 

Notencepb/alocele. Tumor of the brain 
in a notencephaius. 

Notencepb/alus [vutov, ey/ce^aXov, the 
brain). An exencephalic monstrosity with 
the brain outside the cranium and at the 
back. 

No / tochord [vcjtov, x°P^ r l, a chord). A 
cellular cord inclosed in a structureless 
sheath, which in the embryo finally devel- 
ops into the vertebral column. Also, the 
spinal cord. 

Nox / ious [noceo, to hurt). Harmful; 
poisonous or deleterious. 

Nubecula (dim. of nudes, a cloud). The 
cloudiness caused by the suspension of 
insoluble matter in the urine. 

Nu / bile [nubo, to marry). Marriageable. 
Of an age capable of procreation or child- 
bearing. 

NubiFity [nubo). The state of develop- 
ment marked by ability to consummate 
marriage. 

Nu'cha. See Nape of the Neck. 

Nu / clear [nucleus, a cell). Pertaining to 
the nucleus. See, also, Cell-body. N. 
Paralysis, paralysis from lesion of the 
nucleus or center. N. Spindle, the 
diaster or double-star of the protoplasmic 
vitellus. 

Nucleate [nucleus). Having nuclei. 

Nu / clein. An albuminoid substance occur- 
ring in the nuclei of blood-corpuscles, pus, 
spermatozoids, brain, milk, etc. It re- 
sembles mucin, and is perhaps an inter- 
mediate product between albumin and 
lecithin. 

Nucleolus (dim. of nucleus). The small 
granular vesicle within the cell-nucleus. 

Nucleoplasm. See Chromatin. 

Nu / cleus [nucleus). The center around 
which the mass of a crystal aggregates. 
In biology, the small vesicular body within 
the mass of protoplasm, usually a trans- 
lucent fluid within a definite wall. In 
physiology, the controlling or motor cen- 
ter of a muscle or organ. N., Anterior, 
or N. Ambiguus, a center near that of 
the pneumogastric. N. Cinereus, a term 
sometimes used to designate the gray sub- 
stance of the restiform bodies. N. Cau- 
datus, the caudate nucleus, a part of the 
corpus striatum. N. Lenticularis, a cluster 
of gray matter of the corpus striatum. N. 



NULLIPAROUS 



309 



NYSTAGMUS 



of Pander, the upper expanded end of 
the flask-shaped mass of white yelk in the 
hen's egg. 

Nullip / arous (nullus, none, pario, to bring 
forth). Applied to a woman who has not 
borne a child. 

Num / miform [nummus, a coin). Having 
the form of a coin. 

Num / mular (dim. of nummus). Resem-, 
bling a small coin in form. Also, the rounded 
clots of sputum sometimes observed in 
phthisis. 

Nurse (Fr. Nourrice). The caretaker of 
an infant. Extended to include those 
caring for the sick. N., Dry, one who 
does not suckle the infant. N., Wet, one 
who suckles the infant. N., Hospital, 
those caring for the sick in a hospital. N., 
Professional, one devoting himself or 
herself to the care of the sick as a life work 
or profession. 

Nuta / tion [nuto, to change). Nodding or 
oscillation of the head. 

Nut-gall. See Galla. 

Nut / meg. See Myristica. N. Liver, 
applied to the appearance of the liver re- 
sulting from imperfect circulation, whether 
from obstruction or from cardiac disease. 

Nu'triant [nutrio, to nourish). A medicine 
or agent that modifies nutritive processes. 

Nu / trient [nutrid). A substance which 
nourishes. A food, 

Nutril'ity (mctrio). The power of a cell 
or an organism to perform the function of 
nutrition, with the processes that are neces- 
sary thereto. 

Nutriment {nutrid) . Anything that nour- 
ishes or forms living tissue. 

Nutrition [nutrid). The processes in- 
volved in the absorption and assimilation 
of those substances forming living tissue 
or supporting the processes of life. 

Nu / tritive [nutria). Having the quality 
of affording nutrition. 

Nu'trix. A nurse. 

Nux Vom / ica. Dog Button. The seed 
of Strychnos Nux Vomica. Properties due 
mainly to two alkaloids, strychnine and 



brucine, and with which its properties are 
identical. In small doses a bitter tonic, 
exciting the secretions and stimulating the 
functions of the body. In larger doses it 
exalts the function of the spinal cord, 
producing tetanic spasms of the extensor 
muscles. In toxic doses paralyzes the 
functions of spinal cord, arrests respiration 
and causes death from suffocation. Valu- 
able as a general tonic in cardiac failure, in 
hemiplegia, dyspnoea and certain forms of 
amblyopia. The proportion of strychnine 
in nux vomica varies from 4-1 per cent. 
N. V., Abstractum. Dose gr. ]/ 2 , gradu- 
ally increased. N. V., Ext. Dose gr. 
}i-}. N. V., Ext. Fid. Dose TT\j-v. 
N. V., Tinct., 20 per cent, of the drug. 
Dose rt\v-xx. Brucina (unof), T ^ the 
strength of strychnine and in action three 
times as slow. Dose gr. jq-L Strych- 
nina, strychnine, the alkaloid, exceedingly 
bitter ; chloroform best solvent. Dose gr. 
gL- 2 L. S. Sulphate, soluble in water. 
Dose gr. ^V 

Nyctalo'pia [vvt;, night, otp, the eye). 
The condition in which one sees better by 
night or in semi-darkness than by daylight. 
See Hemeralopia. 

Nympb/a. See Labia. 

Nymphae / a Odora'ta. Sweet-scented 
Water Lily. The root of the well-known 
plant. Contains gallic and tannic acids, 
to which its properties are due. Bitter 
and astringent. Dose of an ^j-Oj, decoc- 
tion ^ss-j. Unof. 

Nymphomania [nympha, fiavca, mad- 
ness). Excessive or furious sexual desire 
on the part of women. Called, also, Hys- 
teromania, and Furor uterinus. 

Nymphot / omy [vvfupij, refivu, to cut). 
The surgical removal of the nymphse. 

Nystag / mus [vvarayjioq, nodding of the 
head when sleepy). An oscillatory move- 
ment of the eye-balls, generally horizontal, 
and usually associated with some other 
ocular abnormality. Miner's N., develops 
in adult life in coal miners, from some im- 
perfectly understood cause. 



310 



OCHRE 



o 



O. The chemical symbol of Oxygen, and 
used also in prescriptions as an abbrevia- 
tion of Octarius, a pint. 

Oa / rium. See Ovarium. 

O'asis. In surgery, an isolated spot of 
healthy tissue surrounded by diseased 
tissue. 

Ob- (ob, on, against, towards). A Latin 
prefix signifying on, against, towards, etc. 

ObdormFtion (ob, dormio, to sleep). The 
phenomenon known as "sleep" of the 
limbs, the benumbing of a part due to 
obstruction of nervous function. 

Obduc'tion (ob, duco, to lead). Post- 
mortem examination. Necropsy. 

ObeFion [ofteTtm, pacprj, sagittal suture). 
See Skull, Landmarks of. 

Obese 7 (obedo, to eat). The condition of 
fatness or extreme fleshiness. 

Obes / ity (obedd). Fatness, corpulency. 

Obfusca / tion [obfusco, to make black). 
The act of darkening or of producing be- 
wilderment of sight. 

Obit'uary [obitus, dead). Pertaining to 
death. A notice or account of one dead. 

Objec/tive (objicio, to throw against). In 
medicine, a term applied to the symptoms 
observed by the physician in distinction to 
those felt by the patient. In psychology, 
pertaining to all things lying external to 
one's self in contradistinction to subjective, 
pertaining to the essential ego, or observer. 
In optics, the lenses of optical instruments 
collecting the pencil of rays reflected from 
or transmitted by the object. O., Im- 
mersion. See Lens. 

OblFquus (Lat, slanting). Slanting; ob- 
lique. A term applied to various muscles. 
O. Muscle. See Muscle. 

Obliteration (oblitero, to efface). Extinc- 
tion, or change in the shape or condition of 
a part. 

Observation (observatio). The exami- 
nation of a thing. Also, used as synony- 
mous with case. 

Obses / sion [obsessio, to beset). Besetment. 
Possession as by evil spirits. 

Obsolescence [obsolesco, to grow old). 
The state of becoming old or going out of 
use. Also, the cessation of growth. 

Obstetrician. One who practices ob- 
stetrics. 

Obstet'rics (obsto, to stand before). The 
care of women in pregnancy, childbirth 
and the puerperal state. 



Obstipation (obstipo, to close tight). Same 
as Constipation. 

Obstruction [obstruo, to stop up). Ab- 
normal stoppage or blocking up, usually by 
foreign bodies, of a canal or opening of 
the body. See Lmperf oration, Occlusion. 

Ob / struent [obstruo, to close up). In 
therapeutics, any remedy or agent closing 
the orifices of vessels or ducts. 

Obtundent (obtundo, to make dull). In 
therapeutics, any remedy that relieves or 
overcomes irritation. 

Obtura / tor [obtztro, to stop up). That 
which closes a cavity. In surgeiy, an 
instrument for closing an opening caused 
by a wound or a disease. O. Artery. 
See Az-tezy. O. Foramen, a foramen in 
the anterior part of the os innominatum. 
O. Muscle. See Muscle. O. Nerve. 
See Nerve. 

Obtusion [obtundo, to blunt). The blunt- 
ing or weakening of the normal sharpness 
or strength of sensation ; a symptom of cer- 
tain diseases. 

Occipital. Pertaining to the occiput. O. 
Bone, the bone of the skull situated at its 
posterior, middle, and inferior part. 

Occip / ito- {occiput). A Latin word used as 
a prefix to denote connection with or rela- 
tion to the occipital bone. O.-atloidean, 
pertaining conjointly to the occipital bone 
and the atlas. O.-axoid, or O. -axial. 
Pertaining to both the occipital bone and 
the axio, or second vertebra. O.-breg- 
matic, pertaining conjointly to the occipit- 
al bone and the bregma. O. -frontalis. 
See Muscle. O . -parietal, pertaining con- 
jointly to the occipital and parietal bones of 
the head. 

Oc / ciput {ob, against, caput, the head). 
The back part of the head. 

Occlu / sion (occludo, to shut up). A 
closure, blocking or shutting up of a nor- 
mally patent aperture, as of the anus, ear, 
etc. A synonym of Lmperforation and 
Obsti-uction. 

Oc / ellated. Resembling or having eyes. 

OceFli (dim. of oculus). The simple eyes 
of insects. 

Ochle'sis (ox^-oq, a crowd). The morbid 
condition induced by crowding many sick 
people in a single room or under one roof. 

O'chre (uxpoc, pale yellow). A name 
given to clay variously colored by the 
oxides of iron. 



OCTAGONAL 



311 



OESOPHAGEAL 



Octag / onal [oktu, eight, yuvia, an angle). 
Having eight sides and angles. 

Octa / rius [octo). An eighth part of a 
gallon. One pint. Symbol O. 

Oc/to- (Lat. eight). A Latin (or Greek) 
numeral which, prefixed to a word, denotes 
reference to the number eight. 

Oc / ular [oculus, the eye). Pertaining to 
the eye. Also, the eye-piece of a micro- 
scope or telescope. O. Muscles, Exter- 
nal, the six muscles moving the globe of the 
eye. See Muscles. O. Muscles, Internal, 
the ciliary and iris muscles. O. Sheath, 
the loose sheath -like tissue extending from 
the apex of the orbit of the eye to the di- 
ameter of the globe, the posterior part of 
which up to the passage of the tendons of 
the external ocular muscles is called the 
Capsule of Bonnet, and the anterior por- 
tion, the Capsule of Tenon. 

Oc / ulist {oculus). An ophthalmic sur- 
geon. 

Oculomoto / rius [oculus, motor, a mover). 
The third, or motor oculi nerve. 

Oculus. See Eye. 

Odaxes / mus [oda^rjofioq, a sharp biting, as 
by an acid). A term denoting the bitten 
tongue, lip, or cheek, occurring during an 
epileptic fit. 

-ode, -odes [udrjq full). A Greek suffix 
denoting fulness. 

Odont-. See Odonto. 

Odonta / gra [odovq, aypa, seizure). Neu- 
ralgic, rheumatic, gouty pain in the teeth. 
Also, a kind of forceps for the surgical 
removal of teeth. 

Odontalgia [odovq, alyoq, a pain). Pain 
in the teeth. Toothache. 

Odontosis [odovq). The cutting of the 
teeth. 

Odontitis [odovq, trig, inflammation). In- 
flammation of a tooth. 

Odonto- [odovq [gen. odovroq~\ a tooth). 
A Greek word which, prefixed to another, 
signifies connection with or relation to a 
tooth. 

Odontoblast [odovq, filaoroq, a bud). A 
name applied to the columnar cells forming 
the outer layer of the pulp of teeth. 

Odontogeny [odovq, ysvvau, to beget). 
Same as Odontosis. 

Odontography [odovq, ypaxpo, to write). 
The descriptive anatomy of the teeth. 

Odontoid [odovq, ecdoq, resemblance). Re- 
sembling a tooth. Serrated. Also, the 
dentate process of the second vertebra. 

Odontolith [odovq, ?udoq, a stone). The 
calcareous stone-like accretion on the teeth 
popularly known as " tartar." 



OdontoLogy [odovq, "koyoq, a treatise). A 
treatise on the teeth. 

Odontoloxy [odovq, '/.o^oq, slanting). 
Irregularity or obliquity in the arrangement 
of the teeth. 

Odonto'ma [odovq oma). A tumor arising 
in connection with the teeth, or made up 
of dental tissue. 

Odontonecro / sis [odovq, venpuciq, death). 
Dissolution of the tissues of the teeth. 

OdontonosoFogy [odovq, voaoq, a disease, 
"koyoq, a treatise). A treatise on diseases 
of the teeth. 

Odontopathy [odovq, tooth, nadoq, mal- 
ady). Abnormal or pathological conditions 
of the teeth, or related organs. 

Odontoprisis [odovq, irpLoiq, a rasping). 
The action known as stridor dentium, or 
grating of the teeth. In children it is often 
symptomatic of intestinal worms. 

Odontosis [odovq). The formation and 
development of teeth. Dentition. 

Odontother'apy [odovq, depairsia, treat- 
ment). The proper care and treatment of 
the teeth. 

Odontotrip / sis [odovq, rptj3o, to rub 
down). The natural abrasion or wearing 
away of the teeth. 

Odon'trypy [odovq, rpvirao, to perforate). 
The perforation of a tooth for the purpose 
of removing diseased pulp. 

O'dor (Lat.). A scent, smell or perfume. 
Fragrance. 

Odoriferous [odor,fero, to cany). Bear- 
ing odor or scent. Fragrant. 

-odyne [odvvjj, pain). A suffix denoting 
pain. 

(E / coid. A term applied to red corpus- 
cles of the blood that have been deprived 
of their haemoglobin. 

CEde / ma [oidso, to swell). Effusion of 
serous fluid in the subcutaneous areolar 
tissues. When general, it is called Ana- 
sarca. O. Neonatorum, oedema of the 
new-born. A subcutaneous swelling in 
newly-born infants, caused by an effusion 
of serum into the subcutaneous tissue. 
Appears within two or three days after 
birth. Always accompanied with decreas- 
ing vitality and ends fatally. 

CEdenVatous. Characterized by oedema. 

CEnan / thylic Acid. A complex ether 
formed by the action of nitric acid on fatty 
substances, especially castor oil. 

CEnoma / nia [oivoq, wine, /uavia, madness). 
Excessive use of or desire for intoxicating 
liquors. Also delirium tremens. 

CEsophage / al [oesophagus). Pertaining to 
the oesophagus. 



CESOPHAGISMUS 



312 



OLEOMARGARINE 



CEsophagis / mus. Spasm or spasmodic 
stricture of the oesophagus. (Syn., cesoph- 
agism , cesopk agospasm . ) 

Oesophagitis {oesophagus, itis, inflamma- 
tion). Inflammation of the oesophagus. 

CEsophag / oscope {oesophagus, ckotteu, to 
examine). An instrument for the examina- 
tion of the oesophagus by artificial light. 

CEsoph/ agospasm. See (Esophagismus. 

CEsophago-steno / sis [oesophagus, 
ctevoc, narrow). The condition marked 
by constriction of the oesophagus. 

CEsophagos / tomy {oesophagus, otojuci, 
an orifice). The operation of making an 
artificial opening of the oesophagus. 

CEsophagot / omy. Incision of the oesopha- 
gus. 

GEsophagus {oico, to carry, Qayetv, to eat). 
The gullet. The musculo-membranous 
canal, about nine inches in length, extend- 
ing from the pharynx to the stomach. 

CEs / trual {oiorpoc-, the gad-fly). Pertain- 
ing to oestruation. 

CEstrua / tion {oiorpoc). The condition of 
being under the influence of intense sexual 
passion. 

CEs / trum {otorpoc). The sensation in 
animals occurring at the crisis of coition. 
The orgasm. 

Official {officium, an office). In phar- 
macy and materia medica, a medicine or 
preparation emanating from and sanctioned 
by the pharmacopoeia. 

Offic'inal {opijicina, a workshop). That 
which pertains to or is authorized in 
pharmacy. O. Preparations, those 
that are kept for sale in apothecary stores. 

Ohm. In electricity, the unit of resistance. 
Practically, it is the resistance of a pure 
silver wire one meter in length and one 
millimeter in diameter. The theoretical or 
absolute unit is y^oVoiro P art °f tne 
unit practically used. O.'s Law, the law 
that the current varies directly as the elec- 
tromotive force, and inversely as the resist- 
ance. It is usually expressed by the 

formula C= -= , in which C is the current 

R + r 1 

in amperes; E, the electromotive force 
in volts ; R, the resistance of the external, 
and r that of the internal part of the cir- 
cuit, in ohms. 

-oid {eidoc, like). A Greek suffix signify- 
ing likeness or resemblance. 

Oid/ium {uov, egg, ecdog, like). A para- 
sitic fungus; the disease it causes of the 
vine, called white disease or Meunier, or 
Erysiphe Turkeri. O. Albicans is found 
in thrush, upon the tongue, ete. O. 



Lactis, the white mould found on milk, 
bread, etc. 

Oil {oleu??i). A term popularly applied to 
the essential as well as to fixed oils. O. 
of Cade. See Juniper. O. of Rose. 
See Attar of Rose. O . of Tar. See Pix. 

Oils. Liquid or solid substances charac- 
terized by unctuousness to the touch, and 
inflammability. They may be volatile or 
they may be non-volatile or fixed. O., 
Fixed, or fatty acids, are usually mixtures 
of olein, stearin, and palmitin, which are 
salts respectively of glycerine, oleic, stearic 
and palmitic acids. Fixed oils leave a 
permanent greasy stain on paper. O., 
Volatile, or essential oils, are characterized 
by a pungent, aromatic odor. They vapor- 
ize usually at ordinary temperatures, and 
leave no permanent stain on paper. 

Oinoma / nia {oivoc, wine). A peculiar 
form of recurring insanity, associated with 
and excited by the drinking habit. 

Oint / ment. See Unguentum. 

Oleaginous {oleum, oil). Having the 
nature or lubricant properties of oil. 

Oleander. See Nerium. 

OTeate. A salt composed of any metallic 
or alkaline base with oleic acid. There 
are two official oleates in pharmacy, olea- 
tum hydrargyri and oleatum veratrina, 
neither of which is a definite chemical com- 
pound. 

Olecranon {iJKzvrj, the elbow, upavov, the 
head). The large process forming the head 
of the ulna. 

OleFiant Gas. Heavy oil of carbon. See 
Ethylene. 

Ole'ic Acid. A compound of olein with 
glyceryl as a base. 

Olein. A simple oil, a constituent of many 
of the common oils and fats. 

Oleo- {oleum). A Latin word used as a 
prefix to denote connection with or relation 
to an oil. O. -re sin. In pharmacy, a 
preparation consisting chiefly of a mixture 
of natural oils and resins extracted from 
vegetable substances by percolation with 
stronger ether. There are 6 official oleo- 
resince. O.-saccharure, a preparation 
made by saturating thirty grains of sugar 
with one drop of volatile oil. 

Oleomargarine. An artificial butter 
made by removing the excess of stearine 
from tallow or suet (or from lard in winter 
seasons), and flavoring the residue with the 
natural flavoring principle of butter. The 
fat is melted at a temperature not exceed- 
ing no° — otherwise the product becomes 
granular and coarse — and in cooling the 



OLEUM 



313 



OMPHALO-MESENTERIC 



excess of stearine is separated by crystalliza- 
tion ; the remainder is oleomargarine. 
When prepared from pure materials, the 
artificial product is less liable to become 
rancid than the ordinary dairy butter, being 
free from the bacteria frequently found in 
the latter. 

/ leum. See Oils. 

01fac / tion (oleo, to smell, facto, to make). 
The sense of smell. 

Olfactometer. See Osmometer. 

01fac / tory {olf actus). Pertaining to olfac- 
tion or the sense of smell. O. Nerve. 
See Nerve. 

01igae / mia. See Oligohcemia. 

Ol'igo- {okiyog, want of, or deficiency). A 
Greek word which, prefixed to another 
root, signifies want, or deficiency. 

Oligocholia {oTuyog, x°^V, bile). A de- 
ficiency of bile. 

Oligochylia {oXiyog, x v ^ S> chyle). A 
deficiency of chyle. 

Oligochylia (oliyog, X v [ Ji0 ?i juice). A 
deficiency of chyme. 

Oligocythemia (oXiyog, nvrog, a cell, 
acfia, the blood) . A deficiency of red cor- 
puscles in the blood. 

Oligogalactia {pliyog, yaka, milk). De- 
ficiency in the secretion of milk. 

OHgoh3e / mia {okiyog, aifia, blood). De- 
ficiency or poverty of the blood. 

Oligomenorrhea {oliyog, /llt/v, month, 
peco, to flow). Insufficiency of the men- 
strual flow. 

Oligo spermatic [okiyog, anepfia, seed). 
Pertaining to Oligospermia. 

Oligospermia {okiyog, want of, airep^ia). 
A deficiency in the secretion of semen. 

Oliguresis [okiyog, ovpeo), to pass urine). 
A diminution in the quantity of urine se- 
creted or passed. 

Oli'vae 01e / um. Sweet Oil; Olive Oil; 
Salad Oil. The expressed oil from the 
fruit of Olea Europa, cultivated in Southern 
Europe and California. A greenish-yellow 
oil, of neutral reaction, consisting of olein, 
a glyceride of oleic acid, 72 per cent., and 
palmitin, a glyceride of palmitic acid, 28 
per cent. In commerce, usually adulterated 
with cotton-seed oil. Nutritive and laxa- 
tive. Useful locally in burns and acute 
inflammation of the skin. Dose ^ ss-j. 

Ol'ivary Bodies. The oval-shaped bodies 
behind the anterior pyramids of the medulla 
oblongata. 

Ol'ive Oil. See Oliva> Oleum. 

Oliver's Test (for biliary acids). The 
Reagent : Dissolve gr. xxx of pulverized 
meat peptone, gr. iv salicylic acid, and 



Tr^xxx strong acetic acid in water q. s. ad 
fac. ^viij. The Test: Mix fl^j of the 
reagent with TT^xx of urine previously di- 
luted to a standard specific gravity of 1 .008. 
A faint haze is produced by the trace of 
biliary salts in normal urine, but if these 
are in excess a milky cloud appears. 

Omal'gia [topog, scapula, akyog, pain). 
Neuralgia of the shoulder. 

Omarthritis [tofiog, arthritis, inflammation 
of a joint). Inflammation of the tissues 
involved in the shoulder joint. 

Omei're. A vinous and acetous fermented 
milk used in parts of Africa. 

Omental {omentum, the caul) . Pertaining 
to the omentum. 

Omenti / tis {omentum, itis, inflammation). 
Inflammation of the omentum or caul. 

Omentum {omen, a sign). A fold of the 
peritoneum covering or enclosing the vis- 
cera. The hepato-gastric or smaller O. 
surrounds the liver; the great O. the 
stomach ; the colic O. the transverse colon ; 
the gastro-splenic O. connects the spleen to 
the stomach. 

Omnivorous [omnis, all, voro, to de- 
vour). Subsisting on all kinds of food. 

/ mo- [co/^og, the scapula). A Greek word 
which, prefixed to another root, denotes 
connection with or relative to the scapula. 

/ mo- [o/uog, raw). A Greek prefix signi- 
fying raw or crude. 

Omo-hy / oid [ujuog, hyoides, the hyoid 
bone). Pertaining conjointly to the scapula 
and the hyoid bone. O. Muscle. See 
Muscle. 

Omophagia [ujuog, raw, tyayeiv, to eat). 
A term applied to the practice of eating 
raw food. 

/ moplate. See Scapula. 

Omoto / cia (w^oc, unripe, roKog, a birth). 
A premature birth. A miscarriage. 

Omphalelco / sis [o/i(j)akog, the navel, 
e/iKuoig, ulceration). Ulceration of the 
umbilical cord. 

OmphaFic [o/Lupakog). Pertaining to the 
navel or umbilicus. 

Omphalitis [oficpakog, trig, inflammation). 
Inflammation of the navel or its adjacent 
tissues. 

Omphal'o- [ojutyakog, the navel). A Greek 
word prefixed to another root, to denote 
connection with or relation to the umbilicus 
or navel. 

Omphalocele [oju<f>akog nrfkr}, a tumor). 
A synonym of umbilical hernia. 

Omphal / o-mesenter / ic {ofxpakog, /necev- 
repov, the mesenteries). Pertaining con- 
jointly to the navel and the mesenteries. 



OMPHALONCUS 



314 



OPERATOR 



Omphalon / cus (ouoa/.og, oytcog, a tumor). 
A tumor or swelling at the navel. 
Omphalorrhagia [ouoa/.og, ptfywfit, to 

burst forth). Hemorrhage from the um- 
bilicus. 

Omphalorrhoe / a (ouoa/.og, peu, to flow). 
An effusion of lymph at the navel. 

Omphalosite [ouoa/.og, cirog, nourish- 
ment). A monster that lives only so long 
as connected with the mother by the um- 
bilical cord. 

Omphalotomy (ouoa/.og, refivo), to cut). 
The surgical separation of the cord at the 
umbilicus. 

Om / phalus (ofjupa/.og). The umbilicus. 

/ nanism. See Masturbation. 

Oncograph. The registering portion of 
an oncometer. 

Oncol'ogy (o;. vcoc, tumor, Ijoyog, a treatise). 
A treatise on boils, tumors and abscesses. 

Oncometer (oynog, fierpov, measure). An 
instrument for measuring the size of a 
tumor, or the volume of any lobular organ. 

Oncot / omy (oynog, reuvu, to cut). The 
lancing or opening of a boil or abscess. 

Oneirodynia (oveipov, a dream, o6wtj, 
pain). A term loosely applied to restless- 
ness and disquietude of the mind during 
sleep. Nightmare. 

Onoba'io. An arrow-poison used by the 
natives of Obock. 

Ontogenesis (ov, existence, yewau, to 
beget). The development of the indi- 
vidual cell into the mature being. 

Ontog / eny [av, yewau, to beget). The 
history of the development of single beings, 
or of the individual from the ovum to death. 
See Phylogeny. 

Ontolog / ic [av, /-oyog, a treatise). Per- 
taining to Ontology. 

OntoVogy (o)v,/Myog). The metaphysical 
inquiry into the nature and essential quality 
of beings, or of being in the abstract. 

Onychauxes (owt;, the nail, av^r], in- 
crease). A hypertrophied condition of 
the nail. 

Onycb/ia (ovif). A chronic inflammation 
of the matrix of the nail. See Paronychia. 

Onychitis (ovvZ, ircc, inflammation). In- 
flammation of the nails. 

On / ycho- (ow? ). A Greek prefix denot- 
ing connection with or relation to the 
nails. 

Onycho'cline (ovtf , k/xvtj, a bed). Same 
as Onychostroma. 

Onychogrypho / sis. A thickened, ridged 
and curved condition of the nail. Some- 
times takes the well-known form of in- 
growing nail. 



Onychoid (orv^, eidog, resembling). Re- 
sembling a nail. Having a texture like 
that of the nails. 

Onychomycosis (ow^fivKrjg, fungus). A 
parasitic disease of the nails of men and 
the hoofs of the horse, mule, etc. In man 
it is termed Dry Caries. It is caused by 
the fungus Achorion keratophagus. 

Onychonosus (wif, voaoc, a disease). 
Any disease of the finger- or toe-nails. 

Onychophosis. A disease of the toe- 
nails, consisting of thickened, horny layers 
of the epidermis accumulated beneath the 
nail, raising it from its bed, and sometimes 
altering its growth. 

Onychophyma (oruf, the nails, ovua, a 
tumor). A morbid degeneration of the 
nails sometimes observed in leprosy and in 
tertiary syphilis. 

Onychoptosis (ovrf, tttoglc, a falling). 
The falling off of the nails. 

Onychostro / ma [ovv;, Grpufia, a mattress). 
The matrix or sensitive tissue of the finger 
forming the bed of the nail. 

On'yx (w»f, from the resemblance to the 
lunule). A collection of pus between the 
corneal lamellae, at the most dependent 
part. See Hypofy'on. 

Onyxes (owt; ). An abnormal incurvature 
or ingrowing of the nails. 

/ 6blast (cjov, an egg, fi/.aGTog, germ). 
The primordial ovule. 

OogSmous (oov, yauoc, marriage). Ap- 
plied to organic beings that are reproduced 
by means of an ovum. 

Oophoralgia (oophorum, an ovary, a'/.^og, 
pain). Any pain of neuralgic character in 
the ovaries. 

Oophorectomy (oophorum, ektout], ex- 
cision) . Excision of the ovary of the female. 
Battey's Operation, the removal of one 
or both ovaries to hasten the menopause. 

Oophoritis. See Ovaritis. 

Opacity (opaciis, dull). A condition dis- 
tinguished by impenetrability to light. 
Non-transparency. O. of Lens. See 
Cataract. 

Opaque Nerve Fibres. Persistence of 
the medullary sheaths of the optic nerve 
fibres beyond the lamina cribrosa forming 
brilliant white patches upon the retina as 
seen by the ophthalmoscope. 

Operation (operor, to labor, to do). A 
surgical procedure upon the body. O., 
Major, the more serious and important of 
surgical operations. O., Minor. See 
Sio-gery, Minor. O., Plastic. See Sur- 
gery. 

Op'erator. A surgeon. 



OPERCULAR 



315 



OPHTHALMOSCOPY 



Opercular (operculum, a lid). Pertaining 
to an operculum. Designed for closing a 
cavity. 

Operculum. (Lat.) A lid or cover. In 
botany, the cover of the peristoma of 
mosses. In ichthyology, an osseous forma- 
tion which, in part, closes the great open- 
ing of the gills. O. Ilei, the valve of 
Bauhin. O. Laryngis, the epiglottis. 
O. Oculis, the eyelids. 

Ophid / ia (otyiQ, a serpent). An order of 
reptiles including snakes. 

Ophidom / onas Sanguin'ea. An old 
name for Beggiatoa roseo-persicina. 

Oph/ryon (o<j>pvg, eyebrow). The gla- 
bella. See, also, Skull, Landmarks of. 

Ophthalmatrophy. Atrophy of the eye- 
ball. 

Ophthalmia (ofydalfiog). An inflamma- 
tion of the superficial tissues of the eye, 
and especially of the conjunctiva. O., 
Catarrhal, a synonym of simple conjunc- 
tivitis, a hyperemia of the conjunctiva with 
a catarrhal or muco-purulent secretion. 
O., Egyptian, Granular, or Military. 
See Trachoma. O., Gonorrhceal, an 
acute and severe form of purulent conjunc- 
tivitis, caused by infection from urethral dis- 
charges. O. Neonatorum, a gonorrhceal 
or purulent O. of the New-born, the 
eyes having been infected by the mother's 
urethral discharge. O., Neuro-paralytic, 
ocular disease from lesion of the Gasserian 
ganglion or nerves supplying the eyeball. 
O., Phlyctenular, or O., Pustular, 
characterized by the formation of blebs, 
phlyctenular or pustules upon the bulbar 
conjunctiva. O., Purulent, a conjuncti- 
vitis with purulent discharge. O., Sym- 
pathetic. See Sympathetic. O., Tarsal. 
See Blepharitis. 

OphthaPmic (o<pBalp,og). Pertaining to the 
eye. O. Artery. See Artery. O. Gang- 
lion. See Ganglion. 

Ophthalmh/ic (o<pdal/iog). Pertaining to 
Ophthalmitis. 

Ophthalmitis {o^Bakfiog, trig, inflamma- 
tion). Formerly synonymous with Oph- 
thalmia, but latterly used as indicating in- 
flammation of some of the deeper tissues 
of the eye, or restricted to the term Sym- 
pathetic O., which see. Consult, also, 
Panophthalmitis. 

OphthaPm-, or 

OphthaPmo- (o^Bakfiog, the eye). A 
Greek prefix signifying connection with 
or relation to the eye. O.-blennorrhcea. 
See Ophthalmia, Gonorrheal. O.- 
neuritis, a term proposed to describe a 



peripheral neuritis of the ophthalmic branch 
of the fifth nerve. In part synonymous with 
herpes zoster ophthalmicus. 

OphthaPmocele. See Staphyloma and 
Exophthalmus. 

Ophthalmoco / pia (ocpdaXjuog, nonog, fa- 
tigue). Fatigue of the visual powers. 

Ophthalmodynia {o(f>6akfj.og, o6vvT/,pam). 
Any violent pain in the eye not resulting 
from inflammation. 

Ophthalmography (o<pdaApog, ypatyu, to 
write). A descriptive anatomy of the eye. 

Ophthalmolith (o<pda'A/iog, Attiog, stone). 
A calculus of the eye or of its parts. 

OphthalmoPogy (cxpflaAfiog, Xoyog, a dis- 
course). The science of the diseases and 
abnormalities of the eye and of their cure. 

Ophthalmomalacia (ofydaTifiog, fmAania, 
softness). Abnormal softness of the tis- 
sues and globe of the eye. 

Ophthalmometer (o0flaA//oc,//£rpov, meas- 
ure). An instrument for measuring the 
eye, especially (latterly) the refraction of 
the cornea. 

OphthaPmoplasty (ocpdaX/uos, TrAaaau, to 
form). Plastic operations upon the eye or 
accessory parts. 

Ophthalmoplegia (ocpdalfiog TtAriyq, a 
stroke). Paralysis of the ocular muscles. 
O. Externa, of the external muscles; O. 
Interna, of the internal muscles, or com- 
bined iridoplegia and cycloplegia. 

OphthalmophthPsis. See Phthisis Bulbi. 

Ophthalmorrha / gia (otpfiaAfiog pqyvv/u, 
to break forth). A haemorrhage of the eye. 

Ophthalmorrhex'is [ocpdaAfiog prj^, a burst- 
ing). A bursting or rupture of the eyeball. 

Ophthalmorrhce / a (ocpdaApiog, peto, to 
flow). A flow of blood from the eye. 

OphthaPmoscope (o(pdaljuog y gkotteo), to 
see). An instrument invented by Helm- 
holtz for examining the fundus or interior 
of the eye. It consists essentially of a 
mirror with a hole in it, through which the 
observer looks, the cavity of the eye being 
illuminated by light reflected from the 
mirror into the eye and seen by means of 
the rays reflected from the eye-ground back 
through the hole in the mirror. The O. is 
fitted with lenses of different powers that 
may be revolved in front of the observing 
eye, and these neutralize the ametropia of 
either eye, thus rendering the details of the 
fundus oculi clear. The autophthalmo- 
scope is so constructed that one may ob- 
serve the details of his own eye-ground. 

Ophthalmoscopy (ocpdaX/nog, okotceu). 
The examination of the interior of the eye 
by means of the ophthalmoscope. 



OPHTHALMOSTAT 



316 



OPTIC 



Ophthalmostat. See Blepharostat. 

Ophthalmotonom / etry. Measurement of 
the intraocular tension. 

Ophthal'motrope. An instrument for 
illustrating the movements of the eves. 

Ophthalmoxen'osis. See Xerophthal- 
mia. 

Ophthalmox / ysis (opda/Mog, fwu, to 
scrape). The treatment by scraping or 
scarification, sometimes employed in cer- 
tain affections of the conjunctiva. 

Ophthalmozo / a (ooQa/.uog, ^uov, an ani- 
mal). A name applied to certain entozoa 
which are parasitic upon the eye and its 
appendages. 

-opia. See -ops. 

O'piane. Same as Narcotine. 

O'piate (oTTog, juice). A preparation of 
opium. Also,, any preparation which in- 
duces sleep. 

Opisthot'onoid (oTztado, at the back, reiva, 
to stretch). Bent or stretched backward as 
in tetanus. Resembling tetanus. 

Opisthotonos (ottlgQo, tscvcj). A 
tetanic condition of the muscles, especially 
of the back, whereby the body is rigidly 
bent forward, the extremities backward. 

/ pium. The gummy exudation of the 
white poppy, Papaver somnifenan, found 
in Asia. Obtained by incising the unripe 
capsules. Best quality comes from Smyrna 
and Turkey. Contains morphine, about 
20 other alkaloids, 2 organic acids, and 
various other extractive principles. Anal- 
gesic, hypnotic, and powerfully narcotic. 
In small doses exalts mental faculties and 
arrests secretions, except perspiration; in 
full doses produces nausea and diaphoresis 
in addition; in toxic doses, death by 
paralysis of respiratory organs; cyanosed 
face, clammy sweat, slow pulse and con- 
tracted pupils being the most apparent 
symptoms. Useful in allaying pain, to 
produce sleep in the insomnia of low 
fevers, to check excessive secretion, and to 
produce diaphoresis. Of great value in 
peritonitis and inflammation of serous mem- 
branes. O. Acetum, vinegar of opium, 
"black drop," prepared with nutmeg, 
sugar, and dilute acetic acid. Opium 
strength 10 per cent. Dose TT\v-xx. O. 
Denarcotisatum, powdered opium freed 
from substances soluble in ether ; 14 per 
cent, of morphine and a varying per cent, 
of narcotine. Dose gr. ss— iij. O. Era- 
plastrum, extract opium 6, Burgundy 
pitch 18, lead plaster 76 parts. O. et 
Glycyrrhizae, Troch., each contains gr. 
fa of opium. Dose, j-iv. O. et Ipe- 



cacuhanae, Pulv., Dover's powder, con- 
tains ipecac 10, opium 10, sugar of milk 
80 parts. Dose gr. v-xv. O. et Ipe- 
cacuhanae, Tinct., contains deodorized 
tincture of opium 100 parts evaporated to 
85, fl. ext. ipecac 10, dilute alcohol q. s. ad 
100. Dose n\v-xv. O. Ext., an aqueous 
extract containing glycerine. Dose gr. %-)■ 
O. L-iq. Comp., compound solution of 
opium, unof, strength 10 per cent. Dose 
TTlv-xx. O. Pil., each contains I gr. 
opium with ^ gr. soap. Dose j-iij. O. 
Pulv., powdered opium; should contain 
12-16 per cent, of morphine. Dose gr. 
ss-iij. O. Tinct. Camph., camphorated 
tincture of opium, paregoric; contains 
opium, benzoic acid, camphor, oil of anise 
aa 4, glycerine 40, dil. alcohol ad. 1000 
parts. Dose, for an infant, gtt. v-xx; 
for an adult, gj-iv. O. Tinct. Comp., 
Squibb's diarrhoea mixture, contains lauda- 
num, spt. camphor, and tinct. capsicum aa 
^j,pure chloroform 3 iij, stronger alcohol 
q. s. ad. ^v. Dose gtt. x- 5 j. O. Tinct. 
Deodorata, McMumrs elixir, an aqueous 
extract shaken with ether, the residue 
being dissolved in water and alcohol. 
Opium strength 10 per cent. Dose r^v- 
xx. O. Tinct., laudanum, contains 20 
per cent, of opium. Dose TTLv-xx. O. 
Vinum, wine of opium, Sydenham's 
laudanum, a vinous tincture, with cinna- 
mon and cloves; opium strength 10 per 
cent. Dose rt\v-xx. 

Opodeldoc. See Sapo. 

Opod / ymus (uip, the eye, <5«5ty/oc, double). 
A monosomic dual monstrosity with a 
single body and the heads united behind; 
two faces; the eyes vary in number. 

Oppo / nens (ob, against, pono, to place). 
Opposing, a descriptive term applied to 
certain muscles that bring the thumb and 
fingers in juxtaposition. 

Oppression (opprimo, to bear against). 
Any sensation of pressure or weight upon 
any part, especially the chest. 

-ops, 

-opsia, 

-optic (oil', the eye). Various forms of a 
Greek suffix denoting connection with or 
relation to the eye. 

Op'tic or Optical (o-rouac, to see). Per- 
taining to vision or its organ, or to the 
science of optics. O. Atrophy, atrophy 
of the optic nerve. See Atrophy. O. 
Commissure. See Commissure. O. 
Disc. See Disc. O. Lobes, the corpora 
quadrigemina. O. Nerve. See Xerzes, 
cranial. O. Neuritis. See Papillitis. 



OPTICS 



317 



ORIFICE 



O. Thalamus. See Thalamus. O. 
Tract. See Tract. 

Op / tics (ottto/icu). That branch of Phys- 
ics treating of the laws of light, its refrac- 
tion and reflection, and of its relation to 
vision. See Dioptrics. 

Op / tograph [orrro^ai, ypa<pcj, to write). 
Fixation of the image of an external object 
upon the retina. 

Optom'eter [oirro/uat, juerpov). An instru- 
ment for facilitating the measurement of 
the refraction of the eye. 

O'ral [os [gen. oris~\, the mouth). Pertain- 
ing to the mouth. 

/ ral Whiff. A peculiar intermittent, ex- 
piratory noise of the breath, supposed indi- 
cation of intrathoracic aneurysm. 

Or / ange. See Aurantium. 

/ ra Serra / ta (Lat.). The serrated end- 
ings of the zonule of Zinn, or ligament 
of the lens, and the retina. 

Orbicular (dim. oiorbis, a circle). Hav- 
ing a circular shape. A term applied to 
certain muscles of the eyelid and the mouth. 

Orbicularis. See Muscle. 

Or -'bit [orbis, a circle). The bony pyramidal 
cavity in which the eyeball is suspended. 
Seven bones enter into its formation, its 
somewhat indeterminate sides being called 
the roof, the floor, the inner and outer 
walls. 

Or'bital. Pertaining to the orbit. 

Orchei'tis. See Orchitis. 

Oscheocele. See Orchiocele. 

Or'cheoplasty (op;^c,the testicle, Ttlaacu, 
to form). The surgical repair following 
the loss of any part of the scrotum from 
disease, by supplying flaps of healthy tissue 
from an adjacent part. 

Orcheot / omy. See Orchotomy. 

Orchialgia [opx^, akyoq, pain). Any 
pain in the testicle. Same as Orchiodynia. 

Or'chid- (op^c, a testicle). A Greek 
prefix signifying connection with or relation 
to the testicles. 

Orchiocele (op;^c, nrjlr), a tumor). A 
tumor of the testicle. Scrotal hernia. A 
name loosely applied to several different 
diseases of the testicles and their envelopes. 

Orchiodynia [opx^, o6vvr), pain). Any 
sharp pain in the testicles. 

Orchioscir'rhus (opjic, otcippog, an indur- 
ated tumor). A hard cancerous tumor of 
the testicle. 

Orchit'ic (opj^c). Pertaining to orchitis. 

Orchitis (opxLQ, crig). Inflammation of 
the testicle. 

Orchotomy (opxig TSfivu, to cut). Cas- 
tration. 



Or'deal Bark. See Casca. O. Nut. See 
Physostigma. 

Or'der [ordo, a rule). Systematic arrange- 
ment. See, also, Natural. 

Or'gan [opyavov). Any part of the body 
having a determinate function. May be 
general, as the organs of circulation, respi- 
ration, digestion, etc.; or may be special, 
as O. of Corti. See Corti. O. of 
Rosenmuller, the remnant of certain fcetal 
structures in the ovaries. 

Organic [opyavov). Having or pertaining to 
organs. Also, relation to a disease or ail- 
ment due to abnormal structure [organic), 
in contradistinction to that due to irregu- 
larities of action [functional). O. Chem- 
istry, the chemistry of the substances 
involved in the transformation processes of 
life and decay. Also, the chemistry of the 
carbon compounds. O. Constituents. 
See Constituents. O. Life, the vitality 
inherent to the organs both of animals 
and of plants. O. Reflexes, those per- 
taining to the acts of micturition, erec- 
tion, ejaculation, defaecation, and those 
connected with digestion, respiration, etc. 

Organism [opyavov). Whatever is organ- 
ized or composed of organs. The assem- 
blage of organs constituting a living being. 

Organization [opyavov). The condition 
of an organized body. The harmonious 
unity of the organs and essential parts of a 
living structure. 

Organogenesis [opyavov, yevvau, to pro- 
duce). The process of the development 
and growth of an organ. 

Organogeny. See Organogenesis. 

Organography [opyavov, ypacpco, to write). 
A descriptive treatise of the organs of an 
animal or plant. 

Organology [opyavov, loyog, a treatise). 
A treatise on the nature and functions of 
the various organs of the body. 

Organon / omy [opyavov, vop-og, a law). 
The natural laws of the conduct and func- 
tions of organic life. 

Organ'um. See Organ. 

Orgasm [opyau, to swell). Any eager 
desire or excitement. The crisis of vene- 
real passion. See QEstrum. 

Oriental Boil. See Furunculus Orien- 
talis. 

Orientation [orior, to rise [in the east]). 
The determination of the east point, and 
hence of the other points ; the direction 
of a locality. The localization of one's- 
self. 

Or'ifice [os, a mouth, facio, to make). 
The mouth or entrance to any cavity. 



ORIGANUM 



318 



OSCHEOCELE 



Origa'num. Wild Marjoram. The leaves 
and stems of O. vidgare. Properties 
are due mainly to a volatile oil. Tonic, 
stimulant and carminative. Formerly a 
popular emmenagogue. Dose ^j-ij in 
infusion. 

Or'igin (origo, to arise). A beginning or 
source. Used of a muscle to denote its 
more fixed attachment or that nearest the 
axis oi the body. 

Ornithog / raphy (opvcg, sl bird, ypa<jxj, to 
write). A description of birds. 

OrnithoFogy (opvtg, hoyog, a treatise). A 
treatise on the nature and habits of birds. 

Orog / raphy (opog, ypafo), to write). A 
descriptive treatise on the distribution and 
physical geography of mountain ranges. 
Also, same as Orology. 

Orohydrog / raphy (opog, <v<5up, water, 
ypacpco, to write). A descriptive treatise 
on the mutual relation of divides and 
drainage basins. 

OroFogy (opog, Tioyog, a treatise). A 
treatise on the geological history of moun- 
tain ranges. 

Or'piment. A common name for arsenic 
tersulphide, As 2 S 3 , also known as King's 
yellow. It is poisonous. 

Orrhorrhce / a (oppog, serum, peu, to flow). 
An abnormally great flow of serum. Also, 
a watery discharge. 

Or / ris Root. The rhizome of Iris flor- 
entina. Contains a volatile oil and various 
extractive principles. Aromatic and astrin- 
gent. Much used for flavoring and as a 
dentifrice. Unof. 

Ortharthra / gra (opdog, right, apdpov, a 
joint, ay pa, a seizure). A term used to 
denote true gout in distinction from rheu- 
matic and other painful affections of the 
small joints. 

Or'tho- (opdog, right, straight). A Greek 
prefix denoting right, straight, normal, or 
true. 

Orthoceph / aly (opdog, KE^alrj, head). A 
skull with a vertical index from 70.1 to 75. 

Orthodontia (opdog, odovg, a tooth). The 
correction of irregularities of the teeth. 

Orthognathic, or 

Orthogna / thous. See Index. 

Ortho-kre / sol. See Kresol. 

Orthomor'phia (opdog, uopyq, form). The 
correction of abnormalism of shape or 
form by surgical procedure. 

Orthopaedic [opdog, straight, iratg, child). 
Originally referred only to children, now 
used of the means of straightening and 
remedying congenital or acquired deformi- 
ties of any age. 



Orthophoria (opdog, right, <j>opog, a tend- 
ing). Stevens' term for a tending of the 
visual lines in parallelism. 

Orthopnce / a (opdog, txvotj, breathing). A 
condition marked by quick and labored 
breathing in which the patient finds relief 
only by maintaining an upright position. 

Orthopraxy (opdog, Tvpaoau, to work). 
The mechanical treatment of deformities 
of the body. 

Orthop / tic (opdog, orrTojuai, to see). Per- 
taining to normal binocular vision. O. 
Training, a method of correcting the 
monocular or defective vision of those 
having strabismus or insufficiency, by 
stereoscopic and other ocular exercises of a 
gymnastic kind. 

Orthoscope (opdog, straight, gkotteo, to 
see.) An instrument for examination of 
the eye through a layer of water, whereby 
the curvature, and hence the refraction of 
the cornea is neutralized and acts as a 
plane medium. 

Orthoscope (opdog, ckotteu). Pertaining 
to an orthoscope or orthoscopy. Applied 
to lenses cut from the periphery of a large 
lens in such a manner as to act as a decen- 
tered lens. 

Orthoscopy (opdog, gkotteo). The exami- 
nation of the eye by the orthoscope ; also, 
the microscopic examination of objects in 
such a way that they appear as flat bodies 
without relief. 

Orthot / onos (opdog, rovog, tension). 
Tetanic cramp in which the body lies rigid 
and straight. 

Oryctog / raphy (opvurog, anything dug 
out, ypapco, to write). A description of 
minerals, or of fossils. 

OryctoFogy (opvurog). A treatise on the 
nature and character of minerals and fos- 
sils. 

Ory / za (apv^a). The common rice plant, 
O. sativa, belonging to the graminece. 
Its seed consists mainly of starch, and is 
one of the most nutritious of the various 
grains. Also, in pathology, descriptive of 
the faecal discharges of cholera which 
closely resemble rice water. 

Os. The mouth. O. Externum, the 
opening or entrance to the vagina. O. 
Internum, the orifice of the womb. O. 
Uteri. Same as O. Internum. 

Os (ogteov, a bone). A bone. 

Os / cheal (oa^eov, the scrotum). Pertaining 
to the scrotum. 

OscheFtis (oax^ov, trig, inflammation). 
Inflammation of the scrotum. 

Oscheocele. A synonym of scrotal hernia. 



OSCHEOLITH 



319 



OSTEO-DENTINE 



Os / cheolith (ogteov, ?adog, a stone). Scro- 
tal calculus. 

Oscheon / cus (oer^eov, oynog, swelling). 
CEdema, swelling or tumor of the scrotum. 

Oscheoplas / tic (ogxeov, kImggcj, to form). 
Pertaining to plastic operations upon the 
scrotum. 

Oscillation (oscillo, to sway back and 
forth). A swinging or vibration. Also, 
any tremulous motion. 

Oscita / tion (oscito, to yawn). The act 
of yawning or gaping. 

Osculation (dim. of os, a mouth). The 
union or anastomosis of vessels or tubes 
by their mouths. Also, the act of kissing. 

Os / culum (dim. of os). A small aperture, 
the mouth of a small vessel or tube. 

-ose. A Latin suffix signifying full of. 

-osis. A Greek suffix signifying the pro- 
gress or condition of. 

Os / mazome (og(itj, a smell, (^cj/ueuv, a 
flavor). An extractive substance of a 
brownish-yellow color developed by heat 
in muscular fibers, which imparts to cooked 
meats their peculiar flavor. 

Osmidrosis. See Bromidrosis. 

Os / mium (oofirt). One of the rarer chem- 
ical elements. Its soluble combinations 
are poisonous. O. Acid, Os0 4 , has been 
used advantageously in sciatica, in hypo- 
dermatic injections of gr. -J^-. Unof. 

Osmometer (ug/ioq, an impulse, fierpov, a 
measure). An instrument for measuring 
or testing osmosis or the osmotic action 
of a liquid. 

Osmo / sis (o)G/uog) . That property by which 
liquids and crystalline substances in solu- 
tion pass through septa which ordinarily 
are impervious. 

Osmotic (cdGfioq). Pertaining to osmosis. 

Osphyal'gia (oafyvg, the loin, aXyog, pain). 
Sciatica. Also, any pain in the hips and 
loins. 

Os / sa (pi. of os, abone). Bones. O. In- 
nominata, the irregular bones forming the 
sides and anterior wall of the pelvis. O. 
Lata, the broad or flat bones composing 
the walls of cavities, as the bones of the 
cranium in distinction from O. Longa, 
the long bones, as those of the limbs.- O. 
Triquetra. See Wormian Bones. O. 
Wormian. See Wormian Bones. 

Os'sem {os, a bone). A combination of 
proteids, mainly collagen, and an albumin- 
oid composing the organic structure of 
bone. 

Os / sicles (dim. of os). A name by which 
the small bones of the ear are sometimes 
known. 



OssicAila. See Ossicles. 

Ossiculum (dim. of os). A little bone. 
An ossicle. 

Ossiferous (os, fero, to bear). Bearing 
or producing bone tissue. 

Ossification (os, facio, to make). The 
formation of bone. 

Ostse / mia (ogteov, a bone, ai/ua, the blood). 
A morbid condition of bone, distinguished 
by its turgescence with blood. 

Ostal'gia (ogteov, akyoq, a pain). Any 
pain of nervous origin in a bone. 

Osteallce / osis (ogteov, aXXoiuGtg, altera- 
tion). A metamorphosis or metabolism of 
the substance of bone, as exemplified in 
osteosarcoma. 

Osteanaph / ysis (ogteov, avatyvo, to pro- 
duce). The reproduction of bone tissue. 

Ostearthroc'ace (ogteov, apdpov, a joint, 
nemos, bad). A cancerous ulceration or 
malignant caries of the bones of a joint. 

Os / teIne. The organic constituents of 
bone. 

Ostei'tis (ogteov, ltlc). Inflammation of 
bone, producing a softening or medulliza- 
tion of the bone tissue. O. Deformans, 
the bones yielding to pressure, and be- 
coming distorted. 

Ostem / bryon (ogteov, Epifipvov, a fcetus). 
A hardening or ossification of the foetus. 

Ostempye / sis (ogteov, ejj.ttvt]glq, suppura- 
tion). Abscess or any suppurative lesion 
of a bone. 

Os / teo- (ogteov). A Greek word which, 
prefixed to another, signifies connection 
with or relation to bone. 

Osteo-an / eurysm (ogteov, avEvpvvu, to 
expand) . Aneurysm of the osseous arteries. 

Osteo-arthri / tis (ogteov, arthritis, inflam- 
mation of a joint). A chronic inflamma- 
tion of the joints accompanying rheumatism 
or caused by it. 

Osteoblast (ogteov, (31a.GTog, germ). The 
germinal cells deposited in the development 
of bone. 

Osteocamp / sia (ogteov, KafnrTG), to bend). 
Abnormal curvature of bone without 
fracture. 

Os / teocele (ogteov, ktjXtj, tumor). A bone- 
like substance found in old hernial sacs. 

Osteoclasia (ogteov, nXau, to break). 
Therapeutic fracture of bones. 

Osteoclast (ogteov, dao). An instru- 
ment for performing osteoclasia. 

Osteocop / ic (ogteov, tcoirog, pain). Per- 
taining to pain. in bones. 

Osteo-dent / ifie (ogteov, dentine). A tis- 
sue of the nature of, and intermediate in 
structure between bone and dentine. 



OSTEODERMIA 



320 



OTO- 



Osteoder / mia (oareov, depua, skin). The 
existence of osseous formation in the skin 
or outer covering. Occurs normally in 
many animals, and occasionally abnormally 
in man. 

Osteodiastasis (oareov, diaaraatg, a sepa- 
ration). Separation of bone without frac- 
ture. 

Osteodynia (oareov, odwrj). Same as os- 
talgia. Also, a chronic pain in the bone. 

Osteogenesis (oareov, yevvao, to beget). 
The development and formation of bone 
tissue. 

Osteogeny. See Osteogenesis. 

Osteography (oareov, ypa<po, to write). 
A descriptive anatomy of the bones and 
their articulations. 

Osteohalistere / sis (oareov, d/,g, salt, 
arepew, to deprive). A term denoting the 
partial loss of the mineral constituents of 
bone concomitant with curvature. 

Os / teoid (oareov, eidog, resemblance). 
Resembling or having the nature of bone. 

OsteoFogy [oareov, /ujyog, a treatise). A 
treatise on the nature and structure of the 
bones. 

Osteolysis (oareov, ?.vaig, dissolution). 
Absorption and disappearance of bone. 

Osteo / ma. A bony tumor. 

Osteomalacia (oareov, /ua/,anog, soft). 
Softening of bone from loss of its earthy 
constituents, and consequent reduction to 
a cartilaginous state. 

Osteomyelitis (oareov, /uve/.og, marrow). 
Inflammation of the marrow of bone. 

Osteomy / elum (oareov, p-ve/xtg, marrow). 
The marrow of bone. 

Osteonab / rosis (oareov, avafipoo, to ab- 
sorb). The natural absorption of bone as 
exemplified in the absorption of the tem- 
porary teeth. 

Osteonagen / esis (oareov, avayevvau, to 
regenerate). The regeneration or repro- 
duction of bone. 

Osteon / cus (oareov, oyicog, tumor). A 
tumor of a bone. An exostosis. 

Osteonecrosis (oareov, vetcpoG), to kill). 
The decay or molecular dissolution of bone. 

Osteon'osus (oareov, voaog, disease). Dis- 
ease of bone. 

Osteopae / dion. See Lithoptzdion. 

Osteopathy. See Osteonosus. 

Osteophy / ma (oareov, tyvfia, a swelling). 
Any tumor or swelling of the bone. 

Osteophyte (oareov, <}>vu, to produce). A 
bony outgrowth or nodosity. 

Osteophy / ton (oareov, (pvrbv, a plant). An 
abnormal or morbid growth of bone. A 
bone-tumor. 



Os'teoplaque. A layer of bone. 

Osteoplast (oareov, rc/.aaou, to form). A 
form of cell occurring in the growth or 
formation of bone. 

Osteoplastic (oareov, rr/Maau). Pertain- 
ing to plastic operations upon bone. 

Osteoporosis (oareov, izeipcd, to pierce). 
A retrogressive change of compact into 
cancellous form of bone, either from dis- 
ease or from growing senility. 

Osteography (oareov, paor/, suture). Bone- 
suture. 

Osteosarcoma (oareov, sarcoma). A 
fleshy, medullary, or cartilaginous tumor 
with bony framework growing within a 
bone, at first attended by enlargement, but 
afterward by absorption of bone tissue. 

Osteoscir'rhus (oareov, aiappog, a hard 
tumor). A term loosely applied to scir- 
rhous tumors of bone. 

Osteosclerosis (oareov, aKl.rjpuaig, hard- 
ening). Induration of bone. 

Osteot / omy (oareov, re/nvo), to cut). In- 
cision, or surgical operation upon bone. 

Osteotrite (oareov, rpipo, to wear away). 
An instrument for operations upon bone. 

Ostitis. See Osteitis. 

Os / tium [ostium, mouth). The door or 
mouth of a tubular passage. O. Inter- 
num, the minute orifice at the beginning 
of the oviduct. O. Abdominale, the 
orifice of the oviduct communicating with 
the peritoneal cavity. 

Otacous / tian, or 

Otacous / tic (ovg [gen. urog~], the ear, 
anovaig). Pertaining to or aiding audition. 

Otalgia (ovg, a/.yog, pain). Any pain in 
the ear. Earache. 

Oten / chytes (ovg, eyxvo, to pour in). A 
syringe for the ear. 

Othaemato / ma (ovg, hcematoma). Hema- 
toma of the ear. 

Othelco'sis (ovg, e?.nog, an ulcer). Sup- 
purative ulceration of the ear. 

Otiat'rics (ovg, tarpinog, pertaining to the 
healing art). A consideration of the na- 
ture and principles involved in the proper 
treatment of diseases of the ear. 

/ tic (ovg). Pertaining to the ear. O. 
Ganglion. See Ganglion. 

Oticodin / ia (ovg, divr), vertigo). Vertigo 
from disease of the ear. 

Oti / tis (ovg, trig, inflammation). Inflamma- 
tion of the ear. O. Externa; interna; 
media ; of the external, internal, and mid- 
dle ear, respectively. 

Oto- (ovg [gen. cjtoc], the ear). A Greek 
word which, prefixed to a root, signifies 
connection with or relation to the ear. 



OTOBLENORRHCEA 



321 



OVEN 



Otoblenorrhce / a (ovg, ftlevva, mucus, psu, 
to flow). Any abnormal discharge of 
mucus from the ear. 

Otocatarrh / (ovg, narap'pog, an outflow). 
Catarrh of the ear. 

Otoclei / sis (ovg } kIelcj, to close). Closure 
of the ear. 

Otoco / nia (ovg, Kovig, dust). The fine 
granules of calcium carbonate that are 
found in the labyrinth of the internal ear. 

/ tocrane (ovg, Kpaviov, the head). The 
cavity of the skull holding the osseo-carti- 
laginous capsule of the labyrinth of the ear. 

Otodynia (ovg, odvvrj, pain). Pain in the 
ear. 

Otoganglion. See Ganglion, Otic. 

Otog'raphy (ovg, ypatya, to write). The 
descriptive anatomy of the ear. 

/ toliths (ovg, ltdog, a stone). The two 
rounded bodies, consisting of granules of 
calcium carbonate held in a delicate sac, 
which are contained in the labyrinth of 
the ear. 

Otol'ogy (ovg, "koyog, a treatise). A treat- 
ise on the ear. 

Otomy / ces, (ovg, fivKrjg, fungus). A fungus 
growth within the ear. 

Otomyco / sis (ovg, (ivKrjg). The condition 
of the growth of fungi within the ear. 

Oton / cus (ovg, oynog, tumor). An aural 
tumor. 

Otoneuralgia (ovg, neuralgia). Neuralgia 
of the ear. 

Otop / athy (ovg, nadog, suffering). Any 
affection of the ear. 

Otopharyngeal. Pertaining to the ear 
and pharynx. O. Tube, the Eustachian 
tube. 

/ tophone (ovg, (j)0)V7/, the voice). An ear- 
trumpet, or other device for gathering and 
intensifying sound-waves. 

Otopie / sis (ovg, irie^co, to press). Exces- 
sive pressure upon the labyrinth and conse- 
quent deafness. 

Otoplasty (ovg, Trlaaaco, to form). The 
operation of repairing certain lesions of 
the external ear by the engrafting of healthy 
tissue from some other part of the body. 

Otopyorrhoe / a (ovg, irvov, pus, peu, to 
flow). Same as Otopyosis. 

Otopy / osis (ovg, irvov, pus). A discharge 
of pus from the ear. 

Otorrhagia (ovg, pr/yvvfic, to burst forth). 
A discharge of blood from the external 
auditory meatus. 

Otorrhce / a (ovg, peo, to flow). A dis- 
charge from the external auditory meatus. 

Ovoscope (ovg, OKoireid, to observe). An 
instrument for examining the ear. 



Otos'teal (ovg, qgteov, a bone). Pertain- 
ing to the bones of the ear. 

Ototomy (ovg, tejxvu, to cut). Dissection 
of the ear. 

Oua / baine. A glucoside extractive of the 
wood of a species of Apocynea. Highly 
poisonous. A cardiac stimulant. Unof. 

OuToid (ovTiov, a scar, eidog, resemblance). 
Resembling a scar. Also, a form of cica- 
trix characteristic of lupus, elephantiasis 
and syphilis. 

Oulorrha'gia (ovlov, the gum, pqyvv/xi, 
to burst forth). Haemorrhage from the 
gums. 

Ounce (uncia, a contraction of tmdecia, 
a twelfth part). A twelfth part of the Troy 
pound, or 480 grains. Also, a sixteenth 
part of the avoirdupois pound, or 437.5 
grains. 

Ourol'ogy (ovpov, loyog, a treatise). A 
treatise on the nature and secretion of urine. 

Ouros / copy (ovpov, okotceo, to examine). 
The examination of the urine for purposes 
of diagnosis. 

Ova (pi. of ovum, an egg). 

Ovalbumin (ovum, albumin). The albu- 
men of the egg, in distinction from that of 
the blood. 

Ovaral'gia, or 

Ovarialgia (ovarium, an ovary, alyog, a 
pain). Pain in the ovaries. 

Ova / rian (ovarium). Pertaining to the 
ovaries. 

Ovariocele (ovarium, ktjXij , tumor). 
Tumor of the ovary. O., Vaginal, in- 
version of the vaginal wall by one or both 
ovaries. 

Ovariocentesis. Puncture of the ovary. 

Ovariotomy (ovarium, te/ivcj, to cut). 
The surgical removal of the ovaries. 

Ovari / tis (ovarium, trig, inflammation). 
Inflammation of the ovaries and their 
adjacent membranes. 

/ vary (ovum, an egg, avium, place of). 
The organ for the deposit and evolution of 
the primordial ovules corresponding to the 
testicle of the male, and situate in the pos- 
terior wing of the broad ligament. O., 
Bulb of (or Spongy Portion) a mass of 
blood vessels of the O., communicating 
with the uterine plexus. O., Bulbous 
Portion of, the main body of the ovary. 

Oven. An instrument used in experiments 
upon microbes, for sterilization of culture 
media, for maintaining the cultures, etc.,z.\. 
a constant temperature by an automatic 
mechanism. Those of Pasteur, d'Arson- 
val and Babes, especially the two last, are 
the ones most used in laboratories. 



OVER-CROWDING 



322 



OXYNTIC 



Over- crowding. The fact of too many 
people living or sleeping in an apartment, 
with the consequent failure in sanitary and 
hygienic arrangements, whence result dis- 
eases peculiar to such conditions. 

Overlying. See Infant. 

Over-pressure. Applied chiefly to the 
unhealthy results of a school-system that 
forces too long and continuous periods of 
study upon the pupils, with consequent 
abnormal or unhealthy conditions of mind 
or body. 

Overriding. Overlapping of one end of 
a fractured bone upon another. 

O'viducts [ovum, ductus, a canal). Small 
tubes upon either side of the uterus through 
which the ovule passes to the uterus. O., 
Ampulla of, or O., Pavilion of, the ex- 
panded portion of the abdominal end of 
the oviduct, whose fringed edge is called 
the fimbria. 

O vifica / tion [ovum, facio, to make) . The 
production of ova. 

/ viform (ovum, forma, a form). Having 
the form of an egg. Oval. 

Ovina'tion (ovis, a sheep). The process 
of inoculation with the specific virus of 
sheep-pox. 

Ovip / arous {ovum, pario, to bring forth). 
A term applied to those species of animals 
the females of which bring forth their 
young in the egg-stage of development. 

Oviposi / tion (ovum, potto, to place). The 
act of laying or depositing eggs by the 
females of oviparous animals. 

Ovipositor .(ovum, pond). An organ in 
insects by which eggs are deposited. 

/ visac (ovum, sad). The ovum in its 
capsule with the membrana granulosa and 
the liquid of the ovisac. Called the 
Graafian Follicle or Vesicle. 

O'vula of Naboth. See Ovule. 

Ovulation. The maturation and escape 
of ovisacs. 

Ovule (dim. of ovum, an egg). The un- 
impregnated ovum. O., External Mi- 
gration of, the transfer of an ovisac from 
the right ovary to the left oviduct, or from 
the left to the right. O., Migration of, 
the transfer of the ovisac to the oviduct. 
O. of Naboth, cystic obstructions of the 
ducts of the cervical glands of the uterus. 
O., Polar Cells of, certain cells thrown 
off upon the surface of the vitellus of the 
unimpregnated ovum. O., or Cells, 
Primordial, the primitive ovules in the 
substance of the ovary. 

/ vulum. See Ovule. 

/ vum. See Ovule. 



Oxal'ic. See Acid, Oxalic. Also, per- 
taining to wood sorrel. 

Oxal'is (otjvg). An order of plants in- 
cluding the plant familiarly known as 
wood sorrel. Many of the species contain 
oxalic acid. 

Oxalu / ria (o^aloc, ovpov, the urine). A 
term used to indicate the presence of 
calcium oxalate in the urine. 

Oxalu / ric Acid. A product derived from 
oxalyurea. 

Oxalyure / a. Parabamic acid. An acid 
derived by oxidizing uric acid or alloxan 
with nitric acid. 

Oxeo'le (o%vs). Any medicated vinegar. 

Oxida / tion (ogvg). In chemistry, the 
process of the atomic combination of oxy- 
gen with any other element. 

Ox / ide (otjvg). Any binary combination of 
oxygen. 

Oxy- (o%vc, sour or sharp). A prefix de- 
noting chemical combination with oxygen. 

Oxyaesthe / sia (otjvg, atdqcig, sensation). 
A condition of increased acuity of sensa- 
tion. 

Oxyakoi / a (o%vq, anovr], auditory sensation). 
Same as Hyperakusis. 

Oxyapb/ia. See Oxycesthesia. 

Ox'ydum. See Oxide. 

Ox'ygen (o%vq, yevvau, to beget). O = 
16; quantivalence II. One of the ele- 
ments. A colorless, tasteless, odorless 
gas, constituting one-fifth of the atmos- 
phere, eight-ninths of water, three-fourths 
of organized bodies, and about one-half the 
crust of the globe. It is eliminated by 
vegetable life, and is characterized by its 
affinity for the other elements, with every 
one of which it unites excepting fluorine. 
It is an active element in most of the acids, 
and in all the corrosive alkaline hydrates. 
In medicine, it is usually administered in 
combination, but its value in this respect is 
incidental. It is inhaled as a therapeutic 
agent in diseases of the respiratory organs 
and blood, acting as a prompt, tonic stimu- 
lant to the centers governing respiration 
and circulation. Unof. 

Oxygenation (oft»c, yevvaco). The satura- 
tion of a substance with oxygen, either by 
chemical combination or by mixture. 

Oxyhaemoglo'bin (ogvc; , hemoglobin). 
Normal haemoglobin in which the oxygen 
is easily detected. Forms from 86 to 94 
per cent, of dry, red human corpuscles. 

Oxyn / tic (ofuc). A name applied to the 
glands of Heidenhain, that secrete the 
acid principle found in normal gastric juice. 
See Delomorphous. 



OXYOPIA 



323 PAGENSTECHER'S OINTMENT 



Oxyo'pia (ogvg, sharp, oip, the eye). More 
than ordinary acuity of vision. 

Ox'y-salts (ofvc). In chemistry, a salt 
containing oxygen in combination with 
both base and acid. 

Oxytoc / ic (ofi'c, ronog, bringing forth). A 
medicine that hastens child-birth by stimu- 
lating uterine contraction. 



Oxytoc / ous. See Oxytocic. 

Ozae / na (of% a stench). A fcetid ulcera- 
tion and discharge of the nose. 

Ozo/kerite. Earth-wax, fossil-wax. 

/ zone. An allotropic form of oxygen 
having the structure 3 ; an active oxi- 
dizing agent, possessing antiseptic proper- 
ties. 



P. Used in chemical nomenclature as the 
symbol of Phosphorus. 

Pab / ulum(Lat.). Food. Anything nutri- 
tive. 

Pacchic/ni's Glands. A name given to 
certain granulations occurring in the upper 
longitudinal sinus of the cerebral mem- 
branes. 

Pachulo / sis. See Pachylosis. 

Pacb/y- (iraxvg, thick). A Greek word 
which, used as a prefix, denotes thickness 
of a part or organ. 

Pachyae / mia (-naxvg, aijua, the blood). 
Abnormal or morbid thickening of the 
blood. 

Pachybleph / aron (rraxvg, (31e(papov 7 the 
eyelid). Thickening of the eyelids arising 
from tubercles or other excrescences on 
their margin. 

Pachy cephalic (rraxvg, Kecpafy, the head). 
A condition of unusual thickness of the 
skull. 

Pachydermatous (Traxvg, Seppa, the 
skin). Thick-skinned. In zoology per- 
taining to an order of mammalia. 

Pachydermia. See Elephantiasis. 

Pachylo / sis (naxvg, thick). An extra- 
ordinary development of epidermis, arising 
from hypertrophy of the skin. 

Pachymeningi / tis (naxvg, prjvcy^, the 
meninges). Inflammation of the dura 
mater; called also external meningitis, 
peripachymeningitis, and perimeningitis. 
Usually due to extension from adjacent 
disease, especially caries. The symptoms 
are much the same as in internal menin- 
gitis. 

Pachy n'tic (-rraxvg). Pertaining to an ab- 
normal thickening or hardening of a part. 



Pacini's Corpuscles. See Vater. 

Pack. A blanket wrung out of hot or cold 
water and quickly wrapped about the 
patient. 

Pac / quelin's Caut/ery. See Cautery. 

Pad. A small bag stuffed with cotton, 
hair, etc., used as a cushion for the support 
of any part of the body. 

Paedarthroc'ace (natg, apdpov, a joint, 
Kan??, ulceration). A necrotic ulceration or 
caries of the joints of children. 

Paederas / tia (naig, epug, passion). An 
unnatural lust for a boy, a vice much prac- 
ticed during the decline of the Greek and 
Roman civilizations. 

Paedia'tric (irate, tarpta, medical treat- 
ment). Pertaining to Paediatrics. 

Paediatrics (natg, larpia). The treatment 
of the diseases of children. 

PaedonVeter (nacg, perpov, a measure). 
An instrument for determining the weight 
and height of a new-born child. 

PaedonosoFogy (naig, voaog, a disease, 
loyog, a treatise). A treatise on diseases 
peculiar to infancy and childhood. 

Paedon / osos (naig, voaog). A disease of 
childhood. 

Paedop / athy (naig, nadog, suffering). The 
science of the diseases of children, their 
treatment, etc. 

PaedophthFsis (naig, (pdiaig, wasting). 
Tabetic or other wasting disease of children. 

Paedotropb/ium (naig, rpe(f)0), to nourish). 
A foundling hospital, or one for orphan 
children. 

Pagenstecb/er's Ointment. One to three 
grains of the yellow oxide of mercury to 
the drachm of vaseline. Used in oph- 
thalmic practice. 



PAGET' S DISEASE 



324 



PALPEBRAL 



Paget's Disease of the Nipple. See 

Dermatitis and Carcinoma. 

Pain (iroivq, a penalty). Suffering. Dis- 
tressing or agonizing sensation. It is 
usually symptomatic of disease or morbid 
condition of a part or organ. 

Pains of Labor. A synonym for uterine 
contractions, since these are attended by 
pains, increasing in severity according to 
the intensity and frequency of the con- 
tractions. After-P., those following labor, 
and caused by the uterus contracting to 
expel clots, etc., or to resume its normal 
proportions. P., False, those occurring 
in the latter part of pregnancy, not pre- 
ceded by the premonitoiy signs of labor, 
and not directly caused by labor. P., 
Irregular, those not recurring according 
to the normal periodic or rhythmical nature 
of uterine contractions. P., Premoni- 
tory, so-called painless contractions pre- 
ceding the advent of true labor. 

Painters' Colic. See Colica Pictommi. 

Palaeo- (rraZaf, long ago). A Greek root 
used as a prefix denoting early, long ago, etc. 

Pala^oPogy (TraAai., 'Aoyog, a treatise). A 
treatise on antiquities. 

Palse / ontog / raphy (TraAai, ovra, life- 
forms, -ypcKpco, to write). A description of 
the forms and conditions of early, or at 
present extinct forms of life. 

PalaeontoPogy (-rra?Mi, ovra, Aoyog, a treat- 
ise). A treatise on the early life-forms of 
the earth. 

Palaozo'ic (TraAai, ^uov, an animal). Per- 
taining to the geological age preceding 
that of the carboniferous age, the age in 
which the first life-forms appeared. Also, 
pertaining to the life-fonns of that age. 

PaPate {palatum, a roof ). The upper wall 
or roof of the mouth. Consists of a hard 
palate adjacent to the gums and alveolar 
arches, and a soft palate forming an in- 
complete septum between the mouth and 
pharynx. 

PaPatine [palatum). Pertaining or be- 
longing to the palate. P. Arches, the 
arches, posterior and anterior, upon each 
side of the throat. P. Canals, several 
canals in the palatal portion of the superior 
maxilla. 

PalatPtis. Inflammation of the palate. 

Palatoglossus. Pertaining to the palate 
and the tongue. P. Muscle. See Muscle. 

Palatogna / thus [palatum, }vadog, jaw). 
Cleft palate. 

Palatopharyngeal (palatum, (papvy^, 
the pharynx). Pertaining conjointly to the 
palate and the pharynx. 



Palator'raphy. See Staphylorraphy. 

Palatoschisis (palatum, ox i &, to split). 
Cleft or split palate. 

Palatum (Lat.). The palate. 

Pale (Fr. pale). Deficient or wanting in 
color natural to health. P. Bark. See 
Cinchona. P. Rose. See Rosa centifo- 
lia. 

Pale / ness. Same as Pallor. 

Palindro / mia (7ra7.Lv, again, dpo/iog, a 
course). Recurrence or growing worse 
of a disease. 

Palingenesis (rraAiv, yevvao, to beget). 
Rebirth ; regeneration. 

Palliative (pallio, to dissemble). A drug 
relieving or soothing the symptoms of a 
disease without curing it. 

PaPlor (Lat.). Paleness. The whiteness 
or loss of color arising from lack of cir- 
culation, loss of blood, morbid condition 
or diminution of blood in the capillaries. 
It is frequently a sign of disease. 

Palm (palma). The inner side of the 
hand. 

PaPma. See Palm. 

PaPmae Plica / tae. The arborescent rugae 
of the interior of the ce?~vix uteri. 

PaPmar (palma). Pertaining to the palm 
of the hand. P. Arches, the curved an- 
astomotic extremities of the arteries — radial 
and ulnar — of the hand. P. Arteries. 
See Artery. P. Fascia, the sheath invest- 
ing the muscles of the hand. P. Mus- 
cles. See Muscle. 

Palma / ris. See Muscle. 

PaPmature (Palma). Union of the 
fingers, either congenital or from burns, 
wounds, etc. 

PalmiPla. A family of Algae believed by 
Salisbury to be the origin of the spores 
that produce malarial fever. 

PaPmipede (palma, pes, the foot). Hav- 
ing palmated or webbed feet. 

PaPmitine. A solid crystallizable sub- 
stance which, with stearine, composes the 
greater proportion of solid fats. It occurs 
both in animal and in vegetable fats. It is 
a constituent of palm oil, from which it 
derives its name. Chemically, it is a salt 
of palmitic acid with glyceryl as a base. 

Palm Oil. The fixed oil expressed from 
the fruit of the Guinea palm, Elais guin- 
ensis. Used in the manufacture of soap 
and glycerine. Unof. 

Palpa / tion (palpo, to handle gently). 
The sense of touch. In medicine, diagnosti- 
cation or exploration with the hand. 

PaPpebra (Lat.). The eyelid. 

PaPpebral. Pertaining to the palpebrae. 



PALPITATE 



325 



PANPHOBIA 



PaFpitate (frequentative of palpo, to 
quiver). To nutter, tremble or beat ab- 
normally fast; applied especially to the 
heart. 

Palpitation (palpo). Any spasmodic 
fluttering or tremor, especially the abnor- 
mally rapid beating of the heart. 

Pal/sy. See Paralysis. 

Palu / dal (pains, a marsh). Pertaining to 
a marsh or the exhalations of marshes. 

Palu / dous (palus). Marshy or swampy. 
Having the nature of or affected with 
marsh fever. 

Palus / tral (pa/us). Pertaining to or having 
the nature of marsh fever. 

Pampiniform (pampinus, a tendril, 

forma, form). Having the form of a 
tendril. P. Plexus. See Plexus (sper- 
matic). 

Pan- (neuter of nag [gen. navrog\ all, 
everything). A Greek word signifying all, 
everything. The form panto- is frequently 
employed. 

Panace / a (navaneta, a cure-all). A cure- 
all; a name applied to various empiric 
preparations alleged to cure a multitude 
of diseases. 

Pana / do (Sp. panadd). Bread softened in 
water. Also, a bread poultice. 

Pana / ris. Phlegmonous inflammation of 
the finger or toe. Whitlow. 

Panarthritis (nag, apdpov, joint). General 
inflammation of the structures of a joint. 

Pan'as's Solution. A mild antiseptic 
collyrium serviceable in conjunctivitis, ble- 
pharitis, etc. Contains hydrarg. biniodide 
I, absolute alcohol 400, distilled water ad 
20,000 parts. 

Pan' ax. Ginseng. The root of P. quinque- 

folium. Much used in China as a cure-all. 
A demulcent and mild purgative. 

Panchres / tus (nag, all, xPW T og, useful). 
Same as Panacea. 

Pan'creas (nag, upeag, flesh). A large 
racemose gland, from six to eight inches 
in length, lying transversely across the 
posterior wall of the abdomen. It secretes 
a limpid, colorless fluid for the digestion 
of oils and fats. The sweetbread of ani- 
mals. P., Small, a glandular mass fre- 
quently found under the true pancreas, 
and similar in structure. 

Pancreatalgia (pancreas, ciXyog, a pain). 
Pain in the pancreas. 

Pancreatectomy (pancreas, earoprj, ex- 
cision) . Excision of a portion or all of the 
pancreas. 

Pancreatic. Belonging to the pancreas. 
P. Duct, the efferent duct carrying the 



secretions of the pancreas. P. Fluid or 
Juice, the fluid secreted by the pancreas. 

Pancre / atin. The juice of the pancreas. 
Contains several ferments. Emulsifies fats 
in alkaline solutions. An active digestive 
of amyloids and albuminoids. Recom- 
mended with soups, gruel, milk, etc., which 
it partly peptonizes. An excellent ad- 
juvant to cod-liver oil. Pancreaticus 
Liquor, prepared by digesting pigs' pan- 
creas with four times its weight of alcohol. 
Dose 3J-^ss. Unof. 

Pancreatitis (pancreas, ircg, inflamma- 
tion). Inflammation of the pancreas. 

Pancreaton'cus (pancreas, oynog, a tumor). 
A tumor of the pancreas. 

Pancreatot / omy (pancreas, re/ivu, to cut). 
Incision of the pancreas. 

Pandem / ic. See Epidemic. 

Pandiculation (pando, to stretch out). 
The act of yawning or stretching the limbs, 
especially on waking from sleep. It is 
sometimes symptomatic of fever, hysteria, 
and of malarial affections. 

Pang. A sharp momentary pain. 

Pangenesis (nag, all, ■yevvau, to beget). 
Theory of Darwin to give a physical ex- 
planation of hereditary transmission by the 
hypothesis of a primordial living matter 
through whose gradual modification all 
living forms have arisen. 

Pan / gens (nag, yevvacS). The active parti- 
cles regarded as the vehicles of hereditary 
characters in Darwin's hypothesis of pan- 
genesis. 

Panidro / sis (nag, idpug, sweat). General 
perspiration. 

Pan / is (Lat.). Bread. 

Panneuritis. A synonym of multiple 
neuritis. 

Pannic / ulus (dim. of pannus, a piece of 
cloth). A small piece of cloth. In anatomy, 
a small membrane. 

Pan / nus (pannus). Corneal vasculari- 
zation, due to irritants or long-continued 
inflammation. (The cornea is normally 
non-vascular.) 

Panopho / bia. See Panphobia. 

Panophthalmia. See Panophthalmitis. 

Panophthalmitis (nag, otyQalpog^ eye). 
A synonym of parenchymatous, metastatic, 
or suppurative choroiditis ; -or an acute and 
severe general inflammation of the eyeball. 
It usually leads to loss of the eye. 

Panotitis (nag, ovg, ear, trig, inflamma- 
tion). General inflammation of the ear. 

Panphobia (nag, (po/3og, dread). A ground- 
less dread or fear of everything. A form 
of hypochondriasis. 



PANSPERMIA 



326 



PARAGLOBULIN 



Panspermia [~ag, c-epua, germ). The 
theory that the germs of disease are uni- 
versally disseminated in the air and earth, 
awaiting only a suitable soil in which to 
germinate. 

Pansperm'ism. See Abie-genesis. 

Pansphyg'mograph. See Sphygmograph. 

Pan'sy. See Viola Tricolor. 

Pantamorphic {~ag, auoppia, shapeless). 
Completely deformed. 

Pantanenceph'alic [~ag,av, without, evke- 
oa/.ov, brain). A foetal monstrosity desti- 
tute of brain. 

Pantatrophia {~ag, arpooia, atrophy). 
General atrophy, or that involving all parts. 

Pan 'to-. See Pan-. 

Pantoscopic. See Bifocal. 

Pap'ain. Papaiva. A ferment obtained 
from papaw milk, the juice of Carica pa- 
paya, a tree native to South America. Has 
the digestive properties of pepsin, but is 
far more active, dissolving the fibrin in 
neutral, acid, or alkaline liquids. An excel- 
lent solvent of false membranes. Unof. 
Papayotin, the coagulated juice. 

Papa / ver. The poppy, whose juice and 
extracts possess narcotic properties. Opium 
is obtained from the P. somniferum. 

Papaverine. An alkaloid extractive of 
opium. Reported inert by some observers, 
and a convulsant narcotic by others. Unof. 

Pa / paw. The seed of Asmina triloba. A 
prompt emetic. Dose of fid. ext. rr^x- 
xxx. Unof. 

PapilTa (Lat., a nipple). In anatomy, 
any small conical eminence, as the nipple. 
In pathology, a pimple or pustule. P. 
Circumvallate, the lenticular papillae at 
the root of the tongue. P. of Eye. See 
Disc. P. of Kidney, the projections of 
the apices of the cones of the kidneys. 
P. Lachrymal, the opening into the 
canaliculus of the eyelid. P. Medul- 
lary, the small eminences on the medulla 
oblongata. 

Papillary {papilla). Pertaining to a 
papilla. Also, pertaining to the nipple. 

Papillitis {papilla, trig). Inflammation 
of the papilla of the eye, the ophthalmo- 
scopic indication of inflammation of the 
optic nerve, or optic neuritis. The old 
terms choked disc, descending neuritis, etc., 
implied unproved theories of causation, 
and have led to the adoption of the better 
term papillitis. Intracranial diseases, tu- 
mors, etc., are the most frequent cause. 

Papillo / ma of the Skin. A term loosely 
employed to include corns, warts, horns, 
and certain narui. 



Pap'pus {~a~-og, down). The fine down 
first appearing on the cheeks and chin. 

Pap / ule {papula, a pimple). A small ele- 
vation of the skin. If the papule enclose a 
fluid or serum it is termed a vesicle; if it 
contain pus it is termed a pustule. 

Papyraceous {papyrus, parchment). Pa- 
per-, or parchment-like. 

Paquelin's Cautery. See Cautery. 

Para- {-apa, beyond, reverse, etc.). A Greek 
prefix signifying beyond, beside, the oppo- 
site of, etc. 

Paraba / nic Acid. See Oxalyurea. 

Parablas / tic. See Archiblastic. 

Parabulia. Abnormal action of the vo- 
lition. 

Paracentesis {~apa, by, Kevreo), to pierce) . 
Piercing or tapping a cavity of the body, 
such as the chambers of the eye, the 
thorax, etc., for the evacuation of fluid, etc. 

Paracentral Lobule. See Lobulus. 

Paracine / sis {-apa, nn-t/cig, motion). 
Morbid movements of the voluntary 
muscles arising from a diseased condition 
of the motor nerves or centers. 

Paracolpitis {-apa, by, no/.-og, vagina, 
trig, inflammation). Inflammation of the 
structures about the vagina. 

Paracou / sis {?rapa, anovu, to hear). Any 
perversion of the sense of hearing. P. 
Willissii. See Deafness (Paradoxical). 

Paracusis. See Paracousis. 

Paracye / sis {-apa, nvrjOLg, pregnancy). 
Any morbid form of pregnancy, especially 
extra-uterine pregnancy. 

Paradidymus. See Giraldes. 

Paradox'ia Sexua / lis (Lat.). The ab- 
normal exhibition of sexual instincts in 
childhood or prior to puberty. 

Paradoxical Muscular Contraction. A 
slow tonic contraction occurring in a muscle 
when suddenly relaxed or when its course 
is suddenly shortened. 

Paresthesia {-apa, aiaOTjcig, sensation). 
Morbid or altered sensation. 

ParaesthetTc {-zapa, aiodrjcng). Pertain- 
ing to or having the nature of paraesthesia. 

Par'affine {pa rum, little, affinis, affinity). 
A white, odorless, translucent, crystalline 
hydrocarbon obtained from coal-tar, or by 
the destructive distillation of wood. In a 
pure state it resembles white wax in physi- 
cal properties. 

Paragen'esis. See Hybrid. 

Parageu / sis {-apa, ^evcig, taste). Any 
depraved condition or perversion of the 
taste. 

Paraglob'ulin. A native proteid of the 
globulin class obtained from blood-serum 



PARAGLOSSA 



327 



PARAMYOTONE 



and other fluids of the body. Called, also, 
Fibroplastin, Fibrinoplastin, and Serum- 
globulin. 

Paraglos / sa (irapa, y^uaaa, the tongue). 
Swelling of the tongue. Also, an hyper- 
trophy of the tongue, usually congenital. 

Paragrapb/ia (irapa, ypacpu, to write). An 
aphasic symptom in which there is inability 
to express words in writing. 

Parakre / sol. See Kresol. 

Paralbumin. This and metalbumin are 
two proteid substances or native albumins 
found by Scherer in ropy solutions in ova- 
rian cysts. 

Paraldehyde. A modified form of alde- 
hyde, of which it is a polymeric form, 
C 6 H 12 3 . Hypnotic and diuretic, with 
many of the properties of chloral and none 
of its dangers. Valuable in insomnia, 
mania and fever. Dose tt^xx— g ijss. 

Paralexia (irapa, fo/yu, to read). An 
aphasic symptom consisting of inability to 
read. 

Paralgesia (irapa, alyoc, pain). Absence 
of pain or of sensation. Anaesthesia. 

ParaLgia (irapa } alyog). Certain dis- 
agreeable cutaneous sensations, as formi 
cation, cold, burning, etc. 

Paralogism (irapa, loyog). The logical 
error of considering effects or unrelated 
phenomena as the causes of a condition. 

Paralysis (irapa, Xvu, to loose). A com- 
plete loss or great diminution of the power 
of motion in one or in a number of the 
voluntary muscles. It may be confined to 
a lateral half of the body, or it may affect 
the entire lower half. P., Acute As- 
cending, palsy beginning in the legs and 
ascending to the other muscles of the 
body. Its pathology is obscure, and it is 
a very fatal malady. P., Agitans, " Shak- 
ing Palsy," a form marked by constant 
tremor or alternate contraction and relaxa- 
tion of the muscles of the part involved. 
The motions are regular and rhythmic 
(distinction from insular sclerosis). P., 
Alternate. See Hemiplegia. P., Bell's, 
a paralysis of the facial muscles arising in 
a lesion of the portio dura. P., Bulbar, 
Labio-Glosso- Pharyngeal P., a form of 
paralysis, the chronic form of which is pro- 
gressive, attacking the bulbar nerves, and 
involving at first only the muscles of the 
lips, tongue, and pharynx. It is sometimes 
a sequel to exposure to severe cold, etc., 
but more frequently it follows morbid 
growths and syphilitic affections. It is 
usually confined to the latter half of life, 
and its prognosis is always grave. P., 



Diphtheritic, a form sometimes occurring 
in patients convalescent from diphtheria. 
It rarely extends beyond the palate. P., 
Divers'. See Caisson Disease. P., 
Duchenne's. Same as Pseudohyper- 
trophic P. P., Hemiplegic. See Hemi- 
plegia. P. of Insane, a form usually 
progressive and incurable, and increasing 
as the powers of the brain diminish. P., 
Landry's. See P., Acute Ascending. 
P., Paraplegic. See Paraplegia. P., 
Pseudohypertrophic, a form character- 
ized by diminished power of motion, but 
marked also by increased volume of the 
muscles affected. P., Reflex, a palsy 
arising from irritation reflected from an 
irritated or diseased peripheral organ to 
parts themselves healthy. It takes various 
forms, frequently that of* paraplegia. P. 
Venenata, that arising from the absorption 
of poisonous substances, such as lead, anti- 
mony, curare, etc. P., Writers', paralysis, 
with incoordination of the muscles of the 
wrist and fingers from overuse. 

Paralyt / ic (irapa, Xvo). Having the na- 
ture of paralysis. Affected with paralysis. 
Also, a person suffering from paralysis. 

Paramagnetic (irapa, magnetic). A term 
applied to the ordinary form of magnetism, 
in which the orientation is north and south, 
in distinction to diamagnetism. 

Paramastitis. Inflammation of the tissue 
about the mammas. 

Parame / nia {irapa, fiqveg, the menses). 
Difficult or disordered menstruation. 

Parametritis. See Metritis. 

Paramimia. Gesture not accordant with 
the meaning of the words used. 

Para-mito / ma. See Cell-body. 

Paramnesia (irapa, p.vrjGiq, remembrance). 
Loss of the memory of the meaning of 
words spoken or written. 

Paramor'phia (irapa, floppy, form). Ab- 
normality of form. 

Paramor'phine. See Thebaine. 

Paramyoclonus Multiplex. See Myo- 
clonus. 

Paramyosinogen (irapa, myosin, yevvau, 
to beget). One of the proteids of muscle- 
plasma. Coagulates at 47 C. See Muscle- 
plasma. 

Paramy / otone Congenital. A rare, 
obscure and strange family affection, allied 

to Thomsen's Disease in general features. 
The chief symptom is tonic spasm, lasting 
from 15 minutes to several hours, affecting 
chiefly the facial muscles, but also those 
of the extremities ; directly excited by cold 
and allayed by warmth. 



PARANEPHRITIS 



328 



PARENCEPHALIS 



Paranephritis {rzapa, nephritis, inflamma- 
tion of the kidneys). Inflammation of the 
supra-renal capsule. 

Paran'gi. See Frambccsia. 

Parance'a. See Paranoia. 

Paranoia [rzapa, voeu, to think). Pri- 
mary monomania ; a mental disease charac- 
terized by delusions arising without apparent 
cause. Mental vigor and control are not 
lost. Heredity usually plays an important 
role. Most cases run a chronic course, 
and degenerate finally into gradual weak- 
ening of the mental powers or the domina- 
tion of fixed ideas. A paranoiac is com- 
monly called a " crank." 

Para-pep / tone. See Peptone. 

Paraphasia {rzapa, 6tjul, to- speak). A 
form of aphasia in which there is inability 
to connect ideas with the proper words to 
express the ideas. 

Paraphenylendi / amine. An isomer of 
metaphenylendiamine. It causes great ex- 
ophthalmos when injected into the bodies 
of animals. 

ParaphTa [rzapa, a<pr}, touch). Abnormal- 
ism of the tactile sense. 

Paraphimosis {rzapa, dtuou, to bridle). 
Retraction and constriction of the prepuce 
behind the glans penis. 

Parapho / nia {rzapa, ouvrj, the voice). Any 
abnormal alteration or condition of the voice. 

Paraplas / ma. Any abnormalism of growth 
or form. Also used as a synonym of 
protoplasm. 

Paraplas / tic {rzapa, rzJ.aariKoq, capable of 
being moulded). Having morbid forma- 
tive powers. Also, a descriptive term ap- 
plied to morbid growths. 

Paraplec'tic {rzapa, rr?jp/7}, a stroke). 
Stricken with paraplegia. Paralyzed. 

Paraplegia {rzapa, rz7.r]yrf\. Paralysis of 
the body, usually of the lower extremities, 
including the bladder and rectum, and 
occasionally the upper extremities. It may 
be of traumatic or congenital origin, or due 
to disease of the cord. P., Alcoholic, 
due to chronic alcoholism, but probably a 
result of peripheral neuritis rather than a 
cord disease. P., Ataxic, presenting the 
symptoms of paraplegia and ataxy, and due 
to combined disease of the posterior and 
lateral columns. P., Congenital Spas- 
tic, caused by meningeal haemorrhage dur- 
ing birth. P. Dolorosa, due to morbid 
growths in the spinal column, pain being a 
prominent symptom. P., Primary Spas- 
tic, that due to transverse lesion of" the 
cord above the lumbar enlargement, and 
characterized by tonic spasm. 



Paraplegic {rzapa, rz/jp.T]). Pertaining 
to or affected with paraplegia. 

Parapoph'ysis {rzapa, arzoQvu, to rise 
from) . In comparative anatomy the process 
homologous to the lower transverse process 
of the vertebra. 

Parap 7 oplexy {rzapa, apoplexy). A masked 
or slight form of apoplexy. 

Parap'sis {-apa, arrrouai, to touch). A 
loss or vitiated condition of the sense of 
touch. 

Parasecre / tion. Any abnormality of se- 
cretion. 

Par / asite {rzapa, airog, food). An animal 
or vegetable that lives upon or infests the 
body. 

Parasit/ic {-apa, atrog). Pertaining to 
or having the nature of a parasite. 

Parasificide (parasite, cado, to kill). Any 
substance destructive of parasites. 

Paraspa / dia {-apa, crrau, to draw). An 
opening of the urethra, usually congenital, 
on one side of the penis. 

Parasystole {-apa, gvcte/./.o, to contract). 
Same as Perisystole. 

Paratrim / ma {-apa, rptfo, to rub). In- 
tertrigo. Chafing. See Erythema. 

Paraxan'thine. A leucomaine, discovered 
in 1883, and since shown to be a normal 
constituent of urine, though present in very 
small quantities. It was formerly called 
urotheo-bromine. Paraxanthine is isomeric 
with theobromine, also with dioxy-dime- 
thyl-purpurine. It is, therefore, a dimethyl- 
xanthine. 

Paraxial {rzapa, axis). In anatomy, a 
descriptive term applied to certain muscles 
which, in the bimana, are represented by 
the intercostal and abdominal muscles. 
Those lying near the axis of the body. 

Parec'tasis [rzapa, ektelvu, to stretch out). 
Excessive stretching, distention, or dilata- 
tion of a part or organ. 

Paregor'ic. See Opii Tinct. Campho- 
rata. 

Parei'ra. The root of Chondolendon toraen- 
tosum, or pao-pareira tree. Native to South 
America. Diuretic and laxative. Tonic 
to the mucous membrane of the genito- 
urinary organs. Valuable in cystitis, gon- 
orrhoea, leucorrhoea, etc. Used internally 
and locally for the bites of poisonous ser- 
pents, etc. P., Ext. Fid. Dose ^ss-^j. 
P. Infus., unof. Dose £j-ij. Pareirine, 
the active alkaloid, unof., a motor and res- 
piratory paralyzant. 

Parei'rine. See Pareira. 

Parenceph / alis(-apa,e}/cfoa/.7, the brain). 
The cerebellum. 



PARENCHYMA. 



329 



PARVOLINE 



Parenchy / ma (irapa, eyx E(j) , to moisten.) 
The specific, essential, or active constituents 
of an organ in contradistinction to its inter- 
stitial parts. 

Parenchymatous (irapa, eyx £(J , to 
moisten). Having the nature of paren- 
chyma. P. Inflammation. According 
to older authors, the inflammation of the 
substance of an organ as opposed to that 
of its lining membranes. Now nearly 
fallen into disuse, since the process within 
a tissue constitutes but one of the phenomena 
of inflammation, which is never a one-sided 
process. 

Parepididymis. See Organ of Giral- 
des. 

Parepithy / mia (irapa, eircdvfxia, a desire). 
A term applied to morbid or depraved 
desires or habits. 

Pare / sis (irapa, iijfii, to let go). Slight 
paralysis ; partial loss of muscular power. 

Paresthesia. See Paresthesia. 

Paretic. Pertaining to or affected with 
paresis. Also, a person suffering from 
paresis. 

Paridrosis (irapa, idpuatg, sweating). 
Qualitative changes in the secretion of 
sweat. 

Parietal [paries, a wall). Pertaining to a 
wall. P. Bones, those that, by their 
union, form the sides and roof of the 
skull. 

ParTs Green. See Copper. 

Parish's Chemical Food. See Phos- 
phorus. 

Parkinson's Disease. See Paralysis 
Agitans. 

Paroccip / ital. The mastoid apophysis. 

Paromphal'ocele (irapa, ofj^aXoq, the 
navel, Krfkq, a tumor). Hernia in the 
region of the navel. 

Paroni'ria (irapa, ovecpov, a dream). De- 
praved or morbid dreaming. A condition 
marked by imperfect sleep and by dream- 
excitement or action of the voluntary mus- 
cles. 

Paronychia (irapa, ovv^, the nail). In- 
flammation and formation of an abscess 
under or beneath the finger-nails. Applied 
also to inflammation of the flexor tendons 
and sheaths of the fingers. Whitlow is 
the popular name for these affections. 

Paroophoron. See Parovarium. 

Paro'pia (irapa, oip, eye). The angle of 
the eyelids toward the temples. 

Paros / mia (irapa, oc fir), smell). Hallucina- 
tions of smell, usually unpleasant. 

Parosto'sis (irapa, ogtsov, a bone). The 
abnormal formation of bone outside of the 



periosteum, or in the connective tissue sur- 
rounding the periosteum. 

Parot'id {irapa, ovg, the ear). Near the 
ear. P. Duct, the excretory duct of the 
parotid gland. P. Glands. See Salivary 
Glands. 

Parotiditis. See Parotitis. 

Parotidon'cus. See Parotitis. 

Paro / tis (Lat). The Parotid Gland. 

Parotitis [irapa, ovq, the ear). Inflamma- 
tion of the parotid gland, commonly called 
the mumps, 

Parovarium (irapa, oapiov, ovary). A few 
tubules or remnants of the Wolffian bodies 
in the broad ligament of the female. 
Called, also, Body of Rosenmuller. 

Paroxysm (irapa, o^vvu, to sharpen). 
The period of increase, or crisis in the 
progress of a disease. 

Par Piqure. See Culture. 

ParsTey Root. The root of Pet7-oselinum 
sativum. See Apiol. 

Parthen / icine. The alkaloid of Par- 
thenium hysterophorus, native to the West 
Indies. It has proved efficacious in neu- 
ralgia and in intermittent fever. Dose gr. 
2^-ij ; as an antiperiodic, gr. v— xv. 

Parthenogenesis (irapBevog, yevvau, to 
beget). A term denoting the successive 
generation of procreating females that pro- 
duce without fertilization. The common 
black scale bug, Lecaneum olece, of the 
oleander is an example, all the insects 
being oviparous females. 

Parturient (parturientis , about to bring 
forth). The condition of being in labor. 
Bringing forth. 

Parturiom / eter. An instrument for meas- 
uring the expulsive force of the uterus and 
indicating the existing stage of labor. 

Parturition (parturio, to bring forth). 
The act of giving birth to young. See 
Labor. 

Partus (paro, to bring forth). Giving 
birth. The bringing forth of offspring. 

ParuTis (irapa, ovkov, the gums). Alveolar 
abscess of the gums. Gumboil. 

Paru'ria (irapa, ovpov, urine). Any abnor- 
malism in the passage of the urine. 

Par va / gum. See Nerves, Pneumogastric. 

Par / voline. A name given to Gautier and 
Etard's ptomaine-base C 9 H 13 N, obtained 
(1881) from decomposing mackerel and 
horseflesh, and isomeric with Waage's 
synthetic parvoline. The free base is an 
oily, amber-colored fluid, having the odor 
of hawthorn blossoms. Its constitution 
and physiological action have not yet been 
definitely settled. 



PASQUE FLOWER 



330 



PAW'S DISEASE 



Pasque Flower. See Pulsatilla. 

Pas'sion {patio?-, to suffer). Any intense 
emotion of the mind. Intense sexual ex- 
citement. In pathology, a term formerly 
used to include all acute diseases. P., 
Iliac, a disease of the bowels character- 
ized by intense griping pains and severe 
emesis. 

Passive {patior). Not active. P. In- 
sufficiency of Muscles. See Insuffi- 
ciency. P. Motion, the movement of a 
limb or part of the body made by the sur- 
geon or by external agency, and not by 
the patient himself. 

Paste [iraara, a mess). Any tenacious 
substance for cementing or uniting parts, 
especially a semi-solution of starch or flour 
in water. Also, a confection of gum ara- 
ble, sugar and water, flavored with any 
aromatic substance. Also, a cautery com- 
posed of arsenic acid, cinnabar and caustic 
alkali. 

Pasteurization. The destruction of the 
microbic life in a substance, especially 
in wine, milk, etc., so that it will not de- 
compose. 

Pasteur's Liq'uid. An artificial liquid, 
of mineral constituents, the first devised, 
for nutrition of bacteria. They flourish in 
it, but not so well as when proteid con- 
stituents are also added. It is composed 
of water 100 parts, crystallized sugar io 
parts, carbonate of ammonia and ashes of 
yeast, each, I part. 

Pasteur's Oven. See Oven. 

Pas / til, or 

Pastille (dim. of pasta, paste or confec- 
tion). A lozenge or similar shaped mass 
composed of aromatic substances employed 
in fumigation. Also, a troche or tablet 
of medicinal substance. 

Patch. In pathology, an irregular spot or 
discoloration upon the skin. P., Mucous. 
Same as Condyloma. 

PatePla (Lat. a dish). The knee-pan. 
The small round sesamoid bone in front of 
the knee in the tendon of the quadriceps 
extensor femoris. 

Patellar {patella). Pertaining to the 
patella or knee-cap. P. Reflex, or P. 
Tendon Reflex. See Knee (jerk). 

Parent (pateo, to be open). Open, ex- 
posed. P. Medicine. See Medicine. 

Pathe'ma {wadog, disease). Any disease 
or morbid condition. 

PathematoPogy. Same as Pathology. 

Pathetic {izaBog). That which appeals to 
or stirs the passions. P. Muscle. See 
Muscle. P. Nerve. See Nerve. 



Patb/etism {vradog). A generic term to 
express such mental abnormalities as hyp- 
notism, telepathy, clairvoyance, etc. 

Path/finder. An instrument for finding 
the openings of an urethral stricture. 

Path / ic {rzadog). Pertaining to a morbid 
condition. Also, one who tolerates the 
commission of an unnatural crime upon the 
person. 

Pathogenesis {rzadog, yevvau). That 
branch of pathology treating of the origin 
and development of disease. 

Pathogenic {rzadog, yevvau, to beget). 
Having the property or power to cause 
disease. Applied especially to the various 
forms of microbic life which, introduced 
into the system, cause disease. 

Pathogeny {rzadog, yevvau, to beget). 
That branch of pathology treating of the 
origin and development of disease. 

Pathognomonic {rzadog, yr/vuGKU, to 
know). A term applied to a symptom 
characteristic and indicative of a particular 
disease, or one that distinguishes it from 
other similar diseases. 

Pathog / raphy {rzadog, ypa<po, to write). 
A description of diseases. 

Pathological {rzadog, /x>yog, a treatise). 
Pertaining to pathology. Morbid or dis- 
eased. P. Anatomy. See Anatomy. 

PathoPogy {rzadog, /.oyog). That branch 
of medical science treating of diseases and 
morbid physiological conditions, their na- 
ture, causes and phenomena. 

PathoPysis {rzadoc, avo, to dissolve). The 
dissolution of tissues or substances by the 
influence of disease. 

PathononPia {rzadog, vofiog, law). The 
study of pathological laws. 

Pathophobia {rzadog, oo^oc, fear). Ex- 
aggerated dread of disease. 

Pathopoie / sis. The creation of disease. 

Pa'tient {potior, to suffer). One who is 
under the care of a physician. A sick 
person. 

Papulous {pateo, to be open). Expanded; 
open. 

Paunch. The abdominal cavity and its 
contents. In comparative anatomy, the 
largest stomach of cud-chewing animals. 

Pave'ment Epithe'lium. See Epithe- 
Ihtm. 

PaviPion {papilio, a canopy). A name 
sometimes given to the expanded portion 
of a canal or tube. P. of Ear, the au- 
ricle. P. of Fallopian Tube, the free 
expanded extremity. 

Pavy's Disease. Intermitting or recur- 
rent albuminuria. 



PAVY'S TEST 



331 



PELLAGRA 



Pavy's Test. The use of ammonia in- 
stead of caustic alkali in Fehling's solu- 
tion. 

Pearl Barley. See Barley. 

Pearl White. See Bismuth. 

Pearly Bodies. Birds' nest bodies; epi- 
dermic spheres. Peculiar laminated grains 
found in epithelioma. 

Pearson's Solution. See Arsenic. 

Pec / cant {pecco, to sin). A term formerly 
denoting any abnormal condition of what 
were termed the "humors" of the body. 
Pathogenic; morbid. 

Pec / tase. An albuminoid substance de- 
rived from fruits, roots, etc. 

Pec / ten {pecten, a comb). The foetal os 
pubis. 

Pectinate Ligament. Fibers of connec- 
tive tissue at the angle of the anterior 
chamber of the eye, between the iris and 
cornea. 

Pectine'us. See Muscle. 

Pectin / iform {pecten, forma, a form). 
Having the form of or resembling a comb. 
Fimbriated or serrated. 

Pec / toral {pectus, the breast). Pertaining 
to the breast. Also, a descriptive term 
applied to certain muscles of the breast. 

PectoraTis. See Muscle. 

Pectoriloquy {pectus, loquor, to speak). 
A peculiar resonance over pulmonary cavi- 
ties, made by the voice, cough, or rales. 

Pec / tose. A term formerly applied to a 
gelatinous compound occurring in fruits, 
intermediate between starch and glucose. 
Its exact composition is not known. 

Pec / tus (Lat., the breast). That part of 
the body between the neck and the ab- 
domen. 

Pe / dal {pes, the foot). Pertaining to the 
feet. 

Ped / erasty. See Pcederastia. 

PediaPgia [pes [gen. pedis'], the foot, 
akyoq, a pain). Pain in the foot. 

Ped / icle (dim. of pes, the foot). In botany, 
a slender stalk. In pathology, the narrow 
part of a tumor or morbid growth by which 
it is attached or which supports it. 

Pedic / ular (dim. of pes). Pertaining to a 
pedicle or little foot-stalk. 

Pedicula / tion {pediculus). The state of 
being lousy. 

Pediculosis. A term used to designate 
the symptoms produced by lice. Consists 
of lesions caused by intolerable itching and 
scratching. 

PedicAilus (Lat. pes, a foot). A louse. 
The name of a genus of the subdivision of 
Ectozoa parasitic upon human beings. P. 



Capitis, Head Louse, a variety that in- 
fests the scalp. P. Pubis, Crab Louse, 
a variety infesting the region of the geni- 
tals. P. Vestimenti, Body Louse, a 
variety living in dirty clothes. Sometimes 
produces phthiriasis. 

Ped / icure. See Chiropodist. 

Ped / igree (possibly from Fr. pied de grue, 
a crane's foot, from the irregular lines on 
charts of descent). An account of gene- 
alogy or descent. 

Pedilu'vium {pes, lavo, to wash). A foot 
bath. 

PedonVeter {pes, fierpov, a measure). An 
instrument for automatically measuring the 
distance traveled. As formerly constructed, 
it registered the number of footsteps. 

Peduncle (dim.* of pes). In botany, the 
footstalk of a plant. In anatomy, any sup- 
porting part. P. of Brain, the white 
cords outside of the corpora albicantia. 
P. of Cerebellum, the parts, six in num- 
ber, connecting it with the rest of the en- 
cephalon. 

Peinother / apy {ireiva, hunger, depairevu, 
to heal). The cure of disease by the de- 
privation of food. 

Pelade 7 (Fr.). A disease of the skin cov- 
ered with hair, caused by the Microsporon 
Audouini. The fungus develops in the 
superficial horny layer of the epidermis, 
causing shedding of the hair and epidermis. 
It does not penetrate the hair follicles; it 
is composed of round spores. Recent re- 
search seems to show that pelade is iden- 
tical with the Pellagra of Italy, and the 
Rose Sickness of Spain. Ergot of maize 
produces similar phenomena. 

PePage {irsXAa, the hair). The hairy 
system of the body as a whole. 

Pelargon'ic Acid. A complex ether 
that imparts the specific flavor to gera- 
nium and certain other aromatic oils. 

Pelk/sis Rheumat / ica. Purpura Rheu- 
matica. An acute disease distinguished 
by acute pain in the joints, and accompa- 
nied by an eruption of livid patches, gen- 
erally raised, and which do not fade by 
pressure. Sometimes associated with acute 
rheumatism. 

Pella / gra (It.pelle, skin, and agra, rough). 
A disease formerly common in Italy, first 
manifesting itself as an erythematous 
eruption followed by lesions of the mucous 
membrane and general disturbance of the 
cerebro-spinal and diges'.ive systems. Sup- 
posed to be caused by a fungus parasitic 
on maize. Called, also, Italian leprosy. 
See also Pelade. 



PELLAGROCEINE 



332 



PELVIS 



Pellagro / ceine. A name given by Lom- 
broso to a poisonous substance found in 
decomposed corn meal; but this was really 
a mixture of poisonous ptomaines, some 
of which produce narcosis and paralysis; 
others, symptoms like those of nicotine 
poisoning. 

Pellet / ierine. See Granatum. 

Periicle (dim. of pellis, a skin). A thin 
skin, especially the mycodermatous skin 
of solutions of organic matter connected 
with acetous fermentation. 

Pellicular (rreXla, a hide). Resembling 
a pellicle or thin skin. 

Pel/lis (neUa). The skin. 

PelTitory. See Pyrethnwi. 

Pelvic {pelvis, a basin). Pertaining to 
the pelvis. P. Aponeurosis, the ten- 
dinous lamina having its origin at the 
brim of the pelvis and lining the pelvic 
cavity. P. Canal, the birth canal. P. 
Cavity, the cavity forming the lower part 
of the abdomen. P. Cellulitis, inflam- 
mation of the tissues in the vicinity of the 
uterus, or between the uterus and peri- 
neum. P. Index, the relation of the 
antero-posterior to the transverse diameter. 

Pelvimeter {pelvis, fierpov, a measure). 
An instrument for measuring the pelvic 
dimensions. 

Pelvimetry (pelvis, /nerpov). The esti- 
mation of the dimensions of the pelvis. 
P., External, measurement of the external 
parts of the pelvis, by which to estimate the 
dimensions of the internal parts. P., In- 
ternal, best effected by the hand. See 
Pelvis. 

Pelviot / omy (pelvis, tojuij, a cutting). Any 
section or cutting of the bones of the pelvis, 
especially the division of the symphysis 
pubis in case of difficult labor. 

Pelviperitonitis. Inflammation of the 
pelvic portion of the peritoneum. Peri- 
metritis. 

Pel' vis (pelvis, a basin). The basin-like 
cavity of the inferior part of the trunk con- 
taining the urinary and genital organs, and 
bounded anteriorly and laterally by the 
innominate bones, posteriorly by the sacrum 
and coccyx, and inferiorly by the floor of 
the pelvis. P. i*Equabiliter justo- 
major, one equally enlarged in all diam- 
eters with preservation of the normal 
proportions. P. .^Equabiliter justo- 
minor, a normally proportioned pelvis, but 
with all diameters reduced. P., Axes of, 
of inlet or outlet, a perpendicular to the 
middle of the antero posterior diameter. P., 
Brim of, the entrance to the cavity, vari- 



ously called the inlet, superior strait, mar- 
gin, or isthmus. Capuron, Cardinal 
Points of, four fixed points of the pelvis, 
the two ileo-pectineal eminences anteriorly, 
and the two sacro-iliac joints posteriorly. 
P., Diameters of, of the inlet, the antero- 
posterior (sacro-pubic , or conjugate), from 
the sacro-vertebral angle to the pubic sym- 
physis ; the transverse, from side to side at 
the widest point ; the obliques (right and 
left), obliquely between the points of Cap- 
uron; of the outlet, the anteroposterior 
from the tip of the coccyx to the sub-pubic 
ligament ; the transverse between the 
ischial tuberosities ; the obliques, from the 
under surface of the sciatic ligaments to the 
junction of the ischio-pubic rami. P., 
Dynamic, that of the woman in labor. 
P., False, that part of the pelvis (called, 
also, the superior or large pelvis) above the 
ileo-pectineal line. P., Floor of, the 
united mass of skin, connective tissue, 
muscles, and fasciae forming the inferior 
boundary. P., Funnel-shaped, narrowed 
progressively from above; called, also, P., 
Masculine. P., Kyphotic, with a pos- 
terior curvature of the lumbar spinal 
column, with increase of the conjugate 
diameter. P., Lordotic, with an anterior 
curvature of the lumbar spinal column. 
P., Naegele's Oblique, a pelvic de- 
formity with anchylosis of one sacro-iliac 
synchondrosis and other defects that distort 
the diameters and render the conjugate ob- 
lique in position. P., Obliquity of, called, 
also, the Inclination, the normal differ- 
ence between the axis of the P. and that 
of the body. P., Obstetric, the static 
pelvis //z«- the last lumbar vertebra. P., 
Osteo-malacic, a distortion causing les- 
sening of the transverse and oblique diam- 
eters with great increase of the antero- 
posterior. P., Outlet of. The inferior 
opening of the pelvic canal. P., Planes of, 
a surface touching all points of the circum- 
ference. P., Pseudo-osteo-malacic, a 
pelvis deformed by rickets, resembling that 
formed by osteo-malacia. P., Rachitic, 
the distortion produced by rickets usually 
consists in a sinking in and forward of the 
sacro-vertebral angle, with other deformi- 
ties. P., Roberts', consists in an anchy- 
losis of both sacro-iliac joints and rudiment- 
ary sacrum, with other malformations, the 
oblique and transverse diameters being 
much narrowed. P., Scoliotic, distortion 
produced by lateral curvature of the spine. 
P., Static, the bony pelvis, called, also, 
the P., Anatomical. P., Straits of, 



PEMPHIGOID 



333 



PEPTONES 



superior and inferior, the planes of the 
inlet and outlet. P., True, that below the 
ilio-pectineal line, called, also, the small, 
or inferior pelvis, or the pelvic cavity. 

Pemphigoid [tte/li.^, a blister, eidog, re- 
semblance). Resembling or having the 
nature of pemphigus. 

Pem / phigus (TrefiQitf). An acute or 
chronic eruption marked by successive 
crops of bullae, which occur usually with- 
out antecedent lesions. P., Chronica, 
marked by oval bulla? with translucent 
contents, which develop bi-laterally, and 
are followed by superficial excoriation, 
healing with pigmented stain. Includes 
several varieties, such as P. solitarius, P. 
diutinous, P. diphtheriticus, and a fatal 
form, P. vegetans, which extends rapidly, 
involving large surfaces of the skin, and 
developing fungoid excrescences of the 
skin. P., Foliaceous, marked by turbid, 
flaccid bulla? which rupture and become 
purulent, leaving deep excoriations of the 
skin. P., Pruriginosis. See Hydroa. 

Pen / cil Flower. See Stylosanthes. 

Pendin / ski Ulcer. See Funmculus Ori- 
entalis. 

Pen / dulous Abdo / men. See Abdomen. 

Penetration {penetro, to enter). The 
entrance of the penis within the vagina, 
proof of which is a pre-requisite of the 
crime of rape. 

Penetrating {penetro, to pierce). Enter- 
ing beyond the surface. Piercing. P. 
Wound, one that pierces any of the larger 
cavities of the body. 

PenicilTium (penicillum, a brush). One 
form of a polymorphous parasitic fungus, 
of which aspergillus and mucor are others ; 
the P. glaucum, or common blue mould 
is a common example, the spores resem- 
bling those of the trichophyton tonsurans 
and other skin diseases. 

Pe'nis (Lat.). The principal male organ 
of generation. Consists of two elongated 
bodies of erectile tissue, the corpora caver- 
nosa, the corpus spongiosum, which en- 
close the urinary canal, and the glans 

penis. 

Peni'tis {penis, trie, inflammation). Phleg- 
masia of the prepuce, skin or cellular tissue 
of the penis. 

Penj / deh Sore. See Furunculus Orient- 
alis. 

Pennyroyal. See Hedeo??ia. 

Pen / nywort. See Hydrocotile. 

Pentagon {Tzevra, five, yovta, an angle). 
A plane figure having five equal sides and 
angles. 



Pe / ony. The root of Pceonia officinalis. 
Of reputed value in the convulsions of 
children. Dose, inf., gij-^j. Unof. 

Peot / omy (7reoc, the penis, to/lct/, a cutting). 
Amputation of the penis. 

Pe'po. Pumpkin seed. The seed of cu- 
curbita P. Properties due to a resin con- 
tained in the inner covering of the embryo. 
Highly recommended as a taeniafuge. Dose 
of the resin gr. xv, of the seeds ^j-ij, 
made into a suitable emulsion. 

Pep / per. See Piper. 

Peppermint. See Mentha piperita. 

Pep / sin [iretpig, digestion). A name of 
indefinite meaning given to the digestive 
principle of the gastric fluids. Commonly 
called a solvent, but more properly a 
ferment which converts albuminous sub- 
stances into peptones, in the presence 
of an acid. Prepared by digesting the 
mucous lining of pigs' stomachs in acidu- 
lated water. One gr. should peptonize 
3000 grs. of albuminous matter. P. Sac- 
charat., a mixture of pepsin and sugar of 
milk. Dose gr. v-gj. P. Liq., contains 
saccharated pepsin 40, hydrochloric acid 
12, glycerine 400, water q. s. ad 1000 parts. 
Dose gij-iv. See, also, Lactopepsin, 
Ingluvin, and Ferments. 

Pepsinogen {pepsin, yevvaco, to beget). 
The mother-substance, zymogen or propep- 
sin, existing in the granules of the cells, 
changeable into pepsin by hydrochloric 
acid or sodium chloride. 

Pep / tic (iTETpig). Pertaining to, or that 
which promotes digestion. P. Glands, 
the fundus glands of Heidenheim, gastric 
follicles, especially numerous near the car- 
diac portion of the stomach. 

Peptonae / mia. The artificially-produced 
existence of peptone in the blood. 

Pep / tones (ireTrro), to digest). A class of 
animal proteids produced during digestion 
by the action of pepsin and dilute hydro- 
chloric acid upon the proteids of food, 
transforming them into a soluble form. The 
proteid molecule is split up into two groups, 
Anti-peptone and Hemi-peptone. The 
former can be split up into leucin and 
tyrosin by trypsin, while the latter does not 
undergo the change. The mixture of the 
two is called Ampho-peptone. An in- 
termediate body, really a mixture of several 
bodies, is called Pro-peptone, Para- 
peptone, or Hemi-albumose. Peptones 
are soluble in water, diffuse through mem- 
branes easily, and are lasvogyrous. They 
are the chief sources of energy and of re- 
pair of waste for the economy. 



PEPTONIZED 



334 



PERICARDIAC 



Peptonized. Ingested with or containing 
pepsin, either naturally or artificially, for 
the purpose of aiding digestion. Food, 
especially milk intended for invalids, is 
thus treated. 

Peptonuria {peptone, ovpov, urine). The 
presence of peptones in the urine. 

Peptotox'ine. A poisonous ptomaine found 
by Brieger in some peptones, in digestion 
of fibrin, and in putrefying albuminous 
substances, such as fibrin, casein, brain, 
liver and muscles. It is a well-known 
fact that animal tissues, in the early stages 
of putrefaction, possess strong toxic prop- 
erties, even before decomposition has ad- 
vanced far enough to effect the splitting-up 
of the proteid and carbohydrate molecules. 
An early peptonization of theproteids by fer- 
ments in the tissues, which begin their 
action at once after death, has been offered 
as an explanation of this toxicity. Pepto- 
toxine has not as yet, however, been defi- 
nitely isolated. 

Pequet's Res / ervoir. The receptaculum 
chyli, a triangular dilatation forming the 
beginning of the thoracic duct. 

Per- {per, through). A Latin prefix signi- 
fying through. Also, more than ordinary. 

Peracepb/alus {per, a, without, /ceoaZ^, a 
head). A term applied to certain foetal 
monstrosities characterized not only by 
want of upper extremities, but also by 
malformation or absence of the thorax. 

Peracute' {per, acutus, sharp). More than 
ordinarily sharp or severe. 

Perception {per, capio, to receive). The 
act of receiving impressions or obtaining 
knowledge of external things through the 
medium of sensation and attention. Also 
the impression or idea itself. P., Differ- 
ential, the ability to distinguish differences 
between small changes in the intensity of 
stimulation. 

Perceptivity {per, capio). The faculty 
or capability of receiving impressions or 
ideas. 

Percolation (L.percolo, to strain through). 
The process of obtaining the soluble con- 
stituents of a substance by allowing the 
solvent to trickle through the powdered 
mass placed in a long conical vessel; a 
process similar to lixiviation. 

Percolator. A long, conical-shaped vessel 
with a delivery-tube at the lower extremity, 
employed for the displacement of the solu- 
ble constituents of a body by lixiviation. 

Perclu / sion {per, claudo, to shut up). The 
condition resulting from peripheral lesion 
of an organ, in contradistinction to that 



resulting from lesions of the central ner- 
vous system or some distant organ. 

Percussion {percussio, to strike). The 
striking lightly upon any part of the body, 
especially the chest or abdomen, with the 
view of ascertaining morbid conditions by 
the resonance of the stroke. It is termed 
immediate if made direct with the fingers; 
mediate, if with an instrument, as the 
pleximeter, interposed. 

Per'forans {per,foro, to bore). The act 
of perforating. Also, a name given to va- 
rious muscles whose tendons pass through 
other structures. 

Perforating Ulcer of the Foot. A sinus 
occurring usually on some part of the foot 
which is subject to pressure. It is sur- 
rounded by a thick collar of epidermis, 
and extends to the bone. Caused by 
pressure or injury to the nerve which leads 
to the locality affected. In nearly every 
case painless. 

Perforation {per,foro). In surgery, the 
act of drilling or boring through any hard 
tissue as in trephining the skull. Also, an 
opening in the continuity of an organ or 
part arising from internal or from external 
causes. 

Perforator {per, foro). An instrument 
for boring through the skull. 

Perfrica / tion {per,frico, to rub). Same 
as inunction. 

Perfume 7 {per,fw?io, to give off a vapor). 
The odor of a volatile substance, especially 
if pleasant or agreeable. Most commercial 
perfumes belong to the terpene series, and 
have the uniform composition C 10 H I6 . In 
a few instances they are manufactured 
synthetically, but in most they are ex- 
tracted from the petals of flowers. 

Per'i- {izzpi, around). A Greek prefix 
signifying around, or surrounding. 

Periarteritis {-rrepi, apT-qpta, an artery, 
irig, inflammation). Inflammation of the 
external sheath of the arteries. 

Periarthri / tis {-jrepi, arthritis). Inflamma- 
tion in the. bursae and periarticular tissues 
of a joint. 

Periarticular. About or around a joint. 

Periblast {Trepi, j3/xi<jTog, a germV The 
envelope surrounding the cell -nucleus. 

Periblep / sia {Kept, j3?^7ro, to look). A 
term applied to the wild, unnatural look 
observed in delirium. ' 

Pericecal {nepi, ccecuni). That which 
surrounds the caecum. 

Perical. See Fioigiis Foot. 

Pericardiac. Pertaining to the pericar- 
dium. 



PERICARDITIS 



335 



PERIORBITAL 



Pericarditis {pericardium, trig). In- 
flammation of the pericardium. Acute 
rheumatism is the most frequent cause. 
May be complicated with myocarditis or 
endocarditis. The varieties are classed as 
Fibrinous, with albuminous lymph effu- 
sion, whence an excess of fibrin is precipi- 
tated, followed by absorption of the liquid 
and adhesion of the walls of the sac ; 
Serous, in which the effusion is serous; 
Hemorrhagic Fibrinous, with effusion 
of blood ; Gummy, from syphilitic inflam- 
mation ; Purulent, followed by drying of 
the discharge into cheesy masses; Tuber- 
culous, a rare form. Tumors may also 
cause pericarditis. 
Pericardium (wept, napdta, the heart). 
The membranous sac or covering that en- 
velops the heart. It consists of an external 
fibrous and an internal serous coat. 
Per'icarp (wept, nap-nog, fruit). In botany, 
the shell or cover of a fruit. 
Pericementum. The layer of true bone 
covering the fangs of the teeth; formed 
beneath the periodontal membrane. 
Perichondri / tis (wept, xovdpog, a cartilage, 
trig). Inflammation of the perichondrium. 
Perichondrium (wept., x ol> dpog) The 
membrane that invests cartilage. 
Perichoroidal (wept, choroid}. Surround- 
ing the choroid. Pertaining to that which 
surrounds the choroid coat of the eye. 
Pericolpitis (wept, nolwog, the vagina, 
trig). Inflammation of the areolar tissue 
surrounding the vagina. 
Pericon / chal (wept, noyxv, a shell, and by 
application the cavity of the ear). Sur- 
rounding the cavity of the ear. P. Sulcus, 
a sulcus separating the helix and the convex 
hinder surface of the concha. 
Pericorneal. Surrounding the cornea. 
Pericranium (wept, npaviov, the skull). 
The periosteum of the skull. 
Pericystitis (wept, Kvartg, the bladder, 
LTLg, inflammation). Inflammation of the 
areolar tissue surrounding the bladder. 
Perides / mium (wept, decjiog, a ligament). 
The delicate membrane or covering that 
invests a ligament. 

Perididymi / tis (wept, dtdv/uog, a testicle, 
trig, inflammation). Inflammation of the 
areolar tissue surrounding the testicles. 
Periglot'tis (ire pi, y2,uaaa, the tongue). 
The mucous membrane or villous coating 
of the tongue. 
Perilaryngi'tis (wept, laryngitis). In- 
flammation of the areolar tissue surround- 
ing the larynx. 
Perilymph. See Aqua Labyrinthi. 



Perimeningitis (wept, meningitis). In- 
flammation of the dura mater. 
PerinVeter (wept, /Lterpov, measure). An 
instrument for measuring the extent of the 
field of vision. 
Perimetritis. See Metritis. 
Perimetry (wept, /Lterpov). The science 
of measuring the extent of the field of 
vision. 

Perimysium (/uvg, a muscle). The sheath 
of areolar tissue that invests muscle and 
its fasciculi. 

Perinae'um. See Perineum. 

Perineal (weptveov). Pertaining to the 
perineum. P. Body, the elastic and mus- 
cular tissue in the center of the perineum. 

Perineocele (weptveov, nrfkri, a tumor or 
rupture). Perineal hernia. 

Perineoplasty (weptveov, wlaooo, to form). 
Plastic operations upon the perineum. 

Perine'orraphy (weptveov, patyrj, a suture). 
Suture of the perineum, usually from its 
having been torn in childbirth. 

Perineosyn / thesis. A plastic operation 
upon the perineum in which a graft of 
vaginal mucous membrane is made to cover 
the wound. 

Perinephritis (wept, vetj>pog, the kidney, 
trig, inflammation). Inflammation of the 
enveloping membrane of the kidneys. 

Perineph'rium (wept, vetppog). The en- 
veloping membrane of the kidney. 

Perine / um (weptveov). Externally and in 
the female, the pelvic floor, bounded by the 
anus behind, the ischial tuberosities at the 
sides, and by the vulval opening. The 
walls of the rectum and vagina form its in- 
ternal boundaries. In the male, the deep 
boundaries are usually given as the rami 
of the pubes and ischia meeting anteriorly 
at the pubic arch. 

Perineu'rine, or 

Perineurium (wept, vevpov, a nerve). The 
tubular sheath investing nerve-fibers. 

Periocular Space. That between the 
globe of the eye and the orbital walls. 

Pe / riod (weptodog, an interval of time). 
The interval of time between pathological 
phenomena, or paroxysms of disease. P., 
Monthly, the recurrence of menstruation. 

Periodicity (weptodog). A word signifying 
the aptitude of certain diseases or patho- 
logical phenomena to recur at regular inter- 
vals. 

Periodontitis (wept, oSovg, a tooth, trig, 
inflammation). Inflammation of the mem- 
branous tissue lining the socket of the tooth. 

Periorbital (wept, orbita, the orbit of the 
eye). Pertaining to the membrane or 



* 



PERIORCHITIS 



336 



PERMANENT TEETH 



periosteum of the socket of the eye. Used 
indefinitely of tissues adjacent to the 
orbit. 

Periorchitis [~epi, opx^C, the scrotum, 
trig). Inflammation of the tissue surround- 
ing the testicle, or of its cellular tissue. 

Periosteals. See Periostitis. 

Periosteophyte [rrepi, ogteov, bone, <j>vtov, 
a growth). A morbid, osseous formation 
upon or proceeding from the periosteum. 

Periosteum (wept, ogteov). A tough con- 
nective tissue surrounding bones, serving 
as an attachment for tendons, and the 
means of their nourishment and regen- 
eration, by acting as the medium of inter- 
communication for the vascular supply. 

Periostitis. Inflammation of the perios- 
teum. 

Periostoma (jrepi., ostoma, a bone-tumor). 
Any morbid, osseous growth occurring on 
or surrounding a bone. 

Periosto'sis [irspi, ogteov). Inflammatory 
hypertrophy of bone. 

Periot/ic [rrepi, ovg, the ear). A descriptive 
term applied to the petrous and mastoid 
parts of the temporal bone, and to adjacent 
parts. 

Peripachymeningitis. See Pachymen- 
ingitis. 

Peripatetic {irepi, iraTEto, to walk). Walk- 
ing about. Also, a disciple of Aristotle, 
who instructed his pupils while walking. 

Peripha / cus [rcEpt, (panog, a lentil). The 
capsule surrounding the crystalline lens. 

Peripheral [riEpi, <pspu, to bear). Per- 
taining to or having the nature of a peri- 
phery. The external part or boundary as 
distinguished from the central. 

Periphery [irEpi, Qepu). The line bound- 
ing any surface. The external part in 
contradistinction to the central. 

Periplasm [-nEpi^TiaGfia). The delicate 
hyaline layer about animal cells. 

Peripleuritis. Inflammation of the tis- 
sues surrounding the pleura. 

Peripneumonia. See Pneumonia. 

Periproctitis [wept, TrponTog, the anus, 
mc, inflammation). Inflammation of the 
areolar tissue about the anus. 

Periscop / ic [irEpi, gkotzeu, to see). Applied 
to lenses having a concave surface upon 
one side and a convex upon the other, 
either having the smaller radius of curva- 
ture, so that the lens may as a whole be 
positive or negative (concavo-convex, or 
convexo-concave) ; called, also, meniscus. 
The object of the lenses is to cut off spheri- 
cal aberration, and allow the observer to 
look more obliquely through them. 



Peris / sad [ttepiggevu, to be superfluous). 
Atoms of uneven quantivalence, as nitrogen, 
which is capable of grasping five; boron 
three ; and chlorine one, monad atoms. 

PeristaPsis [ttepcgteXTilj, to contract). The 
peculiar movements of the intestine, con- 
sisting in a vermicular narrowing of the 
tube from above downward, thus propelling 
the contents before it. Antiperistalsis, 
an abnormal movement traveling in an 
upward direction toward the stomach. 
Aperistalsis, cessation of peristaltic move- 
ments. Dysperistalsis, increased or 
spasmodic peristalsis. Euperistalsis, 
normal healthy peristalsis. 

PeristaPtic. Pertaining to peristalsis. 
Also, an agent or medicine increasing 
peristalsis. 

Peristaph'yline (wepi, GTafyvTirj, the uvula). 
Pertaining to the uvula. 

Peristo / ma [tie pi, gtujicl, a mouth). The 
margin of a mouth or of any mouth-like 
opening. 

Peristro / ma [irepi, Grpojia). The internal 
layer of a tube-like organ. The villous coat 
of the intestines. 

Perisystole [irEpt, gvgtoIt], a contraction). 
A term applied to the time intervening be- 
tween systole and diastole of the heart. 

Peritendineum. The tissue surrounding 
the tendons like a sheath. 

Perit / omy [irepi, teuvo, to cut). The op- 
eration of the removal of a riband of con- 
junctival and subconjunctival tissue from 
about the cornea, for the relief of pannus. 

Peritonaeum. See Peritoneum. 

Peritoneal. Pertaining to the perito- 
neum. 

Peritoneum [izepi, telvu, to extend). The 
membrane lining the interior of the abdomi- 
nal cavity and surrounding the viscera. 

PeritonPtis [peritoneum, ircg). Inflam- 
mation of the peritoneum. 

PerityphlPtis (jTEpi, rv(p?iog, the caecum, 
trig, inflammation). Inflammation of the 
areolar substance surrounding the caecum. 

Perivascular [peri, around, vasculum, a 
vessel). That which surrounds or en- 
closes a vessel. 

Perivasculitis. Inflammation of the ves- 
sel-walls. 

Per / kinism. A method of empiric treat- 
ment devised by a Connecticut practitioner. 
It consists in drawing over the affected 
part the extremities of two rods (" metallic 
tractors") of different metals. The thera- 
peutic effects were wholly imaginary. 

Permanent Teeth. The teeth of the 
second dentition. 



PERMEABLE 



337 



PETIT'S OPERATION 



Permeable (per, meo, to pass through). 
Meable. Capable of affording passage. 

Permutation (per, muto, to change). 
The reciprocal substitution between two 
compounds of one element or radical for 
another. 

Pernicious (pemiciosus , destructive). 
That which is highly destructive or mis- 
chievous. P. Anaemia. See Ancemia. 

Pernio. See Chilblain. 

Perobracb/ius (wrjpog, wanting, fipaxi-uv, 
arm). A developmental defect in which 
the forearms and hands are malformed or 
wanting. 

Perocephalus (-rrrjpoq, ne^alr}, head). A 
monster with an abnormalism of the head. 

Perochi'rus (irrjpog, %£tp, hand). A de- 
fect of development consisting in absence 
or stunted growth of the hand or foot. 

Perom / elus (irrjpog, /neXog, limb). A mon- 
ster with deficient or stunted limbs. 

Peronae / us, or 

Per'one. Same as Peroneus. 

Perone'o- (peronceus). A Latin word 
which, joined as a prefix, denotes connec- 
tion with or relation to the fibula. 

Perone / us (peronceus). The fibula. P. 
Muscle. See Muscle. 

Peronospo / ra (irepov??, point, ciropov, 
spore). A group of fungi, of which the 
potato-fungus and mildew are the com- 
monest examples. P. Calotheca, found 
upon rotting fruits. P. Ferrani, or P. 
Barcinonae. The cholera microbe of Fer- 
ran, as late investigations seem to show it, 
is not an alga or bacillus, but a fungus 
of the above group. % P. Infestans, the 
potato-fungus, the greatest scourge of this 
plant. P. Viticola, mildew. 

Per'opus (TTi/pog, ttovq, foot). A develop- 
mental defect in which the legs and feet 
are malformed. 

Pero / sis (izqpog). The condition of abnor- 
mal or defective formation. 

Perox / ide. A term used in the old chemi- 
cal nomenclature to designate the highest 
proportions in which oxygen could saturate 
any tetrad base. P. of Hydrogen. See 
Hydrogen. 

Perplica'tion (per, plico, to fold). Fold- 
ing or turning an incised vessel upon or 
within itself. 

Personal Equation. The peculiar differ- 
ence of each individual in his reaction to 
various orders of stimuli. 

Perspiration. See Sweat. 

Perturbation (perturbo, to disturb). Func- 
tional trouble. Restlessness or disquietude. 
Also, any mental inequilibrium. The em- 



ployment of means that arrest or modify 
the development of a morbid state. 

Pertussin (per, tussis, a cough). The 
specific microbe or virus of pertussis. 

Pertus / sis (per, tussis). Whooping-cough. 
A contagious disease, confined usually to 
childhood and youth, marked by spasmodic 
and convulsive coughing. Its course lasts 
usually for a period of six or seven weeks. 
It is rarely fatal. 

Peru / vian Bark. See Bark, Peruvian, 
and Cinchona. 

Peruvian Wart. See Verruga Peru- 
ana. 

Perversion (per, verto, to turn). The 
state of being turned away from the nor- 
mal course as in the modifications of func- 
tion in disease. Also any morbid change 
in the fluids of the body. 

Pervigilium (per, vigilium, a watch). 
Same as insomnia. 

Pes (Lat., a foot). The foot. A term also 
applied to parts of the body resembling a 
foot. P. Anserinus, the divisions of the 
facial nerve in its distribution to the facial 
muscles. P. Accessorius, a swelling 
in the outer part of the cornu ammonis. 
P. Hippocampi, the extremity of the 
H. Major, etc. 

Pes / sary (weacog, an oval-shaped stone). 
An instrument for placing in the vagina to 
remedy or support uterine or cervical dis- 
placements. 

Pessi / ma (tteogoi, a game of chequers). 
An eruptive disease consisting of hard, 
spongy pustules, having a fanciful resem- 
blance to a chess-board. It is a form of 
papilloma 

Pest (pestis, a plague). A contagious feb- 
rile disease endemic in certain oriental 
countries, characterized by depression, 
cephalalgia, petechiae, bubos, etc. Used 
colloquially for cholera, black death, etc. 

Pestiferous (pestis, ferro, to bear). 
Destructive, pestilential. 

Pestilence (pestis). Same as pest. 

Pes / tilent (pestis). Having the nature of 
a pestilence or epidemic disease. 

Pes / tis. See Pest. 

Pestle (pistillum). The piece with which 
substances are beaten in a mortar. 

Pet / al (rreraXov, a leaf). A leaf of the 
corolla of a flower. 

Petechia (It. peteche, a flea-bite). See 
Purpura. 

Petit, Canal of. See Canal. 

Petit Mai. See Epilepsy. 

Petit 's Operation. An operation for the 
relief of strangulated hernia. It consists 



PETRIFACTION 



338 



PHANTOM 



of a division of the stricture without open- 
ing the sac. 

Petrifaction [7zsrpa,/acio, to make). The 
condition of having turned to stone. Patho- 
logically, a process of transformation char- 
acterized by the deposit in a tissue of 
various salts derived from the blood. 
Called, also, Incrustation. 

Petrissage. See Massage. 

Petrolatum. Petroleum Ointment. A 
jelly-like preparation obtained from the 
residuum of petroleum, soluble in ether, 
insoluble in water and alcohol, known 
commercially as vaseline and cosmoline. 
An excellent basis for ointments and a 
valuable emollient. 

Petro / leum (-erpa, oleum, oil). Mineral 
oil. A mixture of various hydrocarbons. 
"Coal oil," or kerosene, is one of the 
residua of fractional distillation. Naphtha, 
benzine, paraffine, and a substance vulgarly 
known as cosmoline, the base of unguen- 
tum petrolatum are among the most im- 
portant components. Externally it is a 
stimulant. It is an excellent antiseptic and 
germicide. Internally it has been used as 
an anthelmintic and an expectorant. P. 
Ointment. See Petrolatum. 

Pet / roline. The commercial name for a 
combination of hydrocarbons derived from 
petroleum. 

Petrosal (-irerpa, rock). Pertaining to the 
petrous portion of the temporal bone. P. 
Sinus, a name given to two sinuses, 
superior and inferior. The former is situ- 
ated along the superior border of the 
petrous portion ; the latter, near the pos- 
terior border. 

Pe'trous Portion. See Temporal Bone. 

Pet / tenkofer's Test. A qualitative test 
for the presence of biliary acids. A few 
drops of the suspected liquid, as the urine, 
are dropped into a fresh solution of sugar 
and dilute sulphuric acid. If biliary acids 
be present a purplish crimson color is pro- 
duced. 

Pey / er's Glands. See Gland. 

Pfliig'er's Law. " A given tract of nerve 
is stimulated by the appearance of cathe- 
lectrotonus and the disappearance of an- 
electrotonus — not, however, by the disap- 
pearance of cathelectrotonus, nor by the 
appearance of anelectrotonus." 

Phacomala / cia. See Cataract, soft. 

Phacosclerosis. Hardening of the crys- 
talline lens. 

Phae-. See Phe-. 

Phagedena (<payeiv, to eat away). Erod- 
ing; gangrenous. Extension of an ulcer 



with formation of sloughs. P. Gangren- 
osa, hospital gangrene. 

Phag'ocyte (yayeiv, nvroq, cell). A term 
applied by Nutschnikoff to the cells of the 
organism possessing the property of ab- 
sorbing and digesting microbes. He calls 
the leucocytes, microphagi, and the term 
macrophagi is given to the permanent tis- 
sue cells with large nucleus, such as con- 
nective-tissue cells, epithelial cells of the 
pulmonary alveoli, etc. 

Phagocytosis. The development or con- 
dition of phagocytic life. See Phagocyte. 

Phaki'tis ((panog, lens, trig). Supposed 
inflammation of the crystalline lens of the 
eye. 

Phakom / eter. An instrument for meas- 
uring the power of lenses. 

Phakosclero'sis (<panog, the crystalline 
lens, GKhrjpoq, hard). Induration or hard- 
ness of the crystalline lens. 

Phak'oscope (faaog, the lens of the eye, 
ckotcso), to see). An instrument for ob- 
serving and estimating the change in the 
shape of the lens produced by accommo- 
dation. 

Phalacro'sis. See Baldness. 

Phalan / ges {tyatjay]-, a battalion). The 
fingers and toes. P. of Ear, the minute 
cuticular fibers in the organ of Corti. 

Phalanx (plural, Phalanges, (j>a/.ay^). A 
name given to any one of the small bones 
of the fingers and toes. 

PhallaFgia (pa/l/loc, alyog, pain). Pain 
in the penis. 

Phallan / eurysm (0a/l/loc, aneurysm). 
Aneuiysm of the penis. 

Phallon'cus {(paTJjog, oynog, a tumor). 
Any tumor or swelling of the penis. 

PhaFlus (<pal?vog). The penis. 

Phanakis / toscope. See Zoetrope. 

Phaneroga'mia (tyavepog, apparent, ya/iog, 
marriage). A division of the vegetable 
kingdom comprising all vascular plants 
whether flowering or not, with exposed 
sexual organs. Subdivided into two classes, 
the endogenous and exogenous. See 
Cryptogamia. 

Phan / tasm ((paivo, to show). An illusive 
perception of an object which does not 
exist. A vision or apparition. 

Phan'tom [tpavra^u, to make visible). An 
apparition. A model, manikin or effigy 
upon or by which to illustrate bandaging, 
surgical, obstetrical and other operations. 
Applied also to false or simulated symptoms 
of disease. P. Child, a doll used to 
illustrate the phenomena of labor. P. 
Face or Head, a metal effigy of a face, 



PHARMACAL 



339 



PHIMOSIS 



with eye-sockets devised to hold pigs' eyes, 
wherewith to practice or illustrate operations 
in ophthalmic surgery. P. Stricture, 
erroneous subjective symptoms of the pa- 
tient who believes he has rectal stricture. 
P. Tumor, apparent or simulated tumors 
of hysterics and malingerers, that disappear 
in sleep or when the patient is etherized. 
Applied also to collections of gas or faeces 
in the abdominal cavity. 

Phar'macal {cpapfianov, a drug). Pertain- 
ing to pharmacy. 

Pharmaceutics. Same as Pharmacy. 

Pharmacist. An apothecary. 

Pharmacodynamics (tyap/uanov, Svva/u,ir y 
force). The science of the powers and 
effects of medicines. 

Pharmacology [(papfiaKov, Xoyog, a treat- 
ise). A treatise on the nature and proper- 
ties of substances used as medicines, or 
those employed in their preparation. 

Pharmacopoeia ((papjuaKov, Troieco, to 
make). A standard code containing a 
selection of medicinal substances, prepara- 
tions and formulas. The United States 
(1882), and the British (1885), are among 
the most comprehensive published. All 
except the United States pharmacopoeia 
have been issued under governmental 
authority. 

Phar / macy (<pap/uaKov). The science of 
drugs, and the art of selecting, preparing 
and combining them. 

PharyngaPgia (Qapvyi;, the pharynx, ak- 
yog, a pain). Pain in the pharynx. 

Pharyngeal (papvyg). Pertaining to the 
pharynx. 

Pharyngemphrax / is ((jxipvyt;, efMppagtc, 
obstruction). Obstruction of the pharynx. 

Pharyngis / mus. Spasm of the pharynx. 

Pharyngitis ((papvy^, trie, inflammation). 
Inflammation of the pharynx. 

Pharyn / go- (tyapvyi-). A Greek word 
frequently used as a prefix, signifying con- 
nection with or relation to the pharynx. 

Pharyn / gocele (Qapvyt;, turfkri, tumor). A 
tumor or pouch of the pharynx. 

Pharyngodyn'ia (§apvy% y odvvq, pain). 
Any pain in the pharynx. 

Pharyn / go-glos / sal. Pertaining con- 
jointly to the pharynx and the tongue. 

PharyngoPogy. The science of the pha- 
ryngeal mechanism and functions. 

Pharyngople'gia (tyapvyt;, irlrjyT], a 
stroke). Paralysis of the pharynx or of 
the oesophagus. 

Pharyn / gospasm (cfxipvyt;, oiraofiog, a 
spasm). Any cramp or spasm of the 
pharynx. 



Pharyngot / omy {(f>apvy^, Te/u.vu, to cut). 
Incision of the pharynx. 

Pharynx (tyapvyf; , the throat). The mus- 
culo-membranous sac or cavity behind the 
mouth, nose and larynx. 

Phase (0acnc, an appearance). The con- 
dition or stage of a disease or physiological 
function at a given time. 

Phenac / etine. A phenyl compound hav- 
ing antipyretic properties. Recommended 
in neuralgia and acute rheumatism. Dose 
gr. iv— xxx. Unof. 

Phengopho / bia. See Photophobia. 

Phe / nol. See Acid, Carbolic. 

Phenolsulphon / ic Acid. The " phenol- 
forming substance " found sometimes in 
urine, from which phenol is obtained. 

Phenomenal ((paivo/uac, to show). Per- 
taining to phenomena. Also, apparently 
contradictory, or exceptional to the ordi- 
nary course of events in nature. 

Phenomenon (cpaivujuac). Anything ex- 
traordinary or unexpected in nature. In 
physiology, any change in an organ or 
function appreciable to the senses, as that 
of respiration, circulation, etc. In pathol- 
ogy, a symptom. 

Pheno-resor / cin. A mixture containing 
carbolic acid 67, resorcin 23 P er cent - 
Unof. 

Phen / yl. See Acid, Carbolic. P. Glu- 
cosazon. A complex crystalline sub- 
stance separating in yellow rosette-shaped 
crystals in Fisher's test. P. Hydrazin, 
a colorless oil having the composition 
C 6 H 5 (N 2 H 3 ), soluble in water, the hydro- 
chloride of which is used in Fisher's test 
for glucose. P. Hydrazin Test (for 
sugar). Into a test-tube put y z in. dry 
phenyl-hydrazin hydrochlorate, add pul- 
verized sodium acetate an equal volume, 
and fill y 2 tube with urine. Agitate until 
sodium acetate is dissolved, gently heating 
up to boiling point and boil for 30 seconds. 
Examine the sediment with microscope 
for yellow-branching needle-shaped crys- 
tals of phenyl-glucosazon. P. Salicyl., 
See Salol. 

Phi'al. See Vial. 

Philosophy [(pi^oc, a lover, coyia, wisdom). 
Literally, a love of wisdom. The coordi- 
nation of human knowledge. Knowledge, 
natural, moral, or mental. P., Natural. 
See Physics. P., Positive, Comteism, 
or the philosophy of Auguste Comte. 

Phimosis (<j>l/llog), to constrict). Elonga- 
tion of the prepuce and constriction of the 
orifice, so that the foreskin cannot be re- 
tracted to uncover the glans penis. 



PHLEB- 



340 



PHONOGRAPH 



Phleb- {o/.sv, a vein). A Greek root 
meaning vein, frequently used as a prefix 
to other words. 

Phlebec'tasis. See Varix, Varicose. 

Phlebecto'pia j.'cv, etc, out of. ;. 

place). The dislocation or abnormal po- 
sition of a vein. 

Phlebemphrax'is. Plugging of a vein. 

Phlebi'tis o>.;v, inc). Inflammation of 
a vein. P., Uterine, puerperal sep- 
ticemia. 

Phleb'ogram. A tracing of the move- 
ments of a vein by the sphygmograph. 

Phlebography {o/.sv, ~}papo, to write). 
The descriptive anatomy of the veins. 

Phleb 'olith '.o/.sy, '/.idog, stone). Vein- 
stone, caused by the calcareous degeneration 
of clots, etc. 

Phlebol'ogy (o/^b, ?^r/og, a treatise). A 
treatise on the nature and functions of the 
veins. 

Phleborrha'gia {o/.z\i\ prr- vvui, to burst 
forth). Same as Phleborrhexis. 

Phleborrhex'is z'/.v., pr;~ic, rupture). A 
rupture of a vein. Also, haemorrhage from 
a vein. 

Phlebotomy. See Bloodletting. 

Phlegm o/.e}-aa). A watery humor. 
Also, the viscid, stringy mucus expectorated 
or vomited. 

Phlegmasia o'/.r.u, to bum). A syn- 
onym of inflammation. P. Alba Dolens, 
painful white swelling. An adhesive 
phlebitis of one or both legs occurring after 
childbirth, and characterized by pain, swell- 
ing, and whitish discoloration of the part. 
Formerly called milk-leg. 

Phlegmatic o/.c;w). Unfeeling, indif- 
ferent. Abounding in phlegm, 

Phleg'matous fteyd). Pertaining to or 
having the nature of phlegm. 

Phleg'mon z/.;] uovr/, inflammation . An 
inflammation of an acute suppurative char- 
z.z.t: '^rr.titji :..= ;~-::n. 

Phleg / monous o'/.£\uovt]\. Pertaining to 
an acute suppurative inflammation of sub- 
cutaneous tissue. 

Phlogis'tic [o//}-/oc, flame). Pertaining 
to the energy of heat. 

Phlogiston o/.0;oci. An obsolete term 
used by early chemists to denote fire or 
flame as a chemical element which was 
united with oxidizable substances, and 
which was separated from them during 
combustion. The term disappeared with 
the discovery of oxygen. 

Phlogogen'i: yewau, to beget). 

An obsolete name for hydrogen. Also, 
causing inflammation. 



Phlogo'sis :•'.;; oo. Any superficial or 
external inflammation. Also, erysipelatous 
inflammation. 

Phlorid'zin, or 

Phlorizin. A bitter crystalline substance 
occurring in the root and trunk of the apple, 
pear, and similar fruit trees. It has reputed 
value in intermittents. It is thought to be 
identical with salicylin. Dose gr. x-xx. 
Unof. 

Phloroglu'cin. A phloridzin derivative 
used for testing for hydrochloric acid, with 
which it produces a red tinge. 

Phlyctae'na [O/.vKTcuva, from o/.vu, to 
bubble up). A tumor formed by the effu- 
sion of serum under the epiderm i s. 

Phlyc'tenoid yo/.inraaa). Resembling 
phlyctsena. Also, a term applied to a 
variety of herpes. 

Phlycten'ula (dim, of oavktoivo). A 
little vesicle or blister. An elevation of 
the epidermis, cornea, or conjunctiva, by an 
accumulation of serous fluid beneath. 

Phlyctenular. Having the nature of 
phlyctenula. P. Ophthalmia, herpetic 
eruption of the conjunctiva. 

Phlyc'tis. .^ee P : :'; :::•:.':.. 

Phly'sis. See F 

Phlyza'cium :"-_."... to inflame). A pus- 
tular vesicle on an indurated base. 

Phocom'elus \oukj], a seal, fie/XK, limb). 
An ectromelic monster with shortened or 
atrophied arms and thighs, the hands and 
feet being attached almost directly to the 
trunk. 

Phce'nicism oo::./.rei . A synonym of 
Rubeola. 

Phce'nodin (ooivudr/g, blood red). Same 
as Haematin. 

Phona'tion (ouvtj, the voice, or sound). 
The production or art of vocal sound and 
articulation. 

Phonet / ic [cxji-r;). Pertaining to the sounds 
and articulations of the voice. 

Phon'ic <ocov7j). Pertaining to the voice 
or to articulate sounds of the voice. Also, 
the science of acoustics. 

Phonocamp / tics [oovr/, kcluxjic, bending). 
That branch of physics treating of the 
reflection of sound. 

Pho'nograph (ou^, ypaou, to write 
instrument consisting of a wax-coated cyl- 
inder revolving under a stylus attached to 
a diaphragm. The vibrations of the dia- 
phragm, set in motion by the voice, cause 
the cylinder to be indented by the stylus. 
"When the cylinder is again revolved the 
indentations of the wax cylinder strike 
against the stylus, thereby throwing the 



PHONOGRAPHY 



341 



PHOSPHORUS 



diaphragm into vibration and reproducing 
the original sounds of the voice. 

Phonography {(j)uv?/,ypa(j)(o). A scheme 
of short-hand writing in which the words 
are spelled according to their sounds. 

PhononVeter (<j>o)vtj, fierpov, a measure). 
An instrument for measuring the intensity 
of sound, or a current of air expired during 
phonation. 

Phonopathy ((povr/, iradog, disease). Dis- 
order of the vocal organs. 

Phorom / eter (</>6jc, light, fierpov, measure). 
An instrument for measuring the intensity 
of light; also, for measuring the relative 
strengths of the ocular muscles. 

Phos / phate. Any salt of phosphoric acid. 
P., Tests for, in Urine, add a few drops 
of potassium hydrate and boil. The earthy 
phosphates are thrown out and separable 
by filtering. To the filtrate add one-third 
its volume of magnesia mixture. The pre- 
cipitate represents the phosphoric acid once 
held by alkaline bases, now in the form of 
triple phosphate. Teissier's Method, 
a sediment of the phosphates is ob- 
tained by magnesia mixture in a 50 c.c. 
graduated tube. I c.c. of sediment is 
equal to 0.60 to 0.70 gramme of phos- 
phates per liter, or 0.06 to 0.07 per cent. 

PhosphatTc. Relating to or having the 
nature of phosphates. P. Diathesis, that 
condition of the body favoring the deposi- 
tion of phosphate salts in the urine. 

Phos'phenes (</>«c, light, (paivo, to show). 
Subjective luminous circle or sensation 
caused, e.g., by pressure upon the eyeball. 

Phos / phine. A name formerly given to 
hydrogen phosphide PH 3 . 

Phosphorescence (<pag, <pepa>, to bear) . A 
term applied to the spontaneous luminosity 
of certain substances, such as phosphorus, 
calcium sulphide (Canton phosphorus, 
Bologna phosphorus), white sugar. It is 
observed in putrescent organic matter, such 
as dead fish, wood, etc. ; in the bodies of 
plants and animals, such as the marigold, 
fire-fly, in the excreta of animals, the 
sweat of miliaria and the breath of 
phthisical patients. 

Phosphorhidro'sis {(f>o)g, idpug, sweat). 
Phosphorescent sweat. 

Phosph/orism. The symptoms of chronic 
phosphorus-poisoning. 

Phosphoru / ria {phosphorus, ovpov, the 
urine). Phosphorescence of the urine. 
Also, urine containing an excess of phos- 
phates. 

Phosphorus {cpug^epa, to bear). P = 3i ; 
quanti valence in. A non-metal existing 



in three allotropic forms: yellow P., of 
waxy consistence, soluble in carbon disul- 
phide ; red P., pulverulent and insoluble; 
" metallic " P., metallic luster, insoluble and 
inert at ordinary temperatures. An essen- 
tial element in bone, brain, and nerve tis- 
sues. In form of phosphoric acid combined 
with calcium, forms 50 per cent, of the 
bones. Yellow P. in small doses is a brain 
and nerve stimulant and tonic. In toxic 
doses a powerful gastro-intestinal irritant, 
producing death by failure of respiration 
and circulation. Best administered in the 
form of hypophosphites, similar in action 
but less severe. Soluble phosphates are 
laxative and cholagogue. Phosphorus and 
its compounds are indicated where the nerve 
centers are implicated in such ailments as 
cerebral softening, progressive locomotor 
ataxia, paraplegia from excessive venery, 
etc. A specific in impotence. Alkaline 
hypophosphites are highly beneficial in 
diseases of imperfect nutrition, chronic 
phthisis, etc. Calcii Hypophosphis. 
Dose gr. x-xxx. Calcii Lacto-phos- 
phat. Syr., contains of the preceding 22, 
lactic acid 33, orange flower water 80, 
sugar 600, hydrochloric acid, water of 
ammonia and water aa q. s. ad 1 000. 
Dose gj-^j- Calcii Phosphas Pre- 
cipitat. Dose gr. ij-x. Hypophos- 
phitum cum Ferro, Syr., contains of the 
syrup of hypophosphites 99, lactate of 
iron I. Dose ^j-^j. Hypophosphi- 
tum Syr., contains calcium salt 35, 
sodium and potassium salts aa 12, citric 
acid I, spt. lemon 2, sugar 500, water 
q. s. ad 1000 parts. Dose gj-^j- Ferri 
Hypophosphis, soluble in sodium citrate. 
Dose gr. v-x. Ferri. Quininae et 
Strychninse Phosphat., Syr., contains 
phosphates of iron and quinine aa 133, 
strychnine 4, phosphoric acid 800, sugar 
6000, distilled water q. s. ad 10,000 parts. 
Dose 3J-ij. Phosphatum Comp., 
Syr., Parish's Chemical Food, unof., con- 
tains in each gj phos. of iron gr. ijss, 
phos. of calcium gr. j. Dose Jjj— ij. 
Oleum Phosphoratum, phosphorated 
oil, contains phosphorus 1, stronger ether 
9, expressed oil of almond q. s. ad 100. 
Dose TT\j-v. P. Pil., each contains gr. 
yl^ of the drug. Dose j-v. P. Tinct. 
(Bellevue Hosp.), unof., contains phos- 
phorus gr. xxxij , absolute alcohol ^ xlvj , 
essence vanilla ^j, ol. orange peel, ghj, 
alcohol q. s. ad ^xlviij. Dose TT^x-gj. 
P., Tinct. (Thompson's), unof., contains 
phosphorus gr. i, absolute alcohol 3 v, 



PHOSPHORUS NECROSIS 



342 



PHTHISIS 



glycerine 5Jss, spt. peppermint lr^xl. 
Dose rt\,xx-3J. Potassii Hypophos- 
phis. Dose gr. v-x. Sodii Hypo- 
phosphis. JDose gr. v-x. Sodii Phos- 
phas. Dose 3J-3J- Sodii Pyrophos- 
phas. Dose Jjss-^ss. Zinci Phos- 
phidum, soluble in hydrochloric acid, 
irritant and poisonous. Dose gr. ^g— jV 

Phosphorus Necro'sis. A disease char- 
acterized by necrosis, chiefly of the jaw- 
bone, which affects workmen exposed to 
the fumes of phosphorus. 

Phosphu / ria (dog, ovpov, urine). An ex- 
cess of the phosphates in the urine. 

PhotaPgia ((bog, light, a?i,yog, pain). Pain 
arising from too great intensity of light. 

Pho / to- (g>og). A Greek prefix denoting 
connection with or relation to light. 

Photo-chem / ical ((bog, xil JLia > chemistry). 
Pertaining to the chemical action of light 
as manifested in silver salts and certain 
other compounds. 

Photogenic (owe, yevvao, to beget). Pro- 
ducing light. 

Phonograph ((bog, ypatyo, to write). A 
fac-simile of any object or design reproduced 
by the chemical action of light. 

Photography [(fag, ypa<bo, to write). The 
art of reproducing the images of objects by 
the action of light upon certain salts which 
are changed or decomposed by it. 

Photohaematachom / eter. See Htzma- 
tachometer. 

PhotoPogy ((bog, Aoyog, a treatise). A 
treatise on the nature and laws of light. 

Photomagnet / ic ((bog, magnetism). Per- 
taining to the power of certain rays of the 
spectrum to render magnetic a steel needle. 

Photom'eter ((bog, fierpov, a measure). 
An instrument for measuring the strength 
or intensity of light. 

Photometric ((bog, fierpov). Pertaining 
to photometry or the measurement of 
light. 

PhotonVetry ((bog, fierpov). The measure- 
ment of light, its rapidity, intensity, etc. 

Photo-micrography ((pog, fiacpog, ypcupo, 
to write). The photographic enlargement 
of a body under the microscope. 

Photon'osus ((bog, vocog, disease). A dis- 
eased condition arising from continued ex- 
posure to intense or glaring light, as snow- 
blindness, etc. 

Photopho / bia ((bog, light, (bofiog, fear). 
Dislike of light, a symptom of corneal, 
iritic, and other inflammatory conditions of 
the eye. 

Pho / tophone (fag, <bovrj, sound). An 
apparatus for the graphic representation or 



determination of the character of sound- 
waves by means of the sensitive flame. 

Pho'tophore ((bog, (bepo, to bear). An 
instrument for examination of the cavities 
of the body by means of the electric 
light. 

Photop / sia (fog, oip, sight). A false per- 
ception of light, sparks, flashes of fire, etc. 
Symptomatic of certain morbid conditions 
of the retina or of the brain. 

Photoptom / eter (cog, of, eye, fierpov, 
measure). An instrument for determining 
visual acuity. 

Photox / ylin. A substance derived from 
wood-pulp. A good substitute for collo- 
dion in minor surgery, and as a medium 
for mounting microscopic specimens. 

PhotiPria ((f>og, ovpov, the urine). Phos- 
phorescence of the urine. 

Phrenasthe'nia (fprjv, diaphragm or the 
mind, acOevog, weak). Paresis of the dia- 
phragm. Also, a congenital phrenopathy 
consisting in imbecility, idiocy, cretinism, 
etc. 

Phrenetic. Maniacal, delirious. 

PhrenTc ((pprjv). Pertaining to the dia- 
phragm. P. Nerve. See Nerve. 

Phrenogas / tric ((bprjv, yacrrjp, the stom- 
ach). Pertaining conjointly to the stomach 
and diaphragm. 

Phren / ograph ((bprjv, ypcxbo, to write). An 
instrument for registering the movements 
of the diaphragm. 

PhrenoPogy ((bp?/v, hoyog, a treatise). A 
theory that the characteristics and pecu- 
liarities of the mind may be determined by 
the conformation of the skull. 

Phrenop'athy (typnv, -rraOog, suffering). 
A general term including diseases charac- 
terized by perversion or debility of one or 
more faculties of the intellect. Mental 
alienation. 

Phreno / ses. See Phrenopathy. 

Phren'osin (fpr/v). A nitrogenized, non- 
phosphorized cerebroside occurring in 
brain-tissue. 

Phren'sy (6prjv). Insanity, mania, frenzy. 

PhthirPasis. See Pediculus. 

Phthisical ((bdeeig, a wasting). Pertain- 
ing to or affected with phthisis. 

PhthPsis ((pdictg, (bdivofiat, to consume). 
Formerly any dyscrasia producing emacia- 
tion and death ; restricted now to designate 
all pulmonary lesions followed by dis- 
organization of lung tissue, the forma- 
tion of cavities, loss of function and health, 
and death. P., Abdominal, the forma- 
tion of tuberculous deposits in the ab- 
dominal cavity. P. Bulbi, progressive 



PHYGOGALACTICS 



343 



PHYSOSTIGMA 



shrinkage and atrophy of the eyeball. P. 
Pulmonalis, pulmonary phthisis. P. 
Tuberculosis, the formation of deposits 
of the bacillus tuberculosis, now considered 
the specific pathogenic cause, directly or 
indirectly, of the large majority of cases of 
phthisis. The progress of the disease is 
attended with night-sweats, cough, diar- 
rhoea, and emaciation. 

Phygogalac'tics (<f>evyo, to flee, ya?.a, 
milk). Medicines stopping the secretion 
of milk. 

Phyllox / era (<pv2.1ov, a leaf). A name 
given to several species of aphidce which, 
by puncturing the under side of leaves to 
deposit their ova, produce the excrescences 
known as galls. Also the P. Vastatrix, 
which infests the roots of grape vines, 
causing the disease of the vines known as 
phylloxera. 

Phylog'eny (tyvlov, race, yevvao, to beget). 
The history of the development of a whole 
stock of organisms, from the lowest form 
of the series upward. Haeckel's "funda- 
mental biological law " is expressed in the 
words, " the ontogeny is a short repetition 
of the phylogeny." 

Phy / ma (Qvfia, a growth). A term used 
to include suppurative tumors larger than a 
boil. Also, a class of diseases including 
erysipelas, oedema, emphysema, scirrhus, 
etc. Also, a genus of diseases including 
hordeolum, sycosis, and anthrax. Also, a 
tubercle. 

Phy / matoid [cpv/ua, eidog, resemblance). 
A condition of cancerous growth distin- 
guished by dull yellow color and a con- 
sistence resembling that of tubercle. 

Phymato / ses (<pvfj,a). A general term for 
tuberculous or scrofulous diseases. 

Physco / nia [<j)vgko)v, the paunch). A gen- 
eral term for abdominal tumors that are not 
fluctuating nor sonorous. Also, excessive 
corpulency. 

Physia / trics (tyvag, nature, carpto, treat- 
ment). Healing power as manifested in 
the various forms of vital energy and 
natural forces. 

Phys / ic (<j)vcug). The science of medi- 
cine. Also, a general name for any 
remedy or medicine. Also, a cathartic. 

Physical (Qvaig). Pertaining to nature. 
Also, pertaining to the body or material 
things in contradistinction to the mind, or 
to metaphysical things. P. Examina- 
tion, examination of the corporeal symp- 
toms of disease in a patient. P. Signs, 
the indications obtained by percussion, aus- 
cultation, palpation, etc. 



Physician {tyvatg). One who practices 
medicine. In many States of the United 
States the term is restricted to one who 
has received the degree as Doctor of 
Medicine, or who has been legally licensed 
to practice medicine. 

Physicist (<pvoic). A student of physics. 

Phys / ics ((pvaic). The science treating 
of the laws governing material phenomena, 
especially those of gravitation, motion, 
energy, etc. P., Medical, that part of 
Physics pertaining to the preservation of 
the individual or management of disease. 

PhysiognomonTc (Qvoig, yvufjiuv, an in- 
terpreter). Pertaining to physiognomy. 

Physiognomon'ics (<j)vcig, yvu/uuv). The 
science of physiognomy. 

Physiognomy (<j)vcig, yvojiuv). The art 
of reading character and temperament by a 
study of the face. 

Physiography {<f>v<jig,ypa<[>(o } to write). A 
description of the surface of the earth as 
modified by the forces of nature. Earth- 
sculpture. 

PhysioFogy ((f>vcig, loyog, a treatise). 
The science of the functions and properties 
of organized bodies and especially the 
human body, the mutual relation and func- 
tions of its organs, and vital phenomena. 

Physiol'ysis ((pvaig, "kv u, to dissolve). The 
disintegration of dead tissue by the natural 
processes of putrefaction, etc. 

Phy / socele {<pvca, air, ktjIti, tumor). An 
intestinal tumor of gas or flatus. 

Physocol'ic (tyvatg, colica). Colic caused 
by flatus. 

PhysonVeter ((pvcao, to inflate, fierpov, a 
measure). An instrument for determining 
variations in the volume of a confined body 
of air. 

Physome / tra (tyvoaa, ' /litjt pa, the womb). 
A swelling or enlargement of the womb 
arising from gases produced by the decom- 
position of some substance. 

Physostig / ma. Calabar Bean. The seed 
of P. venenosum, native to West Africa. 
Properties mainly due to alkaloids, eserine 
and physostigmine. Paralyzes spinal motor 
centers and arrests reflex action without 
affecting muscular irritability. Produces, 
also, myosis, nausea, and vomiting. In 
toxic doses, causes death by paralysis of 
respiratory organs. Used advantageously 
in tetanus and torpor of the bowels. P. 
Ext., alcoholic. Dose gr. Ye-%- P. 
Tinct., io per cent, in strength. Dose 
n\v-xx. Eserine, unof. Used in ophthal- 
mology as a myotic. Dose gr. sVtV 
Eserine Salicylate. Dose gr. x£o~~6V 



PHYTALBUMOSES 



344 



PILI 



PhytaPbumoses ($tnw, a plant). Vege- 
table albumoses resembling true peptones. 
Two varieties have been isolated, desig- 
nated as a- and ,3-Phytalbumoses. 

Phy / to- ((pvrov). A Greek prefix signify- 
ing connection with or relation to vege- 
table organisms. 

PhytochemPcal (<pvrov, XV f 1 ^, chemistry). 
Pertaining to the chemical structure and 
nature of plants. Used of fungoid growths 
of the human body. 

Phytogen / esis (cpvrov, yevvao, to beget). 
The generation of plants. 

Phytog'raphy (Qvtov, ypa<po, to write). 
Same as botany. Also, a treatise on the 
geographical distribution of plants. 

Phytolacca. Poke. The root and the 
fruit of P. decandra. An emeto-cathartic 
and motor-depressant. In toxic doses, 
death occurs by paralysis of organs of 
respiration. Action antagonized by alco- 
hol, opium and digitalis. Serviceable in 
malignant tumors, eczema, and similar skin 
affections. Dose of the root as an emetic 
gr. x-xxx; as an alterative gr. j-v. P., 
Ext. Fid., unof. Dose Ttpr-gj. P., 
Tinct., unof. Dose ir\x-%]. 

PhytoPogy ((pvrov, /loyoc, a treatise). 
Same as botany 

Phytomy / cetes. Moulds occurring in 
putrid urine. 

PhytopathoPogy (Qvtov, iradog, disease, 
Aoyoc, science). The science of plant 
disease, or of human diseases due to plant- 
like organisms. 

Phy / toplasm (yvrov, 7t/mg/j.(i). The vege- 
table analogue of protoplasm. 

Phyto'sis. See Impetigo. 

PhytovitePlin. The vegetable analogue 
of vitellin. 

PPa Ma'ter (Lat). The vascular mem- 
brane, consisting of a plexus of blood 
vessels held by a fine areolar tissue, 
enveloping the entire surface of the brain. 
It follows the convolutions and laminae 
and forms the velum interpositum and 
choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle. P. 
M. of Testis. See Tunica. 

PPan. See Frambcesia. 

Piarrhae / mia (map, fat, cujua, blood). The 
same as /ipcemia. 

PPceous (pix, pitch). Having the nature 
of pitch. Viscous. 

PPchi. The stems and leaves of Fabi- 
ana inibricata, growing in Chili. A tere- 
binthine having tonic properties. Of re- 
pute in treatment of catarrhal inflamma- 
tions of urinary tract. Dose of fid. ext. 
Tr^x-xl. Unof. 



Picnic-acid Test (for albumin in the 
urine). Pour a layer of saturated solu- 
tion of picric acid upon the surface of the 
sample. It coagulates any albumin pre- 
sent. The precipitation is increased by 
heat. 

Picrocarmine. A preparation for staining 
microscopical specimens. 

Pic / romel. A mixture of unknown com- 
position containing salts of soda and various 
biliary products. 

Picro-saccharim'eter. An instrument for 
determining the amount of sugar in a given 
sample of urine by comparison with the 
color of a permanent standard solution of 
perchloride of iron, of a picric-acid reduction 
of the urine brought to a similar tint as 
the standard by dilution with water, — the 
amount of the latter required indicating the 
amount of sugar present. 

Picrotox / in or Picrotoxic Acid. A neu- 
tral extraction of the berries of Coccidus 
Indicus, and several allied species of meni- 
spermacice. A cerebral exaltant having 
the combined properties of belladonna and 
nux vomica. In large doses causes mus- 
cular twitching, tonic spasm of the flexor 
muscles, etc. , with nausea. Very serviceable 
in chorea, epilepsy, and paralysis of the 
sphincters. Dose gr. ^— 2V Cocculi, 
Ext.. Fid. Dose Tty-iij. C, Tinct., 
tincture of cocculus, 12*4 per cent, in 
strength. Dose TTLij-xv. P 1 a n a t ' s 
Tinct., strength 25 per cent. Dose tt\j-v. 

Pie / bald Skin. See Leucoderma. 

Pie / dra. A disease of the hair marked 
by the formation of hard, pin -head-sized 
nodules on the shaft of the hair, thought to 
be a form of micrococcus. Occurs in the 
Andean plateau. 

Pig / ment {pingo, to paint). The cells of 
coloring matter occurring in the ins, retina, 
hair, and in the rete mucosum of the skin. 

Pig / mentary Mole. See Ncevus Pig- 
ment osus. 

Pilas / tered (pi/a, a small, supplemental 
pillar). In anatomy, flanged so as to 
have a fluted appearance. P. Femur, a 
condition observed in the femur of indi- 
viduals of certain races in which the back- 
ward concavity of the femoral shaft is ex- 
aggerated, and the linea aspera prominent. 
This exaggeration of structure causes the 
pilastered appearance. 

Piles. See Hceinorrhoids. 

PPli (pihis, a hair.) Hairs. P. Con- 
genital, hair existing at birth. P. Post- 
genital, that appearing some time after 

birth. 



PILIATION 



345 



PIROGOFF'S OPERATION 



Pilia / tion (pi/us). The formation and pro- 
duction of hair. 

Piriform (pi/us, forma, a form). Having 
the form or appearance of hair. 

Pill. See Pihda. P., Blaud's. 200 pills 
contain aa 30 gms. dried ferrous sulphate, 
and carbonate of potassium. P., Com- 
pound Cathartic. See Colocynth. P., 
Griffiths'. See Ferrum. 

PiPlar (pita). A name sometimes given to 
a process or part acting as a support ; as 
P. of Abdominal Ring, P. of Diaphragm, 
etc. 

Pilocarpine. See Pilocarpus. 

Pilocarpus. Jaborandi. The young 
leaves of P. pennatifolius. Properties due 
to an alkaloid, pilocarpine. Contains also 
jaborine; isomeric and antagonistic. A 
powerful diaphoretic, paralyzing the vaso- 
motor system, lowering respiration. Elimi- 
nated through the skin. Of great value 
in dropsy, uraemia, pleuritis. The most 
efficient remedy known in alopecia. Of 
value hypodermatically in asthma and alco- 
holic amblyopia. Contraindicated in weak 
heart. Dose of the fid. ext. TT^v-^j. Pilo- 
carpinae Hydrochloras, the alkaloid. 
Dose gr. }&-%. Pilocarpidin. Unof., 
weaker in its action than pilocarpine. 

Pilocys / tic (pilzts, Kvarig, a sac). A 
term applied to encysted tumors containing 
hair and fatty matters. 

Pi / lose [pi/us, a hair). Hairy, hirsute. 

Pil'ula (Lat.). A pill. In pharmacy, a 
spherical mass containing a prescribed 
medicinal substance with the excipient 
necessary to make it cohesive. The exci- 
pient may be soap and water, a gum, or 
one of the various syrups. There are 15 
official pihdce. See names, constituents, 
etc., under principal ingredient. 

Pi'lus (Lat.). Hair.' 

PimelPtis (iri/ueAT?, fat, inq, inflammation). 
Inflammation of any adipose tissue. 

Pimelorrhce / a [ttl^eAt], pew, to flow). Fecal 
discharge of undigested fat. 

Pimelo / sis (jri/ieAy). Conversion into fat. 
The fatty degeneration of any tissue. 

Pimelu'ria {tti/he?^, ovpov, urine). Chy- 
luria. 

Pimen / ta. Allspice. The immature fruit 
of Eugenia pimenta. Contains an aro- 
matic, pungent, volatile oil. Much used 
as a flavor and condiment. Useful in flat- 
ulence and to prevent the griping of purga- 
tives. Dose gr. x-xl. 

PinVple {papula). A small pustule or 
blotch. See Papule, and Pustule. 

Pine. See Pix. 



Pine'al {pinus, a pine coneV Belonging 
to, or shaped like a pine cone. P. Eye, 
a rudimentary third eye of certain lizards 
connected with the homologue of the 
pineal gland, by the pineal stock. P. 
Gland (so called from its resemblance in 
shape to a pine cone), a small, reddish- 
gray, vascular body at the base of the 
brain ; also called the conarium, from its 
conical shape. It rests above the nates, 
and is connected to the cerebrum by two 
peduncles. Its function is unknown. Prob- 
ably the remains of the pineal eye. 

Ping Ping. The root of" a Chinese plant. 
Used in vesical affections. 

Pinguecula, or Pinguic'ula (pinguis, 
fat). A small, yellow- white tumor of the 
conjunctiva, situated between the cornea 
and the canthus of the eye. 

Pin-hole pupil. Extreme myosis. 

Pink-eye. Popular term for an epidemic 
muco - purulent conjunctivitis of horses. 
The name is popularly applied to a similar 
disease in man. 

Pink-root. See Spigelia. 

Pin / na (Lat., a fin). The external carti- 
laginous flap of the ear. 

Pint (Fr. pinte, a spot). The eighth part 
of a gallon. 

Pin'ta Disease'. Spotted Sickness. A 
parasitic disease of the skin resembling 
tinea versicolor, the patches varying from 
gray to blue and black. Confined to 
tropical America. 

Pi'nus. See Pix. 

Pin- worm. See Ascaris Vermicularis . 

PPper. Pepper; Black Pepper. The un- 
ripe fruit of P. nigrum, shriveled and 
dried. Native to the East Indies. Con- 
tains an oleoresin, an alkaloid, and a vola- 
tile oil. Stimulant to the stomach, and 
irritant to the skin. Used mainly to cor- 
rect flatulence, and locally in haemorrhoids. 
Dose gr. v-xx. P. Oleo-resina, contains 
the volatile oil. Dose TT\,#-j. Piperine, 
the alkaloid. Dose gr. j-x. Piperinal, 
unof., the flavoring principle of heliotrope. 
Called, also, heliotropin, antipyretic and 
antiseptic. Dose gr. xv. 

Pipette / (dim. oi pipe). A graduated tube 
with a bulb terminating at a point. It 
is used for removing small portions of a 
liquid, which are drawn into the tube by 
suction. 

Pipsis / sewa. See Chimaphila. 

Piro'goff's Operation. A method of 
amputation at the ankle in which the 
greater part of the calcaneum is retained 
to give length and surface to the stump. 



PISCES 



346 



PLACEBO 



Pis'ces (pi. of piscis, a fish). Fishes. A 
class of vertebrates including all bony 
fishes. 

Pisciculture (piscis, a fish, cultus, care). 
The artificial breeding and culture of fish, 
especially for the purpose of stocking 
streams and littoral waters with edible va- 
rieties of fish. In the United States pis- 
ciculture is liberally encouraged by national 
appropriations. 

Piscid / ia. Jamaica Dogwood. The bark 
of P. erythrina. Active principle thought 
to be a glucoside, piscidine. Resembles 
opium in physiological properties, but less 
intense and without unpleasant after-results. 
Useful in whooping-cough and neuralgia. 
Sometimes causes gastric distress. Dose 
of the (proprietary) fid. ext. 5 ss-j, cau- 
tiously increased. Unof. 

Pis / iform Bone {J>isum, a pea). A small, 
nearly circular bone of the carpus on the 
inner and anterior side. 

Pis / til [jnstillium, a pestle). The essen- 
tial female organ of a flower. It receives 
the pollen or impregnating semen of the 
stamens. 

Pit. An indentation. A pock-mark. A 
hollow place. A depression in cedematous 
tissues remaining after pressure by the 
finger. P. of Stomach, a name popu- 
larly given to that part of the abdomen 
just below the sternum and between the 
cartilages of the false ribs. 

Pitch. See Pix. 

Pith (A. S. pidd). The soft cellular tissue 
found in the center of the stalks of plants. 
Also, the marrow of bones. 

Pitb/ing. The removal of the cerebral 
lobes of a frog or animal for the purpose 
of physiological experimentation. 

Pitb/ode. See Karyokinesis. 

Pitting. Indenting. Marking with pits 
or pock-marks. 

Pitu'ita. See Phlegm. 

Pituitary. Pertaining to phlegm. P. 
Body, a small, reddish-gray vascular body, 
weighing about ten grains, contained within 
the Sella Turcica. Formerly called the 
P. gland. P. Membrane, the Schneide- 
rian membrane. 

Pityriasis (7rtTvpov, bran). A term for- 
merly used by Willan to designate several 
forms of mild dermatitis characterized by 
fine scales. The different forms have no 
pathological affinities beyond the common 
feature of scaliness. See, also, Seborrhea. 
P. Nigricans. See Chromidrosis. P. 
Pilaris. See Keratosis Pilaris : P. Ro- 
sea, Herpes Tonsurans of Hebra, an acute, 



widespread, inflammatory affection of the 
skin marked by an eruption of pale red 
patches, scaly and usually of circular shape. 
May be P. Maculatum, or P. Circina- 
tum, as the patches are irregular or circu- 
lar. P. Rubra, dermatitis exfoliativa; an 
inflammatory affection of the skin involv- 
ing the whole surface of the body, marked 
by a deep red color with an abundant 
bran-like desquamation. Begins in the 
form of diffused redness or small red 
patches which spread rapidly at the edge 
of the lesion. P. Versicolor. See Tinea 
Versicolor. 
Piv / oting. The fixation of an artificial 
crown to a tooth by means of a pivot or 
pin. 

Pix. Pitch. The resinous exudation of 
certain coniferous trees. The varieties in 
common use are chiefly Burgundy pitch, 
from the Norway spruce, Abies excelsa, 
and Canada pitch, from A. canadensis. 
Melts about the temperature of boiling 
water and softens by the heat of the 
human body. Soluble in glacial acetic 
acid. Used mainly as the base of plas- 
ters. P. Burgundicae Emplast., contains 
Burgundy pitch 90, yellow wax 10 parts. 
P. Canadensis, Emp.,has Canada pitch 
90, yellow wax 10 parts. P. cum 
Cantharide, Emp., Burgundy pitch 92, 
cerate cantharidis 8 parts. P. Liquida, 
tar, an empyreumatic oleo-resin obtained 
by the destructive distillation of various 
species of pine; blackish-brown in color 
and possessing the well-known taste and 
odor. Yields oil of tar, pyroligneous acid, 
creasote and carbolic acid. A complex 
mixture of resins and hydrocarbons. Ex- 
ternally, a stimulant to the skin ; inter- 
nally, a gastro-intestinal irritant. Ser- 
viceable in scaly diseases of the skin and 
of benefit in bronchitis. Dose gj-ij. P. 
Liq. Ol., a volatile oil distilled from tar — 
consists of various hydrocarbons, phenols, 
etc. Used locally. P. Liq., Syr., con- 
tains 6 per cent, of tar in syrup. Dose 
^ij-^ss. P. Liq. Ung., equal parts of 
tar and suet. P. Liq. Infus. Unof., 
made by shaking I part of tar with 4 of 
water frequently for 24 hours. P. Liq. 
Vin., wine of pitch, unof., tar ^xyj, gly- 
cerine, white wine, honey aa ]|viij, acetic 
acid ^j, boiling water Oyj. Carbonis 
Detergens, Liq., unof., an alcoholic solu- 
tion of coal tar — an useful antiseptic in 
putrid sore throat, etc. 

Place / bo (fut. of placeo, to please). Any- 
thing prescribed for the purpose of pleas- 



PLACENTA 



347 



PLATE 



ing or humoring the whim of a patient 
rather than for its therapeutic effect. 

Placen / ta (irAanovg, a cake). The flat, 
circular, spongy body adherent during ges- 
tation to the inner wall of the uterus and 
connected by the cord to the foetus, and 
forming the organ of nutrition and respira- 
tion for the foetus. P., Adherent, ab- 
normal adherence of the placenta to the 
uterine wall after childbirth. P., Battle- 
dore, insertion of the cord to the margin 
of the placenta. P., Duplex, when com- 
posed of two masses or lobes. P., Multi- 
lobed, composed of many separate lobes. 
P., Praevia, when fixed to that part of the 
uterine wall that dilates as labor advances, 
so that it precedes the birth of the present- 
ing part of the foetus. P., Retained, 
not expelled by the uterus after labor. P., 
Subsidiary, a distinct and separate lobe 
in addition to the usual placental mass; 
called Placenta SuccenturiatcB. P., Tri- 
partite, with three parts or masses. 

Placental (irlatiovg). Pertaining to the 
placenta. P., Souffle, a sound erron- 
eously attributed to the circulation of the 
placenta. 

Placenta / tion. The form and place of 
attachment of the placenta. 

Placentitis. Inflammation of the pla- 
centa. 

Plagioceph / alus (ivlayLog, twisted; ne- 
(pa?i7j, head). An asymmetry of the head, 
giving it a twisted appearance. 

Plague {Trlrjyrj, a stroke; so called from 
its suddenness and fatality). A contagious 
and highly fatal epidemic which occurred 
in Europe in the 14th century, and also at 
later periods. The disease had many of 
the characteristic symptoms of malignant 
typhus fever, accompanied by buboes, 
melanosis of the skin, carbuncles, and 
similar affections. 

Pla / nat's Tincture. See Picrotoxin. 

Piano 7 dia [TrTiavrj, a wandering, odog, a 
way). Any false or artificial passage. 

Planta / go, or 

Plantain. The leaves of P. major and 
P. lanceolata, or common ribbed grass. 
Bruised fresh leaves a popular remedy in 
hemorrhage, painful abrasions of the skin, 
burns, erysipelas, etc. Unof. 

Plantar {planta, the sole). Pertaining to 
the sole of the foot. P. Aponeurosis, 
the triangular-shaped aponeurosis occupy- 
ing the middle and sides of the sole of the 
foot. P. Arch, a name given to one of 
the parts into which the external plantar 
artery is divided. P. Arteries. See 



Artery. P. Muscle. See Muscle. P. 
Nerve. See Nerve. 

Planta / ris. See Plantar. P. Muscle. 
See Muscle. 

Pla / num. (Lat.) A plane or surface. 

Planu / ria {jzlavr], ovpov, urine). The dis- 
charge of urine through passages other 
than the normal duct. 

Plaque. (Fr ) A patch or spot. 

Plas / ma. Liquor Sanguinis. The fluid 
part of the blood, composed of serum and 
fibrin-making substances, the latter uniting 
spontaneously to make fibrin after the blood 
has been drawn from the body. See, also, 
Blood. 

Plas / mine. See Denises. 

Plasmodium (jr^aocto, to form). Tissue 
formed by the coalescing of amoeboid cells. 
Also, the intracellular substance of the 
amoeboid cells in the blood corpuscles of 
malarial patients. 

Plas / ter ( efiir Tiaaau, to spread upon). An 
adhesive, solid or semi-solid medicinal sub- 
stance spread upon cloth or other flexible 
substance, for application to the external 
part of the body. According to the prin- 
cipal ingredient, called Emplastrum Aco- 
niti, Ammoniaci, Arnicae, Belladonna, Cap- 
sici, Hydrargyri, Picis cum cantharidae, 
Resinae, Saponis, etc. P., Adhesive, resin 
plaster. P., Antiseptic, any plaster ren- 
dered aseptic. P., Isinglass, a substi- 
tute for adhesive P., used in superficial 
wounds. P.-of-Paris, gypsum, or sul- 
phate of lime, used for making stiff or im- 
movable bandages or dressings. 

Plastering of Wine. A method of clari- 
fying wine by sulphate of lime. It is con- 
sidered not harmful to health, though it 
renders the wine more laxative. 

Plas / tic (jrlaacG)) . Capable of being 
formed or moulded. P. Operations, the 
restoration of lost parts by the transfer and 
engrafting of tissue from an adjacent part. 
P. Surgery, the art of performing plastic 
operations. 

Plasticity (irAacau). Plastic force. The 
quality of being plastic. 

Plasticule, or Plastidule. A protoplas- 
mic molecule. 

Plastodynam / ic (rrAaaau, dvvafiig, force). 
Referring to nutritive power. 

Plate. A name sometimes given to a flat, 
protecting process of bone, as P. Cribri- 
form, the anterior fossa of the base of 
the skull ; P. Pterygoid, one of the pro- 
cesses of the sphenoid bone. P. Culture, 
The culture of microbes upon a slab or 
plate by culture media. 



PLATINUM 



348 



PLEUROTHOTONOS 



Plat'inum. Pt = 194.4 ; quantivalence 
II, IV; sp. gr. 21. A metal of silver-white 
luster, soluble in nitro-hydrochloric acid 
only. Employed in making vessels for chem- 
ical and pharmaceutical use. P. Chloride, 
has alterative properties. Dose gr. ss-ijss. 
Unof. 

Plat / y- (ir?MTvg, broad). A Greek adjec 
tive which, as a prefix, signifies broad. 

Platyceph'alous (kTmtvc, Ke^aArj, the 
head). Having a broad skull ; with a ver- 
tical index of less than 70 per cent. 

Platycne / mic (rrXarvg, kvtjjlitj, the leg). 
Applied to a bone of the leg which, 
because of abnormal development, is ex- 
aggerated in breadth. Platycnemism of the 
femur is a characteristic of many tribes 
of the African race, and is generally asso- 
ciated with pilastered femur. 

Platyhier / ic (irAarvg, tepa, holy, and there- 
fore applied to the sacrum). Having a 
broad sacrum, in distinction from doli- 
chohieric, with narrow sacrum. As a rule, 
females are platyhieric. 

PlatypePlic, or Platypel'vic (irAarvg, 
ireAvtj, a basin, and applied to the pelvis). 
Having a broad pelvis, in distinction to 
dolichipellic, with narrow pelvis. 

Platypodia. Flat-footedness. 

Plat'yrhine. See Index. 

PlatyrhinTc (irAarvg, pcv, the nose). Ap- 
plied to individuals characterized by a 
width of nose the index of which exceeds 
53. See Index. 

Platys / ma (irAarvg). Anything of con- 
siderable superficial dimensions. Also, a 
plaster. P. Myoides. See Muscle. 

Pled / get. A small compress of lint, flat- 
tened and trimmed as required, designed 
for application to the surface of a wound or 
lesion to prevent contact with the air, and 
to absorb discharges. 

Pleochromat / ic (irAeog, full, xpufia, color). 
Pertaining to a high or exaggerated condi- 
tion of coloration. 

Pleomas / tia, or 

Pleoma / zia (irAeuv, more, paarog, a 
breast). A foetal monstrosity having more 
than one breast; also, the condition of 
having more than two mammae. 

Ple / onasm (irAeovaojiog, an exaggeration). 
Any abnormal or faulty formation marked 
by superabundance or over- growth of parts. 

Pleonex / ia (irAeove^La). Greediness. Arro- 
gance or overbearing temper due to cerebral 
disease. 

Plessim / eter. See Pleximeter. 

Ples / sor (irAeacu, to strike). A plexor. 
Any instrument used in percussion. 



Pletb/ora (irhjdog, a throng). Abnormal 
fullness of the blood-vessels, or super- 
abundance of blood. See Polycemia. 

Pletb/oric (irArjdog). Pertaining to pleth- 
ora, or an excessive amount of blood. 

Plethys / mograph (irArjOog, ypafcj, to 
write). An instrument for ascertaining 
changes in the volume of any organ or 
part. 

Pleu / ra (irlevpa, a side). The serous 
membrane which envelops the lung (P. 
pulmonalis), and, being reflected back, 
lines the inner surface of the thorax [P. 
Costalis). 

PleuraPgia (irAevpa, akyog, pain). Same 
as Pleurodynia. 

Pleurapopb/ysis (irAevpa, apophysis, pro- 
cesses). A term sometimes applied to the 
true ribs. 

Pleurapos / tema (irAevpa, apostema, an 
abscess). A collection of blood or pus 
forming in the cavity of the pleura, result- 
ing from inflammation, which, instead of 
disappearing by resolution, passes to the 
suppurative stage. 

PleurTsy. See Pleuritis. 

Pleuri / tis (irAevpa, a side, irtg). Inflam- 
mation of the pleura, commonly called 
pleurisy. 

Pleu'ro- (irAevpa). A Greek word used as 
a prefix to denote connection with the 
pleura. 

Pleu / rocele (rlevpa, ktjAtj, tumor). Pul- 
monary hernia. 

Pleurodynia (rrlevpa, odwrj, pain). A 
spasmodic or rheumatic pain seated in the 
muscles of the chest, especially the inter- 
costal muscles. It is generally accompa- 
nied by a sharp, pricking sensation vul- 
garly known as a stitch in the side. 

Pleuro-pneumo / nia (irAevpa, pneumo- 
nia). Inflammation of the pleura and the 
lung at the same time. Also, an infective 
disease of cattle, characterized mainly by 
red hepatization with acute interlobular 
and pleural inflammation. It is thought 
to be due to a microbe, the micrococcus 
pneumoniae. 

Pleurorrhce / a (irAevpa, peo, to flow). An 
effusion of fluid into the pleura. 

Pleurorthop / ncea (irAevpa, opdog, erect, 
irveo, to breathe). Pain in the side, which 
permits free respiration only when the pa- 
tient is in an erect position. 

Pleurosthot'onos, or 

Pleurothot / onos (irlevpodev, from the side, 
recvo), to bend). A bending of the body to 
one side from a spasmodic or tetanic con- 
dition of the muscles. 



PLEXIFORM 



349 



PNEUMATODYSPNCEA 



Plex / iform. Resembling a plexus. 

Plexim'eter [rr/iTjaaio, to strike, /lerpov, a 
measure). An ivory disc or other substance 
placed on the body to receive the stroke in 
percussion of the chest. 

Plex / or. The instrument for striking upon 
the pleximeter. 

Plex / us (plecto, to knit). A network. The 
junction of two or more nerves or branches 
of nerves. The term is also used of venous 
networks, the principal being the Ovarian, 
Pampiniform, Pharyngeal, Pterygoid, Sper- 
matic, Uterine, Vaginal, etc. The prin- 
cipal Plexuses are alphabetically tabulated 
on pages 350, 351. 

Pli'ca (Lat). A fold. P. Palmatae, 
oblique projections of the mucous mem- 
brane of the cavity of the neck of the ute- 
rus. P. Semilunaris, a conjunctival 
fold, in the inner canthus of the eye, the 
rudiment of the membrana nictitans of 
birds. Also, a matted condition of the 
hair due to a fungous parasite. See Tricho- 
matosis. 

Pli'cate [plica). Folded or plaited. 

Pli Courbe (Fr.). The angular gyrus. 

Plongeade' (Fr.). The physiological con- 
dition of a diver with suspended respira- 
tion. The blood accumulates in the veins 
and right side of the heart. 

Plugging. See Tampon. 

Plum / bic {plumbum, lead). Pertaining 
to the element lead. 

Plumb / ism. Lead-poisoning. 

Plum / bum (Lo.t. gen. plumdz). Pb = 2c>7; 

.quantivalence 11. Lead. A silver, bluish- 
white metal, having a specific gravity of 
1 1.4; fuses at about 6oo° F. The acetate, 
nitrate, oxide, and iodide are used in 
medicine. Soluble lead salts are poisonous, 
producing gastro-intestinal irritation, with 
vasomotor paralysis. Chronic lead-poison- 
ing is commonly due to the action of 
drinking water from lead pipes, to hair 
dyes, handling lead pigments, etc. See 
Lead Poisoning. Soluble lead salts are 
astringents, useful locally in haemorrhages 
and various skin affections. Sometimes 
indicated internally in diarrhoea. P. 
Acetas, astringent. Dose gr. ss-v. P. 
Carbonas, locally as an ointment. P. 
Emplastrum, lead plaster, contains lead 
oxide 32, olive oil 60, water 10 parts, 
triturated and boiled until homogeneous. 
P. Iodidum, locally and internally. Dose 
gr. \. P. Nitras, locally; astringent, 
escharotic, and disinfectant. P. Oleatum, 
unof., lead oxide 20, oleic acid 80 per cent. 
P. Oxidum, litharge, a constituent of 



lead plaster. P. Subacetat., Ceratum, 
Goulard's cerate has — Goulard's ext. 20, 
fresh cerate of camphor 80 parts. P Sub- 
acetat., Linimentum, Goulard's extract 
40, cotton-seed oil 60 parts; anodyne. P. 
Subacetat., Liq., Goulard's extract, lead 
acetate 170, lead oxide 120, distilled water 
q. s. ad 1000 parts ; an astringent and cool- 
ing solution. P. Subacetat., Liq. Dil., 
3 parts of the foregoing and 97 of water. 
P. Ung. Carbonat., finely powdered lead 
carbonate 10, benzoinated lard 90 parts. 
Ung. Diachylon, Diachylon ointment, 
contains lead plaster 60, olive oil 39, 
oil lavender I. P. Ung. Iodidi, finely 
powdered lead iodide 10, benzoinated lard 
90 parts. 

Plum / mer's Pills. See Antimoninm. 

Plural {plus [gen. phiris~\, more). More 
than one. P. Birth, bringing forth more 
than one offspring at a time. 

Pluriloc / ular. With several loculi. 

PluriparTty. The condition of having 
borne several children. 

Plu / vial (pluvia, rain). Pertaining to rain 
or telluric moisture. 

PneodynamTcs (ttveo, dvafwcog). The 
philosophy of respiration. 

Pneom / etry. Same as Pulmometry. 

Pne / ophore {ttveco, (popoc, carrier). An 
instrument to aid artificial respiration in 
the asphyxiated. 

Pne / oscope (nvea, okotceu, to examine). 
An instrument for measuring respiratory 
movements. 

Pneumarthro/sis (jrvevfta, air, apdpov, a 
joint). An effusion of air into an articular 
cavity. 

Pneumathae / mia {wvev/Lta, ai/ua, blood). 
The presence of air in the blood-vessels. 

Pneumatic (irvevfid). Pertaining to gaseous 
fluids. P. Cabinet, a device for enclosing 
a limb or part so that it may be subjected 
to compressed or rarefied air. P. Trough, 
a trough partly filled with water for facili- 
tating the collection of gases. 

Pneumatics (nvev/ua). That branch of 
physics treating of the mechanical proper- 
ties of gas. 

Pneu / mato- (nvEVfia). A Greek word 
used as a prefix to denote connection with 
the air or breath. 

Pneumatocele (irvev/ua, K7/l?j, tumor). A 
tumor or hernia of the lung or other part 
filled with gas or air. 

Pneumatod / ic. Filled with air. 

Pneumatodyspnce / a {irvevfia, dvq, diffi- 
cult, uvea), to breathe). Emphysematous 
dyspnoea. 



TABLE OF NERVE PLEXUSES. 



Name. 



Location. 



Derivation. 



Distribution. 



Aortic. 



Sides and front aorta. Semilunar and lumbar Inf. mesenteric, sper- 
ganglia, renal and matic and hypogastric 
solar plexuses. plexuses, filaments to 

inf. vena cava. 



Brachial. 



I 
Lower part of neck to Ant. branches 4 lower Median, ulnar, musculo- 
axilla. cervical and greater spiral, etc., of upper ex- 



Cardiac (great 
deep). 



cervical and greatei 

part 1st dorsal. tremity, 



or Front of bifurcation of Cardiac nerves of cer- Pulmonary, coronary 



trachea. 



vical gangiia of sym- and cardiac plexuses, 
pathetic, branches rec.j 
laryng. and pneumog. 1 



Cardiac (superficial or Beneath arch of aorta. Left sup. car diac, Coronary and pulmonary 
anterior). branches pneumogas- plexus. 

trie and deep cardiac 
plexus. 



Carotid. 



Outer side int. carotid. 6th nerve and Gasserian Carotid artery, petrosals, 
ganglion. communicat'g branches. 



Cavernous. 



Cavernous sinus. 



3d, 4th, 5th, 6th nerves Wall of inf. carotid, 
and oph. ganglion. 



Cervical. 



Opposite 4 upper verte- 
brae. 



Anterior branches 4 up- Superficial : to skin of 



per vertebrae. 



head and neck. Deep. 
Phrenic, communicans 
noni, 2 muscular, 2 com- 
municating. 



Cceliac. 



Cceliac axis. 



Solar plexus splanchnic Coronary, hepatic, pylo- 
(lesser), pneumogas- ric, gas tro- duodenal, 
trie. gastro- epiploic and 

splenic plexuses. 



Coronary (anterior). 



Below arch of aorta. 



Superficial and deep Anterior surfaces of 
cardiac plexuses. I heart. 



Coronary (posterior) 



Coronary artery at back Deep cardiac plexus, Filaments to ventricles, 
of heart. etc. 



Cystic. 



Gall bladder. 



Hepatic plexus. 



Gall bladder. 



Diaphragmatic. 



See Phrenic. 



Epigastric. 



See Solar. 



Gastric. i Gastric artery. 


Cceliac plexus. 


Stomach. 


Gastro-duodenal. 


Pancreatico-duod. ar- 
tery, right gastroepi- 
ploic artery. 


Cceliac plexus. 


Pancreatico -duodenal 
gastro-epiploic plexuses. 


Hemorrhoidal (inf.). 


Rectum. 


Pelvic. 


Rectum. 



350 



TABLE OF NERVE PLEXUSES.— c*»///W 



Name. 


Location. 


Derivation. 


Distribution. 


Hepatic. 


Hepatic artery. 


Cceliac plexus, left 
pneumogastric, right 
phrenic. 


Liver. 


Hypogastric. 


Promontory of sacrum. 


Aortic plexus and lum- 
bar ganglia. 


Pelvic plexuses. 


Lumbar. 


Psoas muscle. 


Anterior division 4 up- 
per lumbar. 


Ilio-hypogas., ilio-ingui- 
nal, genito-crural, ext. 
cutaneous, obturator and 
accessory, ant. crural. 


Mesenteric (inf.). 


Inf. mesenteric artery. 


Left side aortic plexus. 


Parts supplied by 
artery. 


Mesenteric (sup.). 


Sup. mesenteric artery. 


Solar plexus. 


Parts supplied by 
artery. 


Ovarian. 


See Spermatic. 






Pelvic. 


Side of rectum and 
bladder. 


Hypogastric plexus 
2d to 4th sacral nerves, 
first two sacral gan- 
glia. 


Viscera of pelvis.plexuses 
of pelvis. 


Phrenic. 


Phrenic artery. 


Solar plexus. 


Diaphragm and supra- 
renal capsule. 


Prostatic. 


Vesical arteries. 


Pelvic plexus. 


Bladder. 


Pulmonary (anterior). 


Root of lungs, anteri- 
orly. 


Ant. pul. branches 
pneumogastric and 
sympathetic. 


Inferior anterior part of 
lungs. 


Pulmonary (posterior). 


Root of lungs, posteri- 
orly. 


Post. pul. branch es 
pneumogastric and 
sympathetic. 


Root of lungs, posteriorly 


Renal. 


Renal artery. 


Solar and aortic plexus- 
es and semilunar gang. 


Kidney, inf. vena cava, 
spermatic plexus. 


Sacral. 


Front of sacrum. 


Lumbo-sacral cord, ant. 
div. 3 upper sacral 
nerves, and part of 4th 


Muscular, pudic, sup. 
gluteal, great sciatic, 
small sciatic. 


Solar. 


Behind stomach. 


Splanchnics and right 
pneumogastric. 


Semilunar ganglia, phre- 
nic, suprarenal, renal, 
spermatic, cceliac, sup. 
mesen., aortic plexuses. 


Spermatic. 


Spermatic vessels. 


Renal plexus. 


Testes (ovaries in fe- 
male). 


Splenic. 


Splenic artery. 


Cceliac plexus, left 

semilunar ganglia, R. 

' pneumogastric nerve. 


Spleen, pancreatic plexus, 
left, gastro- epiploic 
plexus. 


Tonsillar. 


Tonsil. 


Glosso-pharyngeal. 


Tonsil, soft palate, fau- 
ces. 


Uterine. 


Uterine arteries. 


Pelvic plexus. 


Cervix and lower part of 
uterus. 


Vaginal. 


Vagina. 


Pelvic plexus. 


Vagina. 


Vesical. 


Vesical arteries. 


Pelvic plexus. 


Vesiculae seminales, vas 
deferens. 



351 



PNEUMATOGRAM 



352 



PODAGRA 



Pneumat / ogram {^rrvevfia, ypa<f>io, to 
write"). A tracing showing the duration 
of the respiratory movements. 

Pneumatol / ogy^n-i'fr//a,Ao}oc, a treatise). 
A treatise on breathing and the breath, or 
the gases, natural or pathological, of the 
economy. 

Pneumatom / eter. See Puhnometer. 

Pneumatom / etry {Tivevjia, fierpov, a meas- 
ure). Same as Pulmometry. 

Pneumatosis (irvev/na). The condition 
of flatulent distention of the stomach and 
bowels. Also, emphysema. 

Pneumatotho / rax (Twevjiarou, to distend 
with flatus, dupat;, the chest). Distention 
of the pleural cavity with air or gas. If 
there be also serum or liquid present it is 
called Hydro-pneumo-thorax, or pneumo- 
thorax with effusion. 

Pneumatu / ria (rrvevjua, ovpov, urine). 
Escape of gas from the urethra. 

Pneu'mo-. Same as Pneumon-. 

Pneumobac / illus. See Micrococcus Pas- 
teuri and Pneumonia. 

Pneu/mocele. See Pneumatocele. 

Pneumococ / cus (nvevficdv, lung, /co/c/coc, 
a kernel). Any micrococcus of the lung. 
P. of Frankel. See Micrococcus Pas- 
teuri. P. of Friedlander. See Micro- 
coccus Pneumonia. 

Pneumoconiosis (Tvvevfxuv, kovlq, dust). 
Disease of the lungs arising from the inha- 
lation of dust. 

Pneumodynam'ics (irvEvpiov, dwa/ntc, 
power). That branch of medical physics 
treating of respiration. 

Pneumogas / tric (irvevpiov, yaorrjp, the 
stomach). Pertaining conjointly to the 
lungs and the stomach, or to the pneumo- 
gastric nerve. P. Nerve. See Nerve 
Table. 

Pneumograph (irvevfiuv, ypacpu, to write). 
An instrument for measuring the move- 
ments of the chest in respiration. 

Pneumography [Ttvevfiuv, ypacpcS). The 
descriptive anatomy of the lungs. 

Pneumohsemotho'rax. A collection of 
air or gas, and blood, in the pleural cavity. 

Pneumohydrotho / rax. A collection of 
air or gas, and water, in the pleural cavity. 

Pneu / molith (nvev/iuv, XlOoq, a stone). A 
calculus in the lungs. 

Pneu / mon- (irvevjucjv). A Greek word 
which, in composition, denotes connection 
with or relation to the lungs. 
Pneumonse / mia (wvev/u-ov, acfia, blood). 

Congestion of the blood in the lungs. 
Pneumonec / tasis {rrvev/j.cjv, e/cracr^, dila- 
tation). Pulmonary emphysema, or dila- 



tation of the vesicles or bronchi of the 
lungs. 

Pneumo / nia (ttvev/uiov). Lung Fever. 
Inflammation of one or more lobes of the 
lungs, usually the symptom of specific, in- 
fective disease. P., Croupous, that com- 
monly called simply pneumonia, an acute 
disease, the anatomical change consisting 
in the appearance of a firm or solid exuda- 
tion in the pulmonary alveoli. The dis- 
ease proceeds through the following stages : 
I. Congestion, in which there is intense 
congestive hyperemia. 2. Red Hepatiza- 
tion, in which the lung is bulky, heavy, 
firm and airless, its red tint due to extrava- 
sated corpuscles and distended capillaries. 
3. Gray Hepatization, due to the decolor- 
ization of the exudation and pulmonary 
anaemia. 4. Colliquation and Resolution. 

Pneumon / ic [wvevjucov). Pertaining to the 
lungs. 

Pneumonitis [ttvevjuuv, cng, inflamma- 
tion). Same as Pneumonia. 

Pneumon'o- (irvev/Ltov, a lung). A Greek 
word which, in combination, denotes con- 
nection with or relation to the lungs. 

Pneumon'ocele. Hernia of the lung. 

Pneumoncede / ma {rrvev/xov, czdema, a 
swelling). GEdema of the lungs. 

Pneumonomelano / sis. Melanosis of the 
lung. 

Pneumono / sis (ttvevjliov) . A generic term 
including all affections of the lungs. 

Pneumopericardium [izvevfia, pericar- 
dium). An effusion of air into the cavity 
of the pericardium. 

Pneumophthi'sis. See Phthisis. 

Pneumopyotho / rax (TTvevfia, air, izvov, 
pus, dopaZ, the thorax). An accumulation 
of air in the cavity of the thorax accom- 
panied with an effusion of purulent matter. 

Pneumother'apy. The use of air or 
ventilation of a part as a therapeutic agent, 
as in Politzer's method of filling the 
Eustachian tube and tympanic cavity. 

Pneumothorax. See Pneumatothorax, 
the more proper term. 

Pock (D. pok, a little pouch). A pustule 
of smallpox. 

Pock / eting. A name given by Storer to 
a mode of treating the pedicle in the opera- 
tion of ovariotomy. It is accomplished by 
bringing the extremity of the pedicle be- 
tween the inner lips of the incision, at its 
lower angle, thus securing its attachment 
to the raw surface of the abdominal wall. 

Pockmarked. Marked with the cicatrices 
of the smallpox, pustule. 

Poda'gra. See Podarthritis. 



PODALGIA 



353 



POLIOSIS 



Podal'gia (irovg [gen. n-odoc], aXyog, a 
pain). Any pain of the feet. 

Podal'ic (irovg). Pertaining to the feet. 
P. Version, in obstetrics, the operation 
of bringing down one or both feet when 
the position of the foetus is such that it 
cannot be delivered by natural labor. 

Podarthri / tis (rrovg, apOpov, a joint, trig, 
inflammation). Gouty inflammation of the 
joints of the feet. 

Podelco / ma. See Fungus Foot. 

Podencepb/alus (wove;, eyx.e(pa?iog, brain). 
A class of exencephalic monstrosities hav- 
ing the brain protruding through a fissure 
in the cranial vault as a pedunculated 
tumor. 

Podobromhidro / sis (irovg, fipofiog, a 
stench, idptog, sweat). Offensive sweating 
of the feet. See Bromidrosis. 

Podcede / ma (irovg, otd^jua, a swelling). 
CEdema or swelling of the foot. 

Podophyllum. May Apple. The root 
of mandrake, P. peltatum. Contains a 
resinous active principle. A tonic astrin- 
gent, cholagogue and purgative. Apt to 
produce nausea. Recommended in remit- 
tent fever, bilious vomiting, and malarial 
jaundice. Dose of the root gr. v-xx ; of 
the resin, podophyllin, gr. ^-j. Dose of 
the abstract gr. %-} ; of the ext. gr. v-x; 
of the fid. ext. TnJ-xxx. 

Poikil'oblast. See Corpuscle. 

Poikil'ocyte (iroitciXog, varied, Kvrog, a 
cell). An irregular shaped red blood-cor- 
puscle. 

Poikilocyto / sis (irouciliog, nvrog). A con- 
dition marked by irregularity in the shape 
of the red corpuscles of the blood; it 
occurs in anaemia, chlorosis, etc. 

Poikilother'mic (rcoiKikog, Oep/iTj, heat). 
Varying in temperature according to sur- 
roundings. A term applied to cold-blooded 
animals, such as fishes, etc. 

Point. See Puncture. P. Apophysaire, 
a name given by Trousseau to a tender spot 
over the spinous process of the vertebrae, 
which, in neuralgic affections, corresponds 
to the origin of the nerve involved. 

Pointillage (Fr.). Massage by means of 
the finger tips. 

Pointing of an Abscess. The conical 
part where softening and fluctuation take 
place. 

Points Douloureux (Fr.). Tender spots 
in the course of an inflamed nerve. 

Poiseuilles' Space. The lateral, trans- 
parent plasma-current in the capillaries, 
the red corpuscles flowing in the center or 
axial current. 
23 



Poison. A substance that deranges the 
functions of the various organs by action 
other than mechanical, endangering or ar- 
resting vitality. P., Irritant, one pro- 
ducing irritation or solution, such as min- 
eral acids, alkalies, caustics and other cor- 
rosive compounds. P. Ivy, or Oak. See 
Rhus Toxicodendron. P., Narcotic, one 
affecting the brain and nerve centers, pro- 
ducing stupor, delirium, etc., such as opium, 
hydrocyanic acid, and carbon monoxide. 
P., Narcotico-acrid, one that produces 
both irritation and narcotism, such as strych- 
nia, etc. See, also, Antidote, and Drug. 

Poisoning. The act of administering any 
substance destructive to life or to health. 
P., Blood. See Septic<zmia. 

Poke Root. See Phytolacca. 

PoTar Globules {polus, a pole, globus, a 
globe). The excreted or separated periph- 
eral pole of the nucleus or altered germinal 
vesicle, nipped off from the ovum. 

Polarim / eter [polus, /uerpov, a measure). 
An instrument for determining if a trans- 
lucent substance changes the plane of po- 
larization to the right or to the left. 

Polarity (polus). The state of having poles 
or points of intensity with mutually oppo- 
site qualities. 

Polarization (polus). The act of forming 
poles or points of intensity having qualities 
mutually opposite. P. of Light, the 
separation of a ray of light into two sepa- 
rate parts whose planes of vibration are at 
right angles to each other. It is usually 
accomplished by passing the ray through a 
double refracting medium. 

Pole (polus). The extremity of an axis, 
especially that of the earth. In galvanic 
or dynamic electricity, the electrodes of a 
cell or of a generator. In magnetism, one 
of the points of maximum intensity of mag- 
netic force. 

Polioencephalitis (ironing, gray, evKe<j>a- 
lov, the brain, irtg, inflammation). An in- 
flammation of the gray matter of the cortex 
of the brain, — a theory advanced by Strum- 
pell to explain the occurrence of infantile 
hemiplegia. 

Poliomy eli / tis ( tto2 tog, myelitis) . A variety 
of myelitis in which the gray matter of the 
cord is alone or chiefly affected. 

Poliomyelop'athy (iroTnog, jivehog, iradog, 
disease). Disease of the gray matter of 
the cord. 

Polioplas / ma. See Protoplasm. 

Polio / sis (iroTiiog, hoary or gray). A con- 
dition characterized by absence of pigment 
in the hair. Grayness of hair. 



POLITY 



354 



POLYMELUS 



Pol'ity {-o/ug, a city). A form of govern- 
ment. The functions of the government 
of a city or town. P., Medical, the sani- 
tary regulations of a community. 

Politzer's Ear-Bag. An instrument for 
rilling the tympanic cavity with air; fre- 
quently used by aurists. 

Politzer's Method. A method of inflat- 
ing the middle ear, clearing the Eustachian 
tube or rendering it pervious, by filling one 
nostril — the other being closed — with air 
from a rubber bag, the patient, at the mo- 
ment of inflation, exerting the act of 
swallowing. 

Pollakiu / ria [~o/2aKtg, often, ovpov, 
urine). Abnormal frequency of micturi- 
tion. 

PolTen [rro?.n, meal). The fecundating 
dust contained in the anthers of flowers. 

PolTex (Lat). The thumb or the great toe. 

Pollution (flolluo, to defile). In sanitary 
science, the introduction or dissemination 
of any deleterious or filthy substance about 
a locality where its presence would be 
conducive to disease. Especially the de- 
filement of potable water by sewage or 
excreta. In physiology, the production of 
the orgasm in either male or female by 
means other than sexual intercourse. See 
Masturbation. P., Nocturnal. See Noc- 
turnal. 

Pol'y- (~o?Lvg, many) . A Greek adjective 
which, prefixed to a root, denotes much or 
many. 

Polyade'nous (ttoAuc, adrjv, a gland). 
Having many glands. 

Polyae / mia (nolvg, ai/ua, blood). Abnormal 
increase of the entire mass of the blood. 
After major amputations, with little loss of 
blood, there is a transient increase, rela- 
tively speaking, and this is called P. Apo- 
coptica. A simple increase of the water 
of the blood is called P. Aquosa. P. 
Hyperaibuminosa, an increase of albu- 
mins in the plasma. P. Polycythaemia, 
an increase of the red corpuscles. P. 
Serosa, an increase of the serum. 

Polyaesthe'sia (ttoAuc, atadTjata, sensation). 
An abnormality of sensation in which a 
single touch is felt as if it were two or 
more. 

Polyan / dry (rro/.vg, avr/p [gen. av5pog~\, a 
man). The state or practice of having 
more than one husband. 

Polychrest'us (iro/^vg, xPV^'og, useful). 
An obsolete term formerly applied to a 
medicine efficacious in many diseases. 

Polychromatic (~oavc, xpuua, a color). 
Having many colors. Variable in color. 



Polyclinic (TtoTivg, Kkivr), a bed). A hos- 
pital with many beds or where all diseases 
are treated. 

Polyco / ria {jroJivg, nopr], pupil). Having 
more than one pupil or opening in the iris. 

Polycrot / ic (rro/rc, tcporog, pulse). Per- 
taining to a pulse that appears to have 
more than two rhythms for each cardiac 
impulse. 

Polycye / sis {jzo/.vg, nvrjoig, pregnancy). 
The occurrence of frequent pregnancy. 

Polycystic {jio?jvg, Kvang, a sac). Con- 
taining many cysts. 

Polycythae / mia (7ro?.vg, nvrog, cell, acfia, 
blood). Excess of red corpuscles in the 
blood. 

Polydac / tylism (rro/tt'c, danrv/xig, a fin- 
ger). The condition of having one or 
more supernumerary fingers or toes. 

Polydipsia (rcolvg, diibog, thirst). Ex- 
cessive thirst. It is usually present in 
fever and diabetes. 

Polygalactia. See Galactorrhea. 

Polyg / alin. See Setiega. 

Polyg / amy (tto/.dc, ya/wg, marriage). The 
state or practice of having more than one 
wife. 

Polygen / esis (jroZvg, yevvao, to beget). 
Producing many offspring. Fecundity. 

Polyglot / tides. See Alternations of Gen- 
eration. 

Polygon (7ro?.vg, yuvia, an angle). A 
figure having three or more sides. A regu- 
lar polygon is equilateral and equiangular. 

Polygonum Hydropipero'ides. Smart 
Weed. Water Pepper. A plant common 
in the United States. Active principle 
thought to be polygonic acid. Stimulates the 
action of heart and increases arterial ten- 
sion. Diuretic, emmenagogue and aphro- 
disiac. Externally, rubefacient and vesi- 
cant. Valuable in amenorrhoea and im- 
potence. Dose of the ext. gr. j-v, of the 
fid. ext. n\,x-gj. All unof. 

Polyhae / mia {■no/.vg, aijua, the blood). 
Plethora. Excessive fullness of blood. 

Polyhydramnios {jzo/.vg, 'vdup, water, 
auviov). A disease of the amnion con- 
sisting in an excessive production of the 
amniotic liquor. 

Polymastia (-o/.vg, many, uaarog, breast). 
The condition of a woman having more 
than two breasts or nipples. They may 
be either in the axilla or elsewhere about 
the trunk. 

Polymazia. See Polymastia. 

Polym'elus {jzo?.vg. ue?.og, a limbV A 
fcetal monstrosity having more than the 
normal number of limbs. 



POLYMENORRHEA 



355 



POPULUS 



Polymenorrhce / a (irolvg, /^v, month, pew, 
to flow). Excessive menstrual flow. 

Polymeric. See Isomeric. 

Polym / erism (irolvc, fiepoc, a part). A. 
term applied to such monstrosities as are 
distinguished by having more than the 
normal number of parts. 

Polymorphous (jrolvg, p-optyi], a form). 
Having, or existing in many forms. In 
crystallography, applied to any substance 
that crystallizes in more than one form. 

Polyneuritis. See Multiple Neuritis. 

Polynu'cleate [tvoTivq, nucleus). With 
more than one nucleus. 

Polyo / pia (jroTivg, uip). A condition of 
the eye wherein more than one image of 
an object is formed upon the retina. 

Polyor'chis {iroTivg, opxiQ, a testicle). 
One who has more than two testicles. 

Polyparesis (irolvg, Trapeaig, weakness). 
General progressive paralysis of the insane, 
or paralytic dementia. 

Polypatb/ic (woXvg, iradog, disease). Per- 
taining to many diseases coexisting in one 
person, or to one disease affecting many 
organs. 

Polyphagia. See Bulimia. 

Polypharmacy (iroTivq, fyapfianov, a drug). 
The prescription of many drugs at one 
time. 

Polypif'erous (polypus, ferro, to bear). 
Bearing or giving origin to a polypus. 

PoFyplast (tvoIvq, irXaaou, to form). 
Composed of many cells. 

PoFypoid [polypus, etdog, resemblance). 
Resembling or having the shape of a poly- 
pus. 

Pol'ypus (tcoXvs, rrovg, from the erroneous 
idea that it has many roots or feet). A 
pedunculated tumor found especially in the 
cavities of the nose, ear, rectum, etc. It 
may be simple or malignant, and either 
cystic, mucous or fibrous. 

Polysar'cia {tvoTivq, cap%, flesh). Exces- 
sive corpulency. 

Polysar / cous [ttoIvc, cap£). Pertaining 
to excessive corpulency or polysarcia. 

PoFyscope (irolvq, gkotteo, to observe). 
An instrument for examining the cavities 
of the body. 

Polyske / lus (tto^vq, oneloc, leg). A 
monster with an excess of limbs. 

Polyso / mia (iro'Avc, owfia, body). A mon- 
ster with more than a single body or trunk. 

Polytechnic {rcoAvg, re^vi?, an art). Com- 
prising many arts. 

Polytricb/ia. See Hirsuties. 

Polytroph'ia {j:okvq, rpocbrj, nourishment). 
Abundant or excessive nutrition. 



Polyuria (jroAvg, ovpov, the urine). Ex- 
cessive secretion of urine. 

Pomade' (pomu/u an apple). Any perfumed 
ointment or preparation for inunction of 
the scalp or other parts. 

Pomatum. Same as Pomade. 

Pomegranate. See Granatum. 

Pommeliere (Fr.). Bovine phthisis. 

PonVpholyx (jrofupoAvt;, a bubble). Cheiro- 
pompholyx ; Dysidrosis. A disease of rare 
occurrence, consisting of vesicular and bul- 
lous eruptions limited to the hands and feet. 
Thought by Tilbury Fox to be a disease 
of the sweat glands. Sometimes used 
as a synonym for Pemphigus. 

Po'mum Ada / mi (Lat., Adam's apple). 
The ridge or prominence in the front of 
the neck caused by the projection of the 
thyroid cartilage. 

Pond's Extract. See Hamamelis. 

Ponga / mia. Kurung Oil. The oil ex- 
pressed from the seeds of P. glabra, na- 
tive to India. Not well known, but recom- 
mended in parasitic diseases of the skin. 
Efficacious in pityriasis versicolor. Unof. 

Pons (Lat. a bridge). A process or portion 
of an organ communicating between two 
parts. P. Hepatis, the hepatic sub- 
stance bridging the two lobes of the liver. 
P. Tarini, the whitish-gray matter con- 
necting the peduncles of the cerebrum. 
P. Varolii, the bond of white fibers 
arching the medulla oblongata and con- 
necting the lateral lobes of the cerebrum. 

Pontic / ulus Hepat'icus (dim. oipons, a 
bridge, rjTrap, the liver). A bridge of tis- 
sue, containing a plexus of blood vessels 
extending from the surface of the spige- 
lian to that of the right lobe of the liver. 

PopTar. See Populus. 

Poplite / al (poples, the hock or knee). 
Pertaining to the hinder part of the knee- 
joint or ham. P. Space, the lozenge- 
shaped space occupying the lower third of 
the thigh and the upper fifth of the leg. 

Poplite / us (poples). The ham or hinder- 
part of the knee-joint. P. Muscle. See 
Muscle. 

Population (populi, the people). The 
mass of people dwelling within a given 
geographical or political area. P., Mal- 
thusian Law of Increase of, that the 
number of individuals of a society tends to 
increase faster than the food product, so 
that there is always a pressure on the 
means of subsistence. 

Pop / ulus. Poplar. The resin of the leaf- 
buds of several species. Used in Europe 
for pectoral and nephritic troubles. Unof. 



PORENCEPHALIA 



356 



POSOLOGICAL 



Porencephalia ^-o r K'C, cavity, eineoa/.ov). 
- . ace of the brain-substance, with des- 
truction of the white cortical substance. 

Pores of Skin. A common name used to 
designate the efferent ducts of the seba- 
ceous and sudoriferous glands. 

Pork paraa ■ The flesh of swine, Sus 
P., Diseases of. The muscular 
tissue of swine is liable to contain worms 
or cysticerci, which constitute the " meas- 
les"" of pork. This cysticercus, derived 
from the excrement of man, contains the 
eggs of the tapeworm. Tania solium. The 
cysticercus of the pig, introduced into the 
intestines of man develops into the tape- 
worm. Pork may also contain a small 
nematode worm, the Trichina spiralis. 
The latter, in its encysted state, will retain 
vitality for several months, or even years. 
Introduced into the intestines of man it 
multiplies rapidly, soon migrating to the 
muscles, where it is encysted. 

Pornograpb/ic {jzopveia, prostitution, 
-)paou, to write). A descriptive treatise 
on prostitution, with reference to public 
hygiene. 

Poro'ma. Same as Porosis. 

Poro'sis (Ga\). A condition of induration 
or hardness arising from inflammation. 

Poros'ity (~opoc, a ford or passage). The 
condition of being porous. 

Porot'omy {~opoc, -euro, to cut). The 
operation of enlarging by incision the 
meatus of the urethra. 

Po'rous ^rropoc). Having small spiracles 
or pores. 

Por'phyra -ooovpa, purple). An erup- 
tive rock. The leaf or tablet of the same 
used by pharmacists in the preparation of 
compounds. The name has been used to 
designate scurvy. 

Porphyriza'tion. See LevigaUon. 

Por'poise Oil. See Delphinidtz Oleum. 

Porret's Phenomenon. When a gal- 
vanic current is conducted through living 
scle the fibers swell at the negative pole. 

Porri / go {porrum, a leek l. A term ap- 
plied to several diseases of the scalp. P. 
Contagiosa. See Impetigo. P.. De- 
calvans. See Alopecia Areata. P. Fa- 
vosa. S P. Lupinosa. See 
Flaunts. 

Por'ro's Operation. See Cesarean Op- 
eration. 

Por / ta ( Lat. a gate). The hilus, or that 
part of the liver or other organ where the 
s enter, as by a gate. 

Por / tal | porta). Pertaining to the venous 
supply of the liver. P. System, the sys- 



tem of veins collecting the venous blood 
from the digestive tract. P. Vein, the 
large vein of the liver. 

Porte-, or Port- {porto, to earn- . A 

carrier, or holder. P. Aiguille. See 

--holder. P. Caustic, a holder 

for the stick of caustic. P. Moxa. See 

Moxa. 

Por'ter. See Malt Liquors. 

Por'tio Du'ra. (Lat). The facial nerve. 
That part of the seventh pair controlling 
the muscles of the face. 

Por / tio Mol'lis. The auditorv nerve. See 
Nerve. 

Port -wine. See Vinum. 

Port-wine Mark, or Stain. See Ntevus 
Vascularis. 

Po'rus (Lat.). A callosity. Also, a 
canal, duct, or pore. 

Position of the Foetus. The relation 
of the presenting part to the cardinal 
points of Capuron. For the vertex, the 
face and the breech, there are each four posi- 
tions : a right anterior, a right posterior, 
a left anterior and a left posterior. For 
each of the shoulders there is an . 
and a posterior. In order to shorten and 
memorize these positions, the initials of 
the chief words are made use of as fol- 
lows : For vertex presentations the word 
occiput is indicated by the letter 0. y and 
preceded by the letters R. and L., for 
right or left and followed by A. or P., ac- 
cording as the presenting part is anterior 
or posterior. "VYe thus have the initials 
L. O. A., left-occipito anterior, to indicate 
that the presenting occiput is upon the an- 
terior left side. In the same way are de- 
rived the terms, L. 0. P., R. 6. A.. R. 
O. P. For facial presentations we have in 
the same wav. L. F. A. (left fronto- ante- 
rior), L. F. P., R. F. A.\ R. F. P. For 
breech or sacral presentations, L. S. A.. 
L. S. P., R. S. A., R. S. P., and for 
shoulder {dorsal} presentations, L. D. A., 
L. D. P., R. D. A., R. D. P. 

Pos'itive. In static electricity, a conven- 
tional term denoting that quality of the" 
force produced by rubbing glass with silk. 
In galvanic and dynamic electricity the 
current flowing from the least oxidizable 
element through the wire or conductor. 
P. Element, die most oxidizable element 
of a battery — usually a plate of zinc. P. 
Pole, the pole connected with the nega- 
tive plate or element. 

Posolog 'ical ~c7oc, quantity, /.o;- oc. a dis- 
sertation). Pertaining to posology or 
quantitative dosage. 



POSOLOGY 



357 



POTASSIUM 



Posol'ogy (iroaog, Tioyog). A considera- 
tion of the proper amounts of medicines 
to be exhibited in order to produce de- 
sired results. The science of dosage. 

Possession (possedeo, to possess). In 
pathology, affected with epilepsy or similar 
disease. In this sense the word is a relic 
of the belief in demonology. 

Post- ( Lat.). A Latin preposition mean- 
ing after. Prefixed to words it places them 
in antithesis to those combined with prce 
or pre. 

Postax / ial. See Preaxial. 

Posterior (comp. oi poster, after, behind). 
A descriptive term denoting a position rela- 
tively the opposite that of anterior or front. 

Poster'ula (dim. of poster). The small 
space at the posterior ends of the turbinated 
bones of the nose. 

Postglen / oid {post, glenoid). A process 
or tubercle of either temporal bone which 
descends behind the condyle of the jaw 
and prevents backward displacement dur- 
ing mastication. 

Posthaet'omy, or 

Posthet / omy. See Circumcision. 

Posthitis [ttogO/], the prepuce, trig, inflam- 
mation). Inflammation of the prepuce. 
Balanitis. 

Posthumous (post, humus, the ground). 
Occurring after death. P. Child, one born 
after the death of its father, or taken from 
the body of its mother after death, by the 
Csesarean operation. 

Post-mortem (mors [accus. mortem~\, 
death). Pertaining to a period or condition 
after death. P.-m. Caesarean Opera- 
tion. See Ccesarean Operation. P.-m. 
Examination, investigation of the dead 
body for purposes of pathological or medico- 
legal inquiry. P.-m. Pustule. See 
Dissection Wounds. P.-m. Warts. See 
Dissection Wounds. 

Post-par'tum (partum, childbirth). Used 
particularly in connection with hsemor- 
rhage, etc., occurring after childbirth. 

Pos / tural (posititm from pono, to place). 
Pertaining to posture or position. P. 
Respiration, a treatment of apnoea by the 
induction of respiration through changes 
of posture. 

Pos / ture (positum). A position, espe- 
cially the position of the body in health and 
in disease. 

Po / table (poto, to drink). Fit or whole- 
some to drink — applied to waters for 
drinking in distinction to those for medici- 
nal use. 

Pot'ash. See Potassium. 



Potas / sa. See Potassium. 

Potas / sic. Referring to Potassium. 

Potas / sium. K — 39; quantivalence I; 
sp. gr. 0.865. A metallic element of 
silvery luster, alkaline and characterized 
by intense affinity for oxygen. Decom- 
poses water violently, replacing one or 
both of its hydrogen atoms. Only the 
salts and oxides are used in medicine. All 
salts except the platino-chloride are soluble 
in water. In small doses, promotes the 
secretion of gastric juice ; in larger doses, 
neutralizes the free acids of the stomach, 
impeding digestion; in very large doses 
a cardiac poison, paralyzing the muscles 
and exerting baneful effects on nerve tis- 
sue. P. Acetas, in small doses renders 
blood alkaline ; in large doses purgative. 
Dose gr. v-£j. Purgative doses 3 ij— iv. 
P. Carbonas, useful locally in acne and 
acute eczema, internally in rheumatism, 
acid urine and jaundice. Dose gr. ij-xx. 
P. Chloratis Troch., each contains gr. v 
of the salt. P. Chloras, an excellent 
mouth wash and deodorizer and lotion for 
ulcers in solutions of gss-^ j. Useful in 
mercurial salivation, and also in diph- 
theria, typhoid fever. Dose gr. v-xx. 
Should not be triturated with sulphur or 
organic matter. P. Citras, properties 
like those of acetate. Dose gr. x-xxx. 
P. Citratis, Liq., citric acid 8, P. dicarb. 
40; filter and add distilled water ad 50 
parts. Dose ^ss-j. P. Citratis, Mist., 
" neutral mixture " — lemon juice 100, P. 
dicarb. q. s. ad saturatum. Dose j§ss-j. 
P. Cobalto-Nitiite, unof., has been 
used successfully in angina pectoris and 
asthma. Dose gr. ss-j. P. cum Calce, 
potassium, with calcium. " Vienna paste," 
consists of equal parts of hydrate and 
lime. An escharotic. P. Bicarbonas, 
properties like carbonate, to which it is 
preferable. Dose gr. v-xxx. P. Bitar- 
tras, " cream of tartar," properties like 
those of acetate. Dose gr. xx-5 ss. Pul- 
vis Effervescens, Comp., effervescing 
powder, " Seidlitz powder," contains of 
the preceding gr. 120, mixed with sodium 
dicarb. in the blue paper; and tartaric 
acid gr. 35 in the white paper. P. et 
Sodii Tartras, " Rochelle salt," laxative. 
Dose ^ss-j. P. Hydrate, potassa, 
" caustic potash," deliquescent and very 
alkaline. A powerful escharotic. P. 
Liq., "solution of potassa," consists of 
hydrate 56, distilled water 944 parts, com- 
bined with bitter tonics is useful in atonic 
dyspepsia. Locally, a wash in scaly skin 



POTATO-PASTE 



358 



PRECUNEUS 



Dose ttl v ~o ?? - diluted. P. 
Nitras, M saltpeter,"' refrigerant and 
diuretic in fevers. Dose gr. v-x. P 
Nitratis, Charta, unsized paper saturated 
with a 20 per cent, solution. Used, when 
burnt, for inhalation. P. Permanganas. 
P. Tartras, refriger- 
ant and laxative. Dose gr. XX-5SS. P. 
Sulphas, hepatic stimulant and cathartic. 
Dose gr. xx- 5 ss. 

Pota'to-paste. A substitute for the solid 
potato as a culture medium for bacteria, 
when a very extensive surface is desired. 
It is a stiff paste made with water from 
the dry, flour}- centers of well-boiled pota- 
toes. 

Pota'to Spirit. See Alcohol. 

Po'tency [potens, from posse, to be able). 
Power. Efficacy. 

Potential [potens). Able or powerful. 
A term applied to remedies or agents that 
are energetic. In electricity, the tension 
or pressure of the current. It is estimated 
quantitatively in volts. P. Cautery. See 
Cautery. 

Po'tio (Lat.), or 

Po'tion. A drink or draught of a medi- 
cinal preparation. 

Potoma'nia. See Mania. 

Pott's Disease or Curvature. See 
Caries. 

Pott's Fract'ure. See Fracture. 

Pouch (Fr.poc/ie, a pocket). Any pocket- 
shaped cavity or receptaculum. P. of 
Douglas, the cul-de-sac of Douglas, a 
pouch formed by the recto-uterine fold of 
the peritonaeum. P.'s, Ileo-caecal, nar- 
row-necked folds of the peritonaeum, at 
the termination of the ileum. P., Ingui- 
nal, a fold of the peritonaeum behind the 
abdominal ring. P. of Rathke, the hy- 
pophysial pouch in the embryo prolonged 
through the base of the skull to form the 
anterior element of the hypophysis. P. 
of Seesel, a pouch in the embryo behind 
the summit of the hypophysis. P., Sub- 
caecal, a fold of the peritonaeum behind 
and below the caecum. 

Poul'tice (rro'/.Toc, porridge). An emul- 

:f some soft substance, as slippery 7 

elm, meal, etc., for application to the skin. 

Pound (A. S. pund). A weight of 5760 
grains Troy, or 7000 grains avoirdupois. 

Pou / part's Lig / ament. See Ligament. 

Pow'der. See Pulver. P., Insect. See 
Insect Powder. P., Seidlitz. See Potas- 
sium. (Pulv. effervesc. comp.) 

Pox (pocks, pi. of pock). A term applied 
tp several contagious, pustular, eruptive 



diseases. P., Chicken. See Via 

P., French. See Syphilis. P., Small. 

See Jar:. 

Practice (x/nutzh?). The official duties 
of a physician or surgeon in his professional 
work. 

Practitioner (Fr. practicien). One who 
practices a profession, especially that of 
medicine. P., General, one who treats 
all ailments, in distinction from the special- 
ist, who treats only one or more diseases, 
or the diseases of one or a few organs. 

Prae- (Lat.). A Latin preposition meaning 
before, used as a prefix to denote position. 
It places the words with which it is com- 
bined in antithesis to those combined with 
post. 

Prae cor 7 dia (prce, cor [gen. cordis^, the 
heart). A name applied variously to the 
diaphragm, the thoracic viscera, and the 
epigastric region. 

Praepu'tium. See Pri 

Prae 7 via {pro:, via, away). A condition in 
which an organ or part stands in the wav, 
thereby preventing the functions of another 
organ. P., Placenta. See Pic:, 

Prax'is. See Practice. 

Preatax'ic. Pertaining to a time or phase 
preceding the development of ataxy. 

Preax'ial (pro; axis). In the anatomy of 
the spinal skeleton all parts which, in man, 
are superior (in other mammals anten'or) 
to an imaginary axis drawn at right angles 
to the general direction of the vertebral 
column. The remaining i?iferior (or pos- 
terior) parts are classified as post a _ i 

Precipitant (pr<z, caput). Any reagent 
causing precipitation. 

Precipitate (prce, caput, the head). Any- 
thing changing from a soluble to an in- 
soluble form in a solution. P., Red. 
See Hydrargyrum Oxidum Rubrum. P., 
White, N 2 (Hg 2 ) 3 Clo, formed by adding 
ammonium hydrate to a solution of mercu- 
ric chloride. 

Precipitation (pre?, caput, a head, head- 
long). The process of throwing down 
solids from the liquids which hold them 
in solution. Effected usually by chemical 
reaction. Precipitates are c 
flocculent, gra ?i ular, or g:.'.::. ....:. accord- 
ing to the form assumed. The agent caus- 
ing precipitation is the - 

Precoc'ity {prce, coquo, to ripen Ab- 
normal development or maturity before 
time. It is applied especially to ie 
ment of the intellectual faculties. 

Precuneus. The Lobus Quadratus. 

Precursory. See Premonitory. 



PREDIASTOLIC 



359 



PRESCRIPTION 



Prediastolic {prce, dtaarcTirj, a dilatation). 
That which precedes diastole of the heart. 

Predicrot / ic Wave. The primary wave 
in the dicrotic curve of the sphygmogram. 

Predisposing {prce, dispono, to be liable). 
Acting under an unusually slight exciting 
cause. 

Predisposition [prce, dispono). That 
condition of the body which, by the stimu- 
lus of a very slight cause, renders it liable 
to the attacks of certain diseases, espe- 
cially to those of hereditary character. 

Prefrontal {prce, frontale, the frontal 
bone). That which is in advance of the 
frontal. A name sometimes given to the 
middle portion of the ethmoid bone. 

Preg / nancy {pregnans, with child). The 
condition of being with child, or gravid; 
the period from conception to delivery. 
P., Abdominal, that occurring in the 
abdominal or peritoneal cavity; primary, 
if the fertilization take place in the cavity; 
secondary, if the embryo or ovum break 
through the enclosing walls into the peri- 
toneal cavity. P., Cervical, primitive, a. 
variety of ectopic gestation wherein the 
ovum is arrested and developed in the cer- 
vical canal ; secondary, in early abortion the 
ovum expelled from the uterine, remains 
in the cervical cavity. P., Extra-uterine, 
ectopic gestation, the development of the 
ovum outside of the normal cavity of the 
uterus. P., Interstitial, a variety of 
extra-uterine and tubal pregnancy, the 
ovum developing in that portion of the 
oviduct that passes through the wall of 
the uterus. P., Multiple, when the 
uterus contains two or more foetuses. P., 
Ovarian, the fecundation and growth of 
the ovum taking place within the ovisac. 
P., Plural, the development of more than 
one foetus at one time. P., Single or 
Simple, the normal development of a 
single foetus. P., Tubal, development 
of the ovum in the oviduct. P., Tubo- 
abdominal, the ovum is developed in the 
ampulla and extends into the abdominal 
cavity. P., Tubo-ovarian, the ovum is 
attached to the oviduct and ovary. P., 
Tubo-uterine. Same as Interstitial P. 

Prehensile {prehendo, to seize). A term 
applied to organs or parts adapted to seiz- 
ing or grasping, as the hands of bimana or 
quadrumana, the talons of birds, etc. 

Prehension {prehendo). The act of 
taking hold or seizing. 

Prelum/bar. Anterior to the lumbar verte- 
brae. 

Pre / mature La'bor. See Labor. 



Pre / mature Respiration. Respiration 
taking place before the complete birth of 
the foetus. 

Premax / illary. See Intermaxillary. 

PremoTar {prce, molar, one of the jaw 
teeth). A descriptive term applied to the 
first two pairs of molar teeth in each jaw. 

Premonitory {prce, moneo, to warn). 
Used of the initial or precursory symp- 
toms, or of such as indicate on-coming 
disease. 

Preos'seus {prce, og, a bone). That 
which precedes the formation of bone. 
Applied to a transparent substance having 
the chemical characters of osteine, with 
cavities containing osteoblasts, from which 
the bone is formed. 

Preparation {prce, paro, to get ready). 
Anything made ready. In anatomy, any 
part of the body prepared or preserved for 
illustrative or other uses. In pharmacy, 
any compound or mixture made after a 
formula. 

Pre / puce {prceputiani). The foreskin of 
the penis. P. of Clitoris, the superior 
folds of the nymphae surrounding the 
glans clitoris. 

Preputial. Pertaining to the prepuce. 

Presbykou'sis {irpsofivQ, anovu, to hear). 
Senile lessening of acuteness of hearing. 

Presbyopia {Trpeofivc-, old man, ioijj, the 
eye). A condition reached at about 45-50 
years of age, in which from growing in- 
elasticity of the lens of the eye (failure of 
accommodation) the near-point of distinct 
vision is removed to an inconvenient dis- 
tance from the eye, with consequent dimi- 
nution in size of the retinal image. 

Prescription {prcz, before, scribo, to 
write). A formula written by the physician 
to the dispenser of medicines, designating 
the substances to be employed in a mixture 
or preparation. The following shows the 
essential features of a prescription : — 

For Mr. Ward. June 7, 1889. 

fy (recipe) Superscription. 

Basis, . . Potassii Aceta- 

tis, Siijss 

Adjuvant, Tincturae Digi- 
talis, . . . . 5j 
Corrective, Syrupi Auran- 

tii, Sj 

Vehicle, . . Decocti Scopa- 

rii, ... ad Sviij. 
M. (misce) Ft. misturam. . . Subscription. 
Sig. (signa)—A tablespoonful every four 
hours. Dr. Drake. 

P. File, a contrivance for holding prescrip- 
tions. P. Book, a book in which pre- 
scriptions are pasted for future reference. 



Inscription. 



PRESENTATION OF FCETUS 360 PROBABLE DURATION OF LIFE 



Presentation of the Foetus. That part 
of the foetus that presents at the pelvic 
outlet in labor. The presentation depends 
upon the position of the foetus, and may 
be either the vertex (occiput), the face 
(frontal), the breech (sacral), and either 
shoulder (dorsal). See Position. 

Preservative Fluid (for section cuttings 
of specimens). Many are used. Hamil- 
ton recommends equal parts of glycerine 
and water with about eight minims of car- 
bolic acid to the ounce. 

Presse-artere (Fr.). An instrument for 
the compression or temporary occlusion of 
an artery. 

Pres / sor Fibers. Nerve-fibers whose 
stimulation excites the vasomotor centers, 
and consequently increases the arterial 
tension. Others reflexly diminishing the 
excitability of these centers are called 
Depressor Fibers. 

Pressure {premo, to press). The act of 
pressing. Weight or tension, as of the 
blood in the arteries, the intraocular fluids, 
etc. P. Phosphenes. See Phosphenes. 
P. Points (or Spots), points of marked 
sensibility to pressure or weight, arranged 
like the temperature spots, and showing a 
specific end-apparatus arranged in a punc- 
tated manner and connected with the 
pressure-sense. P. -sense. The sense 
of pressure upon the skin. 

Presternum {prcz, sternum). The manu- 
brium. 

Presystolic {prce, cvctoIt], contraction). 
Preceding the systole. 

Preventive. See Prophylactic. 

Prevertebral {pre, vertebra, the back- 
bone). Situated in front of the vertebra. 

Priapism {Trpiairoq, the penis). Persistent, 
painful and abnormal erection of the penis. 

Prick'le Cells. Certain peculiar cells of 
the rete Malpighii of the skin. 

Prick'ly Heat. See Miliaria. 

Pride of China. See Azederach. 

Primaries. A term used of syphilitic 
sores the direct result of contact or infec- 
tion. 

Primary {primus). First in time. First 
in character or time as opposed to second- 
ary. 

Primigrav'ida (Lat.). A woman in her 
first pregnancy. 

Primip / ara {primus, first, pareo, to bear). 
A woman bearing or having borne her first 
child. 

Primip'arous {primus, pareo, to bring 
forth). Pertaining to a female who is 
pregnant or is in labor for the first time. 



Primi / tiae {primus). A term applied to 
the waters discharged before the extrusion 
of the foetus at birth. 
Primitive. First formed ; pertaining to 
the initial stage or phase of the develop- 
ment of an organ or tissue, hence, usually 
referring to embryological structures, as the 
P. anus, mouth, aorta, circulation, etc. P. 
Chorion. See Chorion. P. Kidneys. 
See Reproductive Organs. P. Groove, 
the enlargement and deepening of the P. 
Streak, at the posterior or narrow end of 
the blastoderm. 

Primor / dial {primus, ordior, to begin). 
Pertaining to the beginning or primary 
phase. P. Cell, an embryonic cell. P. 
Cranium, the membranous skull of the 
embryo. P. Kidney, the Wolffian body. 
P. Ova, cells lying between the germ- 
epithelium of the surface of the embryo- 
logical ovary. 

Prince's Pine. See Chimaphila. 

PruVciple {principiwn). A synonym of 
element, essence, or primary quality of 
a body. P., Immediate, the compo- 
nents of an organized tissue as it exists 
functionally in the living tissue. P., Me- 
diate, the chemical compounds and simple 
bodies into which the immediate princi- 
ples are decomposed. P., Proximate. 
See Proximate. 

Pri'nos. Black Alder. The bark of P. 
vercillatus. Astringent and tonic. Used 
in intermittent fever, diarrhoea, and, locally, 
in cutaneous diseases. Dosegss-j. Unof. 

Prism {prisma). A figure with plane 
surfaces, triangular or quadrangular, in 
which one of the dimensions is greater 
than the other two. Made of glass, it is 
used for refracting the sun's rays and form- 
ing a spectrum, and to make prismatic 
lenses. Prismatic lenses refract the light 
toward the base of the prism. Their chief 
use in ophthalmology is, in cases of insuffi- 
ciency of the external ocular muscles, to 
so transplace the retinal image as to throw 
less work upon the weak muscle. 

Prismatic Spec / trum. See Spectrum. 

Prisop / tometer {frpi^u, prism, oip, the eye, 
juerpov, a measure). An instrument for 
estimating ametropia by means of two 
prisms placed base to base. 

Privates, or 

Privit / ies. The genital organs. 

Probable Duration of Life. The age 
at which any number of children born 
into the world will be reduced to one-half, 
so that there are equal chances of their 
dying before and after that age. The age 



PROBANG 



361 



PROGNOSIS 



at which a given population is reduced by 
one-half its number. 
Pro'bang {probo, to try). A rod of whale- 
bone or other material, with a sponge 
attached to one end, for introduction into 
the oesophagus. P. Ball, with ivory bulb 
instead of sponge. 

Probe {probo). A stylus, wire or rod, 
flexible, rigid or jointed, for examining 
and trying a wound, in reference to its 
depth, contents, etc. P., Chemical, one 
carrying a charpie with dilute acetic acid 
or other drug. P., Drainage, so con- 
structed and used as to assist drainage. 
P., Drum, provided with a drum .or re- 
verberator to enable the ear to detect con- 
tact with foreign bodies. P., Electric, 
with two insulated wires, so that con- 
tact with a bullet or metal completes the 
circuit, and thus indicates the presence of 
such a foreign body. P., Lachrymal. 
See Lachrymal. P., Magnetic, em- 
ployment of the telephone as an indicator. 
P., Nelaton's, is capped with unglazed 
porcelain upon which a leaden ball makes 
a metallic streak. 

Probos / cis (Lat). The feeding organ of 
an insect. Also, the trunk of an elephant. 

Proc / ess {procedo, to issue from). A 
general name given to any eminence or 
prominence of bone, as e. g., the Mastoid 
Process. Also, a lobe of the brain. 

Processus e Cer'ebelli ad Testes 
(Lat.). The peduncles of the cerebellum. 
See Peduncle. 

Processus Petro / sus Anticus (Lat.). 
See Lingula. 

Procidentia. See Prolapsus. 

Proclivity {pro, clivus, a slope). Ten- 
dency or inclination. 

Procreation {pro, creo, to create). Beget- 
ting, generation, or production. 

Procta / gra {irponTog, the anus, aypa, gout). 
Pain in the anal region. 

Proctalgia {rtptoKTog, alyog, pain). Pain 
in the anus or rectum. 

Proctatre / sia (irpuKroc, arp?jcna, imper- 
forate). The imperforate condition of the 
anus. 

Procteu / clisis. Constriction of the anus. 

Procteurynter. An instrument for dilat- 
ing the anus. 

Proctitis {irpconToc, ltlc, inflammation). 
Inflammation of the anus and rectum. 

Pronto- {irptonTog, the anus). A Greek 
word which, prefixed to another, signifies 
connection with, or relation to, the anus. 

Proctocele {ivpuKrog, Krfkq, a hernia). 
The extroversion or prolapse of the mucous 



coat of the rectum due to relaxation of the 
sphincter muscle. 
Proctocystotomy {-irpunrog, nvorig, a sac, 
TOfii], a cutting). A form of lithotomy in 
which the incision is made through the 
walls of the rectum. 

Proctodae / um {irpuaTog, fiaiu, to divide). 
The anus of the embryo, formed by the in- 
vagination of the epiblast. 
Proctodynia {rtpuKTog, odvvrj, pain). Any 
pain in the anus. 

Proctoparal'ysis. Paralysis of the 
sphincter muscle of the anus. 
Proctoplasty {npuKrog, irlaoaco, to form). 

Plastic operation upon the anus. 
Proctoplegia. See Proctoparalysis. 
Proctoptoma {npunTog, nrufia, a fall). 
Same as Proctocele. 
Proctoptosis [irpcoKTog, irruaig, a falling). 

Same as Proctocele. 
Proctography {irpunTog, pa<prj, suture). 

Suture of the rectal wall. 
Proctotomy (-rpw/croc, re/uvu, to cut). 
Incision of the anus or rectum for imper- 
foration, stricture, etc. 
Procumbent {pro, cwnbo, to lie). Lying 
flat, face downward. 
Pro / drome {irpo, forward, dpo/nog, a run- 
ner). A forerunner of a disease. Pre- 
cursory symptom. 
Prodro / mous {npo, dpofiog). Pertaining 
to the precursoiy symptoms of a disease. 
Prodro / mus (7rpo, dpojuog). The pro- 
drome ; also the period in which the pre- 
cursory signs of a disease occur. 
Proencepb/alus {irpo, eyKetyalog, brain). 
An exencephalic monstrosity with the brain 
protruding through a fissure in the frontal 
region. 

Professional or Occupational Neuro- 
sis. A neurosis caused by continuous 
exercise of one set of muscles. 
Profunda Arteries. See Artery-Table. 
Profundus {pro, fundus, the bottom). A 
descriptive term applied to any organ or 
part that is deep-seated. 
Progenitor {pro, genitus, begotten). An 
ancestor or forefather. 
Prog / eny {pro, genus, race). Offspring. 
Descendants. 
Proglos / sis (Lat.). The point of the 
tongue. 

Proglottides (pi. of proglottis). The seg- 
ments of the tapeworm. 
Prognathic, or 
Prognathous. See Index. 
Prognosis {irpo, yiyvuGKu, to know). 
The prevision and judgment concerning 
the progress and result of a disease. 



PROGNOSTIC 



362 



PROSOPOLOGY 



Prognostic. Pertaining to prognosis. 

Projection Systems. See Meynert. 

Prola / bium (fro, labium, a lip). The 
marginal edge of the lip. 

Prolapse', or 

Prolap / sus (prolabor^ to slip down). The 
falling forward or down of some part, so 
that it protrudes beyond its normal bound- 
ary. P. of the Anus or Rectum, pro- 
trusion of the rectal walls beyond the anus. 
P. of Cord. See Cord. P. of Iris, pro- 
trusion through a corneal wound. P. of 
Uterus, protrusion of the womb beyond 
the vulva. See Uterus. 

Prolep / sis [npo, Tiafxfiavu, to seize upon). 
See Prognosis. 

Proliferation [proles, offspring, fero, to 
bear). Cell-genesis. The continued for- 
mation and development of cells in any 
organic tissue. 

Proliferous [proles, fero). A tumor, cyst 
or other structure bearing other organisms 
similar to itself. 

Prolific [proles, facto, to make). That 
which has the property of engendering. 
Also, fruitful. 

Prolig'erous [proles, gero, to carry). Per- 
taining to a germ or proliferation. P. 
Discus, the elevation of the cells of the 
membrana granulosa by which the ovum 
is attached. 

Prominence [prominor, to jut out). 
Any conspicuous protuberance on the sur- 
face of a part, especially on a bone. 

Promontory [prominor}. An elevation 
or prominence. P. of Sacrum, the promi- 
nence made by the angle of the upper 
extremity of the sacrum and the last lumbar 
vertebra. P. of Tympanum, the promi- 
nence formed by the first turn of the 
cochlea. 

Pronation [pronus, bent forward). The 
turning of the hand with the palm down- 
ward. 

Pronator [pronus). That which pronates 
or bends forward a part, as the hand, etc. 
A descriptive term applied to several mus- 
cles. 

Prone [pronus). With the palm down- 
ward. Also, inclined. Also, lying with 
the face downward. 

Pronephros [rcpo, ve<ppog, the kidney). 
The primordial kidney. See Reproductive 
Organs. 

Pronucleus (contraction of protonucleus). 
The remaining part of the germinal vesicle 
within the vitellus after the extrusion of 
the polar globules is called the P., Fe- 
male ; the P., Male, is the middle piece 



of the male spermatozoon that unites with % 
the female pronucleus to form the new 
nucleus of the fertilized ovum. ^ 

Proof Spirit. See Spirit. 

Proo'tic [rrpo, ovg, the ear). Pertaining to 
that which lies in front of the ear. 

Propenylhy / drate. See Glycerine. 

Propepsin. See Pepsinogen. 

Pro-peptone. See Peptones. 

Prophylactic [rrpocpyXa^i^, caution). Per,- 
taining to prophylaxis. Also, a medicine 
or agent that prevents the taking of dis- M 
ease. '*** 

Prophylaxes [irpo^vTia^ig). The hygienic 
or other precautions conducive to pre- 
vention of disease. 

Proph'ysis. See Symblepharon. 

Propto / sis [-rrpo, ittoolq, a falling). Any 
falling or downward movement of an 
organ from its place. Prolapsus. 

Propul'sion [pro, petto, to push). The act 
of pushing forward. Applied to a leaning 
of the body in walking as if pushed, a 
symptom of certain spinal diseases. 

Pro / pyl. The radical C 3 H 7 . 

Propylamine. A ptomaine, isomeric with 
trimethylamine. There are two propyla- 
mines possible, represented by the formulae 
CH 3 .CH 2 .CH 2 .NH 2 and(CH 3 ) 2 .CH.- 
NH 2 . The former, or normal compound, 
boils at 47°-48° ; while the latter, or iso- 
propylamine, boils at 31. 5 . Iso-propyla- 
mine has been found among distillation- 
products of beet-root molasses. Propyla- 
mine has been obtained from culture of the 
bacteria of human fasces, and a strongly 
similar basic substance from a cadaver. 
Both are non-poisonous liquids possessing 
an ammoniacal, fish-like smell. 

Pro re nata. A Latin phrase signifying 
according to the circumstances of the case. 

P'rosec / tor [pro, sector, a cutter). An 
officer of a medical college who prepares 
subjects for anatomical dissection, or to 
illustrate didactic lectures. 

Prosencephalon [irpog, near, evK£(pa?iov, 
the brain). That part of the anterior cere- 
bral vesicle developing into the hemis- 
pheres. 

Prosenchy / ma [rrpog, eyxvfia, an infusion). 
Vegetable fibrous tissue composed of elon- 
gated cells with thick partitions. 

Prosopalgia. See Tic Douloureux. 

Prosopectasia [irpoaoTrov, the face, EKxa- 

oig, enlargement). Morbid enlargement of 

the face. 

Prosopol'ogy [Trpoouirov, Xoyog, a dis- 
course). A treatise on facial expression, 
or physiognomy. 



PROSOPONEURALGIA 



363 



PROTOCASEOSE 



ProsoponeuraFgia [Ttpoaurrov, neiiral- 
gia). Neuralgia of the face. 

Prosopothoracopagus. See Thoraco- 
pagus. 

Prostatalgia [prostate, \_gland~\, akyoc, 
a pain). Pain in the prostate gland. 

Pros'tatauxe [prostate, av^rj, increase). 
Enlargement of the prostate gland. 

Prostatectomy [prostate, earopj], exci- 
sion). Excision of a part of the prostate. 

Pros / tate Gland [rzpn, mjttj/ui, to stand). 
The glandular body surrounding the neck 
of the bladder and beginning of the urethra. 
Commonly called the prostate. 

Prostatic. Relating to the prostate. Also, 
a descriptive term applied to several mus- 
cles and to a sinus. 

Prostatitis [prostate, trie, inflammation). 
Inflammation of the prostate gland. 

Prostatorrhce / a [prostate, pew, to flow). 
A thin gleety discharge from the prostate 
gland in prostatitis. 

Prosthetic [Trpoadeaig). Pertaining to 
prosthesis, or the use of artificial instru- 
ments to replace lost or wanting parts of 
the body. P. Dentistry, the science and 
art of the replacement of natural teeth by 
artificial substitutes. 

Prostitution [pro,sto, to stand [for hire]). 
The condition or act of a woman who in- 
discriminately lets her body for sexual 
intercourse. In many of the countries of 
Europe prostitution is recognized as a mat- 
ter for hygienic inspection, the prostitutes 
being subject to police surveillance and 
medical inspection. In the United States 
the existence of the evil is, in general, 
legally ignored. 

Pros / trate [pro, stemo, to spread). To lie 
flat or at full length. In pathology, to 
suffer almost total loss of nervous power. 

Prostration [pro, sterno). The condition 
of being prostrate. Extreme exhaustion 
of nervous or muscular force. 

Pro / tagon [ivpuToc, first). A nitrogenous 
glucoside containing phosphorus ; obtained 
from nervous tissues. 

Protective [pro, tego, to cover). That 
which covers or protects. P. Dressing, 
an antiseptic dressing, shielding the part 
involved from injury or septic contami- 
nation. 

Pro / teids [irpurog). A general term for 
the albumins and albuminoid constituents 
of the organism. They are the anhy- 
drides of peptones, colloid, non-crystalliza- 
ble, and laevogyrous. They are precipi- 
tated from solutions by alcohol and various 
metallic salts, coagulated by heat and min- 



eral acids. They are divided by Landois 
into I. The Native Albumins, comprising 
Serum-albumin, Egg-albumin, Metalbumin 
and Paralbumin. 2. The Globulins, sub- 
divided into Globulin, Vitellin, Para-, or 
Serum-globulin, Fibrinogen, Myosin, and 
Globin. 3. The Derived Albumins, or 
Albuminates, comprising Acid-albumin or 
Syntonin, Alkali- albumin, Casein. 4. 
Fibrin. 5. Peptones. 6. Lardacein, and 
similar substances. 7. Coagulated Pro- 
teids. P., Vegetable, proteid substances 
found in plants, especially in seeds, closely 
resembling those in animals, and have 
been given the same names with the prefix 
vegetable, as, e. g., vegetable globulin, 
myosin, vitellin, casein, glutin, etc. A 
true peptone has not been found, but allied 
substances called albumoses, and divided 
into Alpha (a-) Beta [j3-) Phytalbumoses, 
have been differentiated. 

Prote / iform [Proteus, a mythical character 
who assumed various shapes, forma, a 
form). Having various forms. 

Protein. A nitrogenous substance analo- 
gous to fibrin. It is formed artificially by 
the action of an alkaline hydrate on al- 
bumin, fibrin, or casein. The addition of 
acetic acid precipitates the protein as a 
gelatinous translucent precipitate. 

Proteolytic. See Ferments. 

Proteoses [■npuroc). The intermediate 
bodies formed in gastric digestion between 
the food proteids and the elimination of 
peptones, called anti-peptone, hemi-pep- 
tone, etc. 

Pro / teus (Lat.). A class of microbes of 
the order of schizomycetes. P. Mirabilis. 
See Bacillus Mirabilis. P. Vulgaris. 
See Bacillus Vulgaris. P. Zenkeri. See 
Bacillus Zenkeri. 

Proth'esis [-rrpo, Tidypii, to place). The 
application of an artificial instrument to 
remedy a want or defect, or to conceal a 
deformity of the body. P. Ocularis, an 
artificial eye. 

Prothet'ic. Pertaining to prothesis. 

Protis / ta [irpcj-og). According to Haeckel 
a division of organisms supposed to be 
primordial or primitive. They are unicel- 
lular organisms intermediate between the 
animal and vegetable. 

Pro / to- [irpuToc). A Greek numeral signi- 
fying first. P. Albumose. See Albu- 
mose. 

Pro / toblast [npuToq, ftlaarog, a cell). A 
cell without distinct cell- wall. Protoplasm. 

Protoca / seose. The first product of the 
digestion of casein. 



PROTOCATECHUIC ACID 



364 



PSEUDENCEPHALUS 



Protocatechu'ic Acid. Dioxy-benzoic 
acid. It sometimes occurs in urine. 

Protoelas'tose. One of the products of 
the breaking up of elastin. 

Protoglob'ulose. One of the primary 
products of the digestion of globulin. 

Protomyos'inose. A primary product of 
the digestion of myosin. 

Protoor'ganism [rrpurog, opyavov, an or- 
ganism V An obsolete term for certain 
unicellular organisms whose classification 
was formerly in dispute. 

Protopla / sis {-puroc, Tr?.aaacj, to form.) 
The primary formation of tissue. 

Protoplasm (Trporog, Tr/.aoau). Sarcode, 
Blastema, Protoplast, Bioplasm, Germinal 
Matter. A term loosely applied to that 
mucilaginous, granular matter of the cell 
which has the power of reproducing itself 
and forming new cells. Considered by 
many embryologists as the physical basis 
of life. The word was coined by Hugo 
von Mohl to designate certain active con- 
tents of the vegetative cell. Other parts 
of the cell are the Cytoplasma, the 
mass exclusive of the granular contents; 
Hyaloplasma, the outer hyaline layer; 
Paraplasma, the liquid interfilar por- 
tions ; Polioplasma, the grayish, granu- 
lar part. 

Protoplast (-rrpurog, ix'kacGiS). See Proto- 
plasm. 

Protover'tebrae. The cells of the meso- 
blast : cubical masses disposed in pairs 
behind one another on each side of the 
chorda dorsalis or notochord. 

Protozo / a (tt/hjtoc, (,uov, an animal). A 
name given to an order of unicellular 
animals, comprising those of lowest organ- 
ization. 

Protractor {pro, before, traho, to draw). 
That which draws forward. A name ap- 
plied to several muscles, and also to a sur- 
gical instrument. 

Protuberance {pro, tuber, a swelling). 
A projecting part, as P., Frontal, the 
prominence of the frontal bone, etc. 

Proud Flesh. A popular term for any 
morbidly inflamed flesh, especially with 
excess of granulations adjacent to a lesion. 
Also, any fungous growth. 

Proximal. Same as Proximate. 

Prox / imate {proximus, nearest). Nearest. 
Immediate. P. Cause, the immediate 
cause of any change. P. Principles of 
Disease, zymotic principles, or those or- 
ganic forms which, by their growth and 
development, cause certain epidemic dis- 
eases. 



Pru / nin. See Cherry. 

Pru'num (Lat). Prune. The fruit of P. 
domestical native to W. Asia. Laxative 
and nutritious. Dose indefinite. 

Pru'nus Virginia / na. Wild cherry. The 
bark of P. serotina ; contains amygdalin, 
and a volatile oil resembling oil of bitter 
almond. An aromatic bitter increasing 
appetite and promoting digestion. Useful 
in bronchitis and the hectic cough of con- 
sumption. An ingredient of various pro- 
prietary cough mixtures. Dose of the 
bark 3 ss-j ; of the fld. ext. g ss-j ; of a 
4 per cent, infusion ^ ss-ij ; of a 12 per 
cent, syrup ^j-iv. 

Prurig / inous. Pertaining to or like pru- 
rigo. 

Prurigo {prurio, to itch). Pruriginous 
rash. A chronic disease of the skin 
marked by a thickened condition and the 
presence of recurring white or pale red 
papules. Occurs usually on the extensor 
surfaces. Accompanied by intolerable 
itching. Classed as P. Mitis or P. Ferox, 
according as it is mild, or severe with sec- 
ondary lesions. 

Pruritus {prurio). A defect or abnormal 
condition of the innervation of the skin 
marked by the sensation of itching. In 
P. Universal the greater part of the 
skin is involved. In P. Ani and P. 
Vulvae, the anus and the vulva are the 
seats of the affection. 

Prus / sic Acid. See Acid, Hydrocyanic. 

Psammo / ma {fa/ujuoc, sand). A tumor 
of or near the pineal gland containing 
sabulous or calcareous particles. 

Psam / mous. See Sabulous. 

Psellis / mus {ipeAALGnoc). Stuttering or 
stammering. 

Pseud-. Same as Pseudo-. 

Pseudacu / sis {ibsi'd^g, false, aKovu, to 
hear). Imperfection or error of hearing. 

Pseudaesthe'sia {ipevdrjc, aiodrjoig, feel- 
ing). Any depraved state of the sense of 
touch, temperature, etc. Also, an im- 
aginary sense of feeling in parts of the 
body that have been removed by surgical 
operation. 

Pseudarthri'tis {ipevdtjc, arthritis). Hys- 
terical affection of a joint, simulating 
arthritis. 

Pseudarthro / sis {i}>evdqs, apdpov, a joint). 
The condition of having a false joint or 
articulation. 

Pseudenceph / alus {ipevdqc, eyaeoaAoc, 
brain). An exencephalic monstrosity with 
absent cranial vault and brain, and in place 
of the last a vascular tumor. 



PSEUDO- 



365 



PSYCHIC 



Pseud'o- (ifjevdyg). An adjective prefix 
denoting false or seeming. 

Pseudo-buFbar ParaFysis. Symmet- 
rical disease of both hemispheres involving 
the centers or paths of the nerves of speech, 
and thus resembling the defect of disease 
of the medulla. 

Pseudo-cye / sis (Tpevdqg, Kwiciq, preg- 
nancy). False pregnancy. The belief in 
the existence of pregnancy on the part of a 
woman (usually the result of desire) accom- 
panied, perhaps, by uncertain signs. 

Pseudo-gan / glion {ipevdqg, ganglion}. 
A false ganglion, usually a slight thicken- 
ing of a nerve. P. of Bochdalek, an 
enlargement of a branch of the middle 
alveolar nerve from which fibers descend 
to supply the canine teeth. P. of Cir- 
cumflex Nerve, an expansion of a branch 
of the nerve which goes to the teres major. 
P. of Cloquet, a thickening of the pala- 
tine branches of the naso-palatine nerve. 
P., Valentin's, a slight thickening at the 
junction of certain divisions of the middle 
alveolar branch of the maxillary nerve. 

Pseudo-glio / ma of Retina. See Glioma. 

Pseudo-hydropho / bia (ipevdqg, hydro- 
phobia). Hysterical convulsions in one 
believing himself to have been bitten by a 
rabid animal. There is, however, absence 
of the true respiratory spasm. It has also 
been called Lyssophobia. 

Pseudo-hypertro / phic ParaFysis (ipev- 
6rjg) . A term applied to loss or diminution 
of the power of motion, accompanied by 
hypertrophied muscles. 

Pseudoma / nia {tyevdrig. fmvia, madness). 
A form of insanity in which the person 
affected accuses himself of a crime or 
crimes of which he is innocent. It is 
usually a form of hysteria. 

PseudomenFbrane (ibevdrjg, membran- 
utri). A false membrane, such as the my- 
celium of the fungus of diphtheria. 

Pseudomembranous (ipevdrjg, membran- 
ous). Pertaining to false membranes. 

PseudophthFsis (ipevdqg, Qdioig, decay). 
Emaciation and general wasting arising 
from other causes than pulmonary tuber- 
culosis. 

Pseudosclerosis. An affection similar 
in symptoms to sclerosis but without the 
anatomical lesions. 

Pseud / oscope (ipevdrig, (jKoireo, to see). 
A prismatic instrument so arranged that, 
e. g., if a spherical surface be looked at 
with the instrument the image formed in 
each eye is inverted laterally. Shadows 
are reversed and the ball appears hollow. 



Pseudos / mia (xfjevdr/g, oa/ur/, a smell). A 
defective or illusive sense of smell. 

Pseudo-sto / mata {^pevdrjc, arofia, a 
mouth). Small holes or outlets in the 
cement substance of the alveoli of lung 
tissue. 

Pseudoxan'thine. A name given, it is 
thought inappropriately, by Gautier to a 
leucomaine-base, C 4 H 5 N 5 0, isolated from 
fresh muscle-tissue of beef. It so much 
resembles xanthine, however, that it may 
have been often mistaken for that com- 
pound — hence, the name given by Gautier; 
but it differs from xanthine in its empirical 
composition, solubility, and crystalline 
form. The name Pseudoxanthine was 
also given by Schultzen and Filehne to a 
body isomeric with xanthine, obtained by 
action of sulphuric upon uric acid. 

Psik/sis [ipiAou, to remove the hair). The 
removal of the hair from a part. De- 
pilation. 

Pso / se (ipaa, the loins). The psoas mus- 
cles. 

Pso'as (ipo)a). The loins. P. Muscle. 
See Muscle. P. Abscess. See Abscess. 

Psod / ymus (ipoac, loins, didvfiog, double). 
A sysomic monstrosity with two heads and 
thoraces, and conjoined abdominal and 
pelvic cavities. There are two legs, and 
occasionally the rudiments of a third. 

PsoFtis (ipua, trig, inflammation). Inflam- 
mation of the psoas muscles, or of the re- 
gion of the loins. 

Pso / ra [ipupa, from ipoo, to scratch). Same 
as Scabies. 

Psorelco / sis (ipupa, eA/cwcYC, ulceration). 
The ulceration frequently occurring during 
the progress of scabies. 

PsorFasis (ijjopa, the itch). Lepra; 
Lepra alphos ; Alphos. A chronic, inflam- 
matory affection of the skin, distinguished 
by dry, red, roundish patches, covered with 
silvery scales. Commonly affects the ex- 
tensor surface of the limbs, the scalp and 
the trunk. Begins as a small papule, 
that enlarges at the margin and becomes 
covered with white scales. It may be 
diffuse, universal, punctate, guttate, circi- 
nate, gyrate, inveterate (thickening of the 
skin) or rupoid (when pus forms under the 
crust). 

PsorophthaFmia. See Ophthalmia. 

Pso / rous (fopa). Pertaining to or affected 
with the itch. 

PsychFatry (ipvxv, tne mind, larpmog, the 
healing art). Treatment of the diseases 
of the mind. 

Psy / chic (tpvxv) • Pertaining to the mind. 



PSYCHOGENESIS 



366 



PTOMAINES 



Psychogen'esis {i>vx r h yevvau, to beget). 
A term used of the causes and develop- 
ment of mental characteristics. 

Psychology [il'i'XU, Ao}oc, a treatise). A 
treatise on the nature and phenomena of 
the mind. 

Psychopathic {t\)vxv, ^adoc;, suffering). 
Pertaining to psychopathy. 

Psychopathy [tyvxt], TraOog). Disease of 
the mind or of the intellectual faculties. 

Psycho-physical Law. See Fechners 
Laze. 

Psychophys / ics. The study of mental 
processes by physical methods, especially 
the determination of the difference of 
stimulus required to produce recognizable 
differences of sensation. 

PsychophysioFogy (ipvx??, physiology). 
Mental physiology. A study of the physi- 
ology of the brain as related to mental 
and emotional processes. 

Psycho / ses (ipvxv). Diseases of the mind 
or of the intellectual faculties. 

Psycho / sin {ibvxv)- A cerebroside resemb- 
ling sphyngosin, occurring in brain-tissue. 

Psychotherapeutics. The cure of men- 
tal disease ; also the treatment of disease 
by mental influence. 

Psychrom / eter {iwxpog, cold, juerpov, a 
measure). An instrument for determin- 
ing the amount of telluric moisture by 
precipitation on a cold surface. 

Psy'chrophore (tbvxpog, (popeu, to carry). 
An instrument for the conveyance of cold 
to parts deeply placed, as by a double- 
current catheter to the prostate gland. 

Psydra / cium (tpvSpa^, a blister or pimple). 
A term loosely applied to various eczema- 
tous and psoriform eruptions of the skin. 

Ptar'mic {ir-apfioq, a sneezing). Pertain- 
ing to the act of sneezing. Sternutatory. 
Also, a substance that produces sneezing. 

Pte'lea Trifolia'ta. Wafer-ash; Wing- 
seed. The bark of a shrub yielding a 
bitter tonic extractive. A popular tonic 
in debility and dyspepsia. Unof. 

Pter'ion. See Skull. 

Pter'o- (-nrepov, awing). A Greek word 
used as a prefix to denote resemblance to 
a wing, or wing-shaped. 

Pterygium (irrepov). A triangular patch 
of thickened conjunctiva, the apex point- 
ing toward the pupil, the fan -shaped base 
extending toward the can thus. Also, an 
abnormal growth of skin over the finger- 
nail. 

Pter'ygo- (irrepov). A Greek word that, 
prefixed to another, denotes connection 
w ith, or relation to, the pterygoid process. 



Pterygoid (rrrepov, eidog, a form). A name 
given to two wing-shaped processes of the 
sphenoid bone. P. Muscle. See Muscle. 

Pterygo-max / illary. Pertaining con- 
jointly to the pterygoid process and the 
superior maxillary bone. 

Pterygo-paFatine. Pertaining conjointly 
to the pterygoid process and the palate. 

Ptik/sis. See Madarosis. 

Ptis / an [nTLGCu, to bruise). Barley water. 
Any decoction of barley designed as a 
medicinal drink. 

Pto'mames (ttto/llo., corpse). Putrefac- 
tive alkaloids ; a class of nitrogenous alka- 
loidal bases, of both animal and vegetable 
origin, formed during the putrefaction of 
organic matter. Some are poisonous, but 
the greater number of those isolated are 
not so. But all toxic products of putre- 
faction are not ptomaines. Since all pu- 
trefaction is dependent upon microorgan- 
isms, the formation of ptomaines is also 
dependent upon them, each distinctive 
ptomaine being probably due to a pecu- 
liar bacterium or combination of such. The 
dependence may sometimes be indirect and 
complicated with or also dependent upon 
purely chemical changes. The kind of 
ptomaine is also dependent upon the stage 
of putrefaction, as they are " transition 
products in process of putrefaction," inter- 
mediates of katabolism, finally becoming 
the end-products of excretion. Foods have 
been found to contain ptomaines, the 
principal being mussels, oysters, eels, 
sausage, ham, canned meats, cheese, milk, 
ice-cream, etc. The pathogenic action of 
many bacteria is probably due to their pro- 
duction of ptomaines. In addition to the 
ptomaines given in the following table, a 
number of unnamed substances have been 
studied that possess reactions and physio- 
logical effects similar or identical with 
well-known vegetable alkaloids. These 
at present can only be called after ana- 
logues, e. g., Coniine-like Substances ; 
others are called Nicotine-like, Strych- 
nine-like, Morphine-like, Atropine- 
like, Digitaline-like, Veratrine-like, 
Delphinine-like, etc. Selmi found 
ptomatropines or cadaveric ptomaines so 
closely resembling the vegetable product 
that when treated with sulphuric acid and 
oxidizing agents they gave the odor of 
blossoms (Reuss's test) as distinctly as 
the vegetable atropine. A powerful poison 
has been found in exhumed bodies giving 
reactions similar to strychnine, though by 
no means identical with the latter. Selmi 



PTOMATROPINES 



367 



PTYALIN 



believed for some time in a " cadaveric 
coni'ine " — so difficult was it to discern the 
proteid product from a vegetable alkaloid ; 
and even now it is very difficult for the 
chemist to state with certainty that he has 
found true coni'ine in the dead body, unless 
the analysis be made before decomposi- 
tion sets in, and enough of the base be 
found for physiological experiment. Other 
ptomaines have been actually mistaken 
by experts for morphine, as in the Sonzogna 



trial, at Cremona, in Italy. In the trial of 
General Gibbone's servant, in 1870, on the 
charge of having caused his master's'death 
by poison, the experts reported delphinine 
in the viscera ; but Selmi found, by careful 
study, that although the substance re- 
sponded to delphinine reactions it was 
not delphinine at all. Vaughan gives 
in detail the methods of extracting pto- 
maines. The following table is copied 
from him : — 



TABLE OF PTOMAINES 


FROM VAUGHAN). 


Name. 


Formula. 


Discoverer. 


Physiological Action. 


Methylamine. 


CH 5 N. 




Non-poisonous. 


Dimethylamine. 


C 2 H 7 N. 










" 


Trimethylamine. 


C3H3N. 










" 


Ethylamine. 


C 2 H 7 N. 










" 


Diethylamine. 


C 4 H U N. 










" 


Triethylamine. 


C 6 H 15 N. 










" 


Propylamine. 


C 3 H 9 N. 












Amylamine. 


C 5 H 13 N. 












Hexylamine. 


C 6 H 16 N. 












Tetanotoxine. 


C 6 H 1X N(?). 


Briege 


r. 


Poisonous. 


Collidine (?). 


C 8 H 1X N. 


Nencki. 




Hydrocollidine (?). 


C 8 H 13 N. 


Gautier and Etard. 


Poisonous. 


Parvoline (?). 


C 9 H 13 N. 


" " 




Unnamed. 


C 10 H 1B N. 


Guareschi and Mosso. 


Poisonous. 


Ethylidenediamine (?). 


C 2 H 8 N 2 . 


Brieger. 


" 


Trimethylenediamine. 


C 3 H 8 N 2 . 


" 


" 


Putrescine. 


C 4 H 12 N 2 . 


" 


Non-poisonous (?). 


Cadaverine. 


C 5 H 14 N 2 . 


" 


;; (?). 


Neuridine. 


C 5 H 14 N 2 . 


" 




Saprine. 


C 5 H 6 N 2 . 


" 


" 


Unnamed. 


C 7 H 10 N 2 . 


Morin. 


" 


Methylguanidine. 


C 2 H 7 N 3 . 


Brieger. 


" 


Unnamed. 


C 13 H 20 N 4 . 


Oser. 




" 


C 17 H 38 N 4 . 


Gautier and Etard. 




Mydine. 


CsH^NO. 


Brieger. 


Non-poisonous. 


Neurine. 


C 5 H 13 NO. 


" 


Poisonous. 


Unnamed. 


CbH^NO,. 


E. and H. Salkowski. 


Non-poisonous. 


Choline. 


C 5 H 1B N0 2 . 


Brieger. 


Poisonous. 


Betaine. 


C 5 H 13 N0 3 . 


" 


Non-poisonous. 


Muscarine. 


C 5 H 16 N0 3 . 


" 


Poisonous. 


Mydatoxine. 


C 6 H 13 NO a . 


" 


" 


Mytilotoxine. 


C 6 H 15 N0 2 . 


" 


'.' 


Gadinine. 


C 7 H 17 NO s . 


" 


Non-poisonous. 


Typhotoxine. 


C 7 H 17 N0 2 . 


" 


Poisonous. 


Unnamed. 


C 7 H 17 N0 2 . 


" 


" 


" 


C 6 H 12 N 2 2 . 


Pouchet. 


" 


" 


C 14 H 20 N 2 O 4 . 


Guareschi. 




Tetanine. 


C 13 H 30 N 2 O 4 . 


Brieger. 


Poisonous. 


Unnamed. 


C 7 H 18 N 2 Q 6 . 


Pouchet. 


" 


Tyrotoxicon. 




Vaughan. 


•' 


Mydaleine. 




Brieger. 


" 


Spasmotoxine. 




" 


" 


Peptotoxine. 









Ptomat / ropines. Ptomaines found in the 
cadaver. 

Pto / sis (tttoo, to fall). Complete or par- 
tial drooping and inability to raise the 
upper eyelid, due to paralysis of the third 
nerve, or of the levator palpebral or to 
thickening of the lid. 



Ptyal'agogue {tttvoIov, saliva, ayto, to 
drive). A medicine producing salivation 
or increased flow of saliva. A sialagogue. 

Pty / alin [izrvalov). A diastasic ferment 
existing in saliva, having the property of 
changing starch into dextrine and a sugar 
called ptyalose. See Ferments. 



PTYALIXE 



368 



PULSE 



Pry 'aline m A. The saliva. Also, one 
of the constituent ferments of the saliva. 

Pty'alism (mrwuUw). A condition marked 
by an excessive secretion oi saliva, arising 
either from the use of masticatories, siala- 
go^ues. or from constitutional causes. P., 
Mercurial, that produced by mercury. It 
is attended with profuse salivation, a 
coppery taste, and sometimes by looseness 
of the teeth. 

PtyaFocele. See Ah* 

Pty'alum. See Saliva. 

Pu'berty {pubes, to grow to maturity). 
The age when the young become capable 
of reproduction. 

Pu'bes (LaL)> That portion of the os in- 
nominatum forming the front of the pelvis. 
Also, the fleshy and hairy part covering 
the same. 

Pu'bic. Pertaining to the pubes. 

Pubiot'omy {pubes, to/utj, a cutting). An 
operation for enlarging the diameter of the 
pelvis to facilitate delivery in cases of pel- 
vic malformation. 

Pu'bo-. A Latin root; prefixed to another 
word denotes relation to the pubes. 

Pudenda. See Pudendum. 

Pudendag'ra (pudenda, ay pa, a seizure). 
Any pain in the genital organs. Also, 
syphilis. 

Puden'dum (p7ideo, to be ashamed). 
Those parts of the female genital organs 
visible externally. These are the mons vene- 
ris, the labia, chtoris, nymphs and hymen. 

Pu'dic (pudeo). A descriptive term ap- 
plied to the genital organs or related parts. 
Also, to any part of the body habitually 
concealed. P. Nerve. See Nerve. 

Pu'erile (puer, a boy). Pertaining to 
boyhood or childhood. P. Respiration, 
a resonant respiration sometimes observed 
in adults similar to that heard in vigorous, 
healthy children. 

Puer'pera (puer, pario, to beget). A 
female in labor, or one recently delivered. 

Puerperal (puer, parid). Pertaining to 
the state of a woman in childbed. P. 
Convulsions. See Eclampsia. P. 
Fever, an acute, heterogenetic, contagious, 
febrile affection of women in childbed. P. 
Mania, a delirious condition of women 
sometimes occurring in the puerperium. 
P. Septicaemia. See P. Fever. P. 
Tetanus, a fatal tetanic condition of the 
body ; occurring rarely in the puerperium. 

Puerpe'rium (Lat.). The condition of a 
woman from childbirth to a reinstatement 
"raal health. 

Puff-ball. See Ly coper don Giganteum. 



PugilTus (Lat., a handfull). In practice, 
the amount of a substance that can be 
grasped between the thumb and two or 
three fingers. 

Pu'lex (Lat.). A flea. A genus of epizoa 
parasitic upon the skin. P. Irritans, the 
common flea. P. Penetrans, the chigoe 
or jigger flea, a species burrowing under 
the skin to deposit ova. Found mainly in 
tropical America. 

Pullula / tion (pullulo, to bud). Any 
morbid growth taking the form of a bud, 
as certain forms of condyloma, 

Pulmom'eter (puhno, a lung, fierpov, a 
measure). Any instrument for measuring 
the capacity of the lungs. Also, an instru- 
ment for measuring the air of respiration. 

Pulmom'etry (pulmo, fisrpov). The quan- 
titative deterrnination of the air concerned 
in respiration. Also, the determination of 
the volume of the lungs. 

PuFmonary (puhno). Pertaining to the 
lung. P. Consumption. See Phthisis. 

Pulmonic (pulmo). Same as Pulmonary. 

Pulp (pulpa). A part of certain fruits. 
P. Cavity, a cavity containing soft, amor- 
phous matter, as P. of Spleen, the sub- 
stance within the cavity of the spleen. 
P. of Tooth, the tissue of the pulp-cavity 
of a tooth. 

Pulpitis (pulpa, itis, inflammation). An 
inflammation of the pulp or organic portion 
of a tooth. 

Pulsatilla (Lat.). Pasque Flower. 
Meadow Anemone. The leaves and tops 
of Anemone P. Properties due to a cam- 
phoraceous principle, anemonin. Lowers 
heart and arterial tension ; in larger doses 
produces nausea and paralyzes motion and 
sensibility. Recommended in amenorrhoea, 
dysrnenorrhoea and scaly skin diseases. A 
valuable alterative. An unofficial tincture, 
consists of equal parts of the juice and al- 
cohol. Dose TT\jyo~ v ; of the active prin- 
ciple gr. Jg-ij. 

Pulsation (pello, to drive). Any beating 
or throbbing sensation. The visible or 
sensible elevation of a vessel sj-nchronous or 
following the heart's beat. P., Retinal, 
arterial and venous pulsations are some- 
times seen in the eye as a consequence of 
the disturbance of the relative intraocular 
and extraocular pressure. 

Pulse (pulsus). The expansile impulse of 
the arteries from variations in the blood- 
pressure, and following the contractile 
action of the heart. P., Allorhythmic. 
See Allorhythmia. P., Anacrotic. See 
Anacrotism. P., Capillary, seen when 



PULSIMETER 



369 



PUPIL 



the capillaries are dilated and the blood- 
pressure is high. P., Catacrotic, eleva- 
tions or secondary waves in the line of 
descent of the pulse-tracing. P. Curve, 
the tracing, called sphygmogram or arterio- 
gram, of the pulse, made by the sphygmo- 
graph or sphygmoscope. P., Dicrotic, 
an exaggerated dicrotic wave, or recoil 
wave, the larger of the catacrotic eleva- 
tions corresponding to the closure of the 
aortic valves. P., Entoptical, the sub- 
jective illumination in a dark field, after 
violent exercise, corresponding to each 
pulse-beat. P., Hard, one with charac- 
ters of high tension and rigidity. P., 
Hyperdicrotic, when the aortic notch 
falls below the base line, a symptom of 
great exhaustion. P., Intermittent, one 
in which the beats are irregular or occa- 
sionally fail. P., Monocratic, absence 
of the dicrotic wave. P., Paradoxical, 
failure of the beat during inspiration, 
owing to pathological conditions of the 
heart and adjacent parts. P., Recurrent, 
the appearance of the pulse on the distal 
side of the point of compression of an 
artery. P. Tracing. See P. Curve and 
Sphygmogram. P., Venous, pulsatile 
phenomena occasionally observed in veins, 
especially in the eye, owing to the intra- 
ocular pressure permitting the escape of the 
venous current during the heart's diastole. 
See also Pulsus. 

Pulsim / eter {pulsus, the pulse, fierpov, a 
measure). Any instrument for the quanti- 
tative determination of the rate, quality or 
force of the pulse. 

Pul'sus (Lat.). The pulse. P. Alter- 
nans, a pulse in which there is a regular 
alternation of a high and low beat. P. 
Bigeminus, the beats occur in pairs, so 
that a longer pause follows every two beats. 
P. Intercurrens, when an extra beat is 
intercalated in a normal series. P. Inter- 
mittens, when in an otherwise regular 
rhythm a beat is omitted. P. Myurus, 
the beats becoming smaller and smaller, 
and after a certain time beginning as large 
as before. P. Quadrigeminus and P. 
Trigeminus, the irregularities occurring 
after every fourth and third beat. See 
Pulse. 

Pulta'ceous {puis, pottage). Having the 
consistence of pap or pottage. Applied to 
any semifluid substance. 

Pul'ver {pulvis, a powder). In pharmacy, 
one or more medicinal substances reduced 
to a state of very fine division. There 
are 9 official pulveres. 
24 



Pulverization {pulvis). The operation 
of reducing a substance to a powder. 

Pul'vinar ( Lat.). A pillow. The pos- 
terior eminence of the optic thalamus. 

Pul'vis. See Pulver. 

Pump. A machine that, by creating a 
vacuum between its valves, is used for 
drawing or transferring a liquid to or from 
a reservoir. P., Breast, a pump for re- 
moving milk from the breast. P., Stom- 
ach, a pump for removing the contents of 
the stomach in cases of poisoning. It con- 
sists of a barrel, a delivery tube and a 
flexible tube to be introduced into the 
stomach. 

Pump / kin Seed. See Pepo. 

Puncta (pi. of punctum, a point). Points. 
A term variously used in anatomy. P. 
Dolorosa, tender or painful points in the 
course of nerves in an inflamed condi- 
tion. P. Lachrymalia, the orifices of 
the lachrymal canaliculi in the eyelids near 
the inner canthus. 

Punc / tate (punctu??i). Having many 
points. Dotted. Full of minute punc- 
tures. 

Punc / tum (Lat.). A point. P. Au- 
reum. See Macula lutea. P. Caecum. 
See Blind Spot. P. Proximum, the 
point nearest the eye at which an object 
can be seen with distinctness and without 
diplopia. P. Remotum, the farthest 
point at which an object can be distinctly 
seen with suspended accommodation. In 
the emmetropic eye it is theoretically 
at an infinite distance; in the hyperopic 
eye it is theoretically beyond this, as such 
an eye is adapted only for convergent 
rays. 

Punc / ture (punctum). A wound or hole 
made by a pointed instrument. 

Pun / gent (pungo, to prick). Acrid. Pene- 
trating. Producing a pricking or painful 
sensation. 

Pu'pa (Lat., a doll). That form of an 
insect intermediate between its larval and 
mature states. A chrysalis. 

Pupil (pupilla). The round aperture in 
the iris of the eye. P., Argyll Robert- 
son's, one of the early symptoms of tabes, 
in which a myotic pupil responds to accom- 
modative effort but not to light. P., Adhe- 
sions of the, are the result of inflammation, 
and, if to the lens-capsule, are called pos- 
terior synechice ; if to the cornea, anterior 
synechice. P., Artificial, an iridectomy or 
opening made by surgical operation in an 
iris without a normal pupil, or in which the 
normal pupil is opposite opacities of the 



PUPILLARY 



370 



PUTRESCINE 



cornea or lens. P., Exclusion of, total 
posterior synechia, the entire pupillary 
edge being adherent to the capsule. P., 
Occlusion of, the pupillary area is filled 
with semi -opaque exudation - products of 
inflammation. P., Pin-hole, extreme 
myosis. 

Pu'pillary (pupilla). Pertaining to the 
pupil of the eye. P. Membrane, a foetal 
membrane covering the eye until the 
seventh month of gestation. P. Mem- 
brane, Persistent, fibrillar bands spring- 
ing from the iris, passing to or across the 
pupil, and sometimes attached to the lens- 
capsule, — the remains of unabsorbed pupil- 
lary membrane. 

Pupilom'eter {pupil, uerpov, a measure). 
An instrument designed for the measure- 
ment of the pupil of the eye. 

Purga'tion (purgo, to cleanse). The act 
or condition of being purged. Evacuation 
of the bowels. 

Pur'gative (purgo). A medicine produc- 
ing watery evacuations of the bowels. 

Purging Ag / aric. See Agaricus. 

Piriform (~vov, pus). Having the form, 
nature or appearance of pus. 

Purkinje's Cells. The pear-shaped cells 
with long processes occurring in the deep 
layers of the cortex of the cerebellum. 

Purkinje's Figures. Shadows of the 
retinal blood vessels upon the retina. 

Purkinje-Sanson's Images. Three 
pairs of images of one object seen in an 
observed pupil, the first, erect, from the 
anterior surface of the cornea ; the second, 
erect, from the anterior surface of the lens ; 
the third, inverted, from the posterior cap- 
sule of the lens. 

Pur / ple, Visual. See Rhodopsin. 

Purpura. A haemorrhage into the cutis, 
due to disease or trauma. The extravasa- 
tion of blood may take the following forms : 
Ecchymoses, bruises; Ecchy?no)nata, extra- 
vasations due to the rupture of blood vessels 
under the skin ; H&matidrosis, the lodge- 
ment of bloody sweat in the sweat-folli- 
cles ; Hemorrhagic Bull<z, the effusion of 
blood into a bulla; Papules, the effusion 
of blood around hair-follicles; Petechia, 
small spots of extravasation, of any shape, 
not raised above the skin ; Vibices, streaks 
long in comparison with their width. P. 
Haemorrhagica, or " land scurvy.'" a 
severer form of the disease attended with 
debility and constitutional disturbance. 
Sometimes terminating fatally. See Scurvy. 
P. Neonatorum, the purpura of an infant 
at birth. P. Rheumatica. See Peliosis 



R. P. Senilis, the purpura of old age. 
P. Simplex, marked by the appearance 
of successive crops of spots under the skin 
and mucous surface unaccompanied by con- 
stitutional disturbance. 

Pu'rulent {~vov, pus). Consisting of or 
having the character of pus. 

Pus (rrvov). The fluid product of a suppu- 
rating wound, sore or abscess. P., Curdy, 
containing cheesy - looking flakes. P., 
Healthy or Laudable, that in a person 
of good constitution or coincident with 
the normal process of healing. P., Ichor- 
ous, when thin and acrid. P. Muco-, 
mixed with mucus. P., Sanious, mixed 
with blood. P. Sero-, mixed with serum. 
See Putrefaction. 

Pus / tula Malig'na. Anthrax; Charbon; 
Malignant pustule. A gangrenous inflam- 
matory focus, resembling carbuncle, caused 
by inoculation with putrefactive matter con- 
taining the bacillus anthrax of splenic fever. 
See Anthrax. 

Pustula'tion [pustula). A condition 
marked by the formation and development 
of pustules. 

Pus'tule (pustu/a). A small, cone-like 
elevation of the cuticle containing pus. 
P., Malignant. See Anthrax. 

Putrefaction (putridus, rotten, facio, to 
make). A condition resulting from the 
fermentation of albuminous and albuminoid 
tissues. It is now regarded as due to the 
invasion of the tissue by various patho- 
genic species of microorganisms. At the 
same time there often appear various or- 
ganic substances classified as leucomaines 
and ptomaines, many of which are poison- 
ous. In the light of modem science the 
idea of spontaneous decomposition is as 
much out of the question as that of spon- 
taneous generation. 

Putrescence (putresco, to become rotten"). 
A state of growing or incipient putrefac- 
tion. 

Pu / trescine (putresco). A ptomaine whose 
composition has not yet been certainly 
determined. It is a thin, water-clear liquid, 
of a peculiar semen-like odor. Almost in- 
variably occurs together with cadaverine, 
to which it seems closely related. Has 
been obtained from putrefying human flesh, 
horse flesh, putrid fish and faeces. Is recog- 
nizable on fourth day of putrefaction, but 
does not occur in appreciable quantity till 
eleventh day. Amount increases as putre- 
faction proceeds. Putrescine is either 
dimethyl-ethylenediamine, or else methyl- 
ethyl-methylenediamine. The toxic action 



PUTRID 



371 



PYRETOLOGY 



of putrescine was, until recently, doubted. 
But a tetra-methyl derivative of putrescine 
is extremely poisonous — producing abund- 
ant salivation ; dyspnoea ; first quickening 
and then decreasing respiration ; also caus- 
ing contraction of pupils, paralysis of limbs 
and muscles of trunk, peristaltic action of 
intestines, ejaculation of semen, dribbling 
of urine, and, lastly, clonic convulsions. 
Putrescine itself as a base is capable of 
producing strong inflammation and ne- 
crosis. 

Putrid [putridus). That which has under- 
gone putrefactive fermentation. 

Pyae / mia [ttvov, pus, ai/ua, blood). Septi- 
caemia with the formation of secondary 
embolic or metastatic abscesses in various 
parts of the body. 

Pyarthro / sis [ttvov, apdpov, joint). Sup- 
puration of a joint. 

Pyelitis [rrvelog, a trough, trig, inflamma- 
tion). Inflammation of the pelvis of the 
kidney. 

Pye / sis [ttvov). A condition marked by 
the formation of pus. Suppuration. 

Pygodid / ymus (71-1777, the buttock, 6l6v- 
//oc, twins). A double foetal monstrosity 
united by the buttocks. 

Pygom / elus (71-17?/, f-^og, member). A 
parasitic monstrosity with the parasite 
united to the hypogastric region. 

Pygop / agus [rrvyfj, rrayeig, joined). An 
ensomphalic monstrosity with conjoined 
buttocks or backs. 

Py'in [ttvov, pus). A substance resem- 
bling mucin, occurring in pus. 

Pylephlebitis [ttv?i7], the portal vein, phle- 
bitis, venous inflammation). Acute in- 
flammation of the portal vein. 

Pylethrombo / sis [ttvIt], Opopifiog, a clot 
of blood). The condition marked by the 
formation of blood-clots in the portal vein. 

Pylorec / tomy [pylorus, eKTOfaf, an exci- 
sion) . Excision or resection of the pylorus. 

Pyloric. Pertaining to the pylorus. 

Pyloroplasty [pylorus, ttAciooco, to form). 
Plastic operation upon the pylorus. 

Pylo / rus [rrvAupog, gate-keeper). The 
lower orifice of the stomach and entrance 
to the duodenum. 

Py / o- [ttvov, pus). A Greek word which, 
in combination, signifies connection with 
or relation to pus. 

PyocoRpocele [ttvov, noXirog, the vagina, 
Krfkq, a tumor). A suppurating tumor of 
the vagina. 

Pyocy / anine [ttvov, nvavog, blue). A 
colored extractive derived from the cul- 
tures of the Bacillus pyocyaneus. 



Pyogen'esis [ttvov, yevvau, to beget). 
The secretion or formation of pus. 

Pyogenic [ttvov, yevvau). Developing or 
secreting pus. Relating to pus-formation. 
P. Membrane, the thin, yellow, erro- 
neously-named layer forming the interior 
of the wall of an abscess. 

Pyohae'mia. See Pyeemia. 

Py / oid [ttvov). Resembling or having the 
nature of pus. 

PyonVetra [ttvov, fir/rpa, the womb). A 
collection of pus in the uterus. 

Pyonephrosis ( ttvov, vefpog, kidney). 
Suppuration within the kidney. 

Pyopneumothorax [ttvov, irvevpia, Oupa^). 
An accumulation of air in the pleura com- 
plicated with suppurative inflammation. 

Pyopoie / sis. See Pyogenesis. 

Pyorrhce / a [ttvov, peo>, to flow). A flow 
or discharge of pus. 

PyosaRpinx [ttvov, aaAiriy^, a tube). A 
formation of pus in the oviduct. 

Pyo / sis [ttvov). A condition marked by 
the formation of pus. 

Pyoxan'those. A yellow coloring ex- 
tractive found in blue pus. 

Pyr'amid' [Trvpa/utg). Any conical eminence 
of an organ, as P. of cerebellum, P. of 
tympanum, etc. P. of Ferrein, a term ap- 
plied to the conical arrangement of the 
uriniferous tubes of the kidneys. P. of 
Malpighi, the conical masses composing 
the medullary substance of the kidneys. 

PyranVidal [Trvpafiig). Shaped like a 
pyramid. 

Pyramida / lis. See Muscle. 

Pyre / thrum. Pellitory. The root of 
Anacyclus P. Valuable mainly as a 
masticatory and sialogogue in paralysis of 
the tongue, and in rheumatic or neuralgic 
affections of the head. Dose gss-j. P. 
Tinct., 20 per cent, strong — used exter- 
nally. P. Roseum, Persian Pellitory. 
The powdered flower heads are used as an 
insecticide. 

Pyretic [irvperog, fever). Pertaining to or 
affected with fever. 

Pyretogen'esis [Trvperog, yevectg, origin). 
The origin and progress of fever. 

Pyretog / enine. A substance (probably a 
ptomaine) formed by microorganisms. 
Composition unknown. Has pyretogenous 
qualities when inoculated into animals. 

Pyretog / raphy [Trvperog, ypacjxj, to write). 
The descriptive history and geographical 
distribution of fevers. 

PyretoRogy [Trvperog, Aoyog, a treatise). 
A treatise on the nature and characteristics 
of fevers. 



PYREXIA 



372 



QUADRUMANA 



Pyrex'ia (mp, fire, e\u\ to hold). Ele- 
vation of temperature above the normal. 
Fever. 

PyrexiaTis. See JVarbwjs Tincture. 

Pyr'idine. A liquid extractive of coal tar, 
useful in angina pectoris, asthma and the 
dyspnoea of laryngeal affections. Dose 
gtt. vj-xv ; in asthma by inhalation. 

Pyr'iform (pvuw, f 07 77? a, a. form). Pear- 
shaped. P. Muscle. See Muscle- Table. 

Py'ro- [Top, fire). A Greek word which, 
prefixed to another, signifies connection 
with or relation to fire. 

Pyrocat'echin. Catechol. An anti- 
pyretic obtained from coal tar. 

Pyridine. A white, sparingly soluble 
powder, a powerful antipyretic. Dose % 
to 4 grains. 

Pyrolig'neous (~vp, lignwn, wood). Per- 
taining to the destructive distillation of 
wood. P. Acid, wood vinegar. See Acid, 
Acetic. ' 

Pyrorogy (rrvp, %oyog, a treatise). A trea- 
tise on the application of heat, especially 
with reference to surgical processes. 

Pyroma / nia (jrvp, \mvia, madness). A 
supposed form of moral insanity which 
has been thought to actuate incendiarism. 

Pyrom'eter [imp, fierpov, a measure). An 
instrument for the measure of the intensity 
of heat of too high a degree to be esti- 
mated by the ordinary thermometer. 



Pyro'sis (wp). An affection of the stom- 
ach characterized by burning sensation, 
accompanied by eructations of an acrid, 
irritating fluid. " Heartburn." 

Py'rosphyre {^vp, ccpvpa, a hammer). 
Same as Moxosphyra. 

Pyrot / ic (rrvpocj, to burn). Having the 
property of inflammability. Also, a caustic 
substance. 

Pyroxylin. Gun Cotton. Ordinary 
cotton fiber treated with strong fuming 
nitric acid, the cellulose, C ]2 H 10 O 10 , being 
changed to trinitro-cellulose, C^H-O-^- 
(N0 2 ) 3 . Soluble in ether. Highly ex- 
plosive by percussion. Collodium, con- 
tains pyroxylin 4, ether 70, alcohol 26. 
Solution should be complete. C. cum 
Cantharide, flexible collodion 85, can- 
tharides 60, chloroform, q. s. C. Flexile, 
flexible collodion, contains collodion 92, 
Canada turpentine 5, castor oil 3 parts. 
C. Stypticum, styptic collodion, has col- 
lodion 55, ether 20, alcohol 5, tannic 
acid 20 parts. All forms of collodion are 
used as protective coverings for superficial 
wounds. 

Pythogen'ic (ttvOu, to become putrid, 
yevvau, to beget). Pertaining to enteric or 
typhoid fever; supposed to arise from de- 
composing matter. 

Pyu'ria (ttvov, ovpov, the urine) . Pus in 
the urine. See Donne's Test. 



Q. L. Abbreviation of quantum libet — 

as much as desired. 
Q. P. Abbreviation of qua7itu77i placet — 

as much as pleases. 
Q. S. Abbreviation of quantum sufficit — 

as much as suffices. 
Quack. One who practices quackery. 
Quackery. The pretence of medical 

knowledge, skill, or success by one without 

either. Medical charlatanism. 
Quadrangular. Having four angles. Ap- 
plied especially to a lobe of the cerebellum. 
Quad / rant (quadratus, squared). The 

fourth part of a circle, subtending an angle 

of 90 degrees. 



Quadra' tus (Lat). Squared. Having 
four sides. Q. Muscle. See Muscle. 

Quad'ri-. A Latin adjective, used as a 
prefix to denote four, or four times. 

Quad'riceps. See Muscle. 

Quadrigem'inal Bodies. See Corpora 
Quadrigemina. 

Quadrigem'inous {quadrigemina). Per- 
taining to the corpora quadrigemina. 

Quadrilateral {quatuor, four, lotus, a 
side). Having four sides. 

Quadroon/' See Mulatto. 

Quadruma'na (quatuor, manus, a hand). 
An order of mammalia, including mon- 
keys, apes, etc. 



QUADRUPED 



373 



QUININE 



Quad / ruped (quatuor, pes, a foot). In 
zoology, any four-footed animal. 

Quadruple [quatuor, plica, a fold). Four- 
fold. 

Qualitative [qualitas). Pertaining to 
quality. Q. Analysis. See Analysis. 

Quantitative (q uant us, \iovj much). Per- 
taining to quantity. Q. Analysis. See 
Analysis. 

Quantiv'alence (quantus, valeo, to be 
able). The chemical strength of an element 
or radical expressed in terms of the num- 
ber of monad atoms with which it will 
unite. Univalent or monad atoms, as 
hydrogen, H — , are saturated with one 
atom. Bivalent or dyad atoms, as oxygen, 
-0-, require two. Trivalent or triad atoms, 

as Boron, -B-, take three. Tetravalent or 

tetrad atoms, as carbon, -C-, take four, etc. 

Nitrogen is a pentad, and sulphur a hexad. 

Quarantine (It. quaranta, forty). The 
time during which a vessel from ports in- 
fected with contagious or epidemic diseases 
is required by law to remain outside the port 
of its destination, as a safeguard against 
the spreading of such disease. Also, the 
place of detention. 

Quartan {quartus, a fourth). A form of 
intermittent fever, the paroxysms of which 
occur every fourth day. 

Quar'teron, or 

Quarteronne'. See Mulatto. 

Quartz. See Silica. 

Quas / sia. The wood of Picrcena excelsa y 
native to the W. Indies and other tropical 
regions. A bitter stomachic tonic. Prop- 
erties due to a bitter principle, quassin. 
Dose gr. xx-xxx. Q. Ext. Dose gr. 
j-iij. Q. Fid. Ext. Dose gss-j. Q. 
Infus., quassia chips gj, water 25 x. Q. 
Tinct., 10 per cent, in strength. Dose 

Quas / sin. The active principle of Quassia. 

Quebra'cho. The bark of Aspidiosperma 
Q. A bitter tonic. In large doses, lowers 
heart action. Much used in Chili as an 
antiperiodic. The alkaloid, aspidiosper- 
mine, is used in cardiac neuroses, asthma, 
and as an antipyretic. Q. Ext. Dose 
gr. ij-viij. Q. Fid. Ext. Dose n\v~3J. 
Q. Tinct., 20 per cent. Dose jj-^ss. 
Q. Vinum, contains quebracho 1, alco- 
hol 2, white wine 16 parts. Dose ^j-^j. 
All unof. 

Queen of the Meadow. A species of 
Eupatorium. 

Queen's Root. See Stillingia. 



Quer'cus Alba. The bark of the white 
oak. Properties due to quercitannic acid, 
a variety of tannin, with which its medical 
properties are identical. Much used as an 
astringent lotion, and commonly exhibited 
in a decoction of ^j to the Oj. 

Quickening. The first feelings on the 
part of the pregnant woman of foetal move- 
ments, occurring about the fifth month. 

QuickTime. The popular name for calcic 
oxide. See Calcium. 

Quicksilver. The popular name for mer- 
cury or Hydrargyrum. 

Quilla / ia. Soap Bark. The inner bark 
of Q. saponaria, indigenous to the Andes. 
Properties due to a glucoside, saponarin. 
A sternutative, irritant to the mucous mem- 
brane, and an expectorant. Dose of a 
5 : 200 decoction ^ j-ij. 

Quince Seed. See Cydonium. 

QuhVia, or 

Quini'na. Quinine. An amorphous white 
alkaloid, soluble in alcohol, of extremely 
bitter taste, derived from Cinchona. A 
highly valuable tonic, antiseptic, antiperi- 
odic, and antipyretic. Also, an active 
germicide, extremely valuable in malarial 
affections, intermittents, etc. As an anti- 
pyretic, is highly valuable in pneumonia, 
typhus and typhoid fevers. Advantageous 
in all zymotic diseases. Dose gr. j-xx 
or xl. Q. Bisulphas., very soluble in 
water. Dose gr. j-xxx. Q. Hydro- 
bromas, best salt for hypodermic use. 
Dose gr. j-xx. Q. Hydrochloras, mu- 
riate of quinine, antipyretic in gr. v-x 
doses. Q. Hydrochlor. Carbamidat., a 
compound salt of quinine and urea. Dose 
gr. j-iij. Suitable for hypodermic use. Q. 
Sulphas, soluble in hot and acidulated 
water. Dose gr. j-xx or xl. Q. Valeri- 
anas, the only salt affected by constituent 
acid. Dose gr. j-iij. Chinnium Amorph. 
Boric, borate of quinine. Unof. ; highly 
recommended ; soluble, and causes but 
little congestion of the membrana tympani. 

Quinic Fever. Febrile symptoms with 
an eruption ; occurs among the workmen 
making quinine. 

Quinidi'na. A derivative of quinia, with 
which it corresponds in therapeutic effects, 
but is thought to produce less unpleasant 
symptoms in the head. Q. Sulph., readily 
soluble in acidulated water and alcohol. 
An excellent antipyretic and antiperiodic. 
Dose gr. j-xx or more. 

QuinTdine. See Quinidina. 

Quini'na. See Quinia. 

Quinine. See Quinia. 



QUININE FLOWER 



374 



RADIUS 



Qui'nine Flower. The root of Sabbatia 
Elliottii, abundant in southeast U. S. 
Tonic, febrifuge and antiperiodic. Of high 
repute in malarial fevers. Dose of the fid. 
ext. £ ss— j. Unof. 

Quin'inism. The condition induced by 
the continued use or by large doses of 
quinine. It is marked by deafness, singing 
in the ears, etc. 

Quinoi'dine. See Chinoidinum. 

Quin'one. In chemistry, a class of com- 
pounds, derivatives of the benzene series of 
hydrocarbons, belonging to the aromatic 
group, and formed by oxidation of aromatic 
bodies. In pharmacy, a solid, volatile 
substance, C 6 H 4 2 , obtained from cinchona 
by the oxidation of quinic acid. 

Quinquini / na. An Indian preparation, 
containing those alkaloids of cinchona 
bark extracted by macerating in acidulated 
water, and precipitated by a soluble alkali. 



Quin'sy (nvov, a dog, ayxeo, to choke). 
The popular name for Cynanche tonsil- 
laris, an acute severe inflammation of the 
tonsils and mucous membrane of the 
fauces, accompanied by fever. 

Quin / tan [quinius, fifth). An intermittent 
fever, the paroxysms of which occur every 
fifth day. 

Quintessence (guintus, essentia). The 
active principle of any substance concen- 
trated to the utmost degree. 

Quintuple (qtdntus, plica, a fold). Five- 
fold. 

Quiz. In medical pedagogics, an informal 
recitation or exercise in which the student 
familiarizes himself with his medical 
studies. 

Quiz'zer. The preceptor who conducts 
the quiz exercise. 

QuotidTan (Lat.). An intermittent fever, 
the paroxysms of which occur daily. 



R 



R. The abbreviation of Recipe, take, and 
also of Right. 

R . or R. An abbreviation of recipe, used 
in physicians' prescriptions, signifying 
take. 

Rab / id (rabidus). Affected with rabies or 
hydrophobia. 

RabTes (Lat.). Lyssa, or Hydrophobia. 
The latter term is usually applied to the 
human disease consequent upon the bite 
of a rabid dog or other animal. Rabies is 
commonly restricted to the animal's dis- 
ease. 

Ra / cemose (racemus, a bunch of grapes). 
Having a shape resembling that of a bunch 
of grapes. Applied especially to certain 
glands. 

Rachily'sis (pa^f, spine, Ivo, to loose). 
A method of treating lateral curvature of 
the spine by mechanical counteraction of 
the abnormal curves. 

Rachitis. See Rickets. 

Rad / esyge. A disease popularly known 
as Scandinavian syphilis, or Norwegian 
leprosy, bearing more or less similarity to 
the yaws, and characterized by malignant 



ulceration. It is regarded by some au- 
thorities as a syphilitic, and by others as a 
leprous disorder. 

Ra'dial (radius, a spoke). Pertaining to 
the radius or bone of the forearm. R. 
Artery. See Artery. R. Aspect, the 
aspect or view from the side on which 
the radius is situated. R. Nerve. See 
A'erve. 

Ra / diating Pains. See Excentric P. 

RadTcal (radix, a root). In medicine, a 
treatment designed to destroy the disease 
instead of modifying it. The opposite of 
palliative. In chemistry, a molecule com- 
posed of two or more elementary sub- 
stances that preserves its integrity either 
as a base or an acid. 

RadTcle (dim. of radix). A rootlet. Also, 
the germ of a root. 

Ra'dio-. A prefix denoting connection 
with the radius. 

RadioTus (dim. of radius, a spoke). In 
surgery, a probe or sound. 

Ra / dius (Lat.). The small bone of the 
forearm, so called from its resemblance to 
the spoke of a wheel. In geometry, the 



RADIX 



375 



RATSBANE 



line drawn from the center of a circle to 
its circumference. 

Ra'dix (Lat.). The root or lower ex- 
tremity of a plant, constituting its organ of 
prehension, and, to a great extent, of 
nutrition. Applied also to root-like organs 
or parts of the body. 

Rage {rabies, madness). Violent passion 
or anger. 

Rag / wort. See Life Root. 

Railway Kidney. An affection of the 
kidney, said to be due to the constant jar 
of railway journeys. 

Railway Spine. A name given to a con- 
sensus of morbid nervous symptoms sup- 
posed to be due to concussion of the spine 
from indirect causes, as after protracted 
riding upon railroads and after railway 
injuries. 

Rak. See Arrak. 

Rale (Fr. raler, to rattle). The rattling 
sound caused by the breaking of air through 
impediments in the lungs and bronchi. 
R., Cavernous, the rale observed in 
auscultation where there is a cavity filled 
with pus. R., Crepitant, the crackling 
sound symptomatic of the first stage of pneu- 
monia. R., Dry, when the obstruction is 
sticky. R., Moist, when the obstruction 
is fluid. R., Mucous, the bubbling 
sound produced by the passage of air 
through bronchial mucus. R., Sibilant, 
the sharp, hissing rale resembling the 
foaming of sea-water. R., Sonorous, a 
stertorous sound like a snore or a low 
hum. R., Subcrepitant or Tracheal, 
the sound made by the passage of air 
through mucus accumulated in the trachea 
or larger bronchi. It is popularly called 
the " rattles," and is considered a premoni- 
tory symptom of death. R., Vesicular, 
fine crepitant sounds, heard especially in 
pneumonia. 

Ra / mi. PI. of Ramus. 

Ramification {ramus, a branch, facio, 
to make). The branching and division of 
an organ or part, as observed in the nerves 
and blood vessels. 

Ramollissement (Fr.). A softening of 
any tissue or part. 

Ra / mus (Lat.). The branch of an organ, 
especially of a vein or an artery. Also the 
lower part of the os innominatum, and the 
inferior maxillary bone. R. Communi- 
cans, the connection between a spinal 
nerve and its sympathetic ganglion. 

Ran'cid {ranceo, to become sour). The 
condition, marked by a sharp taste and 
disagreeable odor, that fats and oils ac- 



quire by oxidation and fermentation of 
certain of their principles. 

RancidTty {ranceo). The state of being 
rancid. 

Range (Fr. ranger, to dispose). Scope, 
extent or compass. R. of Accommo- 
dation. See Accommodation. R. of 
Sensibility. See Fechne^s Lazu. 

Ra / nine {rana, a frog). A branch of the 
sublingual artery. 

Ran'ula {rana). A cystic tumor beneath 
the tongue, or in the floor of the mouth, 
from an accumulation of saliva, etc. 

Ran'vier's Nodes. See Node. 

Rape {rapio, to seize). Forcible sexual 
intercourse with a woman. According to 
the laws of some states the intercourse 
with a young girl is considered as rape 
when not effected through force, but by 
reason of her ignorance. 

Rapha'nia {raphanus, a radish). A ner- 
vous affection attended with spasmodic 
disorder of the joints and the limbs. It 
has been attributed to a poisonous prin- 
ciple in the seeds of the wild radish, 
which are apt, at certain times, to become 
mixed with grain. Allied to ergotism and 
pellagra. 

Raphe 7 {pa^rj, suture). A descriptive 
term applied to such lines and sutures as 
have the appearance of a seam. Used 
especially of the median line of the body. 

Rap'tus {rapio, to seize). Any sudden 
attack or seizure. R. Haemorrhagicus, 
a haemorrhage. R. Nervorum, cramp 
or spasm. 

Rarefaction {rarus, rare, facio, to make). 
The decreasing of the density or tension of 
a gaseous substance. Especially the air. 

RarTty of Atmosphere. See Atmos- 
pheric. 

Rasce'ta. The transverse lines or creases 
of the skin on the inner side of the wrist. 

Rash. Any exanthematous eruption of the 
skin. R., Canker. Same as Scarlatina. 

Raspatory {rado, to scrape). In sur- 
gery a rasp or file for trimming the rough 
surfaces of bones or for removing the peri- 
osteum. 

Rasp / berry. See Rubus idceus. 

Ra / tio (Lat.). The mind or reasoning 
faculties. In chemistry and pharmacy, the 
proportion of ingredients or of atomic com- 
position. 

Ra'tion {ratio). The daily allowance of 
food of a soldier or a sailor. 

Ratsbane. A popular name for various 
rat-poisons containing arsenic. See Rough 
on Rats. 



RATTLES 



376 



RECTO-UTERINE 



Rat'tles. See Rale. 

Rauce / do {mucus, hoarse). Hoarseness 
arising from inflammation of the mucous 
membranes of the larynx and throat. 

Raulin's Liquid. A nutritive liquid com- 
posed entirely of mineral constituents, upon 
which the common mould Aspergillus niger 
grows more perfectly and to a greater size 
than upon any of the natural (organic) sub- 
stances upon which the parasite habitually 
develops. It is composed, in grammes, of 
the following: water, 1500 ; crystallized 
sugar, 70 ; tartaric acid, 4 ; nitrate of am- 
monia, 4 ; phosphate of ammonia, 0.6; car- 
bonate of potassa, 0.6; carbonate of mag- 
nesia, 0.4; sulphate of ammonia, 0.25 ; sul- 
phate of zinc, 0.07 ; sulphate of iron, 0.07 ; 
silicate of potassa, 0.07. The suppression 
or diminution of the quantity of a single one 
of these salts diminishes the harvest, often 
far more than the proportion of the weight 
of the changed salt. 

Ray. A beam, pencil or cone of light. 

Ray-fungus. See Actinomyces. 

Raynaud's Disease. See Sphaceloderma. 

Re-. A Latin prefix signifying back or 
again. 

Reacquired Movements. See Acquired 
Movements. 

Reac/tion {re, ago, to act). The response 
of an organ, tissue, or the system, to a stimu- 
lus, agent, or influence. Also, recuperation 
or return of power after depression. In 
chemistry, the result of introducing a re- 
agent or test. In electro-therapeutics, the 
muscular contraction following the making 
or breaking of the current. R. of De- 
generation. See Reaction of Degenera- 
tion. R. -impulse, the supposed recoil of 
the cardiac ventricles after the discharge 
of the blood into the aorta and pulmonary 
artery. R. Time. See Ti7ne. 

Reaction of Degeneration {"De. J?."). 
Diminution and loss of Faradic excitability 
in both nerves and muscles, the galvanic 
excitability of the muscles remaining unim- 
paired, sometimes notably increased, and 
always undergoing definite qualitative 
modifications. It is due to a degenerative 
atrophy in the nerves and muscles, eventu- 
ally in the muscles only, whose origin is 
always nervous, paralytic or atrophic, and 
whose seat is in the peripheral nerves, 
motor roots or central gray substance. 
Strict cerebral disease is excluded. The 
lesion is either in the peripheral nerve or 
spinal cord. De. R. is of especial value 
in prognosis. When there is only Par- 
tial De. R. {i. e., slight diminution of both 



galvanic and Faradic excitability, " a less 
maximum contraction rather than a later 
minimum''), the disease will probably 
last one or two months ; if complete it 
will last much longer. 

Rea / gent [re, ago). In chemistry, any- 
thing used to produce a reaction, or to 
test for the presence of an element. A 
test. 

Real'gar. An old name for arsenious di- 
sulphide, As 2 S r 

Real Im'age. See Image. 

Reaumur's Thermometer. See Ther- 
mometer. 

Receiver {recipio, to receive). In chem- 
istry and pharmacy, the vessel receiving 
the products of distillation. 

Receptac / ulum ChyTi. See Pequefs 
Reservoir. 

Recidive (Fr.). See Relapse. 

RecTpe {recipio, to take). A Latin word 
contracted to R , used as the caption of a 
physician's prescription and signifying take. 
See Prescription. 

Reclina / tion {reclino). The act of lying 
down. R. of Cataract. See Couching. 

Recoil Wave. See Pulse. 

Recrementi'tious {re,cerno, to separate). 
Pertaining to such natural secretions as 
bile and the gastric juice, that, after excre- 
tion are again absorbed. 

Recrudescence {re, crudesco, to become 
raw). The beginning anew or increase in 
the symptoms of a disease after a short 
intermission. 

Rec / tal. Pertaining to the rectum. 

Rectal'gia {rectum, aAyoq, a pain). Pain 
in the rectum. 

Rectification {rectus, straight, facto, to 
make). In chemistry, the redistillation of 
weak spirit in order to strengthen it. 

Rectified {rectus, facio). To make right 
or straight. To refine. R. Spirit, alco- 
hol 56 per cent, over proof, or containing 
85 per cent, of spirit. 

Recti'tis {rectum, -itis, inflammation). In- 
flammation of the rectum. 

Rec'to-. A Latin word used as a prefix to 
denote connection with or relation to the 
rectum. 

Rec / tocele {rectum, kt]?v, tumorV Pro- 
lapse of the rectum, causing a rectal tumor 
and even protrusion of the rectum. 

Rectot / omy {rectum, re/uvcj, to cut). In- 
cision of the rectum for stricture, etc. 

Recto-uterine {rectum, uterus, the womb). 
Pertaining conjointly to the rectum and the 
womb. R. Cul-de-sac, the pouch of 
Douglas. 



RECTO-VAGINAL 



377 



REFRACTION 



Recto -vag / inal {rectum, vagina). Per- 
taining conjointly to the rectum and the 
vagina. R. Cul-de-sac, the pouch of 
Douglas. R. Fistula, an opening — fre- 
quently traumatic — between the vagina and 
the rectum. 

Recto-ves / ical [rectum, vesica, the blad- 
der). Pertaining conjointly to the rectum 
and the bladder. 

Rec / tum [rectus, straight). The lower 
part of the large intestine, extending from 
the sigmoid flexure to the anus. 

Rec / tus (Lat.). Right. In a straight line. 
R. Muscles. See Muscle. 

Recuperation (i-ecupero, to recover). 
Convalescence. Restoration to health. 

Recurrent (re, curro, to run). In anat- 
omy, the bending back of an artery or 
nerve toward its origin. R. Fever, same 
as relapsing fever. 

Red. The least refrangible color of the 
spectrum. R. Baneberry, the root of 
Acetata Rubra, a very violent purgative. 
Dose of fid. ext. TT\v-x. Unof. R. Bark. 
See Cinchona. R. - Blindness. See 
Blindness. R. Bud. See Judas Tree. 
R. Corpuscles. See Corpuscles. R. 
Gum. See Miliaria, also, Eucalyptus. 
R. Lip-salve. See Theobromce 01. R. 
Osier, the bark of the common Cornus 
Serica. Tonic and astringent. Dose of 
fid. ext. gss-j. Unof. R. Precipitate. 
See Hydrargyrum. R. Rose. See Rosa 
Gallica. R. Root. Jersey Tea. The 
root of Ceanothus americanus. Alterative 
and astringent. A popular remedy for the 
sore throat of scarlatina. Dose of decoc- 
tion, ad. lib. Unof. R. Saunders. See 
Santalum Rubrum. 

Redintegration (re, integro, to make 
whole). The complete restitution or re- 
forming of a part that has been injured or 
destroyed. 

Reduced Eye. See Listing. 

Reduction (reduco, to lead back). In 
surgery, the replacing a. dislocated bone, 
hernia, or other part, in its normal position. 
In chemistry, the operation of extracting a 
metal from its salt or other combination. 

Reduplication (re, duplico, to double). 
The doubling of the paroxysms in certain 
forms of intermittent fever. 

Reef-knot. A sailor's knot used in the 
ligature of arteries. It is not liable to 
slip or loosen. 

Refi'ning ' (Fr. raffiner). In chemistry 
and pharmacy, the separation of a sub- 
stance from the foreign matter with which 
it is mixed. 



Reflection (re,flecto, to bend). In optics, 
the bending or turning back of a ray of 
light from a surface that neither absorbs, 
transmits, nor scatters it. In pathology, 
the bending back of an organ or part from 
its normal direction. 

Re / flex (i-eflectd). A bounding back or 
return of an impulse or body. R., Ab- 
dominal. See Abdominal. R. Arc, or 
Movement, the stimulus of an afferent 
nerve, and the transference or return, by a 
center, of the impulse through an efferent 
nerve, resulting in movement or function 
of a peripheral organ. Reflexes may be 
motor, secretory, tactile or inhibitory. R., 
Cremasteric. See Cremasteric Reflex. 
R., Crossed. See Crossed. R., Cutane- 
ous, that arising from stimulation of the 
skin. R., Deep, the so-called tendon re- 
flex, such as knee-jerk, ankle-clonus, etc. 
R., Epigastric, the upper part of the 
abdominal reflex. R., Gluteal, contrac- 
tion in the gluteus muscle when the skin 
over it is stimulated. R. Jaw-Jerk. See 
Jaw- Jerk. R., Knee. See Knee. R. 
Neurosis. See Neurosis. R. Patellar 
(Tendon). See Knee. R., Pathic. 
Motion following sensory stimulus. R., 
Plantar, a cutaneous reflex from stimulus 
of the sole of the foot. R., Reinforced. 
See Reinforcement. R., Scapular. Re- 
traction of the scapular muscles following 
irritation of the skin of the interscapular 
region. R., Tendon, muscle reflex action; 
myotatic reaction ; the Deep Reflexes. See, 
also, Clonus. 

Re / flux (re, fluo, to flow). Any return of 
a current by reversal along its former 
course. 

Refraction (re, frango, to break). The 
deviation of light from a straight line 
in passing obliquely through transparent 
media of different densities. R. of the 
Eye, the influence of the ocular media 
upon a cone or beam of light, whereby a 
normal or emmetropic eye produces a proper 
image of the object upon the retina. R., 
Errors of, departures from the power of 
producing a normal or well-defined image 
upon the retina, because of ametropia. R., 
Index of, the refractive power of any 
substance as compared with air. R., 
Double, the power possessed, e.g., by 
Iceland spar, of dividing a ray of light and 
thus producing a double image of an object. 
R., Dynamic. The static refraction of 
the eye, plus that of the accommodative 
apparatus. R., Static. That of the eye 
with paralyzed accommodation. 



REFRACTIVE 



37S 



REMEDY 



Refractive [re, frango). Tending to re- 
fract. Capable of being turned from a 
straight line. 

Refractom'eter {refraction, meter). An 
instrument for measuring the refraction 
of the eye. 

Refrac'ture {re, frango). The re-break- 
ing of fractured bones that have joined by 
faulty or improper union. 

Refrangibirity [re, frango). In optics, 
capability of being bent away from a 
straight line : a property shown by a ray 
of light in passing obliquely into a denser 
or a rarer medium. 

Refreshing Action (of the electric cur- 
rent ). The restoration of excitability 
after fatigue by the effect of voltaic alter- 
natives. 

Refrig'erant {re, frigus, cold). A medi- 
cine or agent having cooling properties, or 
lowering bodily temperature. 

Refrigeration {re, frigus). The act of 
lowering the temperature of a body, by 
conducting away its heat to a surrounding 
cooling substance. 

Refrigeratory {re, frigus). A condenser. 
Also, a vessel filled with ice or with cold 
water for preserving a low temperature. 

Regeneration {re, gene ro, to beget). The 
new growth or repair of structures or tis- 
sues lost by disease or by injury. 

Regime. See Regi?nen. 

Reg / imen {rego, to govern). The me- 
thodical and systematized use of food, and 
the sanitary arrangement of surroundings 
essential to the preservation of life, both in 
health and in disease. 

Re'gion {regio, a region). One of the 
artificial and conventional divisions of the 
body, as the abdo??iinal R. See Abdo?JU7i, 
and Pectoral R. R. of Broca. The 
third left frontal convolution of the brain. 

Regional {regio). Pertaining to a region. 
R. Anatomy, the anatomical study of a 
definite and limited region of the body that 
has close anatomical, surgical, or patholo- 
gical inter-relations of parts or functions. 

Re'gius [rex, a king). A descriptive term 
applied to the golden or royal color ob- 
served in certain forms of jaundice. 

Regression {re, gradus, a step). Retro- 
gression. 

Reg'ular [regulo, to adjust). According to 
rule, custom or normal procedure, opposed 
to irregular or exceptional. Synonymous 
colloquially with normal menstruation. R. 
Practitioner, a physician of the school of 
scientific medicine who follows no clique, 
sect, "-pathy" or "-ism." 



Regurgitation {re, gurgito, to engulf). 
An eructation, flowing, or throwing back 
of the contents of a canal or vessel. 

Reid's Method. A manner of reducing 
a luxation of the femur by manipulation. 
Also applied to a method of treating aneur- 
ysm by a compression bandage. 

Rett. See Isla?id of A 

Reimplantation. In dental surgery, the 
replacing of a drawn tooth within its socket. 

Re-infec / tion re, inficio, to put into.) 
Infection a second time with the same 
virus or contagium. 

Reinforce'ment of Reflexes. Increased 
myotatic irritability (or reflex response) 
when muscular actions are synchronously 
carried out or other stimuli are coincidently 
brought to bear upon other parts of the 
body than that concerned in the reflex arc. 
It has been asserted that the synchronous 
act of winking increases the knee-jerk or 
patella tendon reflex. See Reflex. 

Reinocula'tion re, inoculo). Inoculation 
a second time. 

Reinsch's Test (for arsenic). Add a few 
drops of HCL, and a clean slip of copper, 
and boil for a few minutes. When a steel- 
gray deposit of arsenic has been reduced 
on the copper, remove, dry with blotting- 
paper and heat in an open glass tube. 
Note the ring of sublimed arsenious oxide. 

Reissner. See Membrane. 

Rejuvenescence (re, juvenesco). Liter- 
ally the growing young again, a super- 
stition not wholly confined to mediaeval 
times. Metaphorically used of increased 
strength and health. 

Relachement ,Fr. ). Same as Relaxation. 

Relapse 7 [re, lapsus, from, labor, to fall). 
The return or recurrence of a disease dur- 
ing convalescence, or shortly afterward. 

Relaps / ing re, lapsus). In pathology, 
returning to a morbid condition. R. Fever, 
or Famine Fever, a mild form of epidemic 
malignant remitting fever. 

Relation [re, lotus, [from fero\, to 
Interdependence, mutual influence 
or connection, between organs or parts. 

Relax'ant [re, laxo, to loosen). Any 
remedy or agent that diminishes tension. 

Relaxation {re, laxo). A diminution of 
tension in an organ or a part. Also, a 
condition of languor. 

Remak's Ganglion. See Cardiac. 

Reme'dial. Having the nature of a 
remedy. 

Rem'edy. Any agent or substance used 
in the treatment of disease. It may be 
curative, palliative or prever::: - t 



REMISSION 



379 



RESINA 



Remis / sion (re, mitto, to send). The 
period of diminution of any paroxysmal 
disease, especially that of remittent fever. 

Remrt/tent {remitter). In pathology, ap- 
plied to any disease characterized by alter- 
nate periods of increment and cessation. 
R. Fever, a malarial fever characterized 
by periods of remission and exacerbation, 
but without periods of complete apyrexia. 

Re / nal (ren, a kidney). Pertaining to the 
kidneys. R. Apoplexy, ischuria, or sup- 
pression of urine arising in the kidney. 
R. Calculus, any concretion in the 
kidney. R. Glands, the supra-renal cap- 
sules. 

Ren / iform (ren, forma, a form). Having 
a shape like that of a kidney. 

Ren / itent (renitor, to resist). Resisting 
pressure. 

ReiVnet. The prepared inner membrane 
of the fourth stomach of a calf, or an infusion 
of the same. It contains a milk-curdling 
ferment, that decomposes the casein. 

Renovation (renovo, to become new). 
The repair or renewal of that which has 
been impaired. 

Reparative. Reinstating, or restoring to 
the normal. 

Repel 7 (repello). To drive back. To cause 
resorption. 

RepelTent (repello). Pertaining to or 
having the power of acting upon morbid 
processes to determine or repel them. 

Repercussion. See Ballottement. 

Repercu / tient (re, perctisso, to strike). 
Pertaining to a process or function of 
rebound, or reaction. 

Reple / tion (re,pleo, to be full). The con- 
dition of being full. 

Replication (re, plica, a fold). A re- 
folding or turning back of a part so as to 
form a duplication. 

Repose 7 (re, pono, to place). Rest, relaxa- 
tion. To be at rest. 

Reposition (re, pono). Return of an 
abnormally placed part to its proper posi- 
tion. Reduction of hernia, dislocation, etc. 

Repos'itor (re, pono). An instrument for 
putting back a presenting foot or prolapsed 
cord in labor. 

Repoussoir (Fr.). An instrument for ex- 
tracting the roots of teeth. 

Reproduce 7 (re, produco, to bring forth). 
To bring forth offspring. 

Reproduction (re, produco). The beget- 
ting of other individuals similar to the 
parent organism. 

Reproductive (re, produco). Having the 
functions of, or pertaining to, reproduction. 



R. Function, the power and capability 
of begetting. R. Organs, the organs 
employed in the procreation of offspring. 

Reproductive Organs, Development 
of. The Primitive Kidneys or Wolf- 
fian Ducts, or ducts of the Pronephros, 
are the first indication of the urinary and 
generative apparatus in the fertilized ovum. 
They appear at the side of the provertebrae 
from the fifth to the last vertebra. M til- 
ler's Duct, parallel to the Wolffian Duct, 
unites with it to open into the urogenital 
sinus, the other end opening into the ab- 
dominal cavity. The Mullerian ducts 
become the Fallopian tubes, hydatid, 
uterus and vagina, in the female, and in 
the male the lower part becomes the male 
uterus or vesicula prostatica and the hy- 
datid of Morgagni. The Wolffian body 
or mesonephros becomes in the female the 
Parovarium (organ of Rosenmiiller) or 
Paroophoron, and round ligament of the 
uterus ; while in the male there are pro- 
duced from it the vasa efferentia (coni vas- 
culosi), the organ of Giraldes and the 
gubernaculum testis. In the female the 
Wolffian ducts become the chief tube of 
the parovarium and the ducts of Gartner ; 
in the male, they become the convoluted 
tube of the epididymis, vas deferens, and 
vesiculoe seminalis. See, also, Metane- 
phros. 

Reptil'ea (repo, to creep). A class of 
vertebrates including snakes, lizards, etc. 

Resec / tion (reseeo, to cut off). Excision 
of a portion of bone, nerve, or other struc- 
ture. 

Reserve Air. See Air. 

Res / ervoir. See Receptaculum. 

Resid / ual Air. See Air. 

Residue (residuum, a remnant). That 
which remains after a part has been re- 
moved. In pharmacy and chemistry any 
part remaining after filtration. 

Resid / uum (Lat.). The balance, or re- 
mainder. 

Resilience (re, salio, to leap). The act 
of springing or leaping back. Healthy 
reaction. 

Resina, (pew, to run). A class of com- 
pounds made by treating the substances 
from which they are obtained with alcohol 
and precipitation with water. The pre- 
cipitate constitutes the resin of pharmacy. 
There are 4 official resinae. R., Common, 
Colophony, the residue after the distilla- 
tion of the volatile oil from turpentine. 
R., Ceratum, rosin 35, yellow wax 15, 
lard 50 parts. R., Emplastrum, Resin 



RESINOUS 



380 



RETE 



Plaster, Adhesive Plaster, resin 14, lead 
plaster So, yellow wax 6 parts. 

Res'inous. Having the nature of a resin. 

Resistance (resisto, to withstand). In 
electricity, the opposition offered by a con- 
ductor to the passage of the current. It is 
estimated in ohms. See Ohm. 

Resolution [resolvo, to resolve). R. of 
Anaesthesia, when muscular and nervous 
reactions are permanently absent. Com- 
plete anaesthesia. R. of Inflammation, 
the return of the tissues implicated in the 
inflammatory processes to their normal 
condition. 

Resol'vent (reso/vo). That which causes 
solution or dissipation of tissue. A dis- 
cutient. 

Resolving Power. The power of a mi- 
croscopic objective to show small parts. 

Res / onance [re, sono, to sound). The 
peculiar quality given to sounds by their 
reverberation and modification by the re- 
sonance organs, or by the morbid condi- 
tions of the chest in auscultation. R. 
Organs, the supra-laryngeal cavities that 
modify the quality of vocal s*ounds. 

Res / onants. See Consonants. 

Resonators. See Resonance Organs. 

Resor'cine, or 

Resorci'num. A fluid isomeric with 
Hydroquinone. Resembles carbolic acid 
in many of its properties ; odorless, anti- 
septic, and a powerful germicide. Valu- 
able chiefly as an antipyretic, in malarial 
fevers, and locally as a lotion in diphtheria. 
Dose gr. v-xx; as an antipyretic, 3J. 

Resorption [re, sorbo, to absorb). The 
absorption of morbid deposits, as of the 
products of inflammation, exudations, etc. 

Respiration (respiro, to breathe again). 
The inspiration and expiration of air by 
the lungs. R., Abdominal. See R., 
Diaphragi?iatic. R., Artificial. See 
Aj'tificial Respiration. R., Biot's. See 
Riot's Respiration. R., Bronchial, the 
sound of the air in passing through the 
bronchi. R., Cavernous, the sound 
made by the passage of air through pul- 
monary cavities. R., Cheyne-stokes, 
a phenomenon observed in a form of 
dyspnoea in which there is a rhythmical 
increase of the respirations up to a certain 
degree of rapidity, then gradually decreas- 
ing again to temporary cessation. R., 
Cog-wheel, w r hen air reaches obstructed 
parts of the lungs at irregular intervals. 
R., Costal, that produced by the costal 
muscles. R., Diaphragmatic, that pro 
duced by the action of the diaphragm. 



R., Puerile, increased respiratory mur- 
mur in an adult similar to that normally 
existing in the child. 

Respirator [respiro). An instrument 
through which one breathes to modify the 
coldness of the air or to exclude its im- 
purities. 

Respiratory [respiro). Pertaining to 
respiration. Also, to the murmur heard 
in a healthy person during auscultation. 
R. Pulse, modifications in the pulse pro- 
duced by respiration. 

Responsibility [respondeo, to answer). 
In medical jurisprudence, the account- 
ability of a person for an act committed. 
It usually turns upon the question as to 
whether or not the person was of sound 
mind and capable of controlling his actions 
and thoughts. 

Res / tiform Bodies. A descriptive term 
applied to certain cord-like bodies or pro- 
cesses of the medulla oblongata. 

Restitution. See Rotation. 

Resuscitation [resuscito, to raise up 
again). The bringing to life, or restora- 
tion of one apparently dead from asphyxi- 
ation or suffocation. 

Retardation [reta?-do, to delay). Any 
hindering or delaying of a function. In 
obstetrics, the delay in expelling the foetus. 

Retch (A. S. hrcecan, to cough). To strain 
at vomiting. To suffer the spasmodic mus- 
cular contractions by which the stomach is 
emptied in vomiting, without discharging 
any matter. 

Re'te (Lat. a net). Any network or decus- 
sation and interlacing, especially of capil- 
lary blood vessels. R. Acromiale, the 
network of vessels on the surface of the 
acromion. R. Bipolar, applied to blood 
vessels that unite into larger stems and 
again divide and end in capillaries. R. 
Carpi, Anterius and Posterius, the net- 
work of fine vessels, one at the front and 
the other at the back of the wrist. R. 
Malleolare, Internum and Externum, 
the network surrounding the inner and the 
outer ankle. R. Malpighii, the layers 
of epithelial cells above the corium. R. 
Mirabile, when an artery splits into 
branches and reunites in a trunk without 
forming capillaries. R. Mucosum, the 
three lower layers of living cells of the 
epidermis. R. Olecrani, the network of 
vessels around the olecranon and at the 
back of the elbow, formed by the divisions 
of the profunda and other arteries. R. 
Patellare, that surrounding the patella. 
R. Testis, the network of seminal tubules 



RETENTION 



381 



REVERSION 



in the corpus Highmori of the testicle. R. 
Unipolar, the capillary divisions of blood 
vessels which do not again reunite. 

Retention (re, teneo, to hold). The hold- 
ing back or stoppage of any of the natural 
discharges of the body, as the feces, the 
urine, the menses, etc. R.-Cyst, a cyst 
formed by a secretion, the natural outlet 
being closed. 

Retic / ulated (dim. of rete, a net). Hav- 
ing meshes like a net. 

Reticulum (Lat.). A network. 

Ret / iform Tissue. See Animal Tissue. 

RetTna (rete). The chief and essential 
peripheral organ of vision, the third or 
internal coat or membrane of the eye, 
made up of the end-organs or expansion 
of the optic nerve within the globe. It is 
composed of ten layers from without in 
ward, as follows : I . Pigment-cells. 2 
Rods and cones. 3. External limiting 
4. External granular. 5. Outer molecular 
6. Internal granular. 7. Internal molecu 
lar. 8. Ganglionic. 9. Nerve-fibre. 10 
Internal limiting. R., Detachment of 
disconnection from the choroid. R. : 
Epilepsy of, a symptom of migraine or 
in epilepsy, characterized by transient loss 
of sight. R., Pulsation of. See Pul- 
sation. R., Central Artery of, a branch 
of the ophthalmic, pierces the optic nerve 
in the orbit, branching within the globe, 
and supplying the retina. 

Retinac'ula of Weitbricht. Bands of 
ligamentous tissue situated on the neck of 
the trochanter of the femur. 

Retinac/ulum (retineo, to hold back). A 
term applied to such bands or membranes 
as hold back an organ or part, as the R. 
of the ileo-caecal valve. 

Retinal. Pertaining to the retina. R. 
Apoplexy. Haemorrhage of the retina. 
R. Purple. See Rhodopsin. 

Retinitis (retina, trig, inflammation). In- 
flammation of the retina, classed according 
to its etiology into albuminuric, diabetic, 
leucaemic, pigmentary (P. pigmentosa), 
syphilitic, etc., most of which are charac- 
terized by distinctive ophthalmoscopic ap- 
pearances. 

Retinos'copy {retina, okotteu, to observe). 
A method of estimating the refraction of 
the eye by observation of the movements 
of the retinal images and shadows through 
the ophthalmoscopic mirror. 

Retort 7 . A vessel employed in distillation, 
containing the liquid to be distilled. 

Retrac'tile (re, traho, to draw). That 
which may be drawn back. 



Retraction (re, traho). The shortening 
of a fractured limb from the broken ends 
slipping past one another. 

Retrac'tor (re, traho). An instrument 
for withdrawing the lips or edges of a 
wound, or for pulling the soft parts away 
from the place of incision in amputations. 

Retra / hens (re, traho). Drawing back. 
R. Muscle. See Muscle -Table. 

Retro- (retro, back). A Latin prefix mean- 
ing backwaid or behind. 

Retroaction. Reverse action. 

Retroce / dent (retro, cedo, to fall). Per- 
taining to a retrograde condition or action 
of disease. 

Retroclu / sion (retro, back, claudo, to 
shut). A form of acupressure, in which 
the pin is passed first above the artery, 
twisted a half circle and then driven be- 
low the artery into the tissues upon the side 
first entered. 

RetrocoPlic (retro, collis, the nape of the 
neck). Pertaining to the muscles at the 
back of the neck. R. Spasm, that form 
of wry-neck involving the retrocollic mus- 
cles. Spasmodic torticollis. 

Re / troflex (retro, Jlecto, to turn). Turning 
back abruptly, 

Retroflexion (retro, Jlecto). Any abrupt 
displacement, bending or changing of nor- 
mal direction. R. of Uterus. See Uterus. 

Retrograde (retro, gradus, a step). Re- 
ceding, or going backward. 

Retrooc / ular (retro, oculus, the eye). Sit- 
uated behind the eyeball. 

Retropharyngeal (retro, (frapvyf;, the 
pharynx). Behind the pharynx. Pertain- 
ing to parts situated behind the pharynx. 

RetropuPsion (retro, pello, to drive). A 
driving or turning back. 

Retro-uterine (retro, uterus). Behind 
the uterus. R. Hsematocele, a blood 
tumor behind the uterus in the pouch of 
Douglas. 

Retrovaccina / tion (retro, vaccination). 
Vaccination with virus from the cow that 
had been inoculated with virus from a 
human subject. 

Retroversion (retro, verto, to turn). A 
turning back; applied especially to such 
organs as the bladder, the womb, etc. R. 
of Uterus. See Uterus. 

Reu / nion (re, unio, to become one). The 
joining of parts whose continuity has been 
destroyed. R. of Wound. See Healing. 

Reuss's Test. See Ptomaines. 

Reversion (reverto). A return in mor- 
phology to the original type during or 
after artificial selection. 



/ 



REVULSANT 



382 



RHEUM 



Revul'sant [revello, to push away). A 
medicine or agent that, by irritation, draws 
the blood from a distant part of the body. 

Revulsive [revello). Pertaining to thera 
peutic agencies designed to withdraw the 
blood from or counteract the tendencies 
toward a morbid focus or process. 

Rhabdomyoma [pa t 36og, a rod, myoma). 
A rare form of myoma characterized by 
striated muscular fiber. 

RhachiaPgia (paxtg, the spinal cord, 
aAyoc, a pain). Any pain in the spine. 

Rhach'io- (pa^c). A Greek word used 
as a prefix to denote connection with or 
relation to the spine. 

Rhachiocamp / sis [paxtg, icafnpig, a bend- 
ing). Curvature of the spine. 

Rhachiochy / sis (paxtg, nvcng, a gather- 
ing). An accumulation of water or watery 
substance within the spinal canal. 

Rhachiocypho / sis (paxtg, nvcpuag, a bend- 
ing). Gibbosity or hunch of the back. 

Rhachiodyn'ia (paxtg, odvvrj, pain). Pain 
in the spinal cord. 

Rhachiomyeli / tis (paxtg, myelitis). In- 
flammation of the spinal cord. Myelitis. 

Rachiople / gia (paxtg, ^V7V, stroke). Spi- 
nal paralysis. 

Rhachioscolio / ma (paxtg, vnol.iu/ua, a 
curve). Lateral distortion and curvature 
of the spine. 

Rhachioscolio'sis (paxtg, GKo?uuaig). The 
condition and progress of curvature of the 
spine. 

Rhachiot/omy (paxtg, repivu, to cut). An 
incision into or dissection of the spine. 

Rhacb/is (paxtg). The spinal column. 

Rhachis'chisis (paxtg, GX l Z a > to cleave). 
A cleft in the vertebral column. 

RhachPtis. See Rickets. 

Rhaco'ma (panog). Excoriation, rent or 
chapping. Also, a pendulous, relaxed 
condition of the scrotum. 

Rhaco / sis (panog). The condition of one 
afiected with rhacoma. 

Rha / cous (panog). Wrinkled. Lacerated. 

Rhag / ades, or 

Rhaga / dia ('payag, a rent). Ruptures, ex- 
coriations, or long and narrow ulcers which 
form near the junction of the mucous mem- 
brane and the skin, especially about the 
anus. They are frequently of syphilitic 
origin. 

Rham / nus Purshia / nus. See Cascara 
Sagrada. 

Rhaphe. See Raphe*. 

Rhat'tany. See Krameria. 

Rheg'ma (prjyua). A rent, rupture or 
puncture of the walls of a vessel or con- 



taining membrane ; as, the coats of the eye, 
the walls of the peritoneum. Also, the 
bursting of an abscess. 

Rheg'matous (prjy/ua). In a rent or rup- 
tured condition. 

Rhe / ocord. See Rheostat. 

Rheom / eter (peog, current, fxerpov, a meas- 
ure). A device for ascertaining the elec- 
tromotive force or voltage of a given cur- 
rent. A galvanometer. Also, an instrument 
for measuring the amount of fluid [e.g. 
blood) passing through a canal or vessel. 

Rhe / ophore, or 

Re'opore (pew, to flow, (pepo, to carry). 
Any conducting substance leading from 
the poles of a galvanic battery, coil or 
dynamo. Practically the terminals or 
electrodes which the patient receiving the 
current grasps in his hands, or that are 
applied to his body. 

Rhe'oscope (peog, okottso), to examine). 
An instrument for proving the existence 
of an electric current. R., Physiologi- 
cal, or Rheoscopic Limb, a moist con- 
ductor placed upon a sensitive nerve- 
muscle preparation. 

Rhe / ostat (peog, tarrjfiL, to stand). An 
instrument for the measurement or com- 
parison of resistance of an electric current. 
When a battery current of absolute uni- 
formity of electromotive force is required, 
a rheostat is usually introduced within the 
circuit in order to effect such uniformity. 

Rhe / otome (peog,reuvu, to cut). An instru- 
ment for breaking and making the Faradic 
current. 

Rhe'um (Lat. [gen. R/iei']). Rhubarb. 
The root of R. officinalis, the Chinese 
variety being commonly used. Contains 
several active extractives. A popular 
tonic-astringent. In large doses purga- 
tive. R. Ext. Dose gr. x-xv. R. 
Ext. Fid. Dose gss-ij. R. Pil., each 
containing rhubarb gr. iij, soap gr. j. Dose 
i— iij. R. Pil. Comp., each contains rhu- 
barb gr. ij, aloes gr. jss, myrrh gr. j, oil of 
peppermint gr. J^. Dose ij— iv. R. Pulv. 
Comp., rhubarb 25, magnesia 65. Dose 
I teaspoonful. R. et Sodae, Mist., fid. 
ext. rhubarb, sodium dicarb., spt. pepper- 
mint aa 30, water ad 1 000 parts. Dose 
Z 'J - ^ y- **■• Syr., rhubarb 90, cinnamon 
18, potassium carb. 6, sugar 600, water ad 
1000 parts. Dose ^j-^ss. R. Syr. 
Aromat., arom. tinct. 10, syr., simp. 90. 
Dose 3J-^ ss. R. Tinct., rhubarb 12, 
cardamon 2, dil. alcohol ad 100 parts. 
Dose 3J-Jss. R. Tinct. Aromat., 
rhubarb 20, cinnamon 4, cloves 4, nutmeg 



RHEUMARTHROSIS 



383 



RHUBARB 



2, dil. alcohol ad ioo parts. Dose ^j-iij. 
R. Tinct. Dulcis, rhubarb 8, liquorice 4, 
anise 4, cardamon I, dil. alcohol ad ioo 
parts. Dose ^ ss-ij. R. Vinum, rhu- 
barb 10, calamus I, stronger white wine 
ad 100 parts. Dose 3 j - ^ ss. 

Rheumarthro / sis (pev/ua,apOpov, a joint). 
Rheumatism of the joints. 

RheumataPgia (pevfia, akyog, a pain). 
Rheumatic pain. 

Rheumatism (pev/ua). A disease char- 
acterized by severe, fitful and shifting, 
lancinating pains in the joints, in the parts 
surrounding the joints, and in the mus- 
cles. It may be acute or chronic. It 
is usually ushered in by febrile symp- 
toms. The etiology and pathology are in 
doubt. The difference between R. and 
gout is not clearly defined. The blood 
contains an excess of fibrin, and is said to 
contain an excess of lactic acid. To this 
latter cause, also to cold and to microorgan- 
isms, is ascribed the origin of the affection. 
R., Articular, characterized by inflamma- 
tion of the joints, and a tendency to peri- 
cardial inflammation. R., Gonorrheal, 
is associated with gleet, and attacks the 
wrist or ankle by preference. R., Muscu- 
lar, especially affects muscles; is not com- 
plicated with cardiac disease. 

Rheumatoid (pevfia, eidog, resemblance). 
Resembling rheumatism. R. Arthritis. 
See Arthritis Deformans. 

Rheumatopy / ra (pev/ia, irvp, fire). Rheu- 
matic fever. 

Rhinacan / thus. The leaves and root of 
R. communis. Properties due to rhino- 
canthin, a substance resembling hydro- 
quinone. A local remedy for parasitic skin 
diseases. Unof. 

RhinaPgia [peg [gen. 'ptvog~\, the nose, 
a2,yog, a pain). Pain in the nose. 

Rhinencephal / ic (pig, evuecpaTiov, the en- 
cephalon). Pertaining to or of the nature 
of a rhinencephalus 

Rhinencepb/alus. bee Rhinocephalus. 

Rhineuryn / ter (pig, evpvvu, to widen). 
An instrument consisting of a bag or sac, 
to be inflated after insertion into the nostril. 

Rhinitis (pig, trig, inflammation). In- 
flammation of the nasal mucous membrane. 

Rhi / no- (pig). A prefix denoting relation 
to or connection with the nose. 

Rhino'byon (pig, (3vo, to stop). A nasal 
plug or tampon. 

Rhinocephalus (pig, Ke^akrj, head). A 
cyclocephalic monster, the nose resembling 
a tube or trunk, the eyes fused in the 
median line and below the nose. 



Rhinodyn'ia (pig, odvvrj, a pain). Any 
pain in the nose. 

Rhi / nolith (pig, Xidog f stone). A nasal 
calculus. 

Rhinolithi / asis (pig, Xidog). The con- 
dition and progress of calculus of the nasal 
fossae. 

Rhinol / ogist (pig, loyog, science). A 
specialist in the treatment of nasal diseases. 

RhinoPogy (pig, 2oyog). The science of 
diseases of the nose. 

Rhinonecro / sis (pig, necrosis). Necrotic 
disease of the nasal bones. 

Rhinopho / nia (pig, <puv7], sound). A nasal 
tone in speaking. 

Rhinophy / ma (pig, (pvjia, a tumor). A 
tumor of the nose. 

Rhinoplasty (pig, TcXaaco), to mould). 
Plastic operation upon the nose, to replace 
lost tissue. 

RhinopoPypus (pig, polypus). Polypus 
of the nose. 

Rhinorrha / gia. See Epistaxis. 

Rhmorrhce'a (pig, peu, to flow). A mu- 
cous discharge from the nostrils. 

Rhinosclero / ma (pig, anlripog, hard). A 
rare disease of the skin and mucous mem- 
brane of the anterior nares, characterized 
by granulations of neoplastic matter, of 
almost stony hardness. Occurs in Brazil, 
Bahama Islands and Italy. 

RhPnoscope (pig, gkotteu, to observe). 
An instrument for examination of the cavi- 
ties of the nose. 

Rhinoscopy (pig,GK07rec)). Examination of 
the nasal fossae by means of the rhinoscope. 

Rhinostegno'sis. Nasal obstruction. 

RhPzo- (piC,a, a root). A prefix denoting 
connection with or relation to a root. 

Rhizog / raphy (pi r a, ypa<pu, to write). A 
descriptive treatise on the roots of plants. 

RhizoPogy (piC,a, loyog, a treatise). A 
treatise on the botanical science of roots. 

RhPzome (Lat.). A creeping root-stalk. 
Also, the horizontal part of a root in dis- 
tinction from the tap-root. 

Rho / dophane. See Chromophane. 

Rhodop / sin (podov, rose, uip, eye). Visual 
purple, a retinal color preserved by dark- 
ness but bleached by daylight, found in 
the outer segment of the rods. 

Rhom / boid (po/uflog, eidog, resemblance). 
Having a shape similar to that of a rhomb. 
A quadrilateral with opposite sides equal 
and parallel, and oblique angles. 

RhomboPdeus. See Muscle. 

Rhon / cus (poyxog). A rattling or wheezy 
sound in the throat. See, also, Rale. 

Rhipbarb. See Rheum, 



RHUS 



384 



ROBERTS' DIFFERENTIAL 



Rhus. In botany, a genus of the order 
Anacardacetz, of which the sumachs are 
the best known. R. Aromatica, Sweet 
Sumach, the bark of the root. An astrin- 
gent acting upon the urethral canal. Ad- 
vantageous in cystitis, incontinence of 
urine and diabetes. Dose of the fid. ext. 
TTLxv-xx. Unof. R. Glabra, Smooth 
Sumach, the fruit of R. glabra. Proper- 
ties due to tannic acid and potassium 
and calcium malates. Diluted juice is a 
pleasant, astringent drink, in catarrhal 
affections of the stomach and bowels. Dose 
of the fid. ext. 3J-ij. R. Toxicoden- 
dron, Poison Oak, the fresh leaves of the 
poison oak, R. toxicodendron, and the 
poison ivy, R. radicans. Locally applied, 
"causes swelling and vesicular eruption of 
the skin and mucous membrane. Recom- 
mended in rheumatic affections of the skin, 
and locally in erysipelas and eczema. A 
favorite remedy with homoeopathic prac- 
titioners. An unof. tinct. contains fresh 
leaves I, alcohol 2 parts. Dose TT\^ T ^ — ij. 
Rhythm {pvdfioq). Action or function 
recurring at regular intervals or according 
to some systematic plan or type, as the R. 
of the heart, of respiration, etc. 
Rhytb/mical (pvO/uog). Pertaining to or 
having the quality of rhythm. 
Ri'bes. See Ganglion. 
Ribs. The elastic arches of bone enclosing 
the chest or thorax. Normally, there are 
twelve on each side. The seven superior, 
or true ribs, are attached to both the 
spine and the sternum. The remaining 
five are called false ribs. Three are at- 
tached posteriorly to the spine, and ante- 
riorly, by costal cartilages, to the sternum. 
The two lower are free at their anterior 
extremities, and are called floating ribs. 
Rice. See Oryza. R. Water Evacua- 
tions. See Oryza. 
Ricin'ic (ricinus). Pertaining to or hav- 
ing the properties of castor beans or castor 
oil. Also applied to an acid derived from 
castor oil. 
Rici'ni 01e / um. Castor Oil. A fixed oil 
expressed from the seeds of R. communis, 
consisting chiefly of ricinoleic acid in com- 
bination with glyceryl. A mild purgative 
where laxative action alone is desired. 
Dose 5J-5J. 
Rickets (paxiC, spine, trig). The com- 
mon name for Rhachitis, or inflammation 
of the spine. Applied to a constitutional 
disease of childhood, characterized by in- 
creased cell-growth of the bones with de- 
ficiency of earthy matter, resulting in de- 



formities, with abnormal changes in the 
spleen and liver. 
Ric'tus. See Risus Sardonicus. 
Rider's Bone. An osseous formation in 
the adductor muscles of the leg, from 
long-continued pressure of the leg against 
the saddle. 

Riding of Bones. In surgery, the dis- 
placement of the fractured ends of bones 
which are forced past each other by mus- 
cular contraction, instead of remaining end 
to end. 

Ri / gor {rigor, cold). • Coldness, stiffness, 
or rigidity. R. Mortis, the muscular 
rigidity that occurs a short time after 
death. 

Rigid / ity (rigidus, stiff). . Stiffness. In- 
flexibility. Immobility. 

Ri'ma (Lat.). A fissure. R. Glottidis 
or Laryngis. See Glottis. 

Ri'mous [rima). Having cracks, clefts 
or fissures. 

Rim / ule (dim. of rima, a cleft). Any 
minute cleft, crack or fissure. 

Ring (A. S., hring). A circular opening 
or aperture, as R., Abdominal. See 
Abdomen. R., Femoral, the opening 
bounded by Poupart's Ligament, the pubes, 
and Gimbernat's Ligament. 

Ring-finger. The fourth digit or third 
finger. 

Ring Scoto / ma. See Scotoma. 

Ring / worm. See Tinea Trycophytina. 

Rinne's Test. A method of testing the 
hearing so as to differentiate whether the 
sound- conducting or perceiving apparatus 
is at fault. 

RhVolite. See Rhinolith. 

Riolan's Muscle. Certain fibers of the 
orbicularis muscle of the eyelid. 

Riso / rius (rideo, to laugh). The upper 
portion of the platysma myoides. It con- 
trols certain motions of the lips in laugh- 
ing. 

Ri'sus Sardonicus. A sardonic or con- 
vulsive grin in certain spasmodic or tetanic 
conditions. 

Ritter-Valli Law. A nerve separated 
from its center first increases in excitability, 
the increase beginning at the central end, 
and traveling toward the periphery; the 
excitability then falls and disappears. 

Rivin'ian Ducts. The excretory ducts 
of the sublingual glands. 

Roast / ing. The application of heat to a 
degree less than that of carbonization, as 
the roasting of coffee. 

Roberts' Differential Density Method. 
(A fermentation test for sugar.) Take the 



ROBERTSON'S PUPIL 



385 



ROUND 



specific gravity of the suspected liquid, 
e. g., urine, and record; mix 4 fid. ounces 
of urine with half a cake of Fleischmann's 
yeast ; preserve, warm, for 24 hours, take 
specific gravity and subtract from that 
taken before. Each degree of the remain- 
der represents one grain of sugar to the 
fluid ounce. Multiply by 0.219 to get the 
percentage. 

Robertson's Pupil. See Ptipil. 

Roberts' Reagent. To obviate the ob- 
jections to nitric acid in Heller's Test : To 
5 vols, filtered saturated solution mag- 
nesic sulphate add I vol. strong nitric acid. 
Proceed with test as in Heller's Test. 

Robin's Rye. See Hair-cap Moss. 

Rob / orant (ro&orus, an oak). Tonic. 
Strengthening. 

Ro / bust (robus, an oak tree). Strong. 
Vigorous. 

Rochelle Salt. See Potassium. 

Rock Rose. See Helianthemum. 

Rodent Ulcer (rodo, to gnaw). Jacob's 
Ulcer ; Cancroid Ulcer ; Ulcus Excedens ; 
Noli Me Tangere. A cancerous ulcera- 
tion of the skin, generally held to be a 
form of epithelioma, occurring usually in 
the eyelid or the side of the nose. Fre- 
quently persisting for years before de- 
veloping malignancy. 

Rods of Corti. See Corfu 

Rolando. See Fissure. 

RolFer. A long strip of cloth varying 
from one to six inches or more in width, 
made, for convenience, into a cylindrical 
roll. 

Romberg's Symptom. The increased 
incoordination of movement in tabes 
caused by closing the eyes. 

Root. The place of origin of a nerve. 
Also the base of an organ. See also, 
Radix. 

Ro / sa (Lat.). A genus of the family 
rosacea. R. Aqua, pale rose 40, water 
200 parts, mixed and distilled. R. Aq. 
Ung., cold cream; oil of almond 50, sperm- 
aceti, white wax aa 10, rose water 30 parts. 
A useful emollient. R. Centifolia, Pale 
Rose ; Cabbage Rose. The petals of sev- 
eral varieties of the pink rose. Contains 
an odoriferous volatile oil. R. Confectio, 
red rose 8, sugar 64, honey 12, rose water 
16 parts. A basis for pills. R. Damas- 
cena. See Attar of Rose. R. Fid. 
Ext. Dose TT\v-!5ij. R. Gallica, red 
rose. The petals of the unexpanded rose. 
Properties due to a small amount of tannic 
and gallic acids. Astringent and odorif- 
erous. Sometimes used as a gargle. R. 
25 



Mel., honey of rose, red rose 8, honey 92, 
alcohol ad 100 parts. R. Syr., fid. ext. 
rose 10, syrup 90 parts. 

Rosa / cea. See Acne Rosacea. 

Rosan'iline. See Fuchsin. 

Rose Catarrh. See Hay Fever. 

Ro'sein. See Fuchsin. 

Rosemary. See Rosmarinus. 

Rosenmiiller, Body of. See Parova- 
rium. 

Roseo / la. See Erythema. 

Rose Rash. See Erythema. 

Rose Sickness. See Pelade. 

Rosette. See Karyokynesis. 

Ros / in. See Resina. R. Weed, Compass 
Plant. The plant Silphium laciniatum 
secretes an oleo-resin commonly used as a 
chewing-gum. Tonic, alterative and emetic. 
Dose of fid. ext. gss-j. Unof. 

Rosmarinus. Rosemary. The leaves 
of R. officinalis. Properties due to a vola- 
tile oil and resinous principle. Somewhat 
useful as an external stimulant in liniments 
and lotions. R. Oleum, the volatile oil. 
Dose tt\j-v. 

Ros / trum (Lat., the beak [of a bird]). 
A projection or ridge, as the rostrum of the 
sphenoid, or of the corpus callosum. 

Rot (A. S., rotian). To suffer putrefactive 
fermentation. Also, a disease prevalent 
among sheep and neat cattle, caused by 
the presence of a cysticercus. 

Rotation-stage of Labor. One of the 
stages of labor consisting in a rotatory 
movement of the foetal head or presenting 
part, whereby it is accommodated to the 
birth canal. It may be internal, before 
the birth of the presenting part, or external, 
afterward. 

Rota 7 tor (roto, to turn). Any mechanical 
device that produces rotation. Also, ap- 
plied to several muscles that turn the parts 
to which they are attached. 

R6 / theln. See Rubeola. 

Rottle / ra. See Kamala. 

Rouge (Fr.). A dye, Cartha?nus tine- 
torius, used as a cosmetic. Also, any cos- 
metic for producing a flush of the skin. 
Also, the form of ferric oxide, known as 
crocus martis and colcothar, used for polish- 
ing glass. 

Round. In anatomy, applied to various 
parts having a nearly circular section. R. 
Foramen, a foramen of the sphenoid bone 
transmitting the second or maxillary branch 
of the fifth pair of nerves. R. Ligament 
of Uterus, a name given to two cords 
originating in the superior lateral parts of 
the uterus and terminating in the areolar 



RUBBING 



386 



RYE 



tissue of the groins and labia. R. Worm. 
Ascaris lumbricoides. 

Rub / bing. See Massage. 

Rube'do [rubus, red). Any diffused red- 
ness of the skin. Blushing. 

Rubefacient (rubus, facio, to make). A 
medicine or agent which by irritation of 
the ends of the nerve-filaments of the skin 
distends the capillaries and reddens the skin. 

Rubeola (rubus). An infectious fever of 
children, closely'resembling, but distinct 
from, mild measles, with an incubation 
period of 1 6 to 1 8 days; sometimes pre- 
ceded by a slight premonitory stage, char- 
acterized by a papular, irregular, rose-red 
rash over the face and body, with slight or 
no rise of temperature. 

Rube'ola (rubeo, to blush). An exan- 
thematous, contagious disease, popularly 
known as Rotheln, or German measles. 
In its first stage it resembles measles ; in 
the latter, scarlatina ; followed by desqua- 
mation of the skin. 

Rubid / ium. Rb = 85.3 ; quantivalence I. 
One of the rare alkaline metals, resembling 
potassium in physical and chemical proper- 
ties. R. Chloride, unof., lowers pulse rate 
and raises arterial tension. Dose gr. ij-v. 

Rubi'go. See Rust. 

Ru'bor (Lat.). Redness. 

Ru / bus. Blackberry. The bark of sev- 
eral species of Rubus. Contains about 10 
per cent, of tannic acid, to which its prop- 
erties are mainly due. Useful in the sum- 
mer complaints of children. Dose gr. 
xv-xxx. R. Ext. Fid. Dose n\j-x. 
R. Idaeus, Raspberry, the fruit of several 
species of rubus. Contains various fruit 
acids, flavors, etc. Used as a flavor to 
syrups. R. Id., Syr., contains the clari- 
fied juice of the fruit with sugar q. s. R. 
Syr., fid. ext. rubus 20, syrup 80 parts. 
Dose gj-^fj. R. Syr. aromat., unof., 
contains the root bark with cloves, cin- 
namon, nutmeg, etc. Each fluid ^ con- 
tains gr. xxx of the drug. 

Ruc / tus (epvyfiog, a belching). A belch- 
ing of wind from the stomach. 

Rudimentary (rudis, rough). In an un- 
developed or unfinished state. R. Organ, 
one whose development was arrested before 
reaching a state of normal growth. 

Rue. See Ruta. 

Ru'ga (Lat., a wrinkle). A wrinkle, as 
e. g., in the mucous membrane of the 
stomach, vagina, etc. 

Rugi'tus. See Bombus. 

Rugos / ity (Lat.). A condition of being 
in folds, or wrinkles. Roughness. 



Rum. See Spirit. 

Ru / mex. Yellow Dock. The root of R. 

crispus and other species of R. Proper- 
ties due to tannin, calcium oxalate and 
chrysophanic acid. Astringent and tonic. 
Useful in combination with the iodides. 
Dose gr. xv— ^j. R. Decoct., contains 
^ j of the dried root to Oj of water. Dose 
3J-ij. R. Fid. Ext. Dose rr^v-^j. 

Ru / minant (rumino, to chew the cud). 
A class of the order of ungulates, embrac- 
ing the cud-chewing animals. 

Rumination {rumino). The return of 
ingesta — the cud — to the mouth from the 
paunch, and its remastication. 

Rump. The end of the backbone. The 
buttocks. 

Run. In pathology, to discharge pus or 
purulent matter from a diseased part. 

Run-around. See Paronychia. 

Ru'pia (pi»-oc). A form of syphilitic 
eruption beginning as bullae, forming crusts 
that finally fall off, leaving serpiginous pro- 
gressive ulcers. 

Rup'ture (rumpo, to break). Breakage 
or laceration of the walls or continuity of 
an organ, especially of a viscus. Also, 
the popular name for Hernia. 

Russel and West's Method. See Urea. 

Rust. The oxides, hydrates and carbon- 
ates collecting on the surfaces of metals 
exposed to moist air. Also, applied to 
several species of Uredo developing on 
the blades of cereals, and on the leaves 
of various other plants. The best known 
of these, Puccinia graminis, is an alter- 
nating form of QLcidhi?n berberis and 
Uredo linearis, all of which are identical. 

Ru / ta. Rue. The leaves of R. graveolens, 
w T hich furnish oil of rue by distillation. 
R. Oleum, is irritant, rubefacient and 
vesicatory. Internally, an efficient emmen- 
agogue. Dose rr^v-x in mucilage. 

Rutherford's Solution. A decalcifying 
and hardening solution for tissue-speci- 
mens : chromic acid I grm., water 200 c.c. 
Then add 2 c.c. nitric acid. 

Rutido'sus (pvng, a wrinkle). A con- 
traction or puckering of the cornea that 
precedes death. 

Rut / ting. The stage of sexual excitement 
in female animals coincident with the rup- 
ture of ovisacs. 

Ruyschia'na. See Afembrane. 

Rye. The popular name of the grain 
Secale cereale, one of the graminacecz. 
R., Ergot of. See Ergot. R., Spurred. 
Same as Ergot. 



387 



SACER 



S. The chemical symbol of Sulphur. 

Sabba / tia. The herb S. Campestris, said 
to be of value in the sick headache of in- 
digestion. Dose of the fid. ext. ^xv-ITLij. 
Unof. 

Sabi'na. Savine. The tops of Janiperus 
S. Properties are mainly due to a vola- 
tile oil. Resembles turpentine, but more 
irritant. In large doses produces violent 
purging and vomiting. An excellent 
emmenagogue. Externally, useful to pro- 
long the discharge from blisters, and to 
stimulate ulcers. S. Ceratum, fid. ext. 
savine 25, resin cerate 90 parts. S., Fid. 
Ext. Dose tt\v-xv. S. Ol., the volatile 
oil. Dose tr\j-v. 

Sab'ulous (sabulum, sand). Gritty, 
sandy. Pertaining to the sandy deposit 
sometimes found in urine. Also, to the 
gritty matter called brain-sand found in 
the pineal gland. 

Sac (saccus, a bag). The bag-like bulging 
or covering of a natural cavity, hernia, 
cyst or tumor. 

Sac'cate (saccus, a sac or pouch). Con- 
tained in a membranous envelope. En- 
cysted. 

Sac / charate (sacckarum, sugar). Having 
or containing sugar. 

Saccharephidro / sis (sacckarum, ephidro- 
sis). A form of hyperidrosis characterized 
by the excretion of sugar with the sweat. 

SacchariFerous {sacckarum, fero, to 
carry). Containing sugar. 

Saccharifica / tion (sacckarum, facto, to 
make). Sugar-forming. The conversion 
of starch into sugar. 

Sac / charin {sacckarum). A benzol-sul- 
phonicimide derived from coal tar. It is 
characterized by intense sweetness, some 
300 times that of cane sugar. It is used 
by diabetic patients. 

Saccharine (sacckarum). Containing or 
having the nature of sugar. 

Saccharom / eter (sacckarum, fierpov, a 
measure). An instrument for determining 
the amount of crystallizable sugar in sac- 
charine solutions. S., Fermentation, 
an instrument for collecting and measur- 
ing the percentage of carbon dioxide gas 
evolved in the fermentation of diabetic 
urine: 

Saccharomy / ces (sacckarum, [ivuriQ, fun- 
gus). Unicellular organisms, of which the 
fungus of the yeast plant and of wine are 



common examples. S. Albicans, the 

same (Rees) as the Oidium albicans of 
Robin; the fungus of thrush. S. Apicu- 
lata, a fungus ferment found upon goose- 
berries, etc. S. Cerevisiae, the fer- 
ment of beer-yeast. S. Conglomera- 
tus, found in grape-must when fermenta- 
tion is nearly over. S. Ellipsoideus, 
the commonest ferment of wine. S. 
Exiguus, found in fermented syrups. S. 
Minor, according to Engel, the microbe 
of bakers' yeast. S. Mycoderma (Gra- 
witz), same as S. albicans. S. Pasteuri- 
anus, a variety of S. ellipsoideus. S. 
Reesi, a variety of S. ellipsoideus. 

Saccharose. See Sacckarum. 

Sac / charum (Lat.). Cane Sugar. The 
soluble crystalline substance, C x 2 H 2 2 1 lt 
occurring naturally in the juice of the 
sugar cane, S. officinarum ; maize, Zea 
mays ; the sugar beet, Beta vulgaris, and 
the sugar maple, Acer sacrkarinum. 
Physiologically, it is a nutritive food to 
adipose tissue. In pharmacy, in the form 
of syrups, it is used mainly as a vehicle, 
and in a solid state as a protective coating 
for pills and troches. See, also, Glu- 
cose, Lactose and Levulose. S. Album, 
white or pure crystallized sugar. S. Can- 
adense, Maple Sugar, obtained from 
Acer sacckarinum. S. Candidum, Rock 
Candy. S. Lactis, Sugar of Milk. S. 
Purificatum, pure white sugar. 

Sac / charure. A preparation obtained by 
saturating sugar with a tincture, drying, 
and pulverizing. 

Sac / ciform (saccus, a pouch, forma, like- 
ness). Like a sac. S. Disease of 
Anus, distention and inflammation of the 
pouches of the rectum. 

Sacculated (dim. of saccus). Encysted. 
Divided into little sacs, or pursed with 
divisions. 

Sac / culus (dim. saccus). A small sac. 
S. Communis, Oblongus, or Semi- 
ovalis. The utricle. S. Laryngis, the 
laryngeal pouch between the superior vocal 
cord and the inner surface of the thyroid 
cartilage. S. Mucosus, the bursa of the 
rectus femoris muscle. S. of Vestibule, 
the smaller of two vestibular sacs of the 
membranous labyrinth of the ear. 

Sac / cus. See Sac. 

Sa / cer (Lat.). Sacred. S. Ignis. Ery- 
sipelas. S. Morbus. Epilepsy. 



SACRAD 



388 



SALIVARY 



Sa'crad {sacrum, a bone of the pelvis). 
Toward the sacral aspect. 

Sa'cral [sacrum). Pertaining to or be- 
longing to the sacrum. S. Flexure, the 
curve of the rectum in front of the sacrum. 
S. Index, the sacral breadth multiplied 
by ioo, divided by the sacral length. S. 
Nerves. See Nerves. S. Plexus. See 
Plexus. 

Sacra'ta. See Mulatto. 

Sa / cred Bark. See Cascara Sagrada. 

Sa / cro- (sacrum). A Latin word used as 
a prefix, denoting connection with or rela- 
tion to the sacrum. 

Sacrococcygeal [sacrum, coccygeus). 
Pertaining jointly to the sacrum and the 
coccygeus. 

Sacro-iFiac [sacrum, ilium). Pertaining 
conjointly to the sacrum and the ilium. 

Sacro-ischiat'ic [sacrum, isclzium). Per- 
taining both to the sacrum and the ischium. 

Sacrolumba / lis. See Muscle. 

Sacrolum / bar [sacrum, lumbus,\h& loin). 
Pertaining conjointly to the sacrum and 
the loins. 

Sacro-sciat/ic Notches. See Ischiatic. 

Sacrospinal [sacrum, spina). Pertain- 
ing to the sacrum and the spine. 

Sacrover / tebral [sacrum, vertebra). Per- 
taining conjointly to the sacrum and the 
vertebrae. 

Sa / crum [sacer, sacred). A symmetrical 
and triangular bone composed of five 
united bones, between the last lumbar ver- 
tebra and the coccyx and the two iliacs, 
forming the posterior boundary of the pel- 
vis. The word is compounded with others 
to denote its relations with them, as sacro- 
vertebral, sacro-sciatic, etc. 

Sad' die-joint. An articulation concave 
in one direction, convex the opposite. 

Sad'dle-nose. One in which the bridge 
is deep or absent. 

SafTron, American. See Carthajnus. 

Sage. See Salvia. 

Sage-femme (Fr., literally a wise woman). 
A midwife. An accoucheuse. 

Sag / ittal [sagitta, an arrow). Pertaining 
to various arrow-shaped parts. S. Fur- 
row, a channel extending along the median 
line of the inner surface of the vault of the 
cranium. S. Nucleus, that of the oculo- 
motor nerve. S. Plane, median plane of 
the body. S. Sinus, the longitudinal 
sinus. S. Suture, the suture uniting the 
parietal bones. 

Sa / go. The starchy fecula obtained from 
the pith of Sagus la:vis and several spe- 
cies of palms and cycads. It is an excel- 



lent food for invalids when completely 
softened by long boiling. S. Spleen, 
an amyloid degeneration of the Malpighian 
corpuscles of the spleen, the section of 
which presents the appearance of sago 
grains. 

Saint Ag'atha's Disease. Mammitis. 

Saint An / thony's Fire. See Erysipelas. 

Saint Job's Disease. Syphilis. 

Saint Ma / ry's Thistle. See Carduus. 

Saint VPtus' Dance. See Chorea. 

Sal [sal, gen. sails). Salt. Loosely applied 
to various crystalline substances. S. Am- 
moniac. See Ammonium. S. Com- 
munis, common salt. See Sodium. S. 
Cornu Cervi, hartshorn; same as Am- 
monia. See Ammonium. S. Epsom, 
magnesium sulphate. See Magnesium. 
S. Glauberi. See Sodium. S. Vola- 
tilis, a name applied to various prepara- 
tions of ammonium carbonate used as 
smelling salts. 

Sala / cious [salax). Lustful. 

Salac / ity [salax, lustful). Strong lustful 
or venereal desire. 

Salaera / tus. See Sodium. 

Sal-alem / broth. See Listerian Method. 

Salaman / drine. A toxic alkaloid, prob- 
ably a ptomaine, obtained from the poison- 
ous secretion of the salamander. It pro- 
duces anxiety, trembling, convulsions, opis- 
thotonos and death. 

SaPicin. A neutral extractive from the 
bark of the willow, Salix helix, and 
other species. Chemically, it consists of 
saligenin and a glucose. Dose gr. xx-gij. 
See, also, Salix. 

SalicyPage. Preservation of articles of 
diet by the use of salicylic acid. 

SalicyPic Acid. See Salix. 

Salig / enin. See Salicin. 

SaTine [sal). Salty; containing salt. 

SalPva (Lat.). The secretion of the sali- 
vary glands. Parotid saliva contains a 
diastasic ferment, ptyalin, and a small 
amount of urea. Submaxillary saliva con- 
tains a less proportion of ptyalin, mucin 
and potassium sulphocyanide. Sublingual 
saliva contains mucin, potassium sulpho- 
cyanide and numerous salivary .corpuscles. 
Ptyalin acts upon starch granules, con- 
verting them to dextrine and maltose. The 
action of mucin is not known. Mixed 
saliva is more potent than that from any 
single gland. Saliva has no action on 
proteids or fats. 

SaPivary [saliva). Pertaining to the sa- 
liva. S. Calculi, concretions of calcium 
carbonate occurring in the salivary glands. 



SALIVATION 



SANGUISUGA 



S. Glands, the glands, six in number, 
situated on each side of the mouth. See 
Parotid, Submaxillary, and Sublingual. 
They secrete the fluids employed in masti- 
cation and deglutition. Each gland opens 
by a duct into the mouth. Each consists 
of lobules aggregated into lobes which are 
held together by a framework of connec- 
tive tissue. 

Salivation [saliva). Same as Ptyalism. 

Sa / lix. Willow. The bark of the com- 
mon white willow, S. alba. Properties 
due to a constituent, salicin, which is tonic, 
antiseptic, and highly destructive to lower 
organisms. Useful as an antipyretic in 
the fever accompanying rheumatism. Dose 
of the glucoside gr. xx-^ij. Lithium 
Salicylate. Dose gr. v-gj. Salicylic 
Acid, a derivative of S., a powerful anti- 
pyretic, useful in the fever of septicaemia, 
and locally in eczema, gangrene and indo- 
lent ulcers. Dose gr. v-^j. Sodium 
Salicylate, properties like those of the 
acid, less irritant. Dose gr. v-^j. 

SaFol. Phenyl Salicyl. An antiseptic, 
thought to be superior to iodoform for local 
application, and of undoubted excellence 
as a dressing for wounds. Serviceable in 
intestinal catarrhs, cystitis and in typhoid 
fever. A decided antipyretic. Dose gr. 
xx— 3jj. Unof. 

Salpingemphrax / is (aaliuyi-, a tube, 
t/Luppaocu, to obstruct). Closure of the 
Eustachian tube. 

Salpingitis (oakiriy^, trtq, inflammation). 
Inflammation of the Eustachian tube. 

Salpingocye / sis (acikiuy!;, kvtjolq, preg- 
nancy). Tubal pregnancy. 

Salpingo -pharyngeal (caliuyi-, (papvyZ, 
the pharynx). Pertaining conjointly to 
the Eustachian tube and the pharynx. 

SaFpinx (aaXmy^). A term applied to 
the Eustachian and also to the Fallopian 
tube. 

Salt (sal). A common name for sodium 
chloride (see Sodium). In chemistry, a 
substance produced by the union of a base 
with an acid. 

Salta / tion (salto, to dance). The dancing 
or leaping sometimes noticed in chorea. 

Salter's Swing. A movable suspension 
cradle for a fractured leg. 

Saltpeter (sal, salt, petra, rock). A term 
formerly loosely applied to various efflores- 
cent salts, but now limited to potassium 
nitrate. See Potassium. 

Salt Rheum. A form of chronic eczema. 

Salts. A popular name for Epsom salt, or 
magnesium sulphate. See Magnesium. 



Salubrious (salus). Pertaining to health. 
Healthful. 

SaPutary (salus). Promotive of health. 

Salve. See Unguentum. 

SaPvia. Sage. The leaves of S. offici- 
nalis. Common garden sage. Properties 
due to tannin, a resin and a volatile oil. 
Aromatic, astringent and tonic. Much 
used as a condiment. Dose gr. xx-xxx. 

Sambu / cus. Elder. The flowers of S. 
canadensis. Stimulant and diaphoretic. 
The inner bark of S. is cathartic. Dose 
gr. xxx- ^ j in hot infusion. 

San / ative (sanitas, health). Tending to or 
promoting health. 

Sanatorium (sanitas). A health resort. 
Also, an establishment for the treatment 
of the sick. 

Sand. Fine, rounded, polished grains of 
silicic oxide. S. Bath, a vessel contain- 
ing dry sea sand in which a substance re- 
quiring a slowly-rising and uniform tem- 
perature may be heated. 

Sandalwood. See Santalum Album. 

Sanger's Operation. See Cesarean Ope- 
ration. 

Sang-mele. See Mulatto. 

Sanguification (sanguis, facio, to make). 
The normal process of the formation of 
blood from chyle. 

Sanguina / ria. Blood Root. The rhi- 
zome of S. canadensis. Properties due 
to several alkaloids, mainly sanguinarine. 
Sternutatory, sialagogue and expectorant. 
In large doses emetic. Somewhat useful 
in atonic dyspepsia. Serviceable in chronic 
bronchitis and nasal catarrh. Thought to 
have alterative properties. S. Acetum, 
vinegar of S. ; sanguinaria io, dil. acetic 
acid 90. Dose Tt\x-xxx ; as emetic 3 ij- 
!|ss. S. Ext. Fid. Dose mj-v as ex- 
pectorant, Tt\x-lx as emetic. S. Tinct., 
15 per cent, strong. Dose VC\y-^] as 
expectorant, ^j-iij as emetic. Sanguina- 
rine, the alkaloid, unof. Dose gr. y^-i; 
as an emetic gr. ]/ z -). Sanguinarine Ni- 
trate. Unof. Expectorant. Dose gr. 

To - ?• 

Sanguin'arin. See Sanguinaria. 

Sanguine (sanguis). Bloody. . 

Sanguineous (sanguis). Pertaining to 
the blood. Bloody. 

Sanguin'olent (sanguis). Having the 
appearance of blood. Tinged with blood ; 
especially applied to the sputa of pneu- 
monia. 

Sanguisu / ga (sanguis, sugo, to suck). A 
blood sucker. In surgery, a leech. S. 
medicinalis or officinalis, a leech. 



SANIES 



390 



SAPROSTOMOUS 



Sa'nies (sanguis). The thin, foetid, green- 
ish, serous fluid discharged from ulcers, 
fistulas, etc. It possesses the elements 
both of pus and blood. 

Sa / nious [sanies). Pertaining to sanies. 

Sanitarium (sanitas, health). Same as 
Sanatorium. 

Sanitary (sanitas). Pertaining to health. 
S. Science, the science which includes a 
consideration of all that can be done to 
promote public health. 

SanTty (sanus, sound). The condition of 
soundness of mind. 

Sanson-Purkinje's Images. See Pur- 
kinje- Sanson. 

San / talum. White Sandalwood. The 
wood of a species of S. albu?n and S. 
citnnum, or yellow sandalwood. Yields 
oil of santal, an astringent oil, useful in 
chronic bronchitis and gonorrhoea. Usually 
adulterated with oil of cedar. Dose of the 
volatile oil TTLx-xxx, in emulsion or cap- 
sule ; of the fld. ext., unof., alcoholic, 
^j-iij. S. Rubrum, Red Saunders, the 
wood of Pterocarpus santolinus. Imparts 
a brilliant red color to ether and alcohol. 

Santon / ica. Levant Wormseed. The 
flower heads of Artemisia maritima. 
Properties due to a crystalline principle, 
santonin. A very efficient anthelmintic 
against the round worm, Ascaris lumbri- 
coides. In large doses produces intoxica- 
tion, chromatopsia, and mydriasis. Most 
efficient when given with calomel. Dose 
gr. x-xl. Santoninum, the active princi- 
ple. Dose gr. %-]. Santonini Troch. 
Unof. Each contains gr. ss of the active 
principle. Dose ij-x. Sodii Santoninas, 
colorless rhombic crystals. Dose gr. ij-x. 
Sodii Sant. Troch., each contains gr. j 
of the preceding. Dose ij-x. 

San'tonin. See Santonica. 

Santori'ni, Cartilage of. See Cartilage. 

Saphenous (aa^r/g, manifest). Pertain- 
ing to, or applied to the saphenous veins, 
two subcutaneous veins of the lower limb. 

SapTd (sapio, to give off an odor). Savory. 
Having a pleasant smell and taste. 

Sa / po. Soap. A compound of a fatty 
acid with an alkaline base. The acid may 
be stearic, palmitic or oleic; the base, 
potash or soda, — lime and magnesia soaps 
being insoluble. Soaps with soda base are 
hard; those of potash base, soft. In- 
ternally, soap is laxative and antilithic; 
externally, a discutient, which is its chief 
use. Properties due to excess of alkali, 
which dissolves the epidermis. S. Alba, 
olive oil soap, castile soap. S. Animalis, 



curd soap. Unof. Prepared from animal 
fat and soda. S. Calcis, lime soap. See 
Linimentum Calcis. S. Emplastrum, 
soap plaster, has soap 10, lead plaster 90 
parts. S. Linimentum, soap liniment, 
has soap 10, camphor 5, oil rosemary 1, 
alcohol 70, water ad 100 parts. S. Medi- 
catus, made from almond oil and soda. 
S. Mollis. Unof. Made from olive oil 
and potash. S. Plumbi Oxidi, lead soap. 
See Lead Plaster. S. Viridis, green soap, 
soft, and usually brown in color. S. Vi- 
ridis, Tinct., green soap 65, oil lavender 
2, alcohol q. s., ad 100 parts. Similar to 
opodeldoc. 

Saponaceous (sapo, soap). Having the 
nature of soap. 

Saponification. The chemical process 
of saturating or combining an alkaline 
base with a fatty acid. Conversion into 
soap. 

Sap / onin. A glucoside having an irritant 
and anaesthetic effect; applied locally. 

SapphTsm. Tribadism. The unnatural 
passion of one woman for another. 

Saprae / mia (aarrpog, putrid, atfia, blood). 
A febrile condition due to introduction into 
the blood of the chemical products of 
putrefaction; called also septic intoxica- 
tion. 

Sap / rine. A ptomaine found in human 
livers and spleens after three weeks' putre- 
faction. The free base is a diamine, pos- 
sessing a weak, pyridine-like odor. It is 
physiologically indifferent. 

Saprogenic (aarrpog, yswau, to beget). 
Pus-forming. 

Saprogenous (aarrpog, yevvau). Arising 
in decaying matter; applied to certain 
species of microbes. 

Saproph'ilous (aarrpog, <pi)jog, fond of). 
Fond of or infesting decaying matter. 

Saprophyte (aarrpog, avrov, a plant). Any 
vegetable organism growing or developing 
in decaying matter. Applied especially to 
certain forms of bacteria, bacilli, and mi- 
crococci found in connection with putre- 
factive fermentation. 

Saprophytic (aarrpog, (pvrov). Pertain- 
ing to the saprophytes, a class of color- 
less parasitic mushrooms, moulds or fungi 
of a low order, existing as spores or tubu- 
lar cellules ; they play a pathogenic role 
by finding a nidus upon the mucous mem- 
brane, skin, etc. 

Sapropy'ra (aarrpog, rrvp, fire). Malignant 

typhus, or putrid fever. 

Saprosto / mous (aarrpog, aro/aa, a mouth). 
Having a fetid or putrid smelling breath. 



SARACA INDICA 



391 



SASSAFRAS 



Sara / ca In / dica. Asak; Jasundi. The 
bark is reputed as an astringent uterine 
sedative, useful in menorrhagia. Dose of 
the fid. ext. n^xv-^j. Unof. 

Sarci / na (aapnivog, fleshy). A genus of 
the family of Coccacees, having spherical 
or ovoid cells dividing in three directions, 
thus producing cubical masses of greater 
or less size. S. Aurantiaca, common in 
the atmosphere. S. Aurea, from the 
exudate of a lung of corpse dying with 
pneumonia and purulent pleurisy. S. In- 
testinalis, from intestine of chicken. S. 
Lutea, widespread in air. S. Paludosa, 
found in waste water of sugar refineries. 
S. Pulmonum, often found in patho- 
logical expectorations, having no ascer- 
tained pathogenic quality. S. Rosea, 
found in marshes. S. Ventriculi, found 
in the stomach, blood, etc. 

Sardine. See Hypoxanthine. 

Sarcitis (oap^, flesh, -trig, inflammation). 
Inflammation of fleshy tissue ; especially 
muscular inflammation. 

Sar'co- (aap^). A Greek word used as a 
prefix to denote connection with or relation 
to flesh. 

Sar'cocele (oap^, Krfkrj, a tumor). A solid 
or flesh-like tumor or enlargement of the 
testicle. S., Hydro-, complicated with 
dropsy of the tunica vaginalis. 

Sar'code. See Protoplasm. 

SarcogFia (eapt;, ylia, glue). Sarco- 
plasm; a protoplasmic substance contain- 
ing granules and nuclei composing the 
eminence of Doyere, or the point of entrance 
of a motor nerve into muscular fiber. 

Sarcoid (oap^, ecdoc, resembling). Re- 
sembling or having the nature of flesh. 

Sarcolem / ma {oap^, lejipia, a covering). 
A transparent, delicate membrane sur- 
rounding the fibers of muscle. 

SarcoFogy (aap^, ?ioyog, a treatise). 
That part of anatomy treating of the soft 
tissues. 

Sarco / ma (aap^, oma). A connective- 
tissue neoplasm or tumor consisting of 
some modification of embryonic connective 
tissue. The various sub-groups of this 
class, whose characters are indicated by 
their names, are : I. S., Round-celled, 
including glioma. 2. S., Oval-celled. 

3. S., Spindle-celled, large and small. 

4. S., Alveolar. 5. S., Mixed. 6. S., 
Myeloid. 7. S., Myxo-. 8. S., Osteo-. 
9. S., Chondro-. 10. S., Melanotic. 
11. Psammoma. 

Sarcomatous (sarcoma). Like or hav- 
ing the nature of sarcoma. 



Sarcoph / agous (oapg, (payecv, to eat). 
Flesh-eating. 

Sarcophy'ma (cap%, yvjia, a tumor). 
Same as sarcoma. 

Sar'coplasm. See Sarcoglia. 

Sar'coplasts (oap^, K?\aaooj, to form). The 
(supposed) germinal cells of muscular 
tissue. 

Sarcop / tes (cap^ koittu, to conceal). The 
itch mite, acarus scabiei. 

Sar'cosin (capt;). An extractive principle 
occurring in the blood. Chemically it is a 
methyl glycol. 

Sarco / sis (aap^). The condition of one 
affected with sarcoma. Also, any abnor- 
mal growth or development of flesh. 

Sarcosto / sis (oap^, oareov, bone). Bony 
formation or tumor in muscular tissues. 

Sarcofic (oapi;). Making or producing 
flesh. Also, any agent or remedy induc- 
ing the growth of flesh. Also, pertaining 
to sarcoma. 

Sar'cous (cap!;). Fleshy. Pertaining to 
the flesh. 

Sardonic. See Risus Sardonicus. 

Sar'kine. See Hypoxanthine. 

SarsapariFla. The root of Smilax offici- 
nalis, and several other species of the 
Smilax family, native to tropical America. 
Contains an essential oil and several ex- 
tractive principles. Diuretic, tonic and 
alterative. A reputed blood purifier and 
an excellent vehicle for potassium iodide. 
Useful in tertiary syphilis, scrofula and 
similar diseases. S. Comp. Fid. Ext., 
sarsaparilla 75, liquorice root 12, sassafras 
bark 10, mezereum 3, glycerine 10, water 
and alcohol q. s. ad 100 parts. Dose 3 ss-j. 
S. Comp. Syr., sarsaparilla 150, guaiac 
wood 20, pale rose, liquorice root, senna 
aa 12, sassafras, anise, gaultheria aa 6, 
sugar 600, alcohol, water, ad 1000 parts. 
Dose ^j-^ss. S. Decoctum Comp., 
sarsaparilla 10, sassafras, guaiac wood, 
liquorice root aa 2, mesereum I, water ad 
100 parts. Dose ^j-iv. S. Fid. Ext. 
Dose 3 ss-j. S., Hood's, a proprietary 
nostrum composed of comp. ext. sarsap., 
taraxacum, podophyllum and juniper in 
about the proportion of their dosage. S. 
Syr., unof., consists of a mixture of the 
oils of gaultheria and sassafras with syrup 
ad lib. Used as a flavoring to soda 
water. 

Sar'tian Disease. See Funtncidus Ori- 
entalis. 

Sarto / rius. See Muscle. 

Sas / safras. The root-bark of S. officinalis. 
Properties due to a volatile oil. Aromatic 



SASSOLIN 



392 



SCALPEL 



and stimulant diaphoretic. S. Infus., 
unof., " sassafras tea." Dose ad libitum. 
S. Medulla, the pith of the sassafras 
stem, useful with 98 per cent, water as a 
demulcent drink. S. Oil, the volatile oil. 
Dose TT\j-v. A constituent of sarsaparilla 
syrup. 

Sas / solin. A native boric acid. See Boron. 

Sas / sy Bark. See Casca. 

Satellite {safeties, an attendant). In 
anatomy, the veins accompanying an 
artery. 

Satiety [satis, enough). Fullness beyond 
desire. 

Saturation [saturo, to satisfy). In 
pharmacy, a term used to denote that a 
fluid holds as much of a soluble substance 
as it can dissolve. In chemistry, that an 
atom, molecule or radical has combined 
with all the atoms or radicals it can hold. 

Thus, carbon, -C-, is saturated when it 

is combined with 4 monad or 2 dyad 
H 

atoms, as H-C-H, or — C = O. In 



H 
meteorology, that condition in which any 
reduction of temperature will be followed 
by a precipitation of the aqueous vapor 
mingled with the atmosphere. 

Saturnine [Saturn, the alchemic symbol 
of lead). Pertaining to lead or its toxic 
properties. Of gloomy nature. S. En- 
cephalitis, inflammation or morbid con- 
dition of the brain, arising from lead- 
poisoning. S. Paralysis, paralysis from 
lead-poisoning. S. Poisoning, lead- 
poisoning. 

Saturnism [Saturn). Lead-poisoning. 

Satyriasis [aarvpog, a satyr). Excessive 
venereal desire. Also, a synonym of 
Lepra. 

Sauriosis. See Ichthyosis Sauroderma. 

Sauroder'ma. See Ichthyosis S. 

Sausage-poison. See Allantotoxicon. 

Sava'na Flower. Yellow Nightshade. 
The leaves of Urechites suberecta, a highly 
poisonous West Indian plant. Resembles 
aconite in action. Properties not fully 
known. Unof. 

Sa / vine. See Sabina. 

Sa / vor [sapor, taste). The taste-producing 
quality of a substance. 

Sa / vory [savor, an odor or flavor). Having 
a pleasant odor or flavor. 

Saw. A surgical instrument for the ex- 
cision or incision of bone. S., Ampu- 
tating, one especially devised for amputa- 



tions. S., Butcher's, allows the blade 
to be fixed at any angle. S., Chain, the 
teeth are set in links movable upon them- 
selves, of service in certain amputations, 
as of the hip. S., Hemp, a cord slipped 
over the part to be excised, and drawn 
back and forth till it cuts through the tis- 
sue ; of service in embryotomy and other 
amputations of deep-seated parts. S., 
Hey's, a rigid disc with saw-teeth and 
handle, for enlarging an opening, etc. 

Saw Palmetto. The fruit of Sabal ser- 
rulata. Sedative, nutritive and tonic. 
Recommended in pulmonary complaints. 
Dose of the fld. ext. gss-ij. Unof. 

SaxTfrage [saxum, a rock, frango, to 
break, because sometimes growing in clefts 
of rocks). A genus of plants or herbs to 
some of which doubtful medicinal proper- 
ties are ascribed. 

Sayre's Jacket. A jacket of plaster-of- 
Paris moulded to support the spine or part 
in certain diseases of the spine. 

Scab [scabo, to scratch). The crust or 
incrustation formed by the desiccation of 
the secretions of an ulcer or wound. 

Sca / bies. Itch. A contagious disease due 
to a parasitic insect, usually the female of 
Sarcoptes scabiei, which burrows under the 
skin. Most frequently affects the softer 
parts, between the fingers and the toes, 
the inner surface of the arms, etc., but may 
extend to all parts of the body. 

Scabrit/ies [scaber, rough). Abnormal 
thickening of the finger nails. 

ScaTa (Lat. a ladder). Applied to or- 
gans whose serial arrangement of parts 
suggests a scale or ladder-like appearance. 
S. Media, the space between the membrane 
of Reissner and the basilar membrane ; 
containing the essential peripheral organs of 
hearing. S. Tympani, the canal lying 
below the osseous lamina and the basilar 
membrane of the ear. S. Vestibuli, the 
canal bounded by the osseous lamina and 
the membrane of Reissner. 

Scald (It. scaldere, to heat). The injury 
or destruction of tissue by hot liquids. 

Scald / head. See Favus. 

Scale (Sax. skal). A small semi-opaque 
lamina of detached cuticle. Applied also 
to an exfoliation of bone. 

Scale / nus. See Muscle. 

Scalp (It. scalpio, a husk). The integu- 
mentary covering of the cranium. Epi- 
cranium. 

ScaFpel [scalpo, to scrape). A small, 
straight knife used in surgery and dissec- 
tion. 



SCALPRUM 



393 



SCHIZOPHYTA 



ScaFprum (scalpd). A toothed raspatory 
used in trephining. 

Sca / ly. Covered with or having scales. 

Scammo / nium, or 

ScanVmony. The resinous exudation of 
Convolvulus S. Properties due to an active 
principle, jalapine. An active, drastic ca- 
thartic and liver stimulant. Of some value 
as an anthelmintic against the tapeworm. 
Best combined with calomel. Dose gr. 
v-x. S. Resina. Dose gr. iij-viij. 

Scapb/a. See Fossa (Navicularis). 

Scaphocephalous (cKatyrj, a skiff, eynetya- 
"Kov, the brain). Applied to a boat-shaped 
appearance of the cranium, arising from os- 
sification of the sagittal suture in infancy. 

Scapb/oid (cuayq) Boat-shaped. S. 
Abdomen, the sunken appearance of the 
belly in great emaciation from wasting dis- 
eases. S. Bone, a name given to a boat- 
shaped bone of the tarsus and also to one 
of the carpus. 

Scap / ula (Lat.). The large, flat, triangu- 
lar bone forming the back of the shoulder. 
The shoulder-blade. 

ScapulaFgia [scapula, aXyog, a pain). 
Any pain in the shoulder-blade. 

Scap / ular (scapula). Pertaining to the 
shoulder-blade. Also, to the arteries, 
veins, etc., of the shoulder-blade. 

Scap / ulary {scapula). A shoulder-band- 
age. 

Scap'ulo- (scapula). A prefix denoting 
relation to the shoulder, as S.- clavicular, 
S.-coracoid, S. -costal. 

Scar. See Cicatrix. 

ScarFskin. The epidermis or cuticle. 

Scarification (scarificio, to make a small 
scratch). The surgical operation of making 
numerous small, superficial incisions or 
punctures, for giving vent to fluids or gases, 
reducing inflammation, or producing cica- 
trices. 

Scarificator (scarificio). An instrument 
used in scarification. It consists of a num- 
ber of small lancets, operated by a spring, 
so that a number of slight incisions are 
made synchronously. 

ScarlatFna (scarlet). An epidemic, ex- 
anthematous, contagious disease character- 
ized by a scarlet flush spreading pro- 
gressively from the face over the body, 
ending in about the seventh day in desqua- 
mation of the cuticle. It is confined 
mainly to children. S. Maligna, a graver 
and usually a fatal form. It is thought to 
be identical with Cynanche maligna. 

ScarlathViform, or 

Scarlatinoid. Resembling scarlatina. 



Scarlatinous. Having the nature of or 
pertaining to scarlatina. 

ScarTet Fe / ver. See Scarlatina. 

Scar'pa. See Triangle. 

Scavenging (A. S., scafen). Removal 
of the waste products and the cleansing of 
out-houses, sewers, etc. 

Schachowa. See Tubule. 

Scheele's Green. The arsenite of copper. 
See Copper. 

ScheFner's Experiment. To illustrate 
the refraction of the lens during accommo- 
dative action, by two pin-holes in a card a 
less distance apart than the diameter of 
the pupil ; upon looking through them at 
two needles, one behind the other, the one 
needle not looked at appears double. 

Sche / ma (er^/za, form). Figure or design 
made by the abstraction of certain excep- 
tions or peculiarities, in order to show the 
general law or type. 

Schematic (cxvf 1 ^)- Pertaining to or of 
the nature of a schema. S. Eye, one show- 
ing the proportions of a normal or typical 
eye. 

Schiff's Test. (For uric acid.) Uric 
acid, or an urate in a solution of an alkaline 
carbonate, dropped upon a blotting paper 
saturated with a solution of silver nitrate, 
forms a black spot by reduction of the 
silver. 

Schindylesis. See Synarthrosis. 

Schis / to- (oxtoTog, cloven). A prefix de- 
noting a fissure or cleaving. 

Schistoceph / alus (cr^oroc, netyafa], head). 
A monster with a fissure of the skull. 

Schistoproso / pia (o^vffroc, tt pocoirov , 
face). A cavity, " cleft-face," instead of 
the middle of the face ; a failure of devel- 
opment of the first branchial arch and 
nasal process of the frontal. 

Schistor'rhachis (ax taT °£> P a X L S> tne 
spine). A condition of cloven spine, the 
canal containing two channels. Also, 
spina bifida. 

Schistotho / rax (ax^rog,6cjpa^). Fissure 
of the sternum or chest. 

Schizomyce / tes (er;^£w, to cleave, /uvKTjg, 
fungus). The general name for bacteria or 
microbes. During their developmental or 
first stage, they are not true parasites, but 
only when penetrating into the blood and 
tissues. See Schizophyta. 

Schizophy'ta (a^^co, <j>vrov, a plant, to pro- 
duce). Schizomycetes, or microbes in a 
dried state, from the evaporation or desic- 
cation of the moisture in which they were 
contained; in which state they may pre- 
serve their vitality for years, and be wafted 



SCHLEMM'S CANAL 



394 



SCLEROGENOUS 



through the air until striking a soil and 
moisture suitable for their development. 

Schlemm's Canal. See Canal. 

Schneide / rian. See Membrane. 

Schreger's Lines. Curved lines in the 
dentine of teeth. 

Schwann, Sheath of. The neurilemma 
of nerve, a delicate, structureless membrane, 
investing the white sheath. 

Schwann, White Substance of. The 
medullary sheath or myelin of a nerve 
fiber. 

Sciat / ic (contraction of ischiaticus, the 
ischium). Pertaining to the ischium. S. 
Nerve. See Nerve . S. Notch, the great, 
a large notch of the ischium transmitting 
the pyriformis muscle and the gluteal ves- 
sels and nerves; the lesser, between the 
posterior inferior iliac spine and the ischial 
tuberosity. S. Spine, a triangular emi- 
nence on the posterior border of the body 
of the ischium. 

Sciat / ica {sciatictis, pertaining to the 
ischium). Neuralgia of the sciatic nerve. 

Science [sew, to know). Classified knowl- 
edge. 

Scientific {scientia, knowledge, facio, to 
make). That which is based upon knowl- 
edge. Relating to science. 

SciPla. Squill. The bulb of S. maritima, 
found near the Mediterranean Sea. Prop- 
erties due to a glucoside, scillitin, and 
several other principles. An excellent ex- 
pectorant and diuretic when combined 
with digitalis and ipecacuanha. Useful in 
cardiac dropsy, chronic bronchitis, and 
with tartar emetic, in croup. In large 
doses an emetic and gastro-irritant. Dose 
gr. j-iv. S. Acetum, " vinegar of squill," 
io percent, in strength. Dose rr\x-gj. 
S. Fid. Ext. Dose n\j-v. S. Syr., has 
of the preceding 40, sugar 60, water q. s. 
Dose gss-j. S. Syr. Comp., contains 
squill, senna, aa 120, tartar emetic 3, sugar 
1200, calcium phosphate 9, dil. alcohol 
and water ad 2000. Commonly known as 
Coxe's Hive Mixture. S. Tinct., 15 per 
cent, strong. Dose TT\v-xxv. 

Scintillation (scintillo, to sparkle). An 
emission of sparks. Also a subjective vis- 
ual sensation as of sparks. 

Scir'rhoid (amppog, ecSog, like). Re- 
sembling or having the nature of scir- 
rhus. 

Scirrhosar / ca [ciappo^ cap!-, flesh). The 
scirrhous hardening of the flesh of new- 
born infants. 

Scirrhous {cKtppog). Pertaining to scir- 
rhus or hard cancer. 



Scirrhus, or 

Scir / rus (cuippog). Hard tumor, a form 
of carcinoma. 

Scis / sion (scindo, to cut). A cutting or 
splitting of anything. 

Scis / sors (scindo). An instrument with 
crossed, closing blades for cutting or divid- 
ing tissue. The blades may be straight, 
angular or curved. S., Canula, scissors 
for slitting any canal or tube longitudinally. 
S., Iris, those having flat blades which 
are bent in such a manner that they may 
press against the eyeball. Also, scissors 
used in iridectomy. S. Uvula, those de- 
signed for removal of the uvula. S. 
de Wecker's, a peculiar modification of 
iris scissors. 

Scissu'ra (Lat.). A fissure, rent or 
cleavage. 

Scle / ra. See Sclerotic. 

Scleral Extraction. See Extraction. 

Sclerectasia (gkAtjpoq, hard, enraoig, ex- 
tension). See Staphyloma. 

Sclerectomy {onArjpoc, enro/Liy, excision). 
Excision of a portion of the sclera. 

Sclere / ma [oicfajpog). Sometimes used as 
a synonym of Scleroderma. S. Adult- 
orum, a synonym of Scleroderma. S. 
Neonatorum, an induration of the skin, 
becoming general and usually appearing 
within two or three days after birth, though 
sometimes congenital. Attended by de- 
creasing strength and lowered vitality. 
Rare, and always fatal. Has no relation 
to Scleroderma. 

Scleri / asis (ovo^poc). Any abnormal in- 
duration or hardness affecting any part. 

Scleri / tis. See Sclerotitis. 

Scle / ro- (aa/iTjpog, hard). A Greek word 
used as a prefix to denote hardness or in- 
duration. S. -choroiditis. Inflammation 
of the choroid coat of the eye, involving 
the sclerotic coat. S. -conjunctival, per- 
taining conjointly to the sclerotic coat of 
the eye and the conjunctiva. S. -corneal, 
pertaining conjointly to the sclerotic coat 
and the cornea of the eye. 

Scleroderma (gk/.jjpoc, deppa, skin). Scle- 
rema; Scleroma adultorum; " Hide-bound 
Disease." A subacute or chronic affection 
of the skin marked by induration, rigidity, 
and sometimes attended by change of 
color. May be diffuse and symmetrical, 
S. Diffusa; or confined to a particular 
area, S. Localis, Morphcea, Circum- 
scribed Sclerodoma. This disease is dis- 
tinct from Sclerema neonatorum. 

Sclerog'enous (onAiipog, yevvatj, to beget). 
Becoming hard. 



SCLEROMA 



395 



SCROFULA 



Sclero'ma (ovc/l^poc). An abnormal hard- 
ness or induration of a part. 

Sclerome / ninx (onfo/pog, p,-qviy%, a mem- 
brane). The dura mater. 

Scleronyx / is {gkT^tjpoq, vv^lq, a pricking). 
Puncture of the sclerotic. 

SclerophthaPmia (ct/c/^ooc, ophthalmia). 
A synonym of trachoma. 

Sclerosarco / ma {aKArjpoq , sarcoma, a 
fleshy tumor). A hard, fleshy tumor or 
excrescence. 

Sclero / sis (oKkrjpoo). The sclerotic pro- 
cess consists essentially in an overgrowth 
of the connective tissue (usually, but not 
always, preceding the atrophy) of nervous 
structures. S., Annular, extending about 
the cord like a ring, in some cases of 
chronic myelitis. S., Diffuse, when the 
increase in connective-tissue elements is 
through a large part of the brain or cord. S., 
Disseminated, or Insular. See Insular. 
S., Lobar, Infantile Hemiplegia, the lesion 
being sometimes a sclerosis and cavity of 
the central hemisphere of the brain. S., 
Miliary, a microscopic lesion shown by 
staining reagents in the cerebellar white 
substance. S., Posterior Spinal. See 
Tabes. S., Primary Lateral, or Primary 
Spastic Paraplegia, from sclerosis of the 
pyramidal tracts chiefly running in the 
lateral columns. The symptoms are, first, 
weakness of the legs, extensor spasm, 
"clasp-knife rigidity," the dragging gait, 
excessive myotatic irritability, etc. Chance 
of recovery and danger to life both small. 

Sclero-skeleton. Osseous deposit in liga- 
ments and tendons. 

Sclerot/ic (c/cA^poc). Hard, indurated. 
Pertaining to the outer coat of the eye. 
S. Coat. See Sclerotica. 

Sclerotica (GKlypog). Commonly called 
the sclerotic, or the sclerotic coat ; the firm, 
tough, white, outer membrane of the eye- 
ball, continuous with the sheath of the 
optic nerve behind and with the cornea in 
front. 

Sclerot / ico-choroidi / tis. A common 
inflammation of the sclerotic and choroid 
tunic of the eye, either anterior or posterior. 

SclerotinTc Acid. See Ergot. 

Sclero / tis (oKkrjpoq, hard). The ergot of 
rye, formed by the mycelium of the germi- 
nation of the sphacelium. Called clavi- 
ceps purpura. 

Sclerotitis (cicfajpog, trig, inflammation). 
Inflammation of the sclerotica. 

Sclero / tium. Same as Ergot. 

Sclerotome (citTiqpog, re/aw, to cut). A 
knife used in sclerotomy. 



Sclerotomy {oxXripoq, te/uvcj). The opera- 
tion of incising the sclerotica. 

ScolecoPogy. See Jlelminthology. 

Sco / lex {oKukrj!;, a worm). An encysted 
worm, taenia, or hydatid. 

Scolio / ma (onoTiLujia). Curvature of the 
spine. 

Scoliosis (okoTlios, curved). Any morbid 
distortion or curvature of the spine. 

Scoliotic (okoXloc). Pertaining to scoliosis. 

Scoop. In surgery, an instrument resemb- 
ling a spoon, for the extraction of foreign 
bodies from the softer tissues. 

Scopa / rius. Broom. The tops of the 
common broom plant, Sarothamnus S. 
Properties due to a neutral principle, scopa- 
rin, and an alkaloid, sparteine. Diuretic 
and laxative; in large doses cathartic and 
emetic. A favorite remedy in cardiac 
dropsy and kidney complaints. Dose of 
an ^j to Oj decoction, % ) ). 

-scope [gkotteo, to examine). A Greek 
verb used as a suffix, signifying to see or 
examine. 

ScopoTein. An alkaloid extractive of 
Scopolia japonica. A powerful mydriatic 
more rapid and more lasting than atropine. 
Not overcome by eserine. Recommended 
in keratitis and corneal ulcers. Unof. 

Scoracra'tia (onup, faeces, anpar/.a, want 
of control). Involuntary evacuation of 
the bowels. 

Scorbutus. See Scurvy. 

Scoto / ma (ovcorow, to darken). A fixed 
spot or space in the field of vision, corre- 
sponding to some abnormality in the retina 
or optical centres of the brain. Ring 
S., zones of S. surrounding the centre 
of the visual fluid. S. for Colors, may 
exist without interruption of field for white 
light. . 

Scourge. Any severe epidemic disease 
of a fatal character. Also, a religious 
mania of the 13th and 14th centuries char- 
acterized by the self-flagellation of the 
persons affected. Also, to strike the skin 
with light withes, or with knotted cords in 
order to produce counter-irritation. 

Scour / ing. • Purging. Also, diarrhoea. 
S. Rush, the stalks of Equisetum hyemale. 
Diuretic and astringent. Dose of fid. ext. 
VC\xx-%]. Unof. 

Scrivener's Palsy. See Paralysis, 
Writer's. 

Scrofula (dim. of scrofa, a sow). A 
morbid condition, usually constitutional, 
and frequently hereditary, characterized by 
glandular tumors, having a tendency to sup- 
puration, leaving indolent ulcers very stub- 



SCROFULODERMA 



396 



SECERNING 



born to treatment. It is apt to attack the 
internal organs, and is not infrequently 
precedent to phthisis and mesenteric affec- 
tions. 

Scrofuloderma {scrofula, 6ep/ua,the skin). 
A term applied to several forms of suppu- 
rating dermatitis. Most commonly occur- 
ring in the skin over caseating and softening 
lymphatic glands. Begins with a red, livid 
node, which subsequently increases until a 
large surface is involved, with infiltrations 
and burrowing sinuses. Divided into two 
classes, the large, and the small, pustular. 
In rare cases takes the form of ulcerous, 
wart-like, or fungous growths. 

Scrofulous (scrofula). Having the nature 
of scrofula. Affected with scrofula. 

Scrophulelco / sis (scrofa, eTikuglq, ulcera- 
tion). Scrofulous ulceration. 

Scrophulophy / ma {scrofula, <bvjia, tu- 
bercle). Scrofulous tumors of the skin. 

Scrotal (scrotum). Pertaining to the 
scrotum. S. Hernia, the gut having pro- 
truded through the external ring and occu- 
pying the scrotum. Oscheocele. 

Scro / tocele (scrotum, tofto}, a tumor). 
Same as Hernia, Scrotal. 

Scro / tum (Lat., hide, skin). The pouch 
containing the testicles. 

Scru / ple (scrupulum). In Apothecaries' 
weight, 20 grains. Represented by the 
sign 3. 

Scull-cap. See Skull. 

Sculte / tus, Bandage of. See Bandage. 

Scurf. The bran-like exfoliation of the 
epidermis, especially from the scalp. It is 
popularly known as "dandriff." 

Scur / vy (scorbutus). A form of Purpura 
observed both on land and at sea among 
persons who have been deprived of whole- 
some diet for any length of time. It is 
aggravated by want of cleanliness and by 
a diet of fat, salt meat. It soon disappears 
under a vegetable diet, vegetable acids, etc. 
The prevalence of scurvy among soldiers 
and sailors has led to the issue of canned 
fruits and vegetables in the U.S. army and 
navy, with excellent results. 

Scutellaria. Skull-cap. The leaves and 
twigs of S. lateriflora. Has reputed prop- 
erties as a tonic nervine, in tremors, chorea, 
hysteria, etc. Dose of the fid. ext. 3 ss-ij. 

Scu / tiform (scutum, a shield, forma, a 
form). Having the form of a shield. 

Scu / tum (Lat. a shield). The thyroid 
cartilage. 

Scyb / alum (okv(5ci?<.ov, faecal matter). Ab- 
normally hard faecal matter that has aggre- 
gated into lumps. 



Scytb/ian Disease. Atrophy of the male 
generative organs, with consequent loss of 
physical power, masculinity, etc. 

Scytoblaste / ma (guvtoq, shield, filacTrjiia, 
germ). The primitive or embryonic stage 
of the development of the skin. 

Scytoblaste / sis (gkvtos, (3?iacr7/jua). The 
condition and progress of scytoblastema. 

Seam. See Suture. 

Sea-sickness. The nausea and vomiting 
affecting persons at sea, or those who are 
subjected to any undulatory motion like 
that of a vessel. 

Seasoning Fever. The febrile symptoms 
occurring during the process of acclimati- 
zation. 

Sea-tangle. The stem of Laminaria 
digitata, a marine plant. The dried stem, 
introduced into a moist orifice or part, 
swells and dilates the cavity. 

Sea-wrack. See Fucus Vesiculosus. 

Seba / ceous (sebum, suet, fat). Pertaining 
to fat or suet, and especially to the S. 
Glands of the corium of the skin. S. 
Cyst, Wen; Atheroma; Steatoma. A 
cystic tumor varying in size from a millet 
seed to an orange, situate in the skin or sub- 
cutaneous tissue. It occurs most frequently 
on the scalp, face, back and scrotum, and 
may be single or multiple. S. Flux. See 
Seborrhea. 

Sebip / arous (sebum, pario, to beget). 
Forming or producing sweat. 

Seborrhce / a (sebum, peco, I flow). Seba- 
ceous Flux ; Stearrhcea ; Seborrhagia ; 
Acne Sebacea ; Pityriasis ; Ichthyosis 
Sebacea ; Tinea Amiantacea ; Tinea Ab- 
estina. A disorder of the sebaceous glands 
producing an increased secretion, which 
forms a waxy, oily, or scaly deposit on the 
surface of the skin. May be general or 
local. When the sebaceous matter forms 
dry scales, it is called S. Sicca; if larger 
thin plates, S. Ichthyosis ; if fine, dry, 
shining, powdery scales, Ptyriasis (See, 
also, Pityriasis), or Dandriff ; if thin 
and oily, S. Oleosa ; in the foreskin of 
the penis, Smegma Preputii. A rare 
form of S. Sicca attended with hypertrophy 
of the skin and loss of hair, has been 
described by Michelson under the name of 
Alopecia Pityrodes Universalis. S. Con- 
gestiva. See Lupus Erythe?natosus. S. 
Nigricans. See Chromidrosis. 

Se / bum. See Sevum. 

Seca'le Cornu / tum. See Ergot. 

Secerning (secerno, to hide). Secreting; 
applied to the function of a gland or a 
follicle. 



SECONDARIES 



397 



SEMICIRCULAR CANALS 



Secondaries (secundus, second). A name 
sometimes applied to the secondary symp- 
toms of syphilis in contradistinction from 
the Primaries. 

Secondary (secundarius). Following, 
succeeding to a first. S. Cataract. See 
Cataract. S. Haemorrhage. See/fawior- 
rhage, Consecutive. S. Syphilis. See 
Syphilis. 

Second Intention. See Healing. 

Secre / ta (secemo, to hide). The substance 
secreted by a gland, follicle or other organ. 

Secre / tion (secemo). The natural function 
of certain organs of the body, mainly the 
glands and follicles. It consists in the 
separation and elaboration of fluid or semi- 
fluid substances differing according to the 
organ in which they are secreted. Also, 
the substance secreted. 

Secreto-mo / tor. Used of nerves inter- 
mediating the function of secretion. 

Secre / tory (secemo). Performing secre- 
tion ; applied to those glands or organs 
that form or produce secretions. 

Sectio, or 

Section (seco, to cut). Division by cut- 
ting. Dissection. Cassarean S. See 
Cesarean Operation. Perineal S. See 
Urethrotomy, Lithotomy. S. of Ten- 
dons. See Tenotomy. 

Secun'dine (secundus). The ''after- 
birth," or that which remains in the uterus 
after the expulsion of the foetus. It in- 
cludes the placenta, part of the umbilicus, 
and the membranes of the ovum. 

Sed'ative (sedeo, to sit). An agent that 
exerts a soothing effect by lowering func- 
tional activity. 

Sedenta / ria Os / sa {sedeo, ossa, a. bone). 
The ischia and os coccygis, the bones on 
which the body rests while in a sitting 
posture. 

Sed / entary (sedeo). Occupied in sitting. 
Pertaining to the habit of sitting. 

Sed / iment (sedeo). That which settles to 
the bottom of a liquid. 

Sed'litz. See Seidlitz. 

Se / dum A / cri. A plant common in New 
England, under the name of wall pepper. 
It is antiscorbutic, emetic and cathartic; 
also increases the pulse-rate. Unof. 

See. To exercise the sense of vision. 

Seed. See Semen. 

Seg / ment (seco, to cut). A small piece 
cut from the periphery of anything. 

Segmentation Spheres. See Morula. 

Segregate (se, by one's self, grex, a flock). 
To separate or set apart. 

SePdlitz Powder. See Potassium. 



Seiz / ure. The sudden onset of a disease 
or an attack. In surgery, the grasping of 
a part to be operated upon. 

Selection (se, one's self, lego, to choose). 
The act of expressing or indicating a 
choice. S., Artificial, the artificial 
choice, definitely planned, of such forms 
of animals or plants as will by differentia- 
tion develop and reproduce given or de- 
sired characteristics. S., Natural, the 
survival of those individuals of a species 
which can best develop under the con- 
ditions and circumstances of environment. 

Sele'ne (asTir/vy, the moon). The white 
spots sometimes occurring on the finger 
nails. 

Selen / ium (oeTirjvrf). Se = 794; quan- 
tivalence IV. A rare element, resembling 
sulphur in its properties. 

Self-abuse. See Masturbation. 

Self-digestion. See Autodigestion. 

Self-infection. The spread of infectious 
material from a localized part to others or 
to the entire organism. 

Self-limited. A term applied to certain 
diseases, especially those of a zymotic 
character, which run a definite course, and 
cease, without much modification by treat- 
ment. 

SePla Tur'cica (Turkish Saddle). The 
pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone, lodg- 
ing the pituitary body. 

Selt / zer. An abbreviated name for seltzer 
water, a famous acid-soda mineral water. 

SeFza Water. See Seltzer. 

Semeiog / raphy (arj/uetov, sign, ypcKpo, to 
write). A descriptive treatise on the symp- 
toms of disease. 

SemeioPogy (oyfieiov, Xoyog, a discourse). 
Same as Symptomatology. 

Semeio'sis (gtj/ueiov). The study of symp- 
toms as indications of disease. 

Semeiot / ic (orjixtLov). Pertaining to semei- 
otics. 

Semeiot / ics (gthielov). The science of 
symptomatology. 

Semelin / cident (semel, once, incido, to 
happen). Proposed as a designation of 
the characteristic of certain diseases by 
virtue of which they occur but once in the 
same individual, as e. g., smallpox. 

Se / men (sero, to sow). The fecundating 
fluid of the male, chiefly secreted by the 
testicles, composed of the liquor seminis, 
the seminal granules, and spermatozoa. 

Sem / i- (semi, one-half). A Latin word 
used as a prefix to denote the half of any- 
thing. 

Semicircular Canals. See Canal. 



SEMILUNAR 



398 



SEPTIC 



Semilu / nar [semi, /una, the moon). Re- 
sembling a half-moon in shape. S. Bone, 
one of the carpal bones. S. Cartilages, 
two interarticulating cartilages of the knee. 
S. Fold, the conjunctival folding at the 
inner canthus. S. Ganglia. See Ganglia. 
S. Notch, a notch in the scapula through 
which the supra-scapular nerve passes. 
S. Valves. See Valves. 

Semimembranosus. See Muscle-Table. 

Sem / ina. PL of semen. 

Sem / inal (semen). Pertaining to the semen. 
S. Vesicles. See Vesicula Seminales. 

Semination (semen). The intromission 
of semen into the uterus. 

Seminiferous (semen, fero, to carry). 
Carrying semen. S. Tubules, the fine, 
convoluted canaliculi of the testicles. 

Semispinals. See Muscle- Table. 

Semis / sis (Lat.). One half. 

SemisuPcus . Applied to several grooves, 
forming sinuses in the cranial bones. 

Semitendino / sus. See Muscle-Table. 

Senec/tus (senex, old). Old age. 

Sen / ega. The root of Polygala, S. Prop- 
erties due to a glucoside, senegin (or poly- 
galin). Expectorant and diuretic; in 
large doses a gastro-intestinal irritant. Use- 
ful in bronchitis, typhoid pneumonia, 
asthma, etc. S. Abstractum. Dose gr. 
v-x. S. Fid. Ext. Dose Tl\x-xx. S. 
Syr., contains fid. ex. 1 60, water of am- 
monia 4, sugar 600, water ad 1 000 parts. 
Dose 5j-ij. 

Senescence (senex). Growing old. 

Senilis (senilis, old). Pertaining to or 
having the nature of old age. S., Arcus. 
See Arcus. 

SeniFity (senis). The weakness and de- 
crepitude characteristic of old age. 

Sen / na. The leaflets of Cassia acutifolia 
and C. elongata. Contains a complex glu- 
coside, cathartic acid, and other extractives. 
An excellent cathartic for children and in- 
fants. S. Confectio, senna 10, corian- 
der 6, cassia fistula 16, tamarind 10, prune 
7, fig 12, sugar 50, water 60 parts. Dose 
gj-ij. Known as " Tamar Indien " and 
" Tropical Fruit Laxative." S., Fid. 
Ext. Dose 3J. S., Infus. Comp., 
" black draught," senna 6, manna, mag- 
nesium sulphate aa 12, fennel 2, water 100 
parts. Dose § j-iij. S., Syr, senna 33, 
sugar 60, alcohol 4, oil of coriander and 
water to 100 parts. Dose ^ss-ij. 

Sensa / tion (sentio, to feel). The cogni- 
zance or perception of an impression com- 
ing from an external source, by means of 
the peripheral organs of sensation. 



Sense (sentio). The faculty of the nervous 
system w r hereby impressions of the ex- 
ternal world are received by the mind. 
Organs of the Senses, are those of 
touch, taste, smell, hearing and sight. 

SensibiFity (sentio). The capability of re- 
ceiving and transmitting impressions, and 
of being conscious of them. S., Organic, 
the capability of transmitting and receiving 
impressions without being conscious of 
them. (Bichat). S., Range of. See 
Fee liner's Law. 

Sensible (sentio). Endowed with the 
sense of feeling. 

Sensitive (sentio). Capable of feeling; 
reacting to stimulus. 

Sensorial (sensorium). Pertaining to the 
sensorium. 

Sensori-mo'tor (sensus, feeling, moveo, to 
move). A term applied to certain nerve- 
fibers conjointly concerned in the phenom- 
ena of feeling and muscular contraction. 
S. Centers, the same as or intimately 
associated with the motor centers. 

Senso / rium (Lat.). The common center 
of sensations. More especially that part 
of the brain that is the seat of sensation, 
in distinction from the centers of thought 
and motion. 

Sen / sory (sentio). Pertaining to sense or 
sensation. Having the quality of sensation. 
S. Nerves, those that convey sensations 
or impressions to their proper centers, 
being afferent in their function, in distinc- 
tion from motor nerves, which are efferent. 
Also, the nerves of the special senses. 

Sensualism (sensus). The condition of 
being controlled by or of giving way to the 
animal passions. 

Sen / tient (sentio). Having sensation; 
conscious of feeling. 

Sep / al (sepalum). One of the leaflets or 
divisions of the calyx of a flower. 

Separato'rium (separo, to separate). In 
pharmacy, a strainer. In surgery, an in- 
strument for separating the pericranium 
from the skull. 

Sep'sin (arjipig, poison). A toxic ptomaine 
found in putrid yeast, and in decomposed 
blood. Composition unknown. 

Sep' sis (crjTpLQ). In a toxic or putrefying 
condition. Synonymous also with infection 
or pathogenic germs. 

Septae / mia. See Septicemia. 

Septic (c-rjTro), to putrefy). Relating to 
putrefaction. S. Infection, the infect- 
ive absorption of septic material. S. In- 
toxication, non-infective absorption of 
septic matter. 



SEPTICEMIA 



SERUM 



Septicemia (at/iru, ai/ua, blood). An in- 
fective disease caused by the absorption 
of septic products. Pyemia is septicaemia 
with the formation of secondary or embolic 
abscesses. 

Septico-pyae / mia. The condition of com- 
bined septicaemia and pyaemia ; septic and 
purulent infection. Called spontaneous by 
Leube, and krypto-genetic by Jiirgensen, 
because of inability to trace the source of 
the infection. 

Sep / tine (ot/tttoc). A poisonous substance 
developed as the ultimate product of putrid 
fermentation of organic matter. 

Sep / tum (sepio, to hem in). A lamina or 
division wall of bone, cartilage, or mem- 
brane. S. Auricularum, the partition 
wall between the right and left ventricles 
of the heart. S. Cerebelli, the septum 
of dura mater between the cerebellar 
halves. S. Cerebri, the falciform process 
of dura mater of the cerebrum. S. 
Cordis, the wall between the two sides 
of the heart. S. Crurale, the layer of 
areolar tissue closing the femoral ring. S. 
Lucidum, that between the lateral ventri- 
cles of the brain. S. of Nose, that be- 
tween the two nasal fossae. S. Pectini- 
form, that between the lateral portions of 
the corpus cavernosum of the penis. S. 
Transversum, the diaphragm, and also 
the tentorium cerebelli. 

SequeTa (sequor, to follow). The con- 
sequences or abnormal conditions following 
the abatement of a disease. 

Sequestrectomy [sequestrum, ektsjivu, to 
excise). Excision of a sequestrum. 

Sequestrum (sequestro, to separate from). 
A detached or dead piece of bone within 
a cavity, abscess, or wound. S., Primary, 
that entirely detached and demanding 
removal. S., Secondary, partially de- 
tached, and unless very loose may be 
pushed into place. S., Tertiary, cracked 
or partially detached and remaining firmly 
in place. 

Seralbumin. The albumin found in 
the blood, in distinction from that of the 
egg, ovalbumin. 

Se / rial (series, a succession). Following 
in regular order. S. Sections, anatomical 
or microscopical sections made in consecu- 
tive order. 

Se / rious (serins, grave). Applied to such 
morbid conditions or symptoms as indicate 
fatal prognosis. 

Ser'olin (serum, oleum, oil). A fatty con- 
stituent of blood. 

Se / ro- (serum). A prefix denoting con- 



nection with or relation to serum. S.- 
purulent, pertaining to or being of the 
nature of a combination of serum and pus. 
S.- sanguineous. Having the nature 
both of serum and blood. 

Seros'ity (seru??i). Having the quality or 
likeness of serous fluids, but not true secre- 
tions of serous membranes. 

Sero-subTimate Gauze. See Listerian 
Method. 

Se / rous (serum). Having the nature of 
serum. Full of serum. S. Membrane. 
See Membrane. 

Serpens (Lat.). Serpentine, sinuous. S. 
Ulcus, a fistulous ulcer. 

Serpenta / ria. Virginia Snake-root. The 
roots of Aristolochia S. and A. reticulata. 
Properties due to a volatile oil, a camphor- 
resin, and a bitter extractive. A stimulant, 
tonic and diaphoretic, promoting appetite 
and digestion. Used mainly as a vehicle 
for other medicines. Dose of the fid. ext. 
TT^x-xxx ; of the tinct, io per cent, in 
strength, frss-ij. 

Ser'pentine ( serpens). Sinuous. Re- 
sembling snake-like form or movement. 

Serpiginous (serpo, to creep). Resem- 
bling serpigo. Also, applied to such skin 
diseases as move or creep progressively 
from one part to another. S. Ulcer, one 
that changes its locus, or seems to creep 
from one part to another. 

Serpigo (serpo). Ringworm. See Tinea. 

Ser'ra SaFvia. Wild Sage. Sage-brush. 
The herb Artemisia frigida, common in 
the basin region of N. America. Anti- 
periodic, with many of the properties of 
quinine. Dose of fid. ext. ^j-ij. Unof. 

Seriated (serra, a saw). Notched like 
the blade of a saw. 

Serrat'iform (serra, forma, a form). Same 
as serrated. 

Serra 7 tus. See Muscle -Table. 

Serre-fine (Fr.). A small suture used 
in accurate apposition of the lips of a 
wound. 

Serre-nceud (Fr.). An instrument used 
for ligating. 

Serrulate (dim. of serra). Minutely 
notched or serrated. 

Se / rum (Lat.). The yellowish fluid sepa- 
rating from the blood after the coagulation 
of the fibrin. See Blood. S. -albumin, 
a native albumin or proteid constituent of 
the human body, especially of the blood, 
differing from egg-albumin in several re- 
spects. Changeable into syntonin or acid- 
albumin by dilute hydrochloric acid, and 
by dilute alkalies into alkali- albuminate. 



SERUMURIA 



400 



SHOT-GUN PRESCRIPTION 



S. -globulin. See Para-globulin. S. 
Lac t is, whey. 

Serumu / ria. See Albuminuria. 

Ses / ami 01e / um. Benne Oil. A fixed 
oil expressed from the seeds of S. indicum, 
or Benne plant. Resembles olive oil in 
composition and properties. Employed 
mainly as a hair oil. 

Ses / amoid (crjaafiov, a grain [of corn], 
eidog, like). Resembling a grain. S. 
Bones, small bones (cartilaginous in 
early life) developed in tendons submitted 
to much pressure. 

Ses / qui- (Lat., one and one-half). A 
prefix denoting one and one-half. 

Sesquiox / ide of Iron. Ferric oxide, a 
salt of iron having the composition Fe 2 3 . 

Se / ta (Lat.). A bristle. 

Seta / ceous (seta). Bristly, hairy. 

Seta / ceum. See Seton. 

Se / ton (seta). A sinus kept from healing 
by the introduction and drawing through 
it of a thread. 

Setschenow's Inhibitory Center. A 
cerebral mechanism for the inhibition of 
reflex movements. Supposed to be lo- 
cated in the corpora quadrigemina and 
medulla. 

Se / vum (Lat.). Suet. The adipose tissue 
or fat from the abdomen of the sheep, 
strained and clarified. Soluble in benzine 
and ether. Consists mainly of stearin, 
with a small percentage of palmitin and 
olein. Used in the preparation of ointments 
and liniments. 

Sew / age. The heterogeneous substances 
constituting the excreta and waste matter 
of domestic economy and the contents of 
drains. It consists mainly of putrescent 
animal and vegetable tissues, faecal matter 
and urine — the latter in a state of ammo- 
niacal fermentation — mixed with water, or 
dissolved in it. In the process of fermen- 
tation, marsh gas, ammonia, hydrogen sul- 
phide, and other gases, are freely given 
off, and as these are more or less soluble 
in water, an ordinary water-trap only par- 
tially prevents their passage. In addition, 
the constituents of the solution are such 
as to form an excellent culture fluid for 
numerous pathogenic microbes, especially 
those constituting the contagium of cholera, 
typhoid fever and similar diseases. S. 
Farming, use of sewage as a manure. 

Sex-. A Latin numeral used as a prefix, 
meaning six. 

Sex (seco, to divide). The distinctive dif- 
ference of organic beings expressed by 
male and female. 



Sexdig / ital (sex, six, digitus, a finger). 
Having six fingers or six toes. 

Sex / ual. Pertaining to sex. S. Diseases, 
diseases of the sexual organs. S. Inter- 
course, copulation. 

SexuaPity. The collective differences 
which in an individual make such an one 
male or female. 

Shadow-test. See Retinoscopy. 

Shaft. The trunk of any columnar mass. 

Shakes. Popular for Ague. 

Shaking Palsy. See Paralysis. 

Shampooing. The performance of mas- 
sage with the application of a liniment or 
other fluid substance. 

Sharpey's Fibers. Calcified fibers of 
white, fibrous tissue bolting together the 
peripheric lamellae of bone. 

Sheath. Applied to the coverings of 
arteries, muscles, nerves, fascia, etc. S. of 
Schwann. See Schwann. 

Sheep Laurel. See Kalmia. 

Sheep -pox. A contagious pustular dis- 
ease of sheep similar to the cow-pox of bos. 

Sheep Sorrel. The leaves of common 
sorrel, Rumex acetosella. Acidity due to 
potassium oxalate and tartrate. Refrige- 
rant and diuretic. An excellent drink in 
fevers. Useful as an antiscorbutic. Dose 
of infusion ad lib., of fid. ext. gj-ij. Unof. 

Shells. Tinted spectacles, for protection 
of the eyes. Coquilles. 

Shin (Sax., seme, the fore-part of the leg). 
The popular term for the anterior edge of 
the tibia or fore-part of the leg. S.-bone, 
the tibia. 

Shin / gles. A popular name for herpes 
zoster. 

Ship Fever. Typhus fever. 

Shiv / er. A tremor or shaking of the body. 
It may arise from a sense of coldness, but 
it is often concomitant with or symptomatic 
of fevers, especially those of a contagious 
and epidemic nature. 

Shock. The depression or grave effect 
produced by severe injuries, operations, or 
strong emotion. S., Secondary, or In- 
sidious, a second attack occurring after 
the first. 

Shoddy Fever (or Disease). A febrile 
condition caused by the inhalation of the 
dust in making "shoddy" yams and fab- 
rics. It is characterized by feverishness, 
headache, nausea, dryness of the mouth, 
dyspnoea, cough and expectoration. 

Short- sight. See Myopia. 

Shot-gun Prescription. One with many 
ingredients, with the hope that some one 
may cure the disease. 



SHOULDER 



401 



SINAPIS 



ShouPder. The popular designation of 
the scapulo - clavicular articulation and 
adjacent parts. S. Blade, the scapula. 

Show, A popular term for a sanguino- 
serous discharge from the birth-canal prior 
to labor. 

Shower-bath, Electrical. See Electrical 
Shower-bath. 

Shriv / el. To shrink in bulk and become 
wrinkled. 

Shud / der. A convulsive but momentary- 
tremor, caused usually by fright, disgust or 
nervous shock. 

SiaPaden [aiakov, saliva, adrjv, a gland). 
A salivary gland. 

Sialadenitis [si a laden, it eg, inflam- 
mation). Inflammation of the salivary 
glands. 

Sialadenon / cus [sialaden, oy/coc, a tumor). 
A tumor of the salivary glands. 

SiaPagogue. See Ptyalagogue. 

Si / alin [aiakov). Pertaining to or having 
the nature of saliva. 

Sialo-lithi / asis [aiakov, lidog, a stone). 
The presence of salivary calculi. 

Sialon / cus [aiakov, oyicog, a tumor). A 
tumor under the tongue arising from the 
obstruction of the duct of the salivary 
gland by calculus or other cause. 

Sialorrhce / a [aiakov, pea, to flow). Saliva- 
tion. Excessive flow of saliva. 

Sib'i (pron. simbi). A Fiji term for an 
elephantiasis or tumor of the leg or arm. 

Sib / ilant [sibilo, to hiss). Articulating with 
a hissing sound. Also, the nature of 
certain wheezy sounds observed in auscul- 
tation. 

Sick. 111. Not well. In England the 
term commonly means nauseated, or "sick 
at the stomach." " S. Time," popularly 
used for the period of menstruation. 

Sick-headache. Headache with nausea, 
anorexia, etc. Migraine. 

Sick'ness. Nausea. Also, a general term 
including all morbid conditions. S., 
Monthly. See Menstruation. 

Side. A lateral half of the body or of any 
bilateral organ. 

Sidero / sis [aidrjpog, iron). The pigmenta- 
tion of the lymphatic glands, liver and 
kidneys, so called from the presence of iron 
in the pigment. 

Sieve. A vessel with a reticulated bottom. 
Used for the separation of pulverized from 
coarse substances. The gauge of the sieve 
is usually expressed in the number of 
meshes per square inch. 

Sigault's Operation. See Ccesarean 
Operation. 
26 



Sigh. A peculiar prolonged and deep in- 
spiration. 

Sight. That sense by which the image of 
an object projected upon the retina is con- 
veyed to the mind. S., Day. See He- 
tneralopia. S., Long. See Hyperopia. 
S., Night. See Nyctalopia. S., Old. 
See Presbyopia. S., Short. See Myopia. 

Sig / moid [aiy/na, eichg, likeness). Bearing 
a resemblance to the shape of the letter 
Sigma. S. Catheter, shaped like an S, 
for passing into the female bladder. S. 
Flexure, the bend in the colon between 
the descending portion and the rectum. S. 
Valves, the cardiac semilunar valves. 

Sign [signum, a mark or device). In 
pathology, any diagnostic symptom. In 
pharmacy, a conventional character imply- 
ing a direction or order. 

Sig / na (signo, to make a sign). In pre- 
scription-writing, a conventional term 
meaning " mark." It designates the physi- 
cian's directions to the patient concerning 
the medicine prescribed. 

SiPica. The oxide of silicon, Si0 2 . It 
occurs in nature in the mineral form, of 
which sea-sand is a familiar example. 

Siliceous [silicon). Having the nature of 
or containing silicon. 

SilicTum. See Silicon. 

SiPicon. Si = 28 ; quantivalence iv. 
One of the elements, and, next to oxygen, 
the most abundant, forming about one- 
fourth the crust of the globe. In medicine, 
it is used in the form of an alkaline silicate 
only. See Potassium, Sodium, and Mag- 
nesium. 

SiPver. See Argentum. 

Silver-fork Deformity. A peculiar dis- 
placement of the wrist and hand in frac- 
ture of the lower extremity of the radius. 

Simple [simplex). Not complex. Con- 
sisting of a single ingredient. Not com- 
pound. • 

SinVples. A common term for herbs 
having a medicinal value. 

Sims' Depres / sor. An instrument for 
holding back the wall of the vagina in 
examination of that cavity. 

Sims' Feed / er. An instrument for aiding 
in the suture of tissues. 

Simulation [simulo, to feign). In medi- 
cine, the feigning or counterfeiting of dis- 
ease. The pretence of a malingerer. 

SiirPulo. The fruit of certain species of 
hyssop. Dose of the tincture gss-iij. 
Unof. 

ShVapis. Mustard. The seeds of S. alba, 
white mustard, and S. nigra, black mus- 



SINAPISM 



402 



SKULL 



tard. It contains a ferment, myrosin, 
and a crystalline substance, that when 
moistened unite to form a volatile oil of 
allyl sulpho-cyanide. Locally, a powerful 
rubefacient; internally, a stomachic stimu- 
lant; in large doses an emetic. Much 
used locally in the form of the well- 
known " mustard plaster." S. Ol., the 
volatile oil. Dose Vc^yi- 1 /. S. Charta, 
mustard paper, consists of black mustard 
mixed with solution of gutta percha and 
spread on paper. S. Liniment. Comp., 
contains oil of mustard 3, ext. mezereum 
2, camphor 6, castor oil 15, alcohol ad 
100 parts. 
Sin / apism {sinapsis, mustard). A mus- 
tard plaster. 
Sincipital. Pertaining to the sinciput. 
Sin / ciput [semi, capzit, head). The supe- 
rior and anterior part of the head. Also, 
the top of the head. 

Sin'ew (A. S., sinu). Tendinous or liga- 
mentous tissue. 
Singultus. See Hiccough. 
Sin / istrad [sinister, the left hand). To- 
ward the left. 

Sinistral {sinister). Pertaining or be- 
longing to the left side. 
Sinuous {sinuo, to wind). Wavy; ap- 
plied especially to tortuous fistulae and 
sinuses. 

Si / nus (Lat, a gulf). A cavity or canal 
within bone, the dura mater, etc. Applied 
also to the pathway or canal leading from an 
abscess. S. of Aorta. See S. of 'Valsalva. 
S., Cavernous, a venous sinus at the base 
of the skull receiving the inferior anterior 
cerebral veins, and communicating with 
the lateral sinuses and the facial vein. S., 
Circular, a venous sinus surrounding the 
pituitary body. S., Coronary, that por- 
tion of the great cardiac vein situated in 
the posterior part of the left auriculo-ven- 
tricular groove. S., Longitudinal {sup. 
and inf.), venous sinuses of the falx 
cerebri. S., Maxillary, the antrum of 
Highmore. S., Petrosal (2), venous 
sinuses along the borders of the petrous 
portion of the temporal bone. S. Pocu- 
laris. See Vesicula. S., Prostatic, 
fossae on each side of the vera montanum 
perforated by the orifices of the prostatic 
ducts. S., Pulmonary, the cavities be- 
hind the semilunar valves of the pulmonary 
artery. S., Uro- genital, the cavity 
in the embryo in which end the ducts of 
the Wolffian bodies, ureters, etc. S. of 
Valsalva, cavities behind the aortic semi- 
lunar valves. 



Si / phon {otcpov, a tube). A bent tube, one 
leg being longer, used to transfer a liquid 
from one vessel to another. Trocars 
and aspirating instruments constructed on 
this principle are called S. -trocars and 
S. -aspirators. 
Siphono / ma (ctfov, o/na, tumor). A perito- 
neal cylindroma, sometimes called Henle's 
tubular tumor. 

Si'ren {aeipqv, a mythical being who en- 
ticed by her singing). An instrument for 
studying the qualities and properties of 
musical sounds. 

Sirenom / elus {aupijv, fie?j)g, limb). A 
class of symmelic monstrosities in which 
the extremities terminate in a point, with- 
out hands or feet. 
Sitiol'ogy {oLTLOv, nourishment, Aoyoc, a 
treatise). A treatise on nourishment or 
dietetics. 
Sitiopho / bia (citiov, <po(3og, dread) . A form 
of insanity marked by abhorrence of food. 
Si'tus {situs). A position. 
Sitz / bath (Ger., sitz, a seat). A hip- or 
half-bath ; a bath taken in a sitting posture. 
Si'zy {siza, glue). Viscous, like glue or 

size. 
Ska / tol {oKop [a/caroc], faeces). Methyl- 
indol, a constant crystalline constituent of 
human faeces, formed during putrefaction 
in the intestine. It gives to faeces their 
peculiar odor. 

Skeletol'ogy. See Osteology. 
Skeleton {okeIetov). The articulated 
framework of the bones of the body. 
Skene's Tubes. Minute tubular out- 
growths from the rudiments of the Wolf- 
fian ducts, corresponding to the vesiculae 
seminales in the male. 
Skew Muscles. Triangular or quadri- 
lateral-shaped muscles, the plane of whose 
line of origin intersects that of the inser- 
tion. 
Skiascopy. See Retinoscopy. 
Skin (A. S., scin). The external protec- 
tive membranous covering of the body. 
Also the organ of touch. Composed of 
three layers, the epidermis, or scarf skin, 
the cutis (derma), or true skin, and the 
rete 7?iticosum, which gives the color to 
the skin. S. -bound. See Scleroderma. 
S. -grafting. See Graft. 
Skleri'asis. See Scleroderma. 
Sko'da's Sign. A percussion sound or 
resonance of a peculiar kind in pleural ef- 
fusion. 
Skull (Dan., skal). The superior expan- 
sion of the vertebral column, the protective 
bony covering or holder of the brain and 



SKUNK CABBAGE 



403 



SODIUM 



organs of the special senses, consisting of 
the cranium and face. The cranium is 
made up of 8 bones — the occipital, 2 parie- 
tal, frontal, 2 temporal, sphenoid and eth- 
moid. The face is composed of 14 bones 
— two each nasal, superior maxillary, lach- 
rymal, malar, palate, inferior turbinated 
and one each vomer and inferior maxil- 
lary. S. Cap, the dome of the skull. S., 
Landmarks of, the eminences, chiefly 
the frontal and parietal, the 2 temporal 
ridges, the sutures, and the following 
points : Asterion, the junction of the oc- 
cipital, parietal and temporal bones. 
B as ion, the middle of the anterior wall 
of the foramen magnum. Bregma, the 
junction of the sagittal and coronal sutures. 
Gonion, the angle of the lower jaw. 
Hormion, the junction of the vomer and 
sphenoid bones in the median line. 
Inion, the external occipital protuber- 
ance. Lambda, the junction of the sag- 
ittal and lambdoidal sutures. Nasion, 
the junction of the nasal and frontal bones. 
Obelion, the sagittal suture between the 
parietal foramina. Ophryon, the point 
of crossing of the middle line and a hori- 
zontal line on a level with the superior 
border of the eyebrows. Pterion, the 
point of junction of the great wing of the 
sphenoid and the frontal, parietal and squa- 
mous bones. Stephanion, Inferior, the 
intersection of ridge for temporal muscle 
and coronal suture. Stephanion, Supe- 
rior, intersection of ridge for temporal 
fascia and coronal suture. Vertex, the 
most elevated point. 

Skunk Cabbage. The root of Symplocar- 
pus foetidus. Stimulant, antispasmodic 
and narcotic. Dose of fid. ext. Tr^x-xl. 
Unof. 

Sleep (A. S., sleep). The state of rest and 
recuperation of the bodily and mental vol- 
untary powers. The consciousness may 
also be inactive or dreaming — i. e., without 
the guidance and data of the will and 
lower centers, and hence illogically func- 
tional. S. -walking. See Somnambulism. 

Sleeping-sickness. See African Leth- 
argy. 

Sleepy. Inclined to sleep. 

Slide. The glass-plate on which micro- 
scopic specimens are placed for exami- 
nation. 

Sling. A swinging bandage and carriage 
for supporting a fractured limb. 

Slough (Sax., slog, a foul hole). The sepa- 
rating and dying particles of tissue in 
suppurative and ulcerative processes. 



Sludge (A. S.,slog, mud). Sewage-deposit. 

Smallpox. See Variola. 

Smart -weed. See Polygonum Hydro- 
piperoides. 

Smeg / ma (a/urjyjua, a cleansing substance). 
The sebaceous accretions upon the skin. 
S. Embryonum. See Vernix. S. of 
Prepuce, the caseous substance secreted 
by the follicles of the prepuce. 

Smell. The perception of an odor by 
means of the olfactory nerve. 

Smelling Salts. A popular name applied 
to various preparations of ammonium car- 
bonate flavored with aromatic substances. 

Snake-root, Black. See Cimicifuga. 

Snare. A surgical instrument for the ex- 
cision of polypi, etc., in deep-seated cavi- 
ties. 

Sneeze (Sax., nieran). To expel the 
breath audibly and spasmodically through 
the nose for the removal of mucus or for- 
eign bodies. 

Snellen's Types. See Test-types. 

Snore (A. S., snora). To breathe through 
the nose in such a manner as to cause a 
vibration of the uvula and soft palate, 
thereby producing a deep, audible tone. 

Snout. The nose of an animal. 

Snow-blindness. See Blindness. 

Snuffies. A popular name for a catarrhal 
discharge from the nose in infancy. It is 
not infrequently symptomatic of a specific 
disease. 

Soap. See Sapo. S. Bark. See Quil- 
laia. 

Soap / wort. Bouncing Bet. The root of 
Saponaria officinalis. Properties due to 
an extractive, saponin. A paralyzant to 
peripheral nerve-endings and respiratory 
centers. An useful alterative in syphilitic 
and scrofulous complaints. Dose of fld. 
ext. tt\xv-gj. Unof. 

So / cia Parot'idis (Lat.). An occasional 
small, separate lobe of the parotid gland. 

Social Evil. Prostitution. 

Sociology (socius, a fellow-being, Xoyog, 
a treatise). A treatise on the mutual rela- 
tions of people and of social organization. 

So'da (Arab.). The oxide, Na 2 0, of the 
metal sodium. Also, popularly, almost 
any salt of sodium. See Sodium. S. 
Water, the so-called soda water sold by 
druggists and confectioners consists of fil- 
tered water impregnated or aerated with 
carbon dioxide. Contains no soda. The 
flavoring syrups are frequently unwhole- 
some. A good refrigerant. 

So / dium (gen. sodii). Na = 23; quantiva- 
lence 1 ; Sp. gr. 0.972. A metal of the 



SODOMY 



404 



SOLUTION 



alkaline group, characterized by strong 
affinity for oxygen. It has a silver- white 
luster, and is softer than lead. It decom- 
poses water, forming sodium hydrate. The 
action of sodium salts is similar to that 
of potassium compounds. S. Acetas, 
diuretic, a good saline draught. Dose 
gr. xx- 3 j. S. Bicarbonas, HXaC0 3 , 
" salaeratus," " baking soda ; " antacid ; 20 
gr. neutralize 1 6. 7 gr. of citric acid or 
17.8 gr. tartaric acid. Effervescent. Much 
used for the aeration of quick-made bread. 
Dose gr. x-^j. S. Bicarb. Troch., 
each contains gr. iij of the salt. S. 
Bicarb. Venalis, commercial bicarbon- 
ate. S. Carbonas, Na 2 C0 3 , antacid; 20 
gr. neutralize 9.7 gr. citric, or 10.5 gr. tar- 
taric acid. Effervescent. Dose gr. v— xxx. 
S. Carb. Exsiccatus, the carbonate dried 
until it loses 50 per cent, of its weight. S. 
Chloras, NaC10 3 , the basis of an agreea- 
ble gargle. Dose gr. v-xx. S. Chlori- 
dum, NaCl, common salt, an agreeable 
condiment. Dose gr. x-£j. S. Ethylas, 
caustic alcohol, unof., in contact with water 
breaks into caustic soda and alcohol. S. 
Hydrate, Na(HO), "caustic soda," very 
alkaline and powerfully escharotic. S. 
Liq., solution of soda; contains 56 parts 
of the hydrate in 944 of distilled water. 
S. Nitras, NaNO s , " cubic niter," "Chili 
saltpeter; " a mild cathartic. Dose ^j-ij. 
S. Sulphas, NajSO^, "Glauber's Salt," 
" washing soda ;" a mild purgative. Dose 
gr. v-xx; as purgative jfss-j. 

Sod / omy (Sodom, a former city of Asia 
Minor). Sexual connection by the anus. 

Soemmering, Foramen of. See Fora- 
men. S., Yellow Spot of. See Macula 
Lutea. 

Softening. The act of becoming less co- 
hesive, firm or resistant. S., Anaemic, 
disintegration and liquefaction of the brain 
substance from lack of blood supply. S., 
Colliquative, the affected tissue liquefies. 
S. of Brain, a disease of the cerebral 
tissue dependent upon inflammation or 
blood-failure, the symptoms varying ac- 
cording to the part affected, but consisting 
in loss of function, partial or complete. It 
may be red, yellow, or white: S., Red 
or Yellow, when haemorrhage accom- 
panies the ischaemic softening, and the 
products of disintegration of the blood 
mingle with the nerve-substance, giving it 
a red or yellow hue; S., White, when 
the ischaemia is unaccompanied with haem- 
orrhage. S. of the Heart, myomalacia 
cordis, a softening of the cardiac muscles 



consequent on arterial anaemia. S. of the 
Stomach, gastromalacia, consequent upon 
highly acid contents with weak circulation 
of the walls, but usually a post-mortem 
phenomenon. See Auto-digestion. S. of 
Thrombus, may be Simple or Red, Puri- 
form or Yellow, the latter resulting in the 
extremely unfavorable Thrombophlebitis. 

SoFanine. An alkaloid extractive of 
Solatium nigrum. Has reputed narcotic 
properties without causing nausea. Dose 
gr. ^-iv. Unof. 

Sola / num. A genus of the family of 
Solanacece. 

Solar Plex / us. See Plexus. 

Solatium (Lat.). A sun-bath. 

Sole. The plantar surface of the foot. 

SoTea. See Sole. 

SoTeus. See Muscle- Table. 

Sol'id (solidus). A substance whose mole- 
cules are in a condition of strong mutual 
attraction. 

Solidarity (solidus). The unitary nature 
of the relations of the various parts of an 
organism, whereby all individual parts are 
subordinated to the welfare of the whole. 

Solidification. The act of becoming 
solid, or of possessing molecular attraction. 

Solitary Bundle. A strand of nerve- 
fibers in the medulla. 

Solitary Follicles. Certain minute glands 
found in the mucous membrane of the in- 
testines. 

Solitary Glands. See Gland. 

SoTium. See Tcenia Solium. 

SoFomon's Seal. The root of Conval- 
laria polygonatum. Tonic, mucilaginous 
and slightly astringent. Formerly a popu- 
lar domestic remedy for rheumatism and 
gout. Externally employed in contusions. 
Dose of fld. ext. gj-ij. Unof. 

Sol'uble (solubilis). That which may enter 
into solution. Capable of being dissolved. 
S. Albumin. See Native Albumin. S. 
Glass, the silicate of sodium, potassium, 
or magnesium. A viscid liquid that hard- 
ens into a firm varnish of the salt when 
applied to bandages and dressings. S. 
Stool, faeces of semi-solid consistency. 

Solution (solutid). The overcoming of 
cohesion in the molecules of a solid by 
means of a liquid menstruum and their 
diffusion among those of the liquid. The 
infusion of the molecules of a gaseous or 
of a liquid substance among those of a 
liquid. S. of Continuity, division of a 
tissue by traumatism, inflammation, or dis- 
ease. S., Saturated, a degree of solution 
beyond which no more of the molecules 



SOLVENT 



405 



SOURWOOD 



of the solid can be diffused through the 
menstruum. 

SoFvent [solvo, to dissolve). A liquid 
menstruum for effecting solution or over- 
coming molecular cohesion. Water is the 
chief solvent for crystalline substances and 
salts, alcohol for gums and resins, and 
ether, chloroform and benzine for fats. 

SoFvine [solvo). A substance with great 
power of dissolving. It is easily absorbed 
through the skin and dissolves the blood 
corpuscles. 

So / macule (dim. of cu/Lta, body). The 
smallest subdivision of protoplasm possible 
with retention of its physiological functions. 

SomaFic [ciojua). Pertaining to the body 
or organism as a whole. S. Death. See 
Death. 

Somatody / mia [acofia, dvo, to enter). A 
double foetal monstrosity with united 
trunks. 

Somatology [ao/m, loyog, a discourse). 
The study of anatomy. 

Somat / opleure [ou/Lta, TrXevpa, the side). 
The upper layer of the mesoblast. 

Somatotrid'ymus [au/ua, rptSvjuog, triple). 
A monster with three trunks or bodies. 

SomnanFbulism [somnus, sleep, ambulo, 
to walk). The condition of half- sleep, in 
which the senses are but partially sus- 
pended, termed sleep-walking. Also, the 
type of hypnotic sleep, in which the sub- 
ject is possessed of all his senses, often 
having the appearance of one awake, but 
whose will and consciousness are under the 
control of the operator. Charcot calls this 
simply "the somnambulism," which 
constitutes the third type of the hypnotic 
state ; the second he calls the catalepsy, 
produced by the gong or electric light sud- 
denly sounded or brought before the sub- 
ject's eyes ; the eyes are wide open and the 
muscles acquire the curious waxy condi- 
tion designated as flexibilitas cerea. The 
subject seems to have no mental connec- 
tion with the outside world. This latter 
characteristic also distinguishes the leth- 
argy, or first type of the hypnotic state, in 
which there is unconsciousness, irrespon- 
siveness of the senses to stimulus, and a 
fixed position of certain muscles. See, 
also, Hypnotism. 

Somnifacient [somnus, sleep, facio, to 
make). A medicine producing sleep; a 
hypnotic. 

SomniFerin [somnus, fero, to bear). A 
morphine-ether discovered by Bombelon, 
said to be. stronger than morphine, without 
bad effects or influence upon the heart. 



SomniFerous [somnus, fero). Producing 
sleep. 

Som / nolence [somnus), A condition of 
drowsiness or sleep. 

Som / nolent [somnus). Inclined to sleep. 

Sonde. See Sound. 

Son / itus. See Tinnitus. 

Sonom / eter [sonus, a sound, /uerpov, a 
measure). An instrument for determining 
the pitch of a sound, and also for deter- 
mining its relation to a chord. 

Soot (A. S.). A complex carbon deposit 
of wood-smoke; an old-time remedy in 
certain diseases. 

Sophistication [contort/cog, deceitful). 
The adulteration of a substance. 

So / por (Lat.). Sleep, especially the pro- 
found sleep symptomatic of a morbid con- 
dition. 

SoporiFerous [sopor, fero, to bear). Pro- 
ducing or causing sleep. 

SoporiFic [sopor, facio). A medicine or 
agent which produces sleep. A hypnotic. 

So / porose [sopor). Sleepy. Partaking 
of the nature of sound sleep. 

Sorbefa / cient [sorbeo, to suck, facio, to 
make). A medicine or agent that pro- 
duces absorption. 

Sor / des [sordeo, to be foul). Filth. Pus 
of suppuration. Also, any filthy or morbid 
secretion or deposition. 

Sore (A. S., sar). An ulcer or sensitive 
inflamed spot. 

Sore Throat. A popular name embracing 
almost every inflammation or morbid affec- 
tion of the throat. 

Sorghum. A variety of sugar-cane, S. 
saccharatum, of the family Graminacece. 
Also, a syrup made from the expressed in- 
spissated juice of the same. 

Sorrel. See Sheep Sorrel. S. . Tree. 
See Sourwood. 

Souffle (Fr.). See Murmur. S., Uter- 
ine, the proper term for what was formerly 
called the Placental S., a sound heard in 
the latter months of pregnancy, caused by 
the entrance of the blood into the dilated 
arteries of the uterus. 

Soul-blindness. See Blindness, Psychi- 
cal. 

Sound [sono, to make a noise). The sen- 
sation produced by aerial vibrations. See 
Hearing. Also, an instrument for inser- 
tion into the bladder to test for calculus. 

Sour'wood. Sorrel tree. The leaves of 
Oxydendron arboreum. Tonic, refriger- 
ant and diuretic. Of reputed value in 
dropsy. Dose of the fld. ext. ttptxx-^ij. 
Unof. 



SOUTHERNWOOD 



406 



SPECIFIC 



Southernwood. The leaves and stems of 
Artemisia abrotanum. Tonic, deobstru- 
ent and anthelmintic. Similar in proper- 
ties to wormwood. Dose of fid. ext-TT^x-xx. 
Unof. 

Sozoi'odal. A combination of sulphur, 
iodine and carbolic acid. It is useful as 
an antiseptic. 

Space [spatium, space). A name given for 
purposes of description to sundry enclosed 
or semi-enclosed places within or about 
the body. S., Anterior Perforated, a 
triangular space at the inner side of the 
Sylvian fissure. S., Axillary, the axilla. 
S., Corneal, between the corneal layers. 
S. Feelings, Hering's term for the per- 
ceptions or inferences of space relations 
resulting from the retinal image. S. of 
Fontana, cavernous spaces between the 
fibers of the ligamentum iridis. S., 
Haversian or Medullary, in the can- 
cellous tissue of bone. S., Popliteal, 
a lozenge-shaped space at the back of the 
knee and thigh. S., Posterior Perfo- 
rated, the back part of the floor of the 
third ventricle. 

Spanae'mia. See Ancemia. 

Spanish Fly. See Cantharis. 

Spanish Needle. The herb Bidens bipin- 
nata. Expectorant and emmenagogue. A 
favorite remedy with eclectic practitioners. 
Dose of fid. ext. n^xv-^j. Unof. 

Spargo / sis (arrapyaa, to be distended). A 
term loosely applied to enlargement of the 
breasts ; distention of a secretory organ ; the 
swathing of a child's head in cloth; and 
elephantiasis. 

Sparteine. A liquid alkaloid derived from 
Spartium scopariwn, the common broom. 
It is an uncertain diuretic and cardiac tonic, 
but is often efficacious where digitalis fails. 
Dose gr. ^-\. 

Spasm {GTzaafiog). Convulsive muscular 
contraction local or general, voluntary or 
involuntary. S., Clonic, the contractions 
alternate with relaxations. S., Fixed, 
permanent or continuous tetanic rigidity 
of one or more muscles. S., Habit, 
half-voluntary spasmodic movements, the 
result of habit, sometimes called Habit 
Chorea. S., Synclonic, tremulous agi- 
tation. S., Tonic, persisting rigidity of 
contraction. 

SpasmatTc (airaojuog). Pertaining to 
spasm ; also, one in convulsions. 

Spas / mi (pi. of spasmus). Spasms. 

Spas / mo- (awaajuog). A Greek word used 
as a prefix to denote connection with 
spasm. 



Spasmodic (gttcktuos). Pertaining to 
convulsion or spasm. 

Spasmodyspnce / a (air aa /nog, dyspnoea, dif- 
ficult breathing). Difficult breathing, at- 
tended with spasmodic symptoms. 

Spasmol'ogy (anaa/iog, loyog, a treatise). 
A treatise on the nature and causes of con- 
vulsions. 

Spasmophilia (airaapiog, <$>lXeo, to love). 
A morbid ease or tendency of being thrown 
into spasms. 

Spasmotox / ine (ajraa/uog, to^lkov). A 
ptomaine-base of composition yet undeter- 
mined, obtained by Brieger from cultures 
of the tetanus-germ, together with other 
unnamed toxines, one of which produced 
a complete tetanus with salivation and 
lachrymation. Spasmotoxine produces in 
animals violent clonic and tonic convul- 
sions. 

Spas / mous (airaafiog). Having the nature 
of a spasm. 

Spas / mus (art aa /nog). A spasm. S. Nic- 
titans, spasmodic winking. 

Spas / tic (ctttgcj, to draw). Pertaining to 
spasms or characterized by them. Drawn 
out of shape or contracted by disease ; ap- 
plied especially to a muscle. S. An- 
aemia, anaemia with abnormal smallness 
of the arteries. S. Paralysis. See Pa- 
ralysis. 

Spatula (Lat). A flexible steel blade 
used for spreading ointments, dispensing 
medicines and other purposes in the man- 
ipulation of medicines. 

Spav / in. Inflammation of the hock -joint 
in horses. 

Spay (araSov, a eunuch). To castrate. 
To remove the ovaries of a female. 

Spearmint. See Mentha Viridis. 

Specialist (specio, to see or distinguish). 
One, especially a physician or surgeon, 
who limits his practice to certain specified 
diseases, or to the diseases of a single 
organ or class. 

Spe'cies (specio). That which may be 
distinguished by its characteristics. Also, a 
group of things having a number of com- 
mon characteristics. S., Origin of, a term 
employed by naturalists to denote the evo- 
lution of differentiated groups or species, 
from groups of individuals characterized 
by general similarity or by homogeneity of 
structure. 

Specific (species, facio, to make). That 
which distinguishes a thing or makes it of 
the species of which it is. Also, a medi- 
cine which has a selective curative influ- 
ence on an individual disease. S. Dis- 



SPECIFICITY 



407 



SPERMATOZEMIA 



eases, those supposed to be directly 
the result of the absorption and develop- 
ment of a distinct contagion, virus or 
microbe; especially used of syphilis. S. 
Gravity. See Gravity. S. Heat, the 
amount of heat given out or absorbed by a 
definite weight ( I It) or I kilo) in under- 
going a measured change of temperature 
(i° C. or i° F.). S. Intensity, a term 
used in vital statistics to represent the num- 
ber living at any age divided by the num- 
ber dying at that age. It is highest at 
about 14 years of age. 

Specificity. The quality of being specific, 
or of accomplishing a determinate function 
and not another. The qualities giving an 
organ or tissue a distinct character. 

Specil'lum {specio). A probe of silver 
armed with a button-shaped head, for 
exploring wounds, fistula;, etc. 

Spectacle-Lenses. See Lens. The 
difference between the old and new sys- 
tems of numbering lenses is shown in the 
annexed Table, from Landoldt (page 408). 

Spectacles [specto, to behold). Optical 
lenses mounted in a frame to wear before 
the eyes for the correction of ametropia. 
S., Bifocal. See Bifocal. S., Ortho- 
scopic. See Orthoscopic. S., Peri- 
scopic. See Periscopic. S., Protect- 
ive, lenses usually tinted, to shield the eyes 
from light, dust, heat, etc. 

Spectroscope {spectrum, an image, cko- 
tteo, to see). An instrument for the pro- 
duction and examination of the spectrum. 

Spec / trum (Lat.). The band of ether- 
waves of a radiant body, having passed 
through a prism, or having been reflected 
from a diffraction grating, and thereby ar- 
ranged regularly according to their wave- 
lengths. S., Solar, is composed of three 
great divisions, the infra-red (dark or in- 
visible heat) waves ; the light waves, and 
the ultra-violet or " actinic " waves. S. 
Analysis, determination of the nature of 
bodies by the character of their spectra. 

Spec / ulum (Lat.). An instrument for 
examining the ear, nose, etc. ; also, an in- 
strument for dilating parts. S., Sim's, a 
peculiar form of vaginal speculum, some- 
times called duckbill S. 

Speech (A. S., spcec). Vocal sounds con- 
veying ideas. S. Center. See Center. 

Spel'ter. Crude zinc. 

Spend. To ejaculate the semen in coition. 

Sperm, or 

Sper'ma (arrepfia, seed). The semen, or 
seed. S. Cell, the spermatozoon. 

Spermaceti. See Cetaceum. 



Spermacra / sia (c-irep/ua, atcpaoig, weak- 
ness). Weakness or imperfection of the 
semen. 

Spermatic (cirepjua). Pertaining to the 
semen. S. Artery, a branch of the aorta 
supplying the testicle. S. Cord, the cord 
from the testicle to the internal abdominal 
ring. 

Sper'matin {cKepjj.a). The odorous, mu- 
cilaginous matter found in semen. Its 
nature is unknown. 

Sper / mato- (cTTep/ua). A Greek word 
used as a prefix to denote connection with 
the semen. 

Spermatoblast (crrep/ua, filacTOQ, a germ. 
A round or oval protoplasmic body of the 
seminal tubules, the developmental state 
of the spermatozoon. 

Spermatocele {cTrepfia, ktjIt], tumor). A 
spermatic cyst or encysted hydrocele of the 
testicle or epididymis. 

Spermatoclem / ma (airepfia, kIettto, to 
steal). Involuntary emission of semen 
during waking. 

Spermato-cysti / tis. Inflammation of the 
vesiculae seminales. 

Spermatocyte [arrepjua, kvtoc, cell). The 
germinal cell from which the spermato- 
zoon develops. 

Spermatog / eny(cr7rfp//a, yewaw, to beget). 
The function of the genesis or secretion of 
semen. 

Spermatol'ogy {aitepjia^loyog, a treatise). 
A treatise on the origin, nature, etc., of 
the seminal fluid. 

Spermatop / athy (uTrep/ua, iradog, disease). 
Disease of the sperm-cells or of the se- 
creting mechanism of the same. 

Sper / matophore (owepfja, <pepo, to carry). 
The albuminous accretions occurring in 
the seminal fluid, which appear to be nidi 
of spermatozoa. 

Spermatopoiet'ic (GTrep/ua, ttoieu, to be- 
get). The production or secretion of 
semen. 

Spermatorrhoea (airep/ua, peu, to flow). 
Involuntary discharge of semen without 
sexual excitement. S. Dormientum, a 
nocturnal emission of semen. S., False, 
when spermatozoids are not in the fluid ; 
called, also, prostatorrhcea. S., True, 
when spermatozoids are present. 

Spermatos / chesis (cTrep/ua, cr^fovc, sup- 
pression). Suppression of the seminal 
fluid. 

Sper / matospores (cTrepfia, airopa, a 
spore). The cells of the seminal tubules 
whence spring the spermatoblasts. 

Spermatoze / mia. See Spennaiorrhcea. 



COMPARATIVE TABLE OF THE INCH AND THE METRIC 
SYSTEMS OF NUMBERING SPECTACLE-LENSES. 

(FROM LANDOLDT.) 





Inch 


SYSTEM. 






Metric 


System. 




.5 • 

11 

6.5 


2 « 

e c « • 

5 v. "? 

«£ OH 

ow = ° 


C 

U 

c u5 

S 


c 

ft 






e . 
'** in 

rt.S 
"c5"Sb 

y c 

OM 


■a "So S 

C c x • 
0— 1) '-' 

O'-.'O II 

Cfi D ~ II 

h . ° 

c >. <u 


72 


67.9 


1724 


O.58 


0.25 


4000 


I57-48 


166.94 


60 


56.6 


1437 


O.695 


°-5 


2000 


78.74 


83.46 


48 


45-3 


II50 


O.87 


o-75 


1333 


52.5 


55-63 


42 


39-6 


IO05 


O.99 


1. 


IOOO 


39-37 


41-73 


36 


34- 


863 


1. 16 


1.25 


800 


3i-5 


33-39 


30 


28.3 


718 


i-39 


i-5 


666 


26.22 


27.79 


24 


22.6 


574 


1.74 


i-75 


571 


22.48 


2383 


20 


18.8 


477 


2.09 


2. 


500 


19.69 


20.87 


18 


17. 


43i 


2.31 


2.25 


444 


17.48 


, 18.53 


16 


15- 


381 


2.6 


2.5 


400 


15-75 


16.69 


15 


14.1 


358 


2.79 


3- 


333 


i3- J 7 


13-9 


14 


13.2 


335 


2.98 


3-5 


286 


11.26 


11.94 


13 


12.2 


312 


3.20 


4- 


250 


9.84 


10.43 


12 


"■3 


287 


348 


4-5 


222 


8.74 


9.26 


II 


10.3 


261 


3.82 


5- 


200 


7.87 


8-35 


IO 


9.4 


239 


4.18 


5-5 


182 


7.16 


7.6 


9 


8.5 


216 


4-63 


6. 


166 


6-54 


6-93 


8 


7-5 


190 


5-25 


7- 


143 


5-63 


5-97 


7 


6.6 


167 


5-96 


8. 


125 


4.92 


5.22 


6K 


6.13 


155 


6.42 


9- 


in 


4-37 


4-63 


6 


5-6 


142 


7- 


10. 


100 


3-94 


4.17 


5^ 


5-2 


132 


7-57 


11. 


91 


3-58 


3-8 


5 


4-7 


119 


8.4 


12. 


S3 


3-^7 


3-46 


A l A 


4.2 


106 


9.4 


13. 


77 


3-03 


3.21 


4 


3-8 


96 


10.4 


14. 


7i 


2.8 


2.96 


3X 


3-3 


84 


11.9 


T 5- 


67 


2.64 


2.8 


3X 


3-1 


79 


12.7 


16. 


62 


2.44 


2-59 


3 


2.8 


7i 


14.0 


17. 


59 


2.32 


2.46 


2^ 


2.6 


66 


151 


18. 


55 


2.17 


2.29 


*% 


2.36 


60 


16.7 


20. 


50 


1.97 


2.09 


*% 


2.1 


53 


18.7 










2 


1.88 


48 


20.94 











408 



SPERMATOZOON 



409 



SPHYGMOGRAPH 



Spermatozo / on [arrep/ua, (,oov, animal). 
The detached, independently mobile cili- 
um of an enlarged epithelial cell of the 
seminal tubules. The essential element of 
fecundation of the semen. 

Spermine (airepjua). A leucomaine ob- 
tained (1878) from semen, also from testi- 
cles, heart, liver, and surface of anatomical 
specimens kept under alcohol. Previously 
the substance had been known as " Char- 
cot-Neumann crystals," which are simply 
phosphate of spermine. Such crystals 
have been found in sputa of emphysema 
with catarrh, in bronchial discharges of 
acute bronchitis, in blood, spleen, etc., of 
leucocythaemic and anaemic patients, in 
normal marrow of bones, and in human 
semen. Spermine seems to have a very 
wide distribution in certain diseases, espe- 
cially leucocythaemia. 

Sper / molith {Gitepfia, Xcdog, a stone). Cal- 
culi in the spermatic duct or vesiculae semi- 
nales. 

Sphacelin / ic Acid. See Ergot. 

Sphacelism {ptyaneloq, dead). The con- 
dition of being affected with sphacelus. 
Also, inflammation of the brain. 

SphaceTium {a^aaeli^cd, to destroy, 
mortify). The claviceps purpura, or the 
first stage of the formation of ergot. 

Sphaceloder / ma {otyanelog, 6epfxa). Gan- 
grene of the skin ; Symmetrical Gangrene. 
A local stagnation occurring at the periphery 
of circulation, producing symmetrically- 
distributed gangrenous spots, commonly 
known as Raynaud's disease. Dermatitis 
Gangrenosa Infantum, a gangrenous 
eruption following certain pustular erup- 
tions of children. Diabetic Gangrene, 
a serpiginous form of gangrene occurring 
in advanced cases of diabetes, consisting 
of patches forming on the skin of limbs. 

Sphac / eloid (cr^a/ceAoc). Resembling 
a sphacelus or gangrenous part. 

Sphacelous {o<paneloq). Pertaining to 
sphacelus. 

Sphacelus {a^aneTyoq). The disorganized 
or dead part of a limb or organ affected 
with gangrene. Formerly any excessive 
pain or agitation. See Gangrene. 

Sphaeraesthe / sia (ccpatpa, a globe, atadt}- 
aig, sensation). Perverted feeling, as of 
the contact of a ball or globe-shaped body. 

Sphaerobacte / rium [a^atpa, (3aKT7jp/.ov, a 
rod). The micrococcus of Hallier; a class 
of unicellular microbes, round or oval, sta- 
tionary, devoid of cilia or flagelli. A 
classification of Cohn. 

Sphae'roid. See Spheroid. 



Sphaero / ma (ccpaipa). Any spherical- 
shaped tumor or protuberance. 

Sphaerom / eter. See Sphero?neter. 

Sphe / no- (o<prjv). A Greek word used as 
a prefix to denote connection with the 
sphenoid bone. 

Sphenoceph/alus {a<prj v i a wedge, Kefpalrj, 
head). A deformity of the foetal head 
consisting in a wedge-like shape. 

Sphe / noid (otyvv, eidoq, likeness). Cunei- 
form. S. Bone, one of the cranial bones 
at the anterior base of the skull, articulating 
with all the other bones of the head. 

Spheno - max / illary (a<f>rjv, maxilla, the 
jaw). Pertaining conjointly to the sphe- 
noid and maxillary bones. 

Spheno - pal'atine (otyrjv, palatum, the 
palate). Pertaining conjointly to the sphe- 
noid bone and the palate. S.-p. Gan- 
glion. See Ganglion. 

Spheno-temp / oral (cfr/v, temporal') . Per- 
taining conjointly to the sphenoid and tem- 
poral bones. 

Spher / ical {p^atpa). Having the shape of 
or pertaining to a sphere. S. Aberration. 
See Aberration. 

Spherobacte / rium. See Sphcerobacterium. 

Sphero-cer'ebrin (a<patpa, a ball, cere- 
brum). A nitrogenized substance occur- 
ring in brain-tissue among a group of cere- 
brinicides. 

Sphe / roid [otpatpa). A solid resembling a 
sphere. S., Oblate, one in which the 
polar axis is less than the equatorial di- 
ameter. S., Prolate, one in which the 
polar axis exceeds the equatorial diameter. 

Spherom / eter (atpaipa, /uerpov, a measure). 

" An instrument for determining the degree 
of curvature of optical lenses and their 
grinding tools. 

Sphincter (ofyiyyo, to squeeze). A muscle 
surrounding and closing an orifice. S. 
Ani, S. Vaginae. See Muscle-Table. 
S. of the Pupil. See Iris. 

Sphincteral'gia [sphincter, akyoq, pain). 
Pain in the sphincter ani muscle, or about 
the anus. 

Sphin / gosin (acpiyyco). An alkaloid cere- 
broside occurring in brain-tissue. 

Sphyg / mical [a^vyjuoq, the pulse). Per- 
taining to the puise. 

Sphyg / mogram (ocpvy/uor, ypafijua, a writ- 
ing). The tracing made by the sphygmo- 
graph. Called, also, Pulse-tracing, Pulse- 
curve, and Arteriogram. 

Sphyg / mograph (o^vyuoq, ypacfxo, to 
write). An instrument for recording 
graphically the differential features of the 
pulse in health and disease. 



SPHYGMOGRAPHY 



410 



SPINAL CORD 



Sphygmog'raphy (aipvyuog, ypadu). A 
description of the pulse, its pathological 
variations and their significance. 

Sphyg / moid {aovyfiog, eidot;, resemblance). 
Resembling or having the nature of con- 
tinuous pulsation. 

Sphygmomanometer. See Blood-pres- 
sure. 

Sphygmometer. See Sphygmograph. 

Sphyg / mophone (otyvyfiog, (pavy, sound). 
A sphygmograph that is operated by sound- 
waves. 

Sphyg / moscope ((xpvy/nog, gkotteo, to ex- 
amine). An instrument for showing 
mechanically the movements of the heart 
or the pulsations of a blood vessel. S., 
Gas-, the registration made by a gas jet. 

Sphygmos'copy (<j<bvy/u,og, gkotteu). The 
art of tracing the pulse-curve by the sphyg- 
moscope. 

Sphygmo-sys / tole (oijwyfiog, systole, con- 
traction). The influence of the cardiac 
systole upon the pulse. 

Sphygmotech / ny (afvy/uog, texvtj, an art). 
The science and art of diagnosis by means 
of the pulse. 

Sphyg / mous [advy/uog). Pertaining to or 
having the nature of a pulse. 

Sphyngo-my'elin. See Myelin. 

Spi / ca-band / age. See Bandage. 

Spice-wood. See Fever Bush. 

Spic / ula (dim. of spica, a spike). A small 
spike-shaped bone or fragment of bone. 

Spider's Web. Formerly much used as 
a haemostatic, and also in some systemic 
diseases. 

SpigeTia. Pink-root. The roots of S. 
marilandica. A popular vermifuge, gen- 
erally administered with senna. In large 
doses an uncertain cathartic. Dose gr. 
xx— £ ij ; dose for child TT^x-xx ; for adult 
gj-ij. S., Infus. Comp., "worm tea," 
unof. ; spigelia 15, senna, fennel aa 10, 
manna 30, water 500. Dose ^ ss-v. 

Spigelian Lobe. The lobe of the liver 
projecting from the back part of the under 
surface of the right lobe. 

Spike / nard. Nard. A name given to the 
rhizome of various species of valerian 
formerly much used in medicine. Not to 
be confounded with American spikenard, 
Aralia racemosa. 

Spilo'ma. See Ncevus Vascularis. 

Spilopla / nia [gttl?joq, a stain, TrAavoc, level). 
Maculae of the skin. Also a synonym of 
Elephantiasis Graecorum. 

Spiloplax / ia (GKikoq, 7rAa£, a broad sur- 
face). The large red spots symptomatic 
of elephantiasis. 



SpiTus (g~i?.oc). A mole or colored mark 
on the skin. Naevus. 

Spi'na. The spine. S. Bifida, a hernia 
of the spinal membranes through a cleft 
or abnormality of the lower part of the 
vertebral column; called, also, Hydrorrha- 
chitis. S. Ventosa, an osteo-sarcoma or 
cystic tumor of bone ; in allusion to the ex- 
pansion, thinning and softening of bone 
sometimes resulting from this disease. 

Spi / nal (spina). Pertaining to the spine. 
S. Accessory Nerve. See Nerve. S. 
Centers, motor centers situated in the 
spine. The principal are the cilio-spinal, 
connected with the dilatation of the heart ; 
the auro- spinal ; the vesico-spinal ; the 
erection center; the ejaculatory center; 
the parturition, and numerous vasomotor 
centres. S. Column, the veil ebral column, 
composed of 33 vertebrae. S. Cord, the 
medulla spinalis. See Spinal Cord. S. 
Marrow, the spinal cord itself within the 
vertebral canal. S. Nerves. See Spinal 
Nerves. S. Point. See Point Apophy- 
saire. S. System, the spinal cord and 
nerves considered as a whole. 

Spi'nal Cord. The medulla spinalis, or 
neural structure occupying the vertebral 
canal and extending from the atlas to the 
first lumbar vertebra, and terminating in the 

Jihwi terminate. It is the great conducting 
medium of nervous impulses both upward 
and downward and within itself from side 
to side, and the great organ of 'reflexes. 
It consists of white matter externally and 
gray matter internally. Fissures, the 
anterior median, posterior median, and two 
lateral, divide each half of the cord into 
four Columns, anterior, lateral, posterior, 
and posterior median. In the Anterior 
column lie the uncrossed, anterior or di- 
rect pyramidal tract and the anterior 
ground bundle of fibers. In the Poste- 
rior column are Goll's Column (postero- 
median, postero-intemal) and the funicu- 
lus cuneatus (Burdach's Column, poste- 
rior radicular zone, or postero-exter- 
nal column). In the Lateral column 
are the antero-lateral tract, the lateral 
mixed paths (lateral limiting tract), the 
lateral or crossed pyramidal tract, and the 
direct cerebellar tract. Degeneration 
of S., injun r of certain parts of the brain 
causes descending secondary degeneration 
of certain parts of the cord bearing cen- 
trifugal impulses, whose trophic centers lie 
in the motor areas of the brain. Ascend- 
ing secondary degeneration follows injury 
of the cord in those fibers conducting im- 



SPINAL NERVES 



411 



SPIRITUS 



pulses in a centripetal direction, the tro- 
phic center being probably in the spinal 
ganglion of the posterior root. See Wal- 
lerian Law. 

Spinal Nerves. The 31 pairs of nerves 
arising from the cord are grouped into 
pairs each, Cervical 8, Dorsal 12, Lumbar 
5, Sacral 5, Coccygeal 1. Each arises by 
two roots, a posterior (superior, gangliated) 
root, and an anterior (inferior, non-gangli- 
ated) root. On the first is the spinal gan- 
glion. Beyond the ganglion the two 
roots unite to form in the spinal canal the 
mixed trunk of a spinal nerve. The an- 
terior roots supply efferent fibers to all the 
voluntary muscles of the trunk and ex- 
tremities, to the smooth muscular fibers of 
the bladder, ureter, uterus, etc., vasomotor 
impulses, inhibitory, secretory, and trophic 
fibers. The posterior intermediate sensory 
and tactile impulses. 

Spinalis . See Muscle - Table. 

Spi'nate {spina). Armed with spines or 
thorn-shaped processes. 

Spindle -celled. Having fusiform cells, 
a form of cell typical of certain morbid 
growths, especially sarcoma. 

Spindle-shaped. Shaped like a spindle. 
Fusiform. 

Spine [spina, a thorn [from the processes]). 
An elevation, point, or thorn-like process. 
The vertebral column as a whole. S., 
Cauda Equina of. See Cauda Equina. 
S., Filum Terminale of. See Filum 
Terminate. 

Spinobul'bar [spina, the spine, bulbus, the 
medulla oblongata). Pertaining jointly to 
the spinal cord and the medulla oblongata. 

Spinous (spina). Pertaining to the spine. 
S. Process, the apophysis or prominence 
at the posterior part of each vertebra. 

Spin'therism (Girivdepi^o), to emit sparks). 
Synchisis scintillans ; the illusory sensation 
of sparks dancing before the eyes. 

Spi'ny Clot'bur. The herb Xanthium 
spinosum (?). Reported to be a specific 
in hydrophobia. Properties not investi- 
gated. Unof. 

Spiral (spird). A curve with constantly 
increasing diameters. Wound like the 
threads of a screw. S. Bandage. See 
Bandage. S. Tubes of Kidney. See 
Tubuli Uriniferi. 

Spi / rem. See Karyokinesis. 

Spiril'lum (spirillum, a curled hair). A 
genus of bacteria of the family Bacteriacees, 
whose elements are curved, often forming 
a spiral of several turns. S., Amyliferum, 
found in water, an energetic agent of fer- 



mentation with excluded air. S. Buc- 
cale, frequent in the "tartar" of the 
teeth. S. Cholerse, the comma-bacil- 
lus of Koch, aerobic, and of demonstrated 
specificity. S. Concentricum, a sapro- 
phytic variety found in putrefied blood, not 
pathogenic. S. of Finckler and Prior, 
probably identical with the false comma- 
bacillus found by Nicati and Rietsch in 
faecal matters, closely resembling the true 
comma-bacillus or S. Choleras of Koch, 
but distinctly different. S. of Nasal 
Mucus, isolated from healthy person. 
Not pathogenic. S. Obermeieri, found 
in blood of patients with recurrent fever. 
Pathogenic and specific. S. Plicatile, 
in all stagnant waters. S. Roseum, from 
blennorrhagic pus, but certainly not from 
aerial contamination. Not pathogenic. S. 
Rubrum, from dead body of septicemic 
mouse. Not pathogenic. S. Rufum, 
found in well-water. S. Rugula, abounds 
in stagnant water, putrefying liquids, 
dental tartar, etc. S. Serpens, found 
in stagnant water and putrid liquids. S. 
Sputigenum, found in saliva of healthy 
persons and closely resembling S. Chol- 
erae. Not studied. S. Tenue, found in 
stagnant waters and macerated solutions. 
S. Tyrogenum, isolated from old cheese, 
resembling S. Cholerse. Harmless in 
simple ingestion, toxic in injections ; prob- 
ably pathogenic. S. Undula, found in 
all putrid liquids forming large mucoid 
flakes. S. Volutans, found in stagnant 
water, thought to belong to the develop- 
mental cycle of Beggiatoa. 

SpirTt. See Spiritus. S. of Wine. See 
Spiritus. 

Spiritism. See Spiritualism. 

Spiritualism. The theory of an im- 
material entity underlying or causing or- 
ganic phenomena, as opposed to material- 
ism, which last explains such phenomena 
by the operation of mechanical forces. 
The term has been ignorantly used for 
Spiritism, or " necromancy by the sup- 
posed evocation of the spirits of the dead." 

Spirituous (spiritus). Pertaining to alco- 
holic liquors. 

Spiritus (Lat.). Spirit. In pharmacy, an 
alcoholic mixture obtained by the distilla- 
tion of wine, or fermented saccharine mix- 
tures. Good spirit should contain not less 
than 40 per cent, of absolute alcohol. 
There are 22 official spirit?'. S . Frumenti, 
whisky, spirit obtained by the distillation 
of fermented grain (mainly corn or rye). 
Should contain 44-50 per cent, of alcohol. 



SPIROBACTERIUM 



412 



SPLENOGRAPHY 



S. Juniperus, whiskey (rye or barley) 
with which juniper berries and hops have 
been distilled. S. Odoratus, cologne 
water, consists of alcohol 800, water 158, 
acetic ether 2, oil of bergamont 16, oils of 
lemon and rosemary aa 8, oil of lavender 
flowers and orange flowers aa 4 parts. 
Spirit Proof, any liquor containing at 
least 49 per cent, of absolute alcohol. 
Spirit Rectified, spirit free from fusel 
oil, and containing at least 85 per cent. 
absolute alcohol. Rum, a spirit distilled 
from fermented alcohol. S. Vini Gal- 
lici, or Spirit of Wine, brandy ; a liquor 
obtained by the distillation of wine. 
Should contain 39-47 per cent, of alcohol. 

Spirobacte / rium {spira, a spiral, bacte- 
rium). Schizomycetes in the form of 
spiral filaments. 

Spirochete. See Spirillum. 

Spirograph {spiro, to breathe, ypa4>a>, to 
write). An instrument for registering the 
movements of respiration. 

Spi'roid {spira, a spiral). Resembling a 
screw. Having spiral convolutions. 

Spirometer {spiro, to breathe, jierpov, a 
measure). An instrument used to measure 
the quantity of air exhaled. 

Spirometry {spiro, jierpov). The estima- 
tion of the amount of air used in respiration. 

Spirophore {spiro, <pepo, to cany). An 
instrument for use in artificial respiration. 

Spis'sate. See Inspissate. 

Spis'situde {spisso, to thicken). The state 
of being thick. 

Spit. To eject sputum from the mouth. 

Spitting of Blood. See Hcemoptysis. 

Spit / tle. Same as Sputum. 

Splanchnecto'pia {o~7.ayxvov, viscera, 
earoTzog, displacement). The abnormal 
position or dislocation of a viscus. 

Splanchnic {o~7.ayxvov). Pertaining to 
the viscera. 

Splanchnog'raphy {oTT/\ayxvov, ypaoco, to 
write). The descriptive anatomy of the 
viscera. 

Splancb/nolith {o7r7jayxv'ov, 7.idog, a stone). 
Calculi in the viscera. 

Splanchnology {o~7.ayxvov, 7.oyog, a 
treatise). A treatise on the nature and 
functions of the viscera. 

Splanchnop / athy {o~7.ayxvov, rradog, dis- 
ease). Disease of the viscera. 

Splanch / nopleure {on7.ayxvov, nAevpov, 
side). The lower division of the meso- 
blast lined by the hypoblast. 

Splanchnoscopy {cir'Aay xvov , okottsu, to 
examine). Exploration and examination 
of the viscera. 



Splanchnoskel'eton {oir7jayxvov, skele- 
ton). Osseous formation in the viscera. 

Splanchnot / omy {o~7iayxvov, te/llvu, to 
cut). Dissection of the viscera. 

Splay-foot. See Talipes. 

Spleen {ott7.tjv). One of the abdominal 
viscera, situated just below the diaphragm 
upon the left side; its function is not 
certainly determined, though probably 
haematopoietic. S., Bacon, an uniformly 
lardaceous spleen. S., Sago, the Mal- 
pighian follicles are the seat of amyloid 
change. 

Splen- ((777/750-). A Greek word used as 
a prefix to denote connection with or rela- 
tion to the spleen. 

SplenaLgia {ottatjv, a?,yog } a pain). Pain 
in the spleen. 

Splenaux'e {ott7ltjv, av^rj, increase). En- 
largement of the spleen. 

Splenec / tasis {ott/.tjv, enraotg, enlarge- 
ment). Enlargement of the spleen. 

Splenec/tomy {ott7.tjv, ektojutj, excision). 
Excision of the spleen. 

Splenec / topy {ott/.tjv, ektottoq, dislocation). 
Displacement of the spleen. 

Splenelco'sis {ott/.tjv, s/.Kuocg, ulceration). 
Ulceration of the spleen. 

Splenemphrax / is {ott/.tjv, epdpa^ig, an 
obstruction). Obstruction of the spleen 
from any cause. 

Splenet/ic {ottXtjv). Splenic. Pertaining 
to the spleen. 

SplenTc {ott?.tjv). Pertaining to or affect- 
ing the spleen. S. Fever. See Anthrax. 

Splenifica / tion {ott7.tjv, facio, to make). 
In pathology, the conversion, during cer- 
tain diseases, of the substance of the 
lungs or the liver into tissue resembling 
that of the spleen. 

Sple'nious {ott/.tjv). The posterior mas- 
toid muscle. 

Splenitis {ottItjv, ircg, inflammation). In- 
flammation of the spleen. 

Sple / nius. See Muscle -Table. 

Spleniza / tion {ott7jjv). A condition of 
the lungs during the first or second stage 
of pneumonia, during which period the 
tissue of the lungs resembles that of the 
spleen. 

Sple / no- {ott7.tjv). Same as Splen-. 

Spleno-colic. Pertaining conjointly to 
the spleen and the colon. S.-c. Liga- 
ment, a peritoneal fold between the spleen 
and mesocolon . 

Splenodyn / ia {ott7.tjv, oSvvtj, pain). Pain 
in the spleen. 

Splenography {ott7.tjv, ypado, to write). 
The descriptive anatomy of the spleen. 



SPLENOH^EMIA 



413 SPRING CONJUNCTIVITIS 



Splenoh3e / mia {oirlrjv, aifza, the blood). 
Congestion of the spleen. Hyperemia of 
the spleen. 

Sple / noid (crrrfo/v, etdog, resembling). Re- 
sembling the spleen. 

Splenol'ogy (anh-jv, Aoyog, science). The 
science of splenic structure and function. 

Spleno / ma (onA-r/vy Tumor of the spleen. 

Splenomala / cia (anAr/v, juaAanog, soft). 
Softening of the tissue of the spleen. 

Splenon'cus. See Splenoma. 

Splenop / athy {gtt?it]v, nadog, disease). 
Disease of the spleen. 

Spleno-phre / nic. Pertaining to the spleen 
and diaphragm. S.-p. Ligament. A 
peritoneal fold between the spleen and 
diaphragm. 

Splenot'omy ((jttAtjv, te/uvg), to cut). In- 
cision or dissection of the spleen. 

Splint. A piece of wood, metal or other 
material for keeping the ends of a fractured 
bone in permanent contact while healing. 
S., Bond's, has a carved block to sup- 
port the hand and fingers in a natural, 
easy position. S., Bracketed, interrupted 
by a bracket at the point of injury, so that 
examination of the same may be made 
without destroying the rigidity, etc. S., 
Desault's, used in fracture of the thigh, 
consisting of a long outer and a shorter 
inner splint from the pelvis to the foot, 
with an anterior splint, bandage and exten- 
sion. S.-bone, the fibula. 

Splin / ter. See Sequestrum. Used, also, 
popularly of a bit of wood or other mate- 
rial that pierces the skin. 

Split PeWis. Congenital non-union of 
the bones of the pubes at the symphisis. 

Spon'dyl- (oTiovdvAog, a vertebra), A 
Greek word used as a prefix to denote con- 
nection with the vertebrae. 

Spondylalgia (oirovdvAog, aAyog, a pain). 
Pain in the vertebrae. 

Spondylarthritis (oirovdvAog, apdpov, a 
joint, trig, inflammation). Inflammation 
at a vertebral articulation. 

Spondylarthroc / ace (oirovdvAog, apdpov, 
a joint, /ca/coc, evil). Caries of a vertebra. 

Spondylexarthro / sis (oirovdvAog, exar- 
throsis, out of joint). Dislocation of a 
vertebra. 

Spondylitis (oirovdvAog, trig, inflamma- 
tion). Inflammation of a vertebra. 

Spondylize / ma. See Spondylolisthesis. 

Spondylodynia (oirovdvAog, odvvrj, pain). 
Pain in a vertebra. 

Spondylolisthesis (oirovdvAog, oAiodrjoLg, 
a slipping). The sliding of the lower 
portion of the spinal column into the cavity 



of the pelvis, which is tilted upward and 
backward, diminishing (in woman) the 
antero-posterior diameter of the inlet. 

Spondylopathy (oirovdvAog, iradog, a suf- 
fering). Disease of the vertebrae. 

Spondylopyo / sis (oirovdvAog, pyosis) . For- 
mation of pus, or suppuration of a verte- 
bras. 

Spondylotomy (oirovdvAog , vertebra, 
TOfir), section). Section of vertebrae in 
embryotomy. 

Sponge (oiroyyog). The skeleton of a 
marine animal, the type of the porifera. 
It is much used as an absorbent in surgery. 
S., Antiseptic, that which has been 
treated with an antiseptic solution. S. 
Bath, the rubbing of the body with a wet 
sponge. S. Graft. See Graft. S., Pre- 
pared, sponge dipped in melted wax or 
paraffine and pressed between plates. It 
is used as a tent for dilatation. S. Tent. 
See S. Prepared. 

Spon'gia. See Sponge. 

Spongiform (oiroyyog, forma, a form). 
Having the external form of a sponge. 

Spon'gioplasm (oiroyyog, irAao[xa). The 
chromatin of the nucleus of a cell. 

Spon'giose (oiroyyog). Full of pores, 
like a sponge. 

Spon / goid (oiroyyog, eidog, resembling). 
Resembling sponge. 

Spon'gy (oiroyyog). Having the texture 
of sponge. Very porous. S. Bones, 
bones having a porous, reticulated struc- 
ture, especially the turbinated bones of the 
nose, the sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. 

Spontaneous (Lat.). Voluntarily, or with- 
out extraneous impulse. S. Combustion. 
See Combustion. S. Evolution. See 
Evolution. S. Generation. See Gen- 
eration. S. Version. See Version. 

Sporadic (oireipo, to sow). Scattered. 
Applied to diseases that may spread, but 
which are not epidemic. 

Spore (air o pa, a seed). A detached 
gemma or fructifying particle of fungi, the 
equivalent of the bud, or germ-cell. 

Spor / ule. A small spore. 

Spot, Blind. See Blind. 

Spotted Sickness. See Pinta Disease. 

Sprain. Injury and consequent soreness 
from strain of a muscle or tendon by too 
great traction upon it. S.- fracture, sepa- 
ration of a tendon with detachment of a 
small shell of bone. 

Spray (Ger., spreiden, to spread). In 
pharmacy, a liquid blown into minute 
drops by a strong current of air. 

Spring Conjunctivitis. See Vernal. 



SPRUE 



414 



STAPHYLOCOCCUS 



Sprue. Thrush. 

Spunk. Sec 

Spu'tum {s/uo. to spit). The secretion 
ejected from the mouth in spitting. It 
consists normally of saliva and'mucus from 
the nasal fossae and fauces. In disease, it 
may contain pus, blood and the debris of 
suppuration of any part finding an outlet 
through the mouth. Certain diseases, 
especially pneumonia and phthisis, are 
marked by specific character of their sputa. 

SquaTor ^Lat). Filth. Disorder and un- 
cleanliness. 

Squa'ma (Lat.). A scale or lamina. 

Squamo'sal. See Squamous. 

Squa / mous [squama). Scaly. Charac- 
terized by thickened lamina? of morbid 
cuticle. A term applied to an order of 
cutaneous diseases, distinguished by des- 
quamation. Used also of certain parts 
of bones having a scale-like appearance. 
S. Suture, the suture between the squa- 
mous part of the temporal bone and the 
frontal and parietal bones. 

Squar'ra (ecr^apa, a scab). The rough 
crusts of tinea. 

Squibb's Diarrhoea Mixture. See Opii 
Tinct. Co??ip. 

Squill. See Scilla. 

Squint. See Strabismus. 

Sta'bile (stabilis). Not moving ; perma- 
nent; in electrotherapeutics, opposed to 
labile, the electrode being held continually 
upon a point. 

Stactom'eter (crran-oc, a dropping, p-erpov, 
a measure). An instrument for measuring 
drops. 

Sta'dium (Lat). Stage or period. 

Staff (A. S., stcef). An instrument used in 
lithotomy for passing into the bladder 
through the urethra. 

Stage of Labor. See Labor. 

Stagnation {stagnum, a pool of foul 
water). A cessation of motion. In path- 
ology, a cessation of motion of any fluid 
accompanied by a morbid condition. 

Staining, Double. See Double. 

Staining Reagents ( tor microscopic spe- 
cimens). Carmine and picro-carmine form 
the coloring factors in the larger number. 
Hematoxylin e is highly commended by 
Hamilton: 12 grm., alum 50 grm., gly- 
cerine 65 c.c, distilled water 130. Boil 
and add 5 c.c. carbolic acid, and allow to 
stand in the sunlight for a month or more. 
Osmic acid is largely employed in the 
preparation of animal tissues. Prepara- 
tions of aniline blue and aniline violet are 
commonly used in staining bacteria. 



Staircase. See Supination. 

Sta'men {ottjuuv, a standing). The fila- 
ment of a flower with its anther. It is the 
male organ of reproduction in the 
bearing the pollen or impregnating semen 
on the surface of the anther. 

Stam'ina [cr^uuv). Natural strength of 
constitution. Vigor. Inherent force. Also, 
pi. of stamen. 

Stam'mer (A. S.. stamer). To utter with 
hesitation. To articulate only after re- 
peated attempts. 

Stand. To have an upright posture. Also, 
a frame or a table to place things upon. 
S., Microscope, the tripod or base of the 
microscope with the tube, but without eye- 
pieces and objectives. 

Stand / ard \extcndo y to spread oxr. An 
established rule or model. A criterion for 
comparison. 

Stan'nic. Pertaining to stannum or tin. 

Stan 'num. See Tin. 

S tap e ' diu s . S ee Muscle- Table. 

Sta'pes 1 Lat., a stirrup). The stirrup- 
shaped bone of the middle ear articulating 
with the incus and the fenestra ovalis. 

Staphisa'gria. Stavesacre. The seed 
of Delphitiis S. Properties due to an al- 
kaloid, delphinine, and other extractives. 
A violent emetic, cathartic and parasiticide. 
Lowers activity of heart, producing adyn- 
amia. Used internally in asthma and 
rheumatism ; externally, for itch and lice. 
S. Ung., unof., I part of powdered 
seeds with 2 each of olive oil and lard. 
Z :'.:': ..:. unof. Dose gr. ---- 

Staph'yle [crraov'/j], a grape). The uvula. 

Staphyli / tis {crraov'/j |. Inflammation of 
the uvula. 

Staphylium. The mammary nipple. 

S tapb/ylo - {crraov/.^ ) . A Greek word used 

as a prefix to denote connection with the 
uvula. 

Staphylococcus (eraov/j, kokkoc, ker- 
nel ). A class of microbes. Family, 
Coccacces ; genus, micrococcus ; of which 
the S. Pyogenus Aureus (golden-yel- 
low), or microbe of pus and boils, is the 
most noteworthy example. S. Pyogenes 
Albus, the white, of similar pathogenic 
quality, but less powerful. S. Pyogenes 
Citreus, resembles the first, except in 
color; still less powerful. S. Cereus 
Albus, also obtained from pus; probably 
not pathogenic. S. Cereus Flavus, 
from pus: not pathogenic. S. Flaves- 
cens, intermediate between the aureus 
and albus ; found in the pustules of small- 
pox. See Micrococcus, 



STAPHYLEDEMA 



415 



STEATORRHEA 



Staphylcede'ma (aratyvArj, oufy/xa). Any 
morbid enlargement of the uvula. 

Staphylo'ma (oTatyvTiq). A giving-way 
or bulging of the cornea or sclerotic of the 
eye and the formation of a tumor. S., 
Anterior. See Keratoglobus. S., Pos- 
terior, bulging backward of the sclerotic 
at the posterior pole of the eye. 

Staphylon / cus (aratyvh/, oynoq, tumor). 
Swelling of the uvula. 

Staphyloplasty (arafyvTa], -rrlaaao), to 
mould). Aplastic operation for the closure 
of cleft palate. 

Staphyloptosis (aratyvlrj, irroaig, a fall- 
ing). The abnormal elongation of the 
uvula. 

Staphylorrhaphy (aracpvXr/, pacpTj, suture). 
Suture of the lips of a cleft palate or uvula. 

Staphylotomy (ara<j>v?i7j, refivu, to cut). 
Amputation of the uvula. 

Star Anise. See Illicium. 

Starch. See Amylum. S. -sugar. See 
Glucose. 

Star Grass. See Aletris. 

Starvation (Ger., sterben, to die). Death 
from hunger. 

Star / wort. See Aletris. 

Sta / sis (larrjfit, to stand). A condition of 
standstill of the current of any of the 
fluids of the body, but especially of the 
blood, which condition forms an early 
stage of the inflammatory process, with 
resultant migration of the white corpuscles 
and serous exudation. 

State (sto, to stand). A condition. 

Stat / ic (sto). At rest. In equilibrium. S. 
Breeze, a method of administration of 
static electricity, consisting in the with- 
drawal of a static charge from a patient by 
means of a pointed electrode. 

Statical Theory. See Goltz. 

Statics (sto). The science relating to 
forces in a condition of equilibrium. See 
Mechanics. 

Stationary (sto). Not moving. A de- 
scriptive term applied to diseases that 
remain in the same locality for a period 
without changing their geographical en- 
vironment, or that persist without growing 
better or worse. 

Statistics. A numerical collection of 
facts relating to a subject. S., Medical, 
that part of medicine pertaining to details 
of mortality, climate and the geographical 
distribution of diseases. S., Vital. Same 
as S., Medical. 

Stafure (sto). The height of any animal 
when standing. In quadrupeds, it is 
measured at a point over the shoulders. 



In man, it is the measured distance from 
the heel to the top of the head. 

Stat / us (sto). A condition with the idea of 
permanence or continuance. S. Epilep- 
ticus, the fits of epilepsy following each 
other at intervals of only a few minutes. 

Staurople / gia (aravpog, cross, irTiriyT], a 
stroke). Crossed hemiplegia, or those 
cases in which the upper limb on one side 
is paralyzed together with the lower limb 
on the opposite side. 

Staves / acre. See Staphisagria. 

Steap / sin (areap, fat). A diastasic fer- 
ment which causes fats to combine with 
an additional molecule of water and then 
split into glycerine and their corresponding 
acids. See Ferments. 

Ste / ar (areap). See Adeps. 

Stearic (areap). A name applied to the 
acid derived from stearine. 

Stear / iform (areap, forma). Having the 
appearance of or resembling fat. 

Ste / arine. A white, solid, crystalline con- 
stituent of the fat of animals. Chemically 
it is a salt of stearic acid with the radical 
glyceryl as a base. 

Stearoc'onote. An insoluble but fusible 
solid substance occurring in brain-tissue. 

Stearop'tene. A name applied to several 
crystalline substances held in solution in 
volatile oils. Called, also, camphors. Some- 
times isomeric with the oil, and sometimes 
hydrates or oxides of it. 

Stearrhce / a. See Seborrhcea. S. Nigri- 
cans. See Chromidrosis. 

Ste / atine (areap). Same as Stearine. 
Also, consisting of fat. 

Steat / ocele (areap, Krfkr}, a tumor). A 
tumor formed by a collection of fatty mat- 
ter in the scrotum. 

Steato-crypto / ses (areap, Kpu-n-ru, to con- 
ceal). Abnormalities of function of the 
sebaceous glands. 

Steato'ma (areap, oma). A sebaceous 
encysted tumor. See Sebaceous Cyst. 

Steatop / agous (areap, ttv/jj, buttocks). 
Pertaining to an abnormal largeness of the 
glutei muscles and adjacent parts. 

Steatopath/ic (areap, iradoc, an affection). 
Pertaining to diseases of the sebaceous 
glands. 

Steatorrhce / a (areap, peo, to flow.) An 
increased flow of the secretion of the seba- 
ceous follicles. S. Amianthaca, a form 
of seborrhcea in which the excess of solid 
constituents gives the appearance of scali- 
ness of the skin. See, also, SeborrAosa. 
S. Simplex, excess of sebaceous excretion 
of the face. 



STEATOSIS 



416 



STERNAL 



Steato'sis (areap). The condition due to 
the existence and progress of steatoma, or 
fatty degeneration of a part. Also, any 
abnormal accumulation of fat. 

Steel. Iron chemically combined with a 
certain proportion of carbon. It holds an 
intermediate position between white cast- 
iron and wrought-iron, partaking of the 
most valuable qualities of both. Steel of 
good quality is fine grained, elastic and 
tough. 

StelTate (stella, a star). Having the form 
of a star. Studded with stars or star- 
shaped points. S. Bandage, one that is 
wound crosswise on the back. 

Stel'liform (stella, forma, form). Having 
the form of a star. 

Stel'lula (dim. of stella, a star). In anat- 
omy, a plexus of veins in the cortex of 
the kidney. 

Stell' wag's Symptom. Slight retraction 
of the upper lid in exophthalmic goitre, 
whether complicated or not with Graefe's 
symptom. 

Stem. The supporting stalk of a leaf or 
plant. 

Ste / no- (arevog, narrow). A Greek word 
used as a prefix, denoting narrowness or 
constriction. 

Stenocar / pine. A fraudulent anaesthetic 
and mydriatic, asserted to have been ob- 
tained from the leaves of the tear-blanket 
tree. It has been proved a mixture of 
cocaine and atropine. 

Stenocho / ria (crevog, x^pog, space). Nar- 
rowness, stricture, or partial obstruction. 
Also, contraction of the vagina. 

Stenography (arevog, ypapu, to write). 
A system of shorthand writing. 

StenopaeTc (arevog, opau, to see). Ap- 
plied to lenses that allow the passage of 
rays only through a straight, narrow slit. 

Stenora / ic. See Stenopeic. 

Ste / no's Duct. Properly, Stenson's duct. 
See Duct. 

Steno / sis (arevog). Constriction or nar- 
rowing of pores, ducts or vessels. 

Stenos / tomy (arevog, aro/ua, a mouth). 
The contraction of any mouth or aperture. 

Stenothorax (arevog, thorax). Having 
a straight, short thorax. 

Stenot/ic (arevog). Reduced in size, con- 
tracted. 

Stephan'ion (aretyavrj, crowned). See 
Skull. 

Stercobi'lin (stercus, faecal matter, bilus, 
bile). A coloring matter found in intesti- 
nal excrement. Identical with hydro- 
bilirubin. 



Stercora / ceous {stercus). Having the 
nature of faeces. Applied especially to 
vomiting when faecal matter is mixed with 
the ejected substances. 

Stercorae / mia {stercus, ai\ia, blood). 
Bouchard's term to designate that condi- 
tion resulting from arrest of intestinal ex- 
cretion. He estimates that the amount of 
poisonous alkaloids formed in the intestines 
of a healthy man would, if absorbed, cause 
death in 24 hours. 

Ster'corine (stercus}. A faecal extractive 
derived from biliary cholesterine. 

Stercus (stercus). Faeces. Excrement. 

Stereophant/ascope, or 

Stereophor / oscope (arepeog, solid, (j>epo>, 
to carry, anoireco, to see). A stereoscopic 
zoetrope ; an instrument for the production 
of a series of images apparently in motion 
and also in stereoscopic relief. 

Ste'reoplasm (arepeog, irlaajia). Accord- 
ing to Nageli, a solid, insoluble constituent 
of protoplasm. 

Stereoscope (arepeog, ckotceo, to see). An 
instrument by which two similar pictures 
of the same object are made to overlap so 
that the reflected images are seen as one, 
thereby giving the appearance of solidity 
and relief. The stereoscope is used in 
the treatment of strabismus, whereby it 
becomes an excellent means of ocular 
gymnastics. It is also of service in op- 
tometry to nullify convergence and dimin- 
ish accommodation. 

Stereoscopic Vision. Binocular vision. 
See Stereoscope. 

Ster'ile (sterilis, barren). Not fertile or 
capable of reproducing. Used of females. 

Sterility (sterilis). The condition of 
being infertile or incapable of reproducing. 

Sterilization (sterilis). The condition 
of being infertile or of rendering incapable 
of reproducing. In bacteriology, the de- 
struction by. heat of the spores or mature 
forms of bacilli, micrococci, or other forms 
of microscopic life. In most instances a 
temperature of ioo° C. (21 2° F.) devitalizes 
not only the mature forms, but the spores 
as well. In a few instances this tempera- 
ture is not fatal to either. This, e. g., is 
the case with B. Temris, the rods resisting 
ioo°, and the spores 115 

Steriliza / tor (sterilis). An instrument for 
sterilizing or killing germs by heat, includ- 
ing the exact determination of the degree 
required to effect this in the case of differ- 
ent species. 

Sternal (sternum, the breast bone). Per- 
taining to the sternum. 



STERNALGIA 



417 



STIMULANTS 



Sternal'gia {sternum, dkyoq, a pain). Pain 
in the sternum. 

Ster / no- (sternum). A Greek word used 
as a prefix to denote connection with 
the sternum. S.- clavicular, pertaining 
jointly to the sternum and the collar-bone. 
S.-Gleido-mastoid; S.-hyoid; S. -thy- 
roid. See Muscle -Table. 
Sternocostal (sternum, costa, a rib). Per- 
taining conjointly to the sternum and the 
ribs. 

Ster / noid {sternum, etdoc, resembling). 
Resembling the sternum. 
Sternop / agus (sternum, Trcr/e/c, united). 
A monomphalic monstrosity united by the 
sternum. 

Sternum (crepvov, solid). The flat, nar- 
row bone in the median line in the front 
of the chest composed of three portions, 
the manubrium, the gladiolus, and the 
ensiform, or xiphoid appendix. 
Sternu / tament (sternuto, to sneeze often). 
A substance causing sneezing. 
Sternutation (sternuto). The act of 
sneezing. 
Sternutatory. Provocative of sneezing. 
Ster'tor (Lat., a snoring). Sonorous breath- 
ing or snoring. The rasping, rattling sound 
produced when the larynx and the air pas- 
sages are obstructed with mucus. 
Stertorous (stertor). Breathing with a 
sonorous sound ; snoring, — a symptom ac- 
companying certain diseases. 
Stetb/o- (GTrjdog, the chest). A Greek 
word used as a prefix to denote connection 
with or relation to the chest. 
Stenograph. See Pneumograph. 
StethonVeter (gttjOoq, juerpov, a measure). 
An instrument for measuring the amount 
of expansion of the chest and the relative 
expansibility of the two sides. 
Stetb/oscope (arrjOog, ckoiteg>, to examine). 
An instrument for ascertaining the condi- 
tion of the organs of circulation and res- 
piration by their sounds. It consists of a 
hollow tube, one end being placed over 
the locality to be examined, the other at 
the ear of the examiner. A binaural form 
of the instrument consists of a Y-shaped 
tube, the flexible branches being applied 
each to an ear of the listener. By this 
means not only are all extraneous sounds 
shut out, but an intensified sound is con- 
veyed to the ear. 

Sthenic (adevoq, strength). Strong, active. 
S. Fever, synochia, a form of continued 
fever, marked by high bodily temperature, 
quick and tense pulse, and highly-colored 



27 



Sthenopy / ra (adevoq, rrvp, fever). Sthenic 
fever. 

Stib / ium. See Antimonium. 

Sticb/cultur. See Culture. 

Stictac / ne (orcKrog, punctated, acne). A 
form of acne in which the pustule has a 
red raised base with a central black point. 

Stiff. Unyielding to flexion or pressure ; 
applied especially to normally movable 
parts. S. Joint. See Anchylosis. S. 
Neck. See Torticollis. 

Stig / ma ((jrcy/ia, a point). In botany, that 
part of the pistil surmounting the style. 
In pathology, a small red spot on the skin. 
Also, a minute cicatrix. 

Stigma / ta May / dis. See Zea Mays. 

Stigmat / ic (arcyjua). Belonging or per- 
taining to a stigma. 

Stig / matism (ariyjua). A condition of 
the refractive media of the eye in which 
rays of light from a point are accurately 
brought to a point on the retina. Synony- 
mous with emmetropia. See, also, Astig- 
matism. 

Stigmatiza / tion (orcyjua). Ecchymotic 
spots upon the body. 

Stilette' (Fr., dim. of Lat. stilus, a point). 
The small, sharp-pointed instrument en- 
closed in the canula. Also, the wire of a 
flexible catheter. 

Still-born. Born lifeless. 

Stillicid / ium (slilla, a drop, cado, to fall 
down). The flow of a liquid drop by 
drop. Also, the flow of the urine in stran- 
gury. S. Lachrymarium, overflow of 
tears from obstruction of the canaliculus or 
nasal duct. 

Stirling, Canal of. See Canal. 

Stillin'gia. Queen's Root. The root of 
S. sylvatica, or " queen's delight." Active 
principle not known. Expectorant, diu- 
retic and sialogogue, with reputed altera- 
tive properties ; in larger doses emetic and 
cathartic. Used with sarsaparilla as an 
antisyphilitic in tertiary stages. Valuable 
with quinine in intermittents. Dose of 
the fld. ext. TTLx-gij ; of the tinct., unof., 
g ss-ij ; of the decoction, unof. (strength 

3J t0 °J)» 5H- 
Stim'ulants (stimulus, a goad). A term 
somewhat loosely employed to designate 
agents exciting the functions of an organ. 
S., Cardiac, increase heart action. S., 
Cerebral, exalt action of cerebrum. S., 
Cutaneous, increase activity of skin, pro- 
ducing diaphoresis. S., Diffusive, have 
prompt but transient effect. S., Hepatic, 
excite the liver. S., Intestinal, act upon 
the digestive track. S., Local, those 



STIMULUS 



418 



STRAMONIUM 



acting directly on the end-organs of the 
sensory nerves of the skin. S., Renal, 
those producing diuresis. S., Spinal, 
those exciting the spinal cord. S., Stom- 
achic, those giving tone to the stomach, 
aiding digestion, etc. S., Vasomotor, 
those exciting the vasomotor centers. 

Stim'ulus (Lat). Anything exciting the 
animal economy, or any part thereof, to 
increased functional activity. Stimuli, 
Adequate or Homologous, those for 
whose action the sense-organs are specially 
adapted. S., Heterologous, those act- 
ing upon the nervous elements of the sen- 
sory apparatus along their entire course, 
homologous S. only acting upon the end- 
organ. Summation of S. See Sum- 
mation. 

Stitch. A popular name for any sharp, 
lancinating pain. 

Stocking, Elastic. A stocking of elastic 
fibers for the compression of a limb affected 
with varicose veins. 

Sto / ma ((7ro//G, mouth). The mouth. Also, 
the orifices of glands, tubes, etc. 

Stomac / ace (aro/aa, nanoc;, bad). Canker 
of the mouth. Fetor of the mouth with 
ulcerated gums ; also, scorbutic sore mouth. 

StonVach (oro/m). The most dilated part 
of the alimentary canal, the principal or- 
gan of digestion, situated in the abdomen 
in the left hypogastric, the epigastric, and 
part of the right hypochondriac regions, 
above the transverse colon and below the 
diaphragm. S. Pump, an instrument for 
withdrawing the contents of the stomach. 
S. Tube, a flexible tube for irrigation, etc., 
of the stomach. 

Stomacb/ic. A stimulant exciting the 
functional action of the stomach. 

Sto / mata (pi. of stoma). Mouths. 

Stomatitis (cro/za, mc). Inflammation 
of the mouth. 

Stomatodyso / dia {aro/na, dvcudta^ exhal- 
ing an odor). The odor of the breath as 
it leaves the mouth. 

Stomatop / athy (oro//a, nadog, disease). 
Diseases of the mouth. 

Stomatoplasty (cro/ia, irlaaGu, to form). 
Plastic operations upon or about the mouth. 

Stomodae / um (arojua, daio, to divide). 
The mouth of the embryo formed by a 
pushing in of the epiblast. 

Stone. See Calculus. 

Stone Pock. See Acne Vulgaris. 

Stool. The faeces. The evacuation of the 
bowels. 

Stoppage. Cessation of flow or action. 

Sto'rax. See Styrax. 



Strabismic. Relating to strabismus, or 
affected with it. 

Strabismom / eter. See Strabo??ieter. 

Strabis / mus {arpa^L^o), to squint). That 
abnormality of the eyes in which the visual 
axes do not meet at the desired objective 
point; due to incoordinate action of the ex- 
ternal ocular muscles. S., Alternating, 
when either eye fixes alternately. S., 
Apparent, due to a large Angle Alpha. 
S., Concomitant, the squinting eye has 
full range of movement. S., Constant, 
when the condition is a permanent one. 
S., Convergent, when the squinting eye 
is turned to the nasal side. S., Diver- 
gent, when the squinting eye is turned to 
the temporal side. S., Monocular or 
Unilateral, when the same eye always 
deviates. S., Paralytic, due to the pa- 
ralysis of one or more muscles. Stevens 
has devised the following terms to express 
the deviations of the visual lines in stra- 
bismus : Heterotropia, a general term 
for deviation of any kind ; Hypertropia, 
of one visual line above another ; Eso- 
tropia, deviation inward; Exotropia, 
deviation outward. 

Strabom / eter (orpafioc, squinting, fierpov, 
measure). An instrument for the meas- 
urement of the deviation of the eyes in 
strabismus. 

Straboscop / ic (crpafioc, ckotteo), to see). 
Pertaining to the appearance of objects as 
seen by one with strabismus. S. Disc, 
an instrument producing distortion of ob- 
jects. 

Strabot / omy (arpa/3oc, tsjuvo, to cut). An 
operation for the correction of strabismus. 
See Tenotomy. 

Strain. In pharmacy, to separate insoluble 
substances from the liquid in which they 
occur. To filter. In pathology, any ab- 
normal tension put on an organ or part. 
See, also, Eye-strain. 

Strain / er. In pharmacy, a sieve for filtra- 
tion. 

Strait -jacket. A strong coat especially 
designed to prevent injury of self or others 
by the delirious or violent patient. 

Straits of Pelvis. See Pelvis. 

Stramonium. Thorn Apple. The seeds 
and leaves of Datura S., the well-known 
Jamestown or "jimpson" weed. Prop- 
erties due to an alkaloid, daturine, iden- 
tical with atropine (see Belladonna). Has 
the general properties of belladonna, but 
more powerful. S., Ext. Dose gr. Vd—Yz- 
S., Fid. Ext. Dose rry-v. S., Tinct., 
io per cent. sLrong. Dose n\v-xxx. S., 



STRANGAL^ESTHESIA 



419 



STROPHANTHUS 



Ung., contains of the extract io, water 5, 
benzoinated lard 85 parts. Daturine, 
the alkaloid. Dose gr. T |o _ 2 ; o- 

Strangalaesthe / sia. See Zoucesthesia. 

Strangulation [strangulo, to choke). 
Choking. Constriction produced by a 
ligature, stricture, etc. Strangulated 
Hernia. See Hernia. 

Stran / gury (orpat;, a drop, ovpov, urine). 
Painful urination, and drop by drop. 

Strass'burg's Test (for bile acids in 
urine) : Dip filter paper into the urine to 
which a little cane-sugar has been added ; 
dry paper and apply a drop of sulphuric 
acid ; a violet color is obtained after a short 
time. 

Stratification {stratum, a layer, facio, to 
make). Existence in arranged layers. 

Stratum (Lat, a layer). A layer or 
lamina. S. Bowmani, the anterior elas- 
tic layer of the cornea. S. Corneum, 
the epidermis. S. Lucidum, one of the 
layers of the skin. 

Strengthening Plaster. See Ferrum. 

Strepto-bacte / ria {arpeTTToc, twisted). A 
term applied to bacteria, the rods of which 
occur in chains or chaplets. 

Streptococcus (orperrroc, /co/c/coc, a ker- 
nel). Micrococci arranged in strings or 
chaplets. See Micrococcus. 

Strep / tothrix {orpeTtrog, dpi!;, hair). A 
genus of Schizomycetes with long fila- 
ments and false ramifications. S. Fors- 
teri, found in nasal polypi, etc. 

Stretcher (A. S., streccan). A portable 
cot or litter for carrying the sick. 

Stri'a (pi. strice, a streak). A streak or 
line. S. Atrophicae, whitish, cicatricial 
lines of the skin caused by the contractions 
of skin that have been stretched by fat, 
pregnancy, etc. Corpora Striata. See 
Corpus. S. Longitudinales et Late- 
rales, appearances of part of the corpus 
callosum. 

Striate [stria, a furrow). Marked with 
minute ridges or furrows. S. Body. See 
Corpora Striata. 

Stricb/cultur. See Culture. 

Stricture {stringo, to compress). The 
abnormal narrowing or contraction of the 
lumen of a canal or duct from external 
pressure, or as a result of inflammatory or 
other changes. The most constricted part 
of the opening through which a hernia 
protrudes. S., Annular, a ring-like ob- 
struction produced by a fold of mucous 
membrane or constriction all around the 
urethra, gut, etc. S., Bridle, a fold of 
mucous membrane forming a crescentic 



obstruction, or perforated in its center; 
called, also, S., Linear, S., Pack-thread, 
S., Valvular and S., Hour-glass, ac- 
cording to the peculiar appearances. S., 
Congestive, a temporary interference of 
function from subacute prostitis or other 
passing inflammation. S., Irregular, or 
S., Tortuous, so-named from the com- 
plications or peculiarities. S. Fever, the 
constitutional disturbances sometimes the 
result of acute stricture. S., Imperme- 
able, or S., Impassable, not permitting 
the passage of a bougie or catheter. S., 
Irritable, the passage of the instrument 
causes great pain. S., Permeable or 
Passable, permitting the passage of the 
instrument. S., Recurrent or Contrac- 
tile, the stricture returns after dilatation. 
S., Simple, produces no interruption of 
function, pain, etc. 

Stridor Den'tium. See Odontoprisis. 

Strid / ulous (strideo, to make a creaking 
sound). Making a creaking or grating 
sound. 

String / halt. A popular name for a ner- 
vous affection manifested in involuntary, 
convulsive movements of one or both 
hinder legs of a horse. 

Stro / bic Discs. An illusion of motion 
produced by the circular motion of a 
sheet of paper on which concentric circles 
have been drawn. The circles appear to 
rotate. 

Stroke. In pathology, a sudden and 
severe seizure or fit of disease. S., Apo- 
plectic. See Apoplexy. S., Back, of 
the Heart, the supposed " reaction im- 
pulse," or recoil of the ventricles at the 
moment the blood is discharged into the 
aorta. S., Paralytic, so called from the 
suddenness of a paralytic attack. 

Stro / ma [orptopia, abed). The tissue form- 
ing the substratum or framework upon 
which the essential structures of an organ 
rest. S. -fibrin, fibrin formed direct from 
fibrin ; formed in the usual way it is called 
Plasma-fibrin. 

Strom / uhr. See Rhecmeter. 

Strongy / lus [arpoyyvkoq, globose). A 
species of entozoon found occasionally in 
the muscular tissue of the heart. 

Strophantus. The seeds of a tropical 
plant, S. kispidus or Kombe, yielding an 
arrow poison. Properties due to strophan- 
thin, a glucoside, and inseine, an alkaloid. 
In medical properties it closely resembles 
digitalis, producing loss of reflex sensibility 
and of voluntary motion. Dose of the 
tincture gtt. v-x. Unof. 



STROPHAXTIXE 



420 



SUBCREPITANT 



Strophan / tine. A toxic alkaloid, soluble 
in water and alcohol, derived from stro- 
phanthus. 

Strophulus. See Miliaria. S. Albi- 
dus. See Milium. 

Struc / ture (struo, to build). In biology, 
the molecular arrangement of the sub- 
stances that compose tissue. In anatomy, 
the arrangement of the various tissues that 
compose an organ or a part. Also, an 
organ, a part, or a complete organic body. 

Stru'ma (struma). Scrofula. Also, a 
scrofulous swelling or tumor. Also, Bron- 
chiocele. 

Strumipri'va, Cachexia. See Cachexia. 

Stru / mous [struma). Scrofulous. Hav- 
ing the nature of scrofula. 

Strycb/nia, or 

Strych/nine. See Nux Vomica. 

Strych/nism (strychnia). The condition 
of one under the influence of strychnine, 
or affected by it. 

Strycb/nos. See Nux Vof?iica. 

Stulti'tia (stultus, a fool). Foolishness; 
dullness of the intellect. 

Stump. The extremity, pedicle, or basis 
of the part left after surgical amputation, 
excision, or ablation. S. of Eyeball, the 
remainder of the globe after excision of an 
anterior staphyloma or after other capital 
operation on the globe that deprives it of 
vision. S., Sugar-loaf, a conical stump 
due to undue retraction of the muscles; 
called, also, S., Conical. S. of Tooth, 
that part remaining after removal or de- 
struction of the corona. 

Stun (A. S., stunian, to make a din). To 
confuse and render one temporarily insen- 
sible or unconscious, as by a blow. 

Stupe. A fomentation. Also, the cloth 
used. 

Stu'por (Lat.). The condition of being 
but partly conscious or sensible. Also, a 
condition of insensibility. 

Stu / prum (Lat.). Rape. 

Stut / ter (Ger., stottern). To hesitate or 
make repeated efforts to articulate a sylla- 
ble. 

Stye. See Hordeolum. 

Style. See Stylus. S. Lachrymal. See 
Lachrymal. 

Stylis / cus (stilus, a pointed instrument 
used for writing). A slender, cylindrical 
tent. 

Stylo- (stilus). A Greek word used as a 
prefix to denote connection with or relation 
to the styloid process of the temporal 
bone. 

Styloglossus. See Muscle -Table. 



Stylohyoid. Set Muscle -Table. 

Styloid (stihcs). Resembling a stylus or 
slender, cylindrical column. 

Stylo-mas / toid (stilus, mastoideus, the 
mastoid process). Pertaining conjointly to 
the styloid and mastoid processes. S.-m. 
Foramen, a foramen of the inferior surface 
of the petrous portion of the temporal bone. 
It transmits the facial nerve. 

Stylo-pharynge / us. See Muscle -Table. 

Stylosan'thes. The herb S. elatior. Of 
repute in relieving the irritability of the 
uterus during gestation. Dose of the fid. 
ext. n\x-xx. 

StyTus (Lat.). A pointed instrument 
formerly used for writing on wax tablets. 
An instrument for writing on manifold- 
ing paper. In surgery, a sound. 

Stymato / sis (crvfia, stiffness). A violent 
erection of the penis attended with haemor- 
rhage. 

Styp / tic (oTVKTinog, astringent). A medi- 
cine or agent that causes vascular contrac- 
tion of the blood vessels. A haemostatic. 

Sty'rax (arvpa^). Storax. A balsam 
obtained from the inner bark of Liqui- 
dambar orientalis, or oriental sweet gum. 
Contains a volatile oil, styrol, several resins 
and cinnamic acid. Stimulant, expectorant 
and antiseptic, acting like benzoin and tolu. 
Used in bronchial affections and catarrh of 
the urinary passages. Externally an anti- 
septic and parasiticide. A constituent of 
Friar" s balsam. Dose gr. v-xx. 

Sty / rone. A derivation of Styrax. Chemi- 
cally, it is an amyl alcohol, and a highly 
antiseptic liquid. 

Sub- (sttb, under). A Latin preposition. 
Used as a prefix it denotes under or 
beneath. 

Subacute 7 (sttb, acutus, sharp). Less 
than ordinarily acute or severe. Also, the 
stage of a disease when it is intermediate 
between an acute and a chronic form. 

Subarachnoid (sub, arachnoid). That 
lying directly beneath the arachnoid mem- 
brane, as the subarachnoid space, subarach- 
noid fluid, etc. 

Subclavian (sub, clavis,\ht collar-bone). 
Situated under the collar-bone. S. Artery. 
See Artery- Table. 

Subclavicular (sub, clan's, the collar- 
bone). Pertaining to the subclavicular bone 
or first rib. 

Subcrep / itant (sub, crepito, to make a 
crackling noise). Applied to a sibilant 
rattle, or to rales produced by the bubbling 
of air through a slightly viscous liquid, as 
the mucus of the bronchi. 



SUBCUTANEOUS 



421 



SUCK 



Subcutaneous [sub, cutis, the skin). 
Under the skin. Hypodermatic. 

Subdural (sub, dura). Beneath the dura 
mater. S. Space, the space between the 
dura mater and the arachnoid. 

Subenceph / alon (sub, eynetyalov, brain). 
The medulla, pons and corpora quadrige- 
mina taken together. 

Su / berin. Pulverized cork ; used as a 
dressing for wounds. 

SubglossFtis. See Ranula. 

Subgrunda / tion. The intrusion of one 
part of a cranial bone beneath another. 

Subinflamma / tion (sub,inflammatio). A 
very slight degree of inflammation. 

Subinvolution (sub, involvo, to roll up). 
Imperfect involution. S. of Uterus, the 
imperfect or incomplete contraction of the 
womb after delivery. 

Subject (sub, jacio, to throw). In anato- 
my, a body for dissection. In hypnotism, 
the person under hypnotic influence. 

Subjective (sub, jacio). Having the 
nature of a subject ; pertaining to one's 
inner nature or personal self. S. Sensa- 
tions, those not caused by external stimu- 
lus. S. Symptoms. See Symptoms. 

Sublig / amen (sub, ligo, to bind). A 
form of truss used in hernia. 

Sublimate (sublimis, high). The product 
of sublimation. Applied to a substance 
which, under the action of heat, passes at 
once from a solid to a gaseous state, and 
again condenses in a solid form without 
intermediate liquefaction. S., Corrosive. 
See Hydrargyrum. 

Sublimation (sublimis). The vaporiza- 
tion and condensation of a volatile solid. 
The distilled product is called a sub- 
limate. 

Sublingual. Lying beneath the tongue. 
S. Gland. See Saliva. 

Subluxation. See Dislocation. 

Submaxillary. Lying beneath the lower 
maxilla. S. Gland. See Saliva. 

Submental (sub, mentum, the chin). Sit- 
uated under the chin. 

Submerge 7 (sub, mergo, to dip). To im- 
merse. To place under the surface of a 
liquid. 

Submersion (sub, mergo). The condi- 
tion of being under the surface of a liquid. 
In pathology, drowned. 

Suboccipital. Situate beneath the occiput. 

Subordination (sub, orao, a rack). In 
physiology, the property of being under 
normal subjection or control. Applied to 
organs which depend upon or are con- 
trolled by other organs. 



Subscapular (sub, scapula, the shoulder- 
blade). Under the shoulder-blade. 

Subserous. Lying beneath a serous 
membrane. 

Subsidence (sub, sedeo, to sit). In path- 
ology, the gradual cessation and disappear- 
ance of an attack of disease. In pharm- 
acy, the sediment falling from a liquid. 

Subsistence (sub, sisto, to stand). That 
which nourishes or gives support. Food. 

Sub / stance (substantia). The material 
substratum or basis of a tissue or organ. 
See Substantia. 

Substantia (Lat). Substance. S. Cineria 
Gelatinosa, the gray or cortical matter 
of the brain. S. Ferruginea, applied to 
one of the layers of the cerebellar cortex. 
S. Nigra, pigmented matter found in the 
crura cerebri. S. Perforata. See Space, 
Anterior Perforated. 

Substitution (sub, statuo, to place). The 
replacement of one thing by another. In 
chemistry, the replacement of an atom or 
a molecule of a compound by one of equal 
valence. 

Substratum (sub, stratum, a layer). An 
under layer or stratum. 

SubsuFtus (sub, salto, to leap). Any 
morbid tremor or convulsive twitching. S. 
Tendinum, involuntary convulsive twitch- 
ing of the muscles, especially of the hands 
and feet. 

Subu / beres (sub, ubera, the breasts). 
Children at the breast. Suckling children. 

Succeda / neum (succedo, to take the place 
of). A general term applied to medicines 
that may be substituted for one another. 
S., Caput. See Caput. 

Suc / cinum. Amber. A fossil resin 
found in the alluvial deposits of Central 
Europe. Thought to be derived from an 
extinct species of pine. Properties due to 
a volatile oil obtained by destructive dis- 
tillation. Ol. Succini, a stimulant and 
antispasmodic useful in hysteria, epilepsy, 
convulsions, etc. Externally, a rubefacient 
employed successfully in rheumatic affec- 
tions. Dose gtt. v-x. 

Suc / culent (succus, juice). Juicy. 

Suc / cus (Lat.). The juice of a plant. 
Also, the natural fluid secretion of an 
organ. S. Entericus, the secretion of the 
intestinal mucous membrane. S. Gas- 
tricus, the gastric juice. 

Succus / sion (succussio). A slight shake 
or blow on the chest or back given for the 
purpose of ascertaining the presence of 
a fluid in the thorax. 

Suck (sugo, to draw in). To take nourish- 



SUCKLE 



422 



SULPHUR 



merit at the breast. To create a vacuum 
with the mouth. To draw in by the aid 
of the mouth. 

Suck'le ugn To give suck. To nurse 
at the breast. 

Su'crose. See Saccharum. 

Suc'tion [sago). The production of a 
vacuum — withdrawing the air by the 
mouth or other means. S. Method of 
Cataract Extraction. See Extraction 
of Cat a Tact. 

Suda'mina. See Miliaria. 

Suda'tion [sudo, to sweat). The act of 
sweating. 

Sudato'ria. See Hyperidrosis and Mili- 
aria. 

Sudato'rium {sudor). A room or apart- 
ment for the administration of a sweat-bath. 

Su'dor (Lat.). Sweat. S. Anglicus. See 
Miliaria. S. Urinosus. See Uridrosis. 

Sudoriferous {sudor, fero, to bear). 
Sweat-bearing. That which carries sweat. 

Sudorific [sudor). A medicine or agent 
inducing sweating. 

Sudorip'arous {sudor, fiario, to beget). 
Producing or secreting sweat. Applied, 
also, as a descriptive term to the sweat 
glands. 

Su'et. See Sevum. 

Suffer (Fr. souffrir). To feel with sense 
of pain ; to endure pain. 

Suffocation {sub, under, fauces, the 
throat). Stoppage of the respiration; 
stifling. 

Suffu / sion {sub, /undo, to pour). A spread- 
ing or flow of any fluid of the body into 
surrounding tissue ; an extravasation. 

Sug / ar. See Saccharum. Chemically, 
sugars are divided as follows : Cane sugar, 
C 12 H 22 11 , the ordinary sugar of commerce 
and pharmacy; glucose (grape sugar or 
starch sugar), C 6 H 12 6 ; lactose, sugar of 
milk ; and inosit, a variety found in certain 
muscular tissues and in the juice of the 
asparagus. Closely allied to sugar are 
starch, cellulose, glycogen and dextrine, 
q.v. S. of Milk. See Lactose. 

Suggestion {suggero, to convey or lay 
under). The transfer or production of 
ideas, visions, volitions and mental condi- " 
tions in the hypnotic subject according to 
the will of the operator. S., Post-hyp- 
notic, the command to do certain acts 
given the subject while in the somnambu- 
lic stage, which are executed by him after 
his return to his normal condition. 

Suggilla'tion {sugillo, to beat black and 
blue). The condition of being affected 
with ecchymosis. Also, the livid spots due 



to incipient putrefaction. Also, the mark 
made by a leech or a cupping-glass. 
Su'icide [stats, one's self, cado, to kill). 
The voluntary and intentional taking of 
one's own life ; self-murder. Also, one 
who commits suicide. 

Sul'cated [sulcus, a furrow). Grooved or 
furrowed. 
Sul'cus (pi. sulci). A furrow or groove; 
applied especially to those of the cortex 
of the cerebrum. S. Spiralis, the grooved 
extremity of the lamina spiralis of the 
cochlea. 
Sulph- See Sulfho- 
Sulph'ates, Test for, in Urine. Acidify 
with hydrochloric acid ; then add a solu- 
tion of barium chloride, and if soluble 
sulphates be present, a white crystalline 
precipitate falls. Compare with that a ma 
healthy urine as to abnormality of amount. 
Sulph'ides. In chemistry, any combination 
of sulphur with an element. The alka- 
line sulphides are soluble in water, the 
others are generally insoluble. Sulphi- 
dum Calcii, unof., the u hepar sulphuris "' 
of homoeopathy, used mainly in the ; iepa- 
ration of other compounds. Lc::^ ;~ a 
specific for itch. Sulphurata Calx, 
sulphurated lime, a variable mixture con- 
taining about 36 per cent of calcium sul- 
phide and sulphate, narcotic and irritant 
Dose gr. Yo~i- Sulphurata Potassa, 
prepared by heating 1 part of potasshmi 
carbonate with 2 of sulphur. Narcot .; 
and irritant. Dose gr. ij-x. Sulphuris 
Iodidum, used in ointment, gr. xxx to 5 j. 
S. of Hydrogen, unof., a gas having 
the odor of rotten eggs ; highly poisonous. 
Used as a precipitant for certain metals in 
solution. 

Sulph'o- \sulpku A prefix denoting 

chemical combination with sulphur, or a 
sulphur radical. 
Sulph'onal. A complex organic com- 
pound having the structure diethyl sul- 
phon-dim ethyl-methane (CH, \ = C = 
(C 2 H 5 S0 2 ),. A prompt and reliable hyp- 
notic without narcotic effect, and asserted 
to have no unfavorable results. Contains 
no halogen compounds. Difficultly s : tot 1 e 
in cold water. Soluble in hot water and 
alcohol. Dose gr. v-xxx. Unof. 
Sulph'ur. Brimstone. S = J2; quan- 
tivalence II. IV, VL A non-metallic ele- 
ment distinguish ed y yellow color and 
rr ysi-alltnp properties. One of the acid 
elements. Unite - \ en to form the 

most powerful acid radicals. Laxative and 
diaphoretic. Long administered causes 



SULPHURIC 



423 



SUPPOSITORIUM 



emaciation and anaemia. S. Iodidum, 
used as an ointment, gr. xxx-^j. S. 
Lotum, washed sulphur, prepared by 
digesting sublimed S. with water of ammo- 
nia, and afterward washing. S. Precipi- 
tatum, lac sulphur, "milk of sulphur;" 
prepared by decomposing calcium sulphide 
with hydrochloric acid. Dose gr. x-^j. 
S. Sublimatum, sublimed sulphur. Dose 
gr. x-lx. S., Ung., sublimed sulphur 30, 
benzoinated lard 70 parts. S., Ung. 
Alkalinum, washed sulphur 20, potassium 
carbonate 10, water 5, benzoinated lard 65 
parts. 

Sulphu / ric [sulphur). In chemistry, a 
technical name given to the anhydride and 
derived acid of sulphur trioxide, S0 3 . 

Sulphurous {sulphur). In chemistry, a 
technical name applied to the acids and 
anhydride derived from sulphur dioxide, 
S0 2 . 

Sum'bul. The root of Ferula S. Dis- 
tinguished by a musk-like odor. Contains 
angelic and valerianic acids. An excellent 
nerve tonic, much used in Russia. Useful 
as a substitute for musk in nerve affections, 
typhoid fever, etc. Dose gr. xxx— 3J. 

Summational Tones. Supposed pro- 
duction of new tones by the summation or 
addition of their number of vibrations. 

Summation of Stim / uli. If a stimulus 
in itself insufficient to cause contraction of 
a muscle be repeatedly applied in proper 
tempo and strength, contraction will finally 
be produced. The same summation oc- 
curs in nervous tissue, and the cardiac 
contractions exhibit a rhythm of in- 
creased force, called Staircase or Treppe 
Rhythm. 

Sum'mer. The season of greatest heat. 
Also, applied to things connected with that 
season. S. Rash, same as Lichen Trop- 
icus. S. Savory, the leaves of Satureia 
hortensis. Stimulant, carminative and 
emmenagogue. Dose of fid. ext. gj-iv. 
Unof. 

Sunburned. A term applied to the skin 
when superficially inflamed by exposure to 
the sun. Also, the bronzing of the skin 
from long exposure to the sun or heat. 

Sun / dew. The plant Drosera rotundi- 

folia. Has been found useful in pertussis, 
asthma, and incipient phthisis. Dose of 
the fid. ext. TT^ v-xx. Unof. 

Sun-fever. A name loosely applied to 
severe forms of various fevers of the trop- 
ical regions. 

Sun / flower. The seeds of Helianthus 
annuus. Contains a fixed oil and other 



extractive matters. The oil is not inferior 
in taste to olive oil. Expectorant and diu- 
retic. Dose of decoction ad. lib. ; of fld. 
ext. ^i-ij. Unof. 

Sunstroke. A popular term for insolation 
or heat-stroke. See Heat-stroke. S., 
Electric, an illogical term for the symp- 
toms, somewhat similar to those of heat- 
stroke, produced by too close and unpro- 
tected proximity to the intense light emitted 
in welding metals by electricity. 

Su'per- (Lat., above or upon). A Latin 
form of a Greek prefix denoting above or 
tip on. 

Superciliary [super, cilium, the eyelid). 
Pertaining to the eyebrow. S. Ridges, 
the projecting apophyses at the anterior 
surface of the frontal bone. 

SuperciEium (Lat.). The eyebrow. 

Superfecunda / tion {super, fecundus). 
The fertilization of two ova at the same 
menstrual period. 

Superficial {super, fades, the face). Con- 
fined to the surface. Not extending below 
the surface. 

Superficies. The surface or outside. 

Superfceta / tion {super, foetus). A second 
impregnation taking place at a later period 
of pregnancy. This occurs either in a 
double uterus or when menstruation per- 
sists until the second impregnation. 

Superimpregna'tion. The development 
of more than one ovule at one time, as in 
plural pregnancy. 

Superior (comparative of superus, high). 
In anatomy, the upper of two organs or 
parts. S. Vermiform Process, the up- 
per part of the median lobe of the cere- 
bellum. It is divided into three lobes, the 
lobulus centralis, monticulus cerebelli, and 
commissura simplex. 

Superlactation. Excess of the secretion 
of milk. 

Supernatant {super, natans, swimming). 
Floating upon the surface of a liquid. 

Su'persalt {super, salt). In chemistry, 
applied to certain salts containing an ex- 
cess of the acid. An acid, as distinguished 
from a basic salt. 

Supination {supinus, backward). In 
anatomy, the turning of the hand upward. 
In medicine, the condition of being supine. 

Supinator. See Muscle- Table. 

Su'pine {supinus). Lying flat. Also, ly- 
ing on the back. 

Supplemental Air. See Air. 

Supposito / rium {suppono, to place under). 
A solid body, usually of lard or stearine, 
as an excipient, containing a prescribed 



SUPPOSITORY 



424 



SUSCEPTIBLE 



medicinal substance, intended for intro- 
duction into the rectum or vagina. 

Suppository. See Suppositorium. 

Suppression hud, prima, to press). A 
condition of being concealed or retained, 
as applied to the natural excreta of the 
body. S. of Menses, the abnormal ab- 
stention of the menses beyond their time of 
appearance. 

Suppuration [sub, beneath, irvov, pus). 
The formation of pus. The separation 
from the organism of the products of in- 
flammation. These products lose their 
power of organization and break down to 
constitute an abscess. The reason of 
this necrotic tendency is either that the 
effusion dies from lack of nourishment, or, 
more probably (or at least more frequently), 
that microorganisms gain access to it, and 
bring about the result, in a manner not 
yet definable. 

Su / pra- (supra, above). A Latin preposi- 
tion used as a prefix, and signifying upon 
or above. 

Supraclavicular (supra, clavis, collar- 
bone). Above or upon the clavicle. 

SupraoccipTtal (supra, occiput). Situated 
above the occipital bone ; also, the upper 
part of the occipital bone, 

Supraorbital (supra, orbit). Situated 
above the orbit of the eye. S. Arch or 
Ridge, the curved prominent margin form- 
ing the upper boundary of the orbit. S. 
Foramen, at the inner third of the last, 
transmits the S. artery, vein and nerve. 
Sometimes it is a notch or groove, and 
called the S. Notch. 

Suprarenal (supra, ren, the kidney). 
Above the kidney ; applied especially to 
the suprarenal capsules or bodies. 

Suprascapular (supra, scapula, the 
shoulder-blade). Situated above the 
shoulder-blade. 

Supraspinal (supra, spina, the spine). 
Situated on the spine or above its origin. 

Supraspina / tus (supra, spina). A name 
given to various organs situated upon 
the spine or above its origin. S. Fossa, 
the triangular depression above the spine 
of the shoulder-blade. S. Muscle. See 
Muscle- Table. 

Su / ra (surd). The calf of the leg. The 
projection formed by the gastrocnemius 
muscle. 

Su'ral (surd). Pertaining to the calf of 
the leg. S. Nerve, Superficial, that 
formed by the junction of the external cuta- 
neus of the peroneal and the communi- 
cantes fibulares. S. Vein, one situated 



just beneath the skin on the calf; it opens 
into the popliteal vein. 

Sur'ditas VerbaTis. See Aphasia (word- 
deafness). 

Surdity. See Deafness. 

Surdomute (surdus, mutus, mute). A 
deaf and dumb person. 

Sur / feit (Fr. surf ait, excessive). A sense 
of fullness approaching nausea. More than 
enough. 

Sur'geon (xupovpyoq, a hand worker). 
One who practices surgery. 

Sur / gery (xetpovp-yug). Formerly that 
branch of medicine concerned with man- 
ual operations under the direction of the 
physician. The scope of the word is now 
widened, and is so bound up with general 
medicine that a strict and succinct defini- 
tion is impossible. Instrumental and man- 
ual operative work is still the chief idea, 
and, so far as related to diseases commonly 
or possibly requiring operative procedure, 
surgery usually includes the treatment of 
systemic abnormalities. The term as lim- 
ited to a special branch of medical science, 
as the obstetric, the gyncecologic, aural, 
ophthalmic, etc., is growing into disuse, 
while, at the same time, the division of 
these specialties has narrowed the field of 
work of surgery as now commonly under- 
stood. The surgeon has recouped him- 
self by the inclusion in his department of 
many subjects not strictly requiring opera- 
tive treatment, such as inflammation, fever, 
microbiology, syphilis, etc., etc. S., Mili- 
tary, that pertaining to gunshot wounds 
and other injuries peculiar to military life. 
S., Minor, includes the lesser surgical 
operations, bandaging, the making and 
application of splints, dressings and su- 
tures, counter-irritation, cauterization, 
blood-letting, vaccination, etc. S., Or- 
thopaedic, the remedy of deformities. 
S., Plastic, repair of absent or defective 
tissue by transference of tissue from an- 
other part or person. See Transplanta- 
tion, Autoplasty, Rhinoplasty, etc. 

Sur / gical. Pertaining to surgery. S. 
Kidney, suppurative disease of the kid- 
ney. S. Tuberculosis, tuberculous dis- 
ease that may be reached by operative 
treatment. 

Sursumduc / tion (sursum, upon, duco, to 
lead). The power of fusing two images 
of the two eyes when one eye has a prism 
vertically before it. 

Susceptible (suscipio, to undertake). 
Sensitive to an influence. In pathology, 
liability to become affected with disease. 



SUSPENDED ANIMATION 



425 



SWEET 



Suspended Animation. A term some- 
times applied to the temporary cessation 
of the vital functions. It may be due to 
asphyxia, to syncope, or to the trance-like 
condition that closely simulates death, in 
which the patient may remain for some 
hours, or even days. 

Suspension {sub, pen-do, to hang). The 
act or condition of hanging, as applied to 
an organ or part. Also, a mode of treat- 
ment of certain diseases, especially tabes, 
in which the patient is so placed that the 
whole weight of the body hangs upon the 
neck, the head being supported at the chin 
and occiput. The stretching of the spinal 
cord sometimes removes the cause of" the 
disease by a process not at present well 
understood. 

Suspenso'rium {sub, pendd). That upon 
which anything hangs for support. S. 
Hepatitis, the suspensory ligament of the 
liver. S. Testis, the cremaster muscle. 

Suspensory [sub, pendd). Designed or 
useful for suspension. Suspending. S. 
Ligament of Lens. See Zonula of 
Zinn. 

Sustentaculum [sustento, to support). 
A support. S. Tali, a process of the os 
calcis supporting the astragalus. 

Susur / rus {susurro, to whisper). A soft 
murmur in aneurism, cardiac diseases, etc. 

Sutu'ra (Lat.). See Suture. 

Su / tural [suturd) . Pertaining to or having 
the nature of a suture. 

Su'ture (or Sutu'ra) Anatomical {suo, 
to sew). The marginal union of flat bones. 
S., Coronal, connects the frontal and pari- 
etal bones. S. Dentata, tooth-like, as be- 
tween the parietal bones. S. Harmonia, 
simple apposition of the articulating sur- 
faces. S., Lambdoid, occipito-parietal. 
S. Limbosa, a beveling and overlapping 
of the parts. S. Notha, by apposition of 
roughened surfaces. S., Sagittal, inter- 
parietal. S. Serrata, the edges serrated 
or like the teeth of a saw. S. Squa- 
mosa, by a scale-like overlapping. S., 
Transverse, junction of frontal and facial 
bones. S. Vera, when connected by inter- 
locking processes or indentations. The 
various sutures are mostly named after the 
bones implicated, as the ethmo-sphenoidal, 

fronto-malar, spkeno-temporal, etc. 

Su'ture, Surgical [suo). The coaptation 
of the lips of a wound by sewing. S., 
Button, the use of button-like discs to 
prevent the thread from cutting through 
the tissues and to bring in better apposition 
masses. S., Continued. See Glo- 



ver's S. S., Dry, adhesive plaster strips 
applied to the lips of the wound, which are 
drawn together by suturing the selvaged 
edge of the strips. S., Gely's, so applied 
as to invest the edges of the wound. S., 
Glover's, passes across the wound con- 
tinuously in the same direction. S., 
Harelip, or, S., Figure-of-8, the liga- 
ture is wound about a pin inserted through 
both lips of the wound, in the form of a 
figure 8. S., India-rubber, rubber rings 
used instead of the ligature in the Harelip 
S. S., Interrupted, or, S., Knotted, 
separate stitches and knots in proximity. 
S., Lace, single-thread stitches carried 
around a fistula, which is closed by traction 
upon the ligature acting like a sphincter, 
to pucker the lips together. S., Lem- 
bert's, similar to Gely's S. S., Quilled, 
quills or rods laid beneath an Interrupted S. 
S., Twisted. See Harelip S. See, also, 
Synarthrosis. 

Svap / nia. Denarcotized opium. 

SwaPlowing (A. S., swelgan). The act of 
passing food or liquids from the mouth into 
the oesophagus. 

Swal'low's-nest. A deep fossa of the 
cerebellum between the commissure of 
the flocculus and the nodulus and uvula. 

Sweat. The secretion of the sudoriferous 
glands. It consists of a transparent and 
normally colorless aqueous fluid, holding 
in solution free lactic acid, sodium lactate, 
sodium and potassium chlorides, and traces 
of alkaline phosphates. S. Glands, the 
small, lobular, reddish bodies situated in 
the true skin and subcutaneous areolar 
tissue. Each consists of a convoluted tube 
from which the excretory duct passes out- 
ward through the skin. In its passage 
through the epidermis the duct is moire or 
less spiral. 

Sweating. The excretion of the con- 
tents of the sudoriferous glands in sensible 
quantities. S. Fever or S. Sickness. 
See Miliaria. 

Swe / dish Sys / tem. See Ling's System. 

Sweet. A quality of taste of which sugar 
and honey furnish examples. S. Cicely, 
the root of Osmorrhiza longistylis. An 
aromatic stomachic, carminative and ex- 
pectorant. Dose of fid. ext. ^j-ij. Unof. 
S. Fern, the leaves and tops of Compto- 
nia asplenifolia. Astringent, carminative 
and alterative. Dose of fid. ext. gss-ij. 
Unof. S. Flag. See Calamus. S. Gale, 
the bark of Myrica Gale. Astringent and 
stimulant. Dose of fid. ext. Tr^v-^ss. 
Unof. S. Gum, the bark of Liquidambar 



SWEET-BREAD 



426 



SYMPTOMATIC 



styraciflua. Tonic and astringent. A 
popular domestic remedy in diarrhoea. 
Dose of fid. ext. £ss-j. The balsam ex- 
uding from the tree is much used as a 
corrigent of fetid breath. Unof. S. Oil. 
See Olives Oleum. S. Sumach. See 
Rhus Aromatica. S. -scented Water- 
lily. See Nymphcea Odorata. 

Sweet-bread. A popular name for the 
Pancreas. 

Swelling. Any morbid enlargement, in- 
flation, tumor, or protuberance. 

Swoon. See Syncope. 

Syco / ma (avuov, a fig). A condition char- 
acterized by warty or fig-like excrescences 
on the soft tissues of the body, as the eye- 
lids, tongue, anus, or genitals. 

Syco / sis {gvkuciq, like a fig). Acne Men- 
tagra; Ficosis; Lichen Menti; Folliculitis 
Barbae. Chronic primary inflammation of 
the follicles of the hairy parts of the 
face. 

Sydenham's Laudanum. See Opii 
( Vinum). 

Sylvester's Method. See Artificial. 

Syl'vius, Aqueduct of. See Aqueduct. 
S., Fissure of. See Fissure. 

Sym-. An euphonic form of Syn-. 

Symbio'sis (avu(3iG)otg). The dwelling 
together of two or more individuals or or- 
ganisms. 

Symblepb/aron (aw, together, fiTiefyapov , 
the eyelid). The abnormal adhesion of 
the eyelids to the eyeball in consequence 
of burns, wounds, etc. 

SynVbol (av/ufiolov, a pledge). A sign or 
character denoting an idea. The follow- 
ing are commonly employed in medicine : 
R , Recipe, take of. 
3 , Scruple. 
3 , Drachm, 
f £ , Fluidrachm. 
^ , Ounce, 
f J , Fluidounce. 
Ti\,, Minim. 
See, also, List of Abbreviations, p. VII, 

VIII, IX. 

Sym'ele. See Symelus. 

Sym / elus (avfi, fie7x>g, limb). A mon- 
strosity with fused extremities. 

Syme's Operation. Amputation at the 
ankle-joint, the malleoli being sawn 
through, and a flap made with the skin of 
the heel. 

Symmetrical (aw, fierpov, a measure). 
Pertaining to or governed by symmetry. 

Sym / metry (aw, fierpov). In anatomy, a 
harmonious correspondence of parts. In 
pathology, the theory that constitutional 



diseases affect both lateral halves of the 
body impartially. 

Sympathetic (from its supposed inter- 
mediation of sympathy between organs). 
Applied to the sympathetic nerve, or ner- 
vous system, a series of ganglia connected 
by commissural fibers upon each side of the 
vertebral column from the base of the 
skull to the coccyx. It may be also traced 
into the head. It gives origin also to 
numerous plexuses, ganglia, etc. See 
Plexus and Ganglia. S. Bubo. See 
Bubo. S. Inflammation, or Irritation, 
affection of an organ arising by reflex ac- 
tion, infection, or other unknown way, syn- 
chronous or following similar affections of 
other organs. S. Ophthalmitis. Inflam- 
mation of the uveal tract of an eye arising 
subsequent to some injury or affection of 
the other eye. The eye first affected is 
called the exciting eye, or excitor, the 
other the sympathizer. The inflammatory 
period may be preceded by sympathetic 
irritation, in which there is lachrymation, 
photophobia, etc. Removal of the excitor 
is the treatment usually prescribed. 

Sympathizer. See Sympathetic Ophthal- 
mitis. 

Sym / pathy (aw, rradoc, suffering). In 
pathology, the mutual relations between 
parts or organs more or less distant, as 
shown in the translation of a morbid con- 
dition from an affected to an unaffected 
organ. A meaningless term for the facts 
of reflex neuroses, metastasis, etc. 

Sympex / is (avfiirrj^Lq). A concretion 
found in the vessels of certain glands, 
especially the thyroid and lymphatic, 
and in the vesiculae seminales. 

Symphyseotomy. See Cesarean Opera- 
tion. 

Symphysis (aw, <j>vu, to grow). The 
coalescence or junction of bones, usually 
of symmetrical bones in the median line, 
as S. pubis and S. of the jazv. 

Sympie / sis (aw, -rrieatg, a squeezing). A 
pressing together of parts. 

Symp / tom (avfiKro/ia, a coincident hap- 
pening). That change or phase which 
occurs synchronously with a disease and 
serves to point out its nature and location. 
S., Objective, one observed by the physi- 
cian. S., Subjective, that elicited by 
inquiry and observed by the patient. 

Symptomatic (avfiTTTOfia). That which 
may be interpreted as a symptom. That 
which may be a symptom of another affec- 
tion, as opposed to idiopathic. S. Fever. 
The febrile symptoms of a disease. 



SYMPTOMATOGRAPHY 



427 



SYNNEUROSIS 



Symptomatog / raphy (ovfiirrufia, ypatyo, 
to write). A description of symptoms. 

Symptomatology (ovfnrTu/ua, Xoyog, a 
treatise). A treatise on the nature, pur- 
port and interpretation of symptoms. 

Symptom-complex. The ensemble of 
symptoms of a disease. 

Sym / pus (ovfiirovg). A vice of develop- 
ment consisting in coalescence of the lower 
limbs. A siren-monster. There may be 
but one foot (S. monopus), or two (S. 
dipus), or the feet may be represented only 
by toes (S. apus). 

Syn- (ovv, together). A Greek preposition 
used as a prefix, signifying with or together. 

Synaesthe / sia (ovv, cuoOrjotg, sensation). 
A phenomenon consisting in a sensation 
being felt or located in one part of the 
body, the result of an irritation at some 
removed or distant point. 

SynaPgia (ovv, a'/iyog, pain). Pain felt in 
a distant part from an injury or stimulus 
to another part of the body. 

Syn / aptase, See Emulsin. 

Synarthrodia. See Synarthrosis. 

Synarthrosis (ovv, apdov, a joint). A 
form of articulation in which the bones are 
immovably bound together (without any 
intervening synovial cavity). The various 
forms are : Sutura, in which the processes 
are interlocked; Schindylesis, in which a 
thin plate of one bone is inserted into a 
cleft of another, and Gomphosis, in which a 
conical process is held by a socket. 

Syncepb/alus (ovv, together, Ke<pa?irj, 
head). A double monstrosity with the 
two heads fused into one. 

SynchPsis. See Synchysis. 

Synchondrosis (ovv, %ovdpog, a carti- 
lage). A union by an intervening growth 
of cartilage. 

Synchondrot / omy (ovv, xovfipoc, tejuvo), 
to cut). A division of the cartilage uniting 
bones, especially the symphysis pubis. 

Synchronous (ovv, xpovog, time). Occur- 
ring contemporaneously or at the same 
interval. 

Synchy'sis (ovyxvoig, a mixing together). 
A symptom of disease of the vitreous humor 
of the eye caused by tyrosin or cholesterine 
particles floating in the liquefied vitreous. 
Sometimes called synchisis scintillans. 

Synclinal (ovv, kIivu), to bend). Bending 
or inclining in the same direction. 

Syndesis (ovv, kXlvo). Same as Syn- 
clitism. 

Syn'clitism (ovv, /c/Uroc, a bending). A 
condition marked by parallelism or simi- 
larity of inclination. 



Synclo / nus (ovv, nlovog, great agitation). 
A genus of diseases, including those char- 
acterized by tremulous motion. Also, any 
abnormal, tremulous, muscular motion, as 
that of chorea. 

SynCope (ovv, kottto, to faint). A swoon- 
ing or fainting. A partial or complete 
temporary suspension of the functions of 
respiration and circulation. 

Syncop / tic (ovv, kokto). Pertaining to, 
having the nature of, or causing syncope. 

Syncretism (ovv, Kpr]TiC,cj, to lie). The 
blending of various tenets or theories into 
one. 

Syn'crisis (ovv, Kpivu, to coagulate). Co- 
agulation or solidification of one or more 
liquids. 

Syndec / tomy (ovv, ekto^t], a cutting out). 
See Peritomy. 

SyndePphus (ovv, adelcpog, brother). A 
monocephalic double monstrosity with a 
single pelvis, united thoraces, four upper 
and four lower extremities. 

SyndesmPtis (ovvdeopog, a ligament, trig, 
inflammation). Inflammation of the liga- 
ments. 

Syndesmography (ovvdeopiog, ypa<p<d, to 
write). The structure and descriptive 
anatomy of the ligaments. 

SyndesmoPogy (ovvdeo/uog, Xoyog, a 
treatise). A treatise on the nature and 
functions of ligaments. 

Syndesmosis (ovvdeopog). The articula- 
tion of two or more bones by ligaments. 

Syndesmot / omy (ovvdeopog, repvuto cut). 
Dissection or section of the ligaments. 

Syn / drome (ovv, dpopog, a runner). An 
obsolescent word denoting the aggregate 
symptoms of a disease. See Symptom- 
Complex. 

Synechia. See Iris. 

Synergic (ovv, epyov, work). Pertaining 
to synergy. 

Syn'ergy (ovv, epyov). The combined 
normal and harmonious action of several 
or of all the organs of the body. The aid 
or reenforcement of an organ, function or 
tendency by some other agency. 

Syngen'esis. See Epigenesis. 

Syngig / noscism (ovv, yiyvooKo, to know). 
A term proposed as a synonym of hypnot- 
ism, from a prominent symptom, " the 
agreeing of one mind with another mind." 

Synkinesis (ovv,nivr]oig, movement). In- 
voluntary movement taking place in one 
part of the body synchronously with or in 
consequence of a voluntary or reflex move- 
ment in another part. 

SynneuroSis. See Syndesmosis. 



SYNOCHUS 



428 



SYRINGOMYELIA 



Syn / ochus (avvoxog, continuous). A fever 
continuing at an uniform degree for a con- 
siderable period. 

Synonym (aw, ovvfia, a name). A word 
which can replace another word without 
alteration of meaning. In medicine, it 
applies to the various names by which a 
disease, an organ, or a part of the body are 
known. 

Synophthalmia (aw,o<p6aApog, eye). A 
malformation in which the orbits form a 
single continuous cavity. Called, also, 
Cyclopia. 

Synop'sis (aw, otlug, a seeing). A classi- 
fied collection. A general view. 

Synor / chism (aw, op%cg, testicle). Ad- 
hesion or fusion of the two testicles. 

Synosteog / raphy (aw, oareov, a bone, 
-ypa<pu, to write). The descriptive anato- 
my of the joints. 

Synosteo / sis. See Synostosis. 

Synosteotomy (aw, oareov, a bone, ro/uij, 
a cutting). The dissection of the articula- 
tions of bones. 

Synostosis (aw, oareov, bone). Union 
of fractures or bones by osseous material. 

Syno / tis (aw, together, ovg, ear). A 
sycephalic monstrosity with the ears fused 
into one. 

Syno / via (aw, oov, an egg). The lubri- 
cating fluid secreted within synovial mem- 
branes. 

Syno / vial (aw, uov). Pertaining to the 
synovia. S. Membrane. See Mem- 
brane. 

Synovitis (synovia, itis). Inflammation 
of the synovial membrane. 

Synther'mal. Same as Isothermal. 

Synthesis (aw, redout, to place). In 
chemistry, the formation, imitatively, of a 
compound by combining its proximate 
parts. 

Synthetic (aw, ridtjfu). Pertaining to 
synthesis. Compounded. 

Syn'tonin (awrovog, contracted). An 
acid-albumin obtained by the prolonged 
action of dilute hydrochloric acid upon 
minced muscle. It is also formed in the 
stomach during digestion. 

Syphilelco / sis (syphilis, eAuog, an ulcer). 
The condition or progress of syphilitic ulcer- 
ation ; condition of having chancre. 

Syphilel'cus (syphilis, eAuog). Syphilitic 
ulcer. Chancre. 

Syph'ilides (pi. of syphilis). Diseases of 
the skin due to syphilis. 

Syphilidocolpi'tis (syphilis, tcoAtrog, the 
vagina, trig, inflammation). Syphilitic in- 
flammation of the vagina. 



Syph / ilis (etymol. doubtful). A consti- 
tutional, contagious, infectious, and inocu- 
lable disease, acquired or inherited, with a 
period of incubation, and giving rise to 
lesions of the skin, mucous membrane and 
deeper tissues. If not inherited, its first 
manifestation is a chancre. S., Congeni- 
tal or Hereditary, derived from one or 
both parents during foetal life. S., Pri- 
mary, the stage of the chancre and bubo. 
S., Secondary, the stage of secondary 
affections and of organs other than those 
directly inoculated. S., Tertiary, the 
reappearance of lesions after the subsidence 
of the secondary symptoms. 

Syphiliza / tion. Inoculation with the pus 
of a chancre. Also, used to express a 
sort of immunity against fresh inoculations 
of syphilis, from the fact of previous inocu- 
lations. 

Syphiloder / mata. See Syphilides. 

Syphilog / raphy (syphilis, ypa<pu, to write). 
A descriptive treatise on syphilis, its forms, 
geographical distribution, etc. 

Syphiloid (syphilis, etdog, resemblance). 
Resembling syphilis. 

SyphiloFepis (syphilis, Aeirig, a scale). 
A scaly or furfuraceous eruption of syphi- 
litic origin. 

SyphiloFogy (syphilis, Aoyog, a treatise). 
A treatise on the origin, nature and treat- 
ment of syphilis. 

Syphilo / ma (syphilis). A gummatous 
tumor of syphilitic origin. 

Syphilopho / bia (syphilis, (pofiog, dread). 
A morbid condition in which the patient 
imagines himself to be diseased with 
syphilis. Also, an intense dread of in- 
fection. 

Syphion / thus (syphilis, tovdog, an eruption 
on the face). The copper-colored erup- 
tions or fawn-colored, furfuraceous patches 
of syphilitic origin. 

Syrig / mus (avpiaau, to hiss). Any sub- 
jective hissing, murmuring or tinkling 
sound heard in the ear. It is usually an 
accompaniment of disease of the brain. 

Syr'inge (avpiyg, a pipe). An apparatus 
for the injection of a liquid into a cavity of 
the body. 

Syringomyelia (avpiy^, a tube, jiveAog, 
marrow). The morbid condition caused 
by syringomyelus. 

Syringomyeli / tis (avpiyt-, piveAog, trig, 
inflammation). The inflammation coinci- 
dent with or preceding syringomyelus. 

Syringomy / elus (avpiyt;, juve/.og). An 
abnormal dilatation of the central canal of 

the spinal cord. 



SYRINGOTOME 



429 



TABES 



Syrin / gotome (avpiyZ, refivo), to cut). An 
instrument for incision of a fistula. 

Syringot'omy (avpiyt;, ropi], a cutting). 
The operation of laying open a fistula in 
ano by incision. 

Sy / rinx. See Syringe. 

Syr'up, or 

Syru / pus (Lat.). A syrup. In pharmacy, 
a concentrated solution of sugar in water, 
sometimes containing acetic acid, and 
occasionally alcohol. Syrups may be sim- 
ple (consisting of sugar and water only), 
flavored, or medicated. There are 34 
official syrupi. (Described under the drugs 
forming their chief ingredient.) 

Sy / soma (aw, acopa, body). A double 
monstrosity with two separate heads, but 
with the bodies fused in more or less 
intimate union. 

Syssarco / sis (aw, aapg, flesh). The union 
of bone by the interposition of muscular 
tissue. 



System (avarrjpa). A methodical arrange- 
ment of parts. A combination of parts into 
a whole. S., Cerebro-spinal, the brain, 
spinal cord and its various branches. S., 
Glandular, the glandular organs of the 
body considered as a whole. S., Human, 
the human body and its organs. S., 
Muscular, the muscles, their mechanism, 
etc. S., Nervous, the nerves of the 
body, cerebral, spinal, and ganglionic. S., 
Osseous, the skeleton. S., Vascular, 
the heart and blood vessels. 

Systematic (avar-qpd). Methodical. 

Syste / mic (avarrjpa). Having the nature 
of or pertaining to a system. Generalized, 
or pertaining to the whole organism. 

Sys'tole (avaro?iTj, contraction). The con- 
traction of the heart and arteries. 

SystoFic (avaToTiTj). Pertaining to sys- 
tole. Drawing together or contracting. 

Systrem / ma (avarpeppa, a swelling). 
Cramp in the muscles of the leg. 



T. The abbreviation of Tension, referring 
to the intraocular pressure. See Tension. 

T-Bandage. See Bandage. 

Tabac / um. Tobacco. The dried leaves 
of Nicotina T., native to America. Prop- 
erties mainly due to an alkaloid, nicotine, 
which, next to prussic acid, is the most 
rapidly fatal poison known. A powerful 
depressant, nauseant, emetic, diaphoretic, 
and antispasmodic ; is also narcotic and 
sedative, lowering arterial tension. In 
toxic doses death occurs by paralysis of 
respiratory centers. Used chiefly as an 
antispasmodic ; very effectual in tetanus. 
T. Enema, gr. xx in £ viij hot water for 
each enema. T. Vinum, ^ j to Oj. Dose 
n\v-gj. T. Ol., obtained by distillation; 
violently poisonous. Nicotine, the alka- 
loid, very efficient in strychnine poisoning. 
Dose ttbaV - tV Preparations unof. 

TabelTa (Lat.). A table. A troche. 

Ta'bes (Lat., a wasting). Formerly used 
as a synonym of wasting, shrinking, or 
consumption. Now used as a synonym 
of Tabes Dorsalis, or Locomotor Ataxy, a 



disease dependent upon degeneration and 
sclerosis of the posterior columns of the 
cord. Its most pronounced symptom, 
incoordination of the muscles of loco- 
motion, has served to establish the term 
Locomotor Ataxy as the common desig- 
nation of the affection. The anatomical 
changes consist of atrophy and degenera- 
tion of the nerve-fibers with hypertrophy 
of the connective tissue, and extend from 
the lumbar region to the calamus scripto- 
rius. The symptoms are numerous, but the 
chief are, "lightning-pains;" unsteadi- 
ness and incoordination of locomotor and 
other voluntary movements, extending even 
to the upper extremities ; disorders of 
vision, among others the valuable Argyll- 
Robertson pupil; cutaneous anaesthesia; 
abolition of the patellar reflex, etc. T. 
Coxaria, wasting from hip-joint disease. 
T. Pulmonalis, phthisis. T. Mesen- 
tericus, and T. Scrofulosa, old terms 
descriptive of diseases of the digestive 
and assimilative organs with consequent 
wasting. See Suspension. 



TABESCENT 



430 



TANACETUM 



Tabes'cent, or 

Tabe / tic. Pertaining to or affected with 
tabes. 

Ta / ble [tabula). Used of the two layers, 
the outer and inner, of cranial bones. The 
inner, from its brittleness, is also called the 
vitreous table. 

Tablet. A lozenge or troche. 

Taches Cerebrales (Fr.). Irregular, red, 
angio-paralytic patches upon the skin, 
noticed in some cases of epilepsy ; also, 
the spot on the blastoderm about the end 
of the first week, which becomes the cen- 
ter of embryonic development. 

Tachycardia (rajvc, qufck, aapdia, the 
heart). Abnormal rapidity of cardiac 
action. 

Tac / iturn {taceo, to be silent). Habitually 
silent or reserved. 

Tact {tango, to touch). Delicacy of dis- 
crimination, judgment and act. T., Medi- 
cal, skill in the diagnosis and treatment of 
disease. See Tactus. 

Tactile {tango). Pertaining to the sense 
of touch. T. Cells or Corpuscles, cu- 
taneous end-organs of the tactile nerves. 
See Merkel, Kraitse, Voter, Wagner. T. 
Reflexes, reflex movements from stimu- 
lation of the tactile corpuscles. 

Tac / tus {tango). Touch. Delicacy of tac- 
tile sensation. T. Eruditus or Expert- 
us, especial sensitiveness of touch acquired 
by long experience. 

Tae / nia {jaivia, a ribbon). An anatomical 
term variously used of structures resem- 
bling a ribbon or band. T. Hippocampi, 
the corpus fimbriatum of the hippocampus 
major. T. Semicircularis, a part of the 
floor of the lateral ventricle. T. Vio- 
lacea, a part of the fourth ventricle. 

Tse / nia (raivia). A genus of intestinal 
worms. T. Cucumerina, the variety 
infesting the cat, dog, etc. Has been found 
in man. T. Echinococcus. See Echi- 
nococcus. T. Inermis, the beef tape- 
worm. T. Solium, commonly known as 
the tapeworm ; a parasite within the intes- 
tinal tract of man. See, also, Alte?-nation 
of Generation. 

Tae'niafuge {tcenia, fugo, to drive). An 
agent that expels, without necessarily kill- 
ing taenia. 

Ta^nicide {tcenia, cado, to kill). A medi- 
cine or agent used to kill the tapeworm. 

Taf'ia. Rum. 

Tag APder. See Alnus. 

Tagliaco / tian Operation. A rhinoplastic 
operation by which, in case of the destruc- 
tion of the natural tissue, a new nose or 



part of the same is formed by a flap from 
the forehead or other part. 

Tail. The caudal extremity of an animal. 
Applied to tail-like parts of an organ of 
the human body; e.g., the tail of the epi- 
didymis or of the pancreas. 

TaiP-fold. An embryonic in-folding or 
hollow, enclosing the hind-gut. See 
Head-fold. 

Tait's Knot. A peculiar method of ligat- 
ing the pedicle in the operation of ovari- 
otomy. 

Talc {talcum). A silicate of magnesium, 
a white, unctuous, neutral powder ; some- 
times used in insufflating powders. 

TaPipes {talus, ankle, pes, foot). The 
deformity commonly called club-foot, de- 
pending upon contraction of muscles or 
tendons, either congenital or acquired. T. 
Calcaneus, the patient walks upon the 
heel alone. T. Equinus, the reverse of 
the last; the heel is elevated and the 
weight thrown upon the anterior portion 
of the foot. T. Valgus ("flat" or 
" splay" foot), the foot is everted or dis- 
torted outward. T. Varus, the reverse 
of the last, the foot being bent inward. 
Combinations of these occur, called equino- 
varus, equino-valgus, calcaneo-varus, cal- 
caneo-valgus, etc. 

TaPlow. The solid fat of neat cattle, 
consisting mainly of stearic, palmitic and 
oleic acids. 

TaTo- {talus, the ankle). A prefix de- 
noting connection with or relation to the 
heel, as talo-calcaneal, talo-fibular, talo- 
tibial, etc. 

TaPpa (Lat.). A mole or wen. 

Ta'lus (Lat.). The astragalus. Also, the 
ankle. 

Tam'ar In / dien. See Senna. 

Tam / arac. The bark of Larix ameri- 
cana. A tonic and mild astringent acting 
on mucous membranes. Dose of fld. ext. 
gss-j. Unof. 

Tam / arind. The pulp of the fruit of T. 
Indica. Contains various fruit acids, 
sugar, etc. Laxative and refrigerant. 
Usually prescribed with other laxatives. 
Dose indefinite. 

TanPbour (Fr. tambour, a drum). A 
drum-like instrument used in physiological 
experiments, so arranged that it registers 
cardiac movements. 

Tam / pon (Fr.). A portion of cotton, 
sponge or other material used to plug the 
vagina, nose, etc., in cases of hemorrhage. 

Tanace / tum. Tansy. The leaves and 
tops of T. vulgare. Contains a volatile 



TANGENT 



431 



TATTOOING 



oil and a bitter principle. Useful in 
amenorrhcea, and as an anthelmintic. T., 
Ext. Fid. Unof. Dose of the fid. ext. 
TTLx-^j; of an ^j to Oj infus. 3J-ij; of 
the volatile oil gtt. j-iij. All unof. 

Tan / gent [tango, to touch). Touching. 

TanghhVia. The seeds of the plant T. 
venenifera, or ordeal bean. Native to 
Madagascar. Properties due to tanghinin, 
an extractive closely resembling curare in 
its medicinal properties. 

Tanghin Poison. See Tanghinia. 

Tangle-tent. See Sea Tangle. 

Tan'nic Acid. See Acid ( Tannic). 

Tan / nin. See Acid ( Tannic). 

Tanret'sTest (for albumin). The reagent 
is composed of mercuric chloride 1.35 gms., 
potassium iodide 3.32 gms., acetic acid 
20 c.c, distilled water to make 1000 c.c. 
By contact it gives an opacity with all 
proteids. 

Tan'sy. See Tanacetum. 

Tapeworm Lu'cidum. The brilliant 
greenish reflecting layer or membrana 
versicolor of the eyes of many of the lower 
animals. Used, also, of the radiating 
fibers of the corpus callosum. 

Tape / worm. See Tcenia Solium. 

Tapio / ca. A variety of starch obtained 
from the cassava or manioc plant, Jatropha 
manihot. It is an excellent food for 
invalids. 

Tapotement (Fr.). See Massage. 

Tap'ping. See Paracentesis. 

Tar. See Fix Liqnida. 

Tar / antism. A choreic affection, largely 
a play of the imagination and often feigned, 
ascribed to the bite of a tarantula. It is 
perpetuated by force of tradition along 
certain parts of the Mediterranean coast. 
According to popular fancy the affection 
was cured by music. 

Tarant / ula. A species of spider, Lycosa 
T., closely resembling the trap-door spider, 
Mygale Henzii, with which it is often con- 
founded. Its bite is poisonous. See Ta- 
r ant ism. 

Tarax / acum. Dandelion. The root of 
T. dens-leonis. Properties due to a bitter 
extractive principle. Tonic, diuretic and 
aperient. Of reputed use in dyspepsia. 
Dose of the ext. gr. v-xxx ; of the fid. ext. 

3J-IJ- 
Tardieu's Spots. Ecchymotic stains of 

the lung-tissue indicative of death from 

asphyxia. 
Tar / sal (rapcog, the instep). Pertaining 

to the bones of the instep. T. Cartilage, 

the cartilaginous layers in the free edge 



of each eyelid. T. Cyst. See Chalazion. 
T. Ophthalmia. See Blepharitis. 

Tarsalgia (rapaog, aXyog, a pain). Any 
pain, especially one of gouty character, in 
the tarsus. 

Tarsec / tomy (rapcoq, ekto/u.7], excision). 
Excision of the tarsal bones. 

Tarsi'tis. See Blepharitis. 

Tar / so- [rapooq). A prefix denoting con- 
nection with or relation to the tarsus, as 
tarso-metatarsal (articulation), etc. 

Tarsophy / ma [rapcog, (f>vjua, a growth). 
Any morbid growth or tumor of the tarsus. 

Tar / soplasty [rapcoq, TrXaccu, to form). 
Plastic operation upon the eyelid. 

Tarsor'raphy (rapcoc, pafrj, a suture). An 
operation upon the eyelids to diminish the 
palpebral opening, for ectropion, lagoph- 
thalmos, etc. 

Tarsotomy (rnpaoc, te/llvu, to cut). Ope- 
ration upon the tarsus in cases of entro- 
pion, etc. 

Tar'sus (rapoog). The instep, consisting 
of the calcaneum, or os calcis, the astragalus, 
cuboid, scaphoid, internal middle and ex- 
ternal cuneiform bones. Applied, also, to 
the cartilage of the eyelid and called the 
tarsal cartilage. 

Tartar {tartaruni). Argol. A popular 
name given to the acid potassium tartrate 
which is a natural product of certain fruits, 
especially the grape. T., Cream of, puri- 
fied argol or acid potassium tartrate. T. 
Emetic, the tartrate of antimony and 
potassium. See Antimony. 

Tartaric {tartaruni). Having the nature 
of tartar. Also, applied to the acid derived 
from tartar. 

Taste. The sense by which savors are 
perceived and discriminated. The glosso- 
pharyngeal and the lingual branch of the 
fifth pair are the nerves mainly connected 
with this sense, of which the tongue is 
the chief organ. 

Taste-bulbs, or Taste-buds. The end- 
organs of the gustatoiy nerves. 

Taste / less A / gue-drop. A solution of 
a soluble salt of arsenic ; formerly used as 
a remedy for intermittent and malarial 
fevers. 

Tattooing (Tahitian). The operation of 
producing permanent colors in the skin by 
the introduction of foreign substances, such 
as carbon, indigo, and vermilion. It is a 
common practice among sailors, the color 
being introduced into the true skin by 
pricking in with needles. T. of Cornea, 
an operation to diminish the unpleasant 
appearance of leucoma of the cornea by 



TAURIN 



432 



TELEPHONE TINNITUS 



tattooing the same so as to simulate the 
appearance of the normal pupil and iris. 

Tau'rin. Amido-ethyl-sulphonic acid. It 
occurs in combination with cholalic acid 
and as taurocholic acid in bile. 

Taurocho / lic Acid. An acid occurring 
in the bile, usually in combination with 
sodium. 

Tax / idermy (ragig, depjua, the skin). The 
art of preserving and stuffing the skins of 
animals. 

Taxin / omy [ra^ig, an arrangement, vofiog, 
a law). The science of systematic classifi- 
cation. 

Taxiol'ogy (ragig, loyog, a treatise). A 
treatise on classification. 

Tax / is {tclggu, to arrange). Arranging. 
Usually applied to the manual reduction 
of hernia. 

Taxon / omy. See Taxinomy. 

Tayu'ga. The root of a South American 
plant used in syphilitic and skin diseases. 

T-Bandage. See Bandage. 

Tea. Thea. The leaves of Thea Chinen- 
sis. The decoction of the leaves is a 
popular astringent and restorative bever- 
age. Properties due to thelne, a substance 
identical with caffeine. A cerebral stimu- 
lant. Dose of the fid. ext. TT\x-3J. Unof. 

Tea / berry. See Gaidtheria. 

Tea-leaf Eye. A muco-purulent con- 
junctivitis caused by the prolonged appli- 
cation of tea leayes to the eye for their 
supposed therapeutic effect in ocular dis- 
ease, — chiefly among the negroes of the 
southern United States. 

Teale's Amputation. A form of am- 
putation in which two rectangular flaps are 
left, the anterior being about four times as 
long as the posterior. 

Tears. The secretion of the lachrymal 
gland. 

Teat. The nipple : a part of the excretory 
duct of the mammary gland. 

Tecb/nical (renvrj, an art). Pertaining to 
the arts. 

Technocau / sis (rex v V, navatg, a burning). 
Mechanical cautery, such as electro-cau- 
tery, moxa, etc., in distinction from the 
cautery produced by chemicals. 

Technology (rexvy, hoyog, a treatise). 
The science or explanation of the terms 
used in science or art. 

Tecnoto'nia (renvov, a child, ktcivo, to 
kill). Child-murder. Infanticide. 

Teeth. The organs of mastication. The 
first set of teeth in childhood, twenty in 
number, are called milk, temporary or 
deciduous teeth. In the adult the per- 



manent teeth consist of two incisors, one 
cuspid, two bicuspids, and three molars in 
each lateral half of the jaws. The poste- 
rior molar of each half jaw is cut at an age 
of from 20-25 years, and is therefore called 
a wisdom tooth. In structure, the tooth 
consists of a hard enamel encasing the 
crown; the dentine, within the enamel, 
constituting the whole of the root and inte- 
rior of the crown ; and the pulp, a bulbous 
prolongation of the mucous membrane of 
the gums, which is traversed by blood ves- 
sels and nerve filaments. The upper part 
of the tooth is the crown, the middle part 
the neck, and the lower part within the 
alveoli the fang or root. 

Teeth / ing. The development and appear- 
ance of the first teeth in an infant. Den- 
tition. 

Teeto / talism (redup. of total). The prac- 
tice of entire abstinence from alcoholic 
beverages. 

Tegmentum (tego, to cover). A cover- 
ing. The cerebral surface of the crus 
cerebri, formed of the deep longitudinal 
fibres. 

Teg / ument. See Integument. 

Teichop'sia (reixog, coip, the eye). A 
temporary amblyopia with subjective visual 
images like fortification angles; probably 
due to vasomotor disturbances of the 
visual center. 

Teissier's Method. See Phosphates. 

Te / la (Lat.). A web or web-like tissue. 

Telangiectasis [te/mc, the end, ayyeiov, 
a vessel, EKracug, extension). A term used 
to designate such forms of vascular dila- 
tation and capillary distention as are ac- 
quired and not congenital. See N&vus 
Vascularis. 

Telangio / sis (re?.og, ayyeiov, a blood ves- 
sel). Disease of the capillaries. 

Telegrapher's Cramp. A form of pro- 
fessional neurosis similar to scrivener's 
palsy, etc. 

Teleol'ogy [relog, ^oyog, a treatise). The 
doctrine of final causes. 

Telep / athy {rr]7x, far, Tradog, a suffering). 
Formerly an empiric form of treatment 
whereby cures were guaranteed by the 
exhibition of the remedy at a distance 
from the seat of disease. The term is now 
used of a certain form of clairvoyance in 
which one is supposed to become conscious 
by dream or vision of distant events. 

Telephone Tin / nitus. A professional 
neurosis of the auditory mechanism said 
to be caused by constant use of the tele- 
phone. 



TELESCOPE 



433 



TENDO-SYNOVITIS 



Tel/escope (rz/Ae, far, aaoTteu, to examine). 
An instrument for observing objects situ- 
ated at a great distance, especially the 
heavenly bodies. T.-eye, an abnormal- 
ism of the orbit said to be caused by the 
constant use of optical instruments, like 
the telescope, microscope, etc. 

Telester'eoscope (r//Ae, crepeog, solid, 
cuoTzeu, to view). An instrument for obtain- 
ing a stereoscopic view of distant objects 
by which such objects obtain a relief like 
that of near objects. 

Tellu / rium (reAAvg, the earth). Te = 128; 
quantivalence II, iv and VI. One of the 
elements resembling sulphur in chemical 
properties. None of the preparations are 
used in medicine. The element itself, 
like selenium, imparts an extremely foetid 
odor to the exhalations and excreta of the 
body. 

Telolem'ma (reXoc, end, /\a ( u/3avcj, to take). 
The membrame covering the eminence of 
Doyere. 

TenVper (tempero, to regulate). That 
mixture of mental and emotional qualities 
that produces a predominant quality of 
disposition or character. Moderation, equi- 
poise of mind ; also, to mingle, modify. 

Temperament {temper -amentum). A term 
vaguely applied to the predominance of one 
group or order of constitutional functions 
over others in an individual. The various 
divisions of temperament were based on the 
former doctrine of the four humors of the 
body — blood, lymph, bile and atrabilis or 
black bile ; the predominance of any one 
resulting respectively in a sanguine, lym- 
phatic, bilious, or melancholic tempera- 
ment. Although the doctrine of the tem- 
peraments has long since lost its signifi- 
cance, it is generally admitted that an in- 
dividual may have a predisposition to types 
of mental action not improperly classed as 
nervous, phlegmatic, lymphatic, etc. 

Temperance [tempero). Moderation in 
satisfying desire ; especially as regards the 
use of alcoholic beverages. 

TenVperate {tempero). Moderate, without 
excess. T. Zone, the zone of climate 
situated between the isotherms of 30 and 
7o°T. 

Temperature (tempero). The intensity 
of heat or molecular vibration. T., Abso- 
lute, that reckoned from the absolute zero 
of temperature estimated at 273 below the 
zero of the Centigrade thermometer. T., 
Morbid, any considerable variation from 
the normal temperature of the body. T., 
Normal, the temperature of the body in a 
28 



state of health — 98. 6° F., as estimated by 
the clinical thermometer. See Thermo- 
meter. 

Tem / perature-spots. Variations of the 
heat of the skin, showing a specific end- 
apparatus arranged in a punctated manner 
connected with the temperature-sense. 
T.-S., are arranged in a linear manner or 
in chains, usually slightly curved. Cold- 
spots, spots where only the sensation of 
cold will be felt. Hot-spots, where only 
heat will be felt. Both are anaesthesic 
toward pain and pressure. The cold- spots 
are more abundant. 

Tem / ple (tempus, time, from belief 
that the hair first turns gray at this 
place). The flat or depressed portion of 
the head between the eye and ear and 
neighboring parts. 

TenVporal (tempora, the temples). Per- 
taining to the temples. T. Artery. See 
Artery. T. Bone, the bone situated at 
the side and base of the skull. It is di- 
vided into a squamous, a mastoid and a 
petrous portion. T. Muscle. See Muscle- 
Table. 

Temporiza / tion (tempus). The expectant 
treatment of disease. See Expectant. 

Temporo- (tempus). A prefix denoting 
connection with the temple, as, e.g., tem- 
poro-facial, temporo-malar, temporo-occi- 
pital, etc. 

Tena / cious (tenax, tough). Having the 
quality of toughness or ability to resist 
mechanical strain or dissolution. 

Tenacity (tenax). Toughness. Resist- 
ance to fracture or dissolution. 

Tenaculum (teneo, to hold). An instru- 
ment, usually hook-shaped, for seizing and 
holding divided vessels, etc. 

Tendency (tendo, to stretch). The in- 
clination or aim toward a given state or 
condition. 

Tenderness. The condition of abnormal 
sensitiveness to touch. Soreness. 

Tendinous (tendo). Pertaining to or 
having the nature of tendon. 

Ten' do, or 

Ten / don (tendo). A white, glistening, 
fibrous cord connecting its muscle with the 
more movable or more peripheral organ or 
part. Tendo-Achillis, the Achillis ten- 
don or common tendon of the gastrocne- 
mius and soleus muscles, the thickest and 
strongest of the body. Patellar T. Re- 
flex. See Reflex. 

Ten'do- synovitis. The " compound 
ganglion" of older text-books, now recog- 
nized as a local tuberculosis. 



TENDO- VAGINALIS GRANULOSA 434 



TEREBINTHINA 



Ten'do- vagina'lis Granulosa. See 
Tcndo- 

Tenes'mus {retvu, to strain). Rectal 
pain with spasmodic contraction of the 
sphincter ani. The painful desire to empty 
the bowels without the evacuation of faeces. 

Ten'nis-el'bow. A strain of the elbow, 
said to be frequent in tennis-players. 

Ten'nysin. A certain alkaloid occurring 
in brain tissue. 

Tenog'raphy. See Tenontography. 

TenoFogy. See Terwntology. 

Tenonitis. Inflammation of Tenon's cap- 
sule. 

Ten'on's Capsule. See Ocular. 

Tenontog'raphy (raw, ypaou, to write). 
Tlit iesiri-iive i::i::ziy ;: iTe renders. 

Tenontol'ogy (revuv. /.cyce, a treatise). 
A treatise on the nature, etc., of tendons. 

Ten 'ophyte (, raw, ovrov, a growth). An 
osseous or cartilaginous growth on a 
t±ni::i. 

Tenorrhaphy (reww, poor/, a suture). 
The uniting of a divided tendon by su- 
tures. 

Tenosto'sis (revuv, ogteov, bone). C safi- 
cation of a tendon. 

Tenosynovitis (revov). Combined in- 
flammation of tendons and of their sheaths. 

Tenotomy (revuv, TEpva, to cut). The 
operation of cutting a tendon to correct 
deformities due to muscular contractions, 
and for the correction of strabismus. See 
Strabotomy. T., Graduated, cutting a 
part of the fibers of the tendon of an ocular 
muscle for insufficiency or slight degrees 
of strabismus. 

Ten'sion \tendo i to stretch'. In physics, 
that force apparent in mutual repulsion of 
the molecules of gases. It disappears 
~Tit:i :".ie rrriTsicn is :Ti:i:ti :y gravita.- 
tion. In physiology, the condition of an 
organ when under a strain. 

Ten'sion. Intra-ocu'lar. The pressure 
of the intraocular contents upon the scle- 
rotic. Abnormal increase of the same is 
characteristic of glaucoma. Accurate 
measurement of T. is made by means of 
instruments called tonometers; for prac- 
tical purposes it is estimated by palpation 
with the fingers. The registration of T. is 
indicated by the following terms : Tn. = 
Tension normal; the varying degrees of 
subnormality by the sign — , prefixed to 
the figures I, 2, 3, the latter denoting ex- 
treme flaccidity ; hypertension is indicated 
by the sign — , prefixed to I, 2, 3, the lat- 
ter indicating the extreme hardness of the 
highest glaucomatous pressure. 



Ten'sor (tendo, to stretch). Applied to an 
organ or part whose function is to make 
tense. T. Muscles. See Muscle-Table. 

Tent \tendo). An instrument made of 
compressed sponge, larninaria, tupelo, or 
other material that will increase in volume 
by the absorption of water ; used chiefly 
for dilating the cervix of the uterus. 

Ten'tacle. A mobile, tactile appendage, 
as the antennae, or "feelers," of many 
insects and invertebrata. 

Tentorium (Undo). An arched lamina 
of dura mater covering the upper surface 
of the cerebellum, and supporting the pos- 
terior lobes of the brain. T.-Cerebelii, 
is the common form. 

Tephromyeli'tis. See Poliomyelitis. 

Tephxo'sis. See Incineration. 

T ep 'id ; tepidu:. warm) . About blood-heat. 

Tepida'rium (tepidus). A warm bath. 
See Bath. 

Tepo'pote. Teamsters' Tea. The twigs 
of Ephedra antisypkitiiica. Commonly 
known in the Southwestern L\ S. as canu- 
tUlo or whorehouse tea. Serviceable in 
venereal diseases. Dose of the fld. ext 
3j-rj. Unof. 

Ter- (Lat, three times). In chemistry, 
joined to the names of certain compounds 
in which three acid atoms or radicals take 
part. A common prefix meaning three, or 
threefold. 

Teratog'eny (repac, a monster, yeirao, to 
beget). The formation or bringing forth 
c: musrsits 

Ter 'atoid {repac, eidoc, resemblance). Re- 
sembling a monster or anomalous organiza- 
tion. 

Teratol'ogy [repac, /0 ~ l °c, a treatise). A 
treatise on monsters and other anomalies 
c: ::ri--r.::n. 

Terato'ma (repac). A congenital rumor, 
which may contain various concretions of 
organic tissue. 

Ter'ebene, or 

Terebin'thina. Turpentine. The oleo- 
tesb obtained from the yellow pine, P. 
_.:...::.. and other species. Properties 
due to an essential, volatile oil, which is 
the form mainly used. Stimulant, anti- 
spasmodic, diuretic and anthelmintic: ex- 
ternally a rubefacient. Useful in hemor- 
rhage of the intestines, as a stimulant to 
the heart and in various zymotic fevers. 
Externally in neuralgia, gangrene and 
rheumatism. Dose of the oil n\v-xv of 
the oleoresin gr. v-^j). T., Canadensis, 
" balsam of fir/' a liquid oleoresin. Dose 
gr. v-xxx. Turpentine, Chian, of re- 



TEREBRATION 



435 



TETRANERYTHRIN 



puted benefit in cancer. Dose gr. iij-v. 
T. Liniment., resin cerate 65, oil of tur- 
pentine 35 parts. Turpentine Venice, 
usually a solution of resin in oil of turpen- 
tine. Terebene, prepared by the action 
of sulphuric acid on turpentine. A disin- 
fectant. 

Terebra / tion [terebro, to bore). The oper- 
ation of boring or trephining. 

Te'res [tero, to rub). A name given to 
various organs and parts characterized by 
a round, smooth appearance. T. Muscle. 
See Muscle- Table. 

Term [rep/ua, a limit). The time during 
which anything lasts. 

Terminal [repfia). Pertaining to the 
end. 

Terminology [terminus, a name, loyog, 
a treatise). A treatise on any systematiza- 
tion of names. 

Ternary [ter, three times). Pertaining to 
the number three. 

Ter / pine. A terpine hydrate derived from 
turpentine. Useful in bronchial and 
pulmonary diseases to loosen and facilitate 
the expectoration of mucus. 

Ter'ra (Lat.). Earth. T. Alba, white 
clay. T. Cariosa, rotten-stone. T. 
Oleum, petroleum. T. Ponderosa, 
baryta or barium sulphate. 

Terrain-cure (Fr.). A therapeutic method 
consisting in mountain-climbing, dietetics, 
etc., for plethora, corpulence, neurasthenia, 
chlorosis, incipient phthisis, etc. 

Terra 7 queous [terra, land, aqua, water). 
Pertaining to or consisting of both land 
and water. 

Terrene 7 [terra). Terrestial. 

Ter'tian [tertius, third). Applied to a 
variety of intermittent fever the paroxysms 
of which recur every third day. 

Ter'tiary [tertius). Third in order. T. 
Syphilis. See Syphilis. 

Tes / selated [tessera, a square). Formed 
into little squares. Chequered. Having 
quadrangular arrangement. 

Test. In chemistry, a characteristic reac- 
tion which distinguishes one body from all 
others. Also, the reagent for producing 
a test. 

Test'es (pi. of testis, a witness [of mascu- 
linity]). The two glandular bodies, situ- 
ated in the scrotum, that secrete the semen. 
They lie in the abdominal cavity in early 
foetal life, and descend into the scrotum 
about the time of birth. T. of Brain. 
See Corpora. T., Descent of, passage 
through the inguinal canal into the scrotum. 
T. Muliebris. See Ovaries. 



Testicles. See Testes. 

Testi'tis. See Orchitis. 

Test / -paper. See Litmus. 

Test'-types. Letters or figures of different 
sizes to test acuteness of vision. Those 
most in use subtend an angle of five min- 
utes at the proper distance. 

Tetan'ic. Pertaining to tetanus. 

TetaniFla [tetanus). A form of tetanic 
spasm affecting the fingers and toes. It is 
observed mainly among children, and is a 
concomitant of rachitis. 

Tet'anine. A ptomaine obtained by cul- 
tivating impure tetanus-microbes on beef- 
broth. It has recently been obtained from 
the amputated arm of a tetanus- patient by 
Brieger, who thus demonstrated the pres- 
ence of tetanine in tetanus-patients during 
life. Nevertheless, it has not been found 
in the brain and nerve-tissue of persons 
dead from tetanus. The base produces the 
characteristic symptoms of tetanus, though 
probably not all, since three other toxines, 
including spasmotoxine, occur with tetanine 
in cultures of the tetanus-microbe. 

Tetanoid [tetanus, etdog, resembling). 
Resembling tetanus. 

TetanonVeter [tetanus, fierpov, a measure). 
An instrument for stimulating a nerve me- 
chanically. 

Tetanotox'ine [tetanus, toxicum, poison). 
A poisonous ptomaine obtained as one of 
the products of the culture of the tetanus- 
microbe, by Brieger. It is tetanizing in its 
action, — producing first tremor, then para- 
lysis and violent convulsions. 

Tet'anus [rtcvco, to stretch). A spasmodic 
and continuous contraction of muscles, 
causing rigidity of the parts they supply. 
See Tris?7ius, Opisthotonos, Emprosthoto- 
nos, Pleurothotonos . Brieger has isolated 
four toxic ptomaine substances, from culti- 
vations of so-called tetanus bacilli : Teta- 
nin, produced symptoms of tetanus (mice) ; 
Tetatoxin, caused tremors, paralysis and 
convulsions ; Muriate of Toxin, produced 
tetanus and salivation; Spasmotoxin, pros- 
trated quickly with clonic and tonic spasms. 
T., Acoustic. See Acoustic. T., Ceph- 
alic, T., Hydrophobic, T., Kopf. See 
Kopf- Tetanus. 

Tetatox / in. See Tetamis. 

Tet'ra- [rerpa, four). A Greek numeral 
used as a prefix and denoting four. 

Tetrama / zia [rerpa, fiaarog, breast). The 
presence, normal or abnormal, of four teats 
or mammary glands. 

Tetraner'ythrin. A reddish pigment 
found in the blood of some decapod cms- 



TETRANOPSIA 



436 



THERIACA 



taceans identical with that in the exoskele- 
ton and hypoderm. 

Tetranop / sia [rerpa, of, the eye). A con- 
traction of the field of vision limited to 
one quadrant. 

Tetras / ter [re-pa, aarrjp, star). The karyo- 
kinetic figure when there is a fourfold 
division of the nucleus. 

Tetrasto / ma [rerpa, c-o/ua, a mouth). A 
parasitic worm infesting the kidneys. 

Tet / ter. A form of herpes, commonly 
known as ringworm. See Herpes. 

Tex'ture [texto, to weave). In physiology, 
any organized substance or tissue of which 
the body is composed. Also, and more 
correctly, the arrangement of the elemen- 
tary parts of tissue. 

Thalamencepb/alon [thalamus, evKeoa- 
?.ov, the brain). In embryology, the pos- 
terior portion of the anterior vesicle. 

Thal'amus [Oa/.auog, bed). Used of the 
Thalami Optici. Two large masses of 
ganglionic gray matter at the base of the 
brain, supposed (erroneously) to be the 
origin of the optic nerves. 

Thal'lin. A synthetic chemical product. 
A powerful antipyretic. Effects not so 
lasting as those of antipyrine. Apt to pro- 
duce collapse. Dose gr. iv. Unof. 

Than / atoid [Oavarog, death, eidog, resem- 
blance). Resembling or having the ap- 
pearance of death. 

Thanato / des (davarog). Mortal. Lethal. 

Thanatom / eter [davarog, /uerpov, meas- 
ure). A thermometer introduced into the 
stomach or rectum to determine if the de- 
pression of temperature is so great as to 
be a sign of death. 

Thanatophid / ia (davarog, ocpig, a serpent). 
The class of serpents whose bite produces 
toxic symptoms or death. 

Thanatophobia (davarog, go3og. a dread). 
A morbid fear of death. 

Thap / sia Gargan / ica. The root of the 
plant is used by the natives of N. Africa 
as a counter-irritant. Internally a tonic. 
Dose of the fid. ext. n\x-xxx. Unof. 

Thaumafropy (davua, a wonder, rpo~7], 
change). The extraordinary transforma- 
tion of one organ or part into another. 

The'a. See Tea. 

The'baine. Called, also, paramorphine. 
A powerful tetanizer, exalting cerebro- 
spinal centers and resembles strychnine in 
effects. Unof. 

The'bai'sm. The condition induced by 
thebalne or paramorphine. 

Thebe / sius, Foram / ina of. Numerous 
minute veins opening on the inner surface 



of the right auricle of the heart. They 
return the blood directly from the muscular 
tissue without entering the venous current. 

The / ca (drjuj], a sheath or scabbard). A 
sheath or investing membrane. T. Ver- 
tebralis, the investing membranes of the 
vertebral cord. 

The / cal (dya?}). Pertaining to the theca. 
T. Abscess, tenosynovitis, paronychia or 
whitlow. 

Theci'tis (drjur], trig, inflammation). In- 
flammation of tendons and their sheaths. 

The'ine. See Tea. 

Thelal'gia (dif/.t], a papilla, a/.yog, a pain). 
Pain in the nipples. 

Thelitis (drf/jj, trig). Inflammation of 
the nipples. 

TheTium (dyp.rj). A papilla; also, a layer 
of cells. 

The / lothism (d?]?.Tj, odeu, to push). Pro- 
jection of the nipple, caused by contraction 
of the transverse muscular fibers. 

The / nal (devap, the palm). Pertaining to 
the palm or the sole ; also, towards the 
palm. 

The / nar (devap). The palm of the hand; 
also, the sole of the foot. 

Theobrom'ae Oleum. Butter of Cacao. 
The fixed oil of the seed of the chocolate 
tree, T cacao. Consists mainly of stearine 
with a little olein. Demulcent, and does 
not become rancid. Used in making sup- 
positories. T. Ceratum, " red lip-salve," 
cacao butter, white wax, aa 35 ; oil of al- 
mond 30 ; oil of rose, to flavor, and car- 
mine to color, aa q. s. Theobromine, 
the alkaloid ; properties hke those of caf- 
fein. 

Theoma / nia (Qeog, God, iiavta, madness). 
Religious mania. 

Theopb/yllin. An alkaloid discovered in 
tea. It is isomeric with the base obtained 
from cacao (theobromin) and with para- 
xanthin, but differs from them in its re- 
actions. 

Theoretical (deopeo, to investigate). 
Based on theory. Speculative. 

The / ory (deopeo). The abstract princi- 
ples of a science. Also, a reasonable sup- 
position. 

Therapei / a. See Therapeutics. 

Therapeutic (deparreva), to cure). Per- 
taining to Therapeutics. 

Therapeutics (depa-evu). That branch 
of medical science which considers the 
application of remedies as a means of cure. 

Therapy. See Therapeutics. 

Theri'aca. Treacle, Molasses. The non- 
crystallizing residue of the juice of the 



THERMESTHESIA 



437 



THERMONEUROSIS 



cane, left after the process of evaporation. 
Consists of cane sugar solution, caramel, 
and various impurities. Rarely used in 
pharmacy. Formerly used as an antidote 
to the bites of venomous snakes or insects. 

Thermaesthe / sia (depfiTj, heat, aic6//Oig, 
sensation). The sensation of heat or the 
temperature of bodies. 

Thermaesthesiom / eter (depfiij, aicdr/cnc, 
perpov, a measure). An instrument for 
measuring the sensibility to heat of different 
regions of the skin. 

Thermal {Oep/aj). Pertaining to heat. 

Ther'mo- {Oepprj). A Greek word used 
as a prefix to denote connection with or 
relation to heat. 

Thermo -cautery. See Cautery. 

Thermo - chemistry. That branch of 
chemical science embracing the mutual 
relations of heat and atomic changes. 

ThermochroTc {Qepprj, xpoo, to separate). 
Pertaining to a quality of certain substances 
that transmit some thermal radiations but 
absorb or change others. 

Thermo-electricity. Pertaining to elec- 
tricity generated by heat. 

Thermogen / esis (deppij, yevvau, to pro- 
duce). The production of heat. 

Thermogenic {depprj, yevvaco). Pertain- 
ing to Thermogenesis. 

Thermograph (Bepjiij, ypatpu, to write). 
Any automatic device for registering varia- 
tions of temperature. 

Thermometer (OepuTj, heat, perpov, a 
measure). An instrument for measuring 
the intensity of heat, consisting of a res- 
ervoir of mercury (or alcohol) expanding 
into a vacuous capillary tube, the intensity 
being measured by the length of the col- 
umn of mercury. T., Centigrade, the 
freezing point is o° and the boiling point 
at ioo°. T., Fahrenheit's, the interval 
between freezing and boiling is divided 
into 1 80 equal parts, each called a degree, 
the zero point being 32 degrees or divisions 
below the freezing of water. T., Reau- 
mur, the freezing point is o°, and the 
boiling point 8o°. To convert the registra- 
tion of one thermometer into that of an- 
other the following formulae are useful : — 



Let.F 
" C 

Then to convert 
Fahr. to Cent. 
5 (^-32) 



No. of degrees Fahrenheit. 
" Centigrade. 
" Reaumur. 



Cent, to Fahr 
5 



+ 32 = ^. 



Fahr. to Reaum. 
4 (^-32) 



Comparison of 


Thermometers. 


Fahr. 


Cent. 


Reau. 


FahrJ 


Cent. ' 

1 


Reau. 


212 


100 


80 


76 


24.4 


19.6 


210 


98.9 


79.1 


74 


23-3 


18.7 


208 


97-8 


78.2 


72 


22.2 


17.8 


206 


96.7 


77-3 


70 


21. 1 


16.9 


204 


95-6 


76.4 


68 


20 


15 


202 


94-4 


75-6 


66 


18.9 


15-1 


200 


93-3 


74-7 


64 


17.8 


14.2 


198 


92.2 


73-8 


62 


16.7 


13-3 


196 


91. 1 


72.9 


60 


15-6 


12.4 


194 


90 


72 


58 


14.4 


11.6 


192 


88.9 


71. 1 


56 


13-3 


10.7 


190 


87.8 


70.2 


54 


12.2 


9.8 


188 


86.7 


69-3 1 


52 


11. 1 


8-9 


186 


85.6 


68.4 


50 


10 


8 


184 


84.4 


67.6 


48 


8.9 


7-i 


182 


83.3 


66.7 


46 


7.8 


6.2 


180 


82.2 


65.8 


44 


6.7 


5-3 


178 


81.1 


64.9 


42 


5-6 


4.4 


176 


80 


64 


40 


4.4 


3-6 


i74 


78.9 


63.1 


38 


3-3 


2.7 


172 


77-8 


62.2 


36 


2.2 


1.8 


170 


76.7 


61.3 


34 


1.1 


0.9 


168 


75-6 


60.4 


32 


0. 





166 


74-4 


59-6 


30 


-1.1 


-0.9 


164 


73-3 


58.7 


28 


-2.2 


-1 8 


162 


72.2 


57-8 


26 


-3-3 


-2.7 


160 


71.1 


56-9 


24 


-4.4 


-3-6 


158 


70 


56 


22 


-5-6 


-4.4 


156 


68.9 


55 1 


20 


-6.7 


-5-3 


i54 


67.8 


54-2 


18 


-7-8 


-6.2 


152 


66.7 


53-3 


16 


-8.9 


-7-i 


150 


65.6 


524 


14 


-10 


-8 


148 


64.4 


51.6 


12 


-11. 1 


-8.9 


146 


63-3 


5°-7 


10 


-12.2 


-9.8 


144 


62.2 


498 


8 


-13-3 


-10.7 


142 


61. 1 


48.9 


6 


-14.4 


-11.6 


140 


60 


48 


4 


-15-6 


-12.4 


138 


58.9 


47.1 


2 


-16.7 


-13-3 


136 


57-8 


46.2 





-17.8 


-14.2 


134 


56.7 


45-3 


-2 


-18.9 


-15- 1 


132 


55-6 


44.4 


-4 


-20 


-16 


130 


54-4 


43-6 


-6 


-21. 1 


-16.9 


128 


53-3 


42.7 


-8 


-22.2 


-17.8 


126 


52.2 


41.8 


-10 


-23-3 


-18.7 


124 


5I.I 


40.9 


-12 


-24.4 


-19.6 


122 


50 


40 


-14 


-25.6 


-20.4 


120 


48.9 


39-1 


-16 


-26.7 


-21.3 


118 


47-8 


38.2 


-18 


-27.8 


-22.2 


116 


46.7 


37-3 


-20 


-28.9 


-23.1 


114 


45-6 


364 


-22 


-30 


-24 


112 


444 


35-6 


-24 


-3I.I 


-24.9 


no 


43-3 


34-7 


-26 


-32.2 


-25.8 


108 


42.2 


33-8 


-28 


-33-3 


-26.7 


106 


41. 1 


32.9 


-30 


-34 4 


-27.6 


104 


49 


32 


-32 


"35-6 


-28.4 


102 


38.9 


3" 


-34 


-36.7 


-29-3 


100 


37-8 


30.2 


-36 


-37-8 


-30.2 


98 


36.7 


29-3 


-38 


-38.9 


-3i- 1 


96 


35-6 


28.4 


-40 


-40 


-32 


94 


34-4 


27.6 


-42 


-41. 1 


-32.9 


92 


33-3 


26.7 


-44 


-42.2 


-33-8 


90 


32-2 


25.8 


-46 


-43-3 


-34-7 


88 


3i.i 


24.9 


-48 


-44.4 


-35-6 


86 


30 


24 


-50 


-45-6 


-36.4 


84 


28.9 


23-1 


-52 


-46.7 


-37-3 


82 


27.8 


22 2 


-54 


-47.S 


-38.2 


80 


26.7 


21.3 


-56 


-48.9 


-39-1 


78 


25.6 


20-4 









Reaum. to Fahr. 
9* 
4 



+ 32 = ^. 



Thermoneurosis (dtpprj, vevpov, a nerve). 
Pyrexia of vasomotor origin. 



THERMOSTAT 



438 



THYME, OLEUM 



Thermostat {deppy, iottj/u, to stand). 
Any automatic device for regulating tem- 
perature. 

The'sis {Oeatg, a proposition). A disserta- 
tion. Usually, the essay presented by an 
undergraduate at the time of his candida- 
ture for a degree. 

Thigh (Sax.). The Femur. The part of 
the lower limb extending from the pelvis 
to the knee. T.-bone, the os femoris. 

Thim'bleweed. The herb Rubeckia lan- 
ciniata. Diuretic and tonic. Has balsamic 
properties. Dose of fid. ext. ttytv-zj. 
Unof. 

Thirst (A. S., thursf). The internal sensa- 
tion causing a desire for water. It is 
marked by dryness of the mouth and 
fauces, together with constriction of the 
pharynx and oesophagus. 

Thomas's Operation. See Ccesarean 
Operation. 

Thomsen's Disease. A disease com- 
monly congenital and occurring in families 
characterized by tonic spasm or rigidity of 
the muscles, coming on when they are first 
put in action after a period of rest. 

Thoracentesis (dopat;, the chest, Kevrqoig, 
a piercing). The piercing of the thorax for 
the removal of any abnormal collection of 
matter. 

Thorac / ic (dopaf;). Pertaining to the chest 
or thorax, and also to certain of its organs. 
T. Duct. See Duct. T. Index. See 
Index. 

Thoracocentesis. See Thoracentesis. 

Thoracocyllo'sis {dupa%, Kvlluotg). De- 
formity of the thorax. 

Thoracodidymus (dapa^, dtdvfiog, 
double). A double monster joined by the 
thoraces. 

Thoracodyn / ia (dopa^, odvvrj, pain). Pain 
in the chest. 

Thoracom / eter (dopat;, pirpov, a measure) . 
A stethometer, an instrument for measuring 
the movements of the walls of the chest. 

Thoracopagus {dopa^, iryyvv/u, to join). 
A double monster with portions of the 
thorax or abdomen coalescent. T. Tri- 
brachius, with two of the upper limbs 
coalescent. T. Tripus, with two of the 
lower limbs coalescent. Prosopothora- 
copagus, heads, breasts and bellies coal- 
esced ; it is also called Cephalo-T., or 
Syncephalus. 

Thoracoplasty (dopa^, irlaoou, to form). 
Plastic operation upon the thorax. 

Thoracoscopy {dopa^, ono-ireo, to ex- 
amine). Examination of the chest for di- 
agnostic purposes. 



Thoracosteno'sis (flwpaf , arevoo, to con- 
tract). Contraction or coarctation of the 
chest. 

Thoracotomy (dopa!- te/j,vo), to cut). In- 
cision of the thorax. 

Thoradel'phus (Oopat;, ade?i<pog, brother). 
A monocephalic dual monstrosity with 
bodies united above the umbilicus, four 
lower and two upper extremities. 

Tho'rax [dopa^). The* conical framework 
of bones and soft tissues bounded by the 
sternum, the six upper costal cartilages, 
ribs and intercostal muscles, with the dor- 
sal portion of the vertebral column. 

Thorn / apple. See Stramonium. 

Thorough-wort. See Eupatorium. 

Thread. The spun and twisted fibers of 
cotton, linen, or silk. The latter, uncol- 
ored, is preferable for sutures. 

Thread / -worm. See Trichocephahis. 

Threpsol'ogy [dpeipcg, nutrition, Tioyog, a 
treatise). A treatise on the nature and 
functions of nutrition. 

Threshold. See Fechner's Law. 

Thrill (A. S., thirlian). Fremitus. A sort 
of quiver or shiver of the cervical arteries 
in certain cases of cardiac disease, aneu- 
rism, etc. 

Throat (Sax.). A common generic term 
for the fauces, pharynx, larynx, etc. 

Throb. A pulsation or beat. 

Throm'boid {thrombus, a clot). Resem- 
bling or having the nature of a thrombus. 

Thrombophlebitis {thrombus, <pAe\p, a 
vein, trig, inflammation). Phlebitis from 
puriform softening of a venous thrombus. 

Thrombosis {Opopflog). The formation 
of a thrombus. T., Marantic. See Ma- 
rantic. 

Throm / bus (Lat.). A clot of blood formed 
at the place of deposit of an obstruction. 
See Embolus. 

Thrush (A. S., thrisc). The aphthae on 
the tongue, mucous membrane of the 
mouth, etc., of infants. 

Thu'ja. Arbor Vitse. The tops of T. 
occidentalis. Contains several active ex- 
tractive principles. Stimulant, astringent 
and aromatic. Of service in coughs, ca- 
tarrh and amenorrhoea. Dose of the fid. 
ext. 3 j ; of the volatile oil ff\j-v. All unof. 

Thumb (Sax.). The first finger or toe. 

Thyme, Oleum. The volatile oil of T. 
vulgaris, garden thyme. Properties due 
to two hydrocarbons and thymene. Thy- 
mol, a stearoptene, powerfully antiseptic 
and anaesthetic to the skin and mucous 
membrane. Used chiefly as an antiseptic. 
As efficient as and more agreeable than car- 



THYMELCOSIS 



439 



TIN 



bolic acid. Dose gr. ss-ij. T., Gauze, 
contains I per cent, of thymol. T., Inha- 
lation, thymol gr. xx, alcohol 3 iij, magne- 
sium carbonate gr. x, water ad ^iij, tea- 
spoonful to pint of water. T., Solution, 
for spraying, I : 1000. T., Ung., con- 
tains gr. v to ^j. 

Thymelco / sis (Ovpiog, elicuo-ig). Ulcera- 
tion of the thymus gland. 

Thy / mic {thymus). Pertaining to the 
Thymus. Also, pertaining to thyme, as 
thymic acid. T. Asthma, a form of 
asthma popularly known as "crowing 
breath," "holding the breath." It con- 
sists of a temporary suspension or difficulty 
of respiration. It has been attributed to 
enlargement of the thymus, and also to 
reflex spasm. 

Thy'mol. See Thyme, Oleum. 

Thy / mus (Ov/iog). Used for T. gland, 
a body of doubtful function and glandular 
appearance situated in the anterior superior 
mediastinum. 

Thy / reo- {Ovpeog, a shield, and hence from 
similarity of shape and function, the thyroid 
gland or cartilage). Same as Thyro-. 

Thy / reocele (dvpeoc, K-rfkri, a tumor). A 
tumor affecting the thyroid gland. 

Thyreon / cus (Ovpeog, ovyaog, a tumor). 
Same as Thyreocele. 

Thyreophy / ma {Ovpeog, <f>vjua, a tumor). 
Enlargement of the thyroid gland. 

Thyro- (Ovpeog). A prefix used, to denote 
connection with or relation to the thyroid 
cartilage or gland. T. -arytenoid, per- 
taining conjointly to the thyroid and aryte- 
noid cartilages. Also applied to a muscle. 
T. -epiglottideus. See Muscle -Table. 
T.-hyoid, pertaining conjointly to the 
thyroid and hyoid cartilages. Also, the 
name of a muscle. 

Thy / roid (Ovpeog, eiSog, form). T. Axis. 
See Artery- Table.. T. Body. See T. 
Gland. T. Cartilage, the largest of the 
laryngeal cartilages, united at an angle 
in front, called the pomum adami. T. 
Gland, a ductless gland-like body of un- 
known function, at the upper part of the 
trachea consisting of two lateral lobes, 
one upon each side of the same. See 
Cachexia and Myxcede??ia. 

Thyroidectomy (Ovpeog, enTOfirj, ex- 
cision). Excision of the thyroid gland. 

Thyroidot / omy (Ovpeog, tojitj, incision). 

Incision of the thyroid gland. 
Thyrot / omy (Ovpeog, re/uvco, to cut). In- 
cision of the thyroid body. 
TriVia (Lat., a flute or pipe). The larger 
of the two bones of the leg, commonly 



called the shinbone, articulating with the 
femur, fibula and astragalus. 

Tib'ial (tibia). Pertaining or belonging 

to the tibia. T. Artery. See Artery- 
Table. T. Muscle. See Muscle- Table. 
T. Nerve. See Nerve-Table. 

Tic, or 

Tic Douloureux (French). Neuralgia 

of one or more branches of the fifth nerve. 

The term has been used of painless spas- 
modic twitchings or distortions of muscles 
supplied by the seventh nerve. These 
affections have been called, antalgia dolo- 
rosa, dolor crucians faciei, neuralgia faciei, 

prosopalgia trismus dolorificus, and trismus 
maxillaris. 

Tick. A name applied indiscriminately to 
several species of acari. 

Tic / kle. To cause a spasmodic muscular 
contraction by a slight irritation of periph- 
eral nerve fibers of the skin. 

Ti'dal Air. See Air. 

TigTii OTeum. Croton Oil. The fixed 
oil of the seed of Croton T, native to 
India. Externally a powerful irritant pro- 
ducing pustular eruptions. Useful as a 
counter-irritant in ovaritis, bronchitis, rheu- 
matism, glandular swellings, etc. Inter- 
nally a drastic hydragogue cathartic ; indi- 
cated where prompt evacuation of the 
bowels is required. Dose ttk^-ij. 

Tim / bre (Fr.; Ger., Klang). The pecu- 
liar quality of a tone other than pitch and 
intensity that makes it distinctive. It de- 
pends upon the overtones of the vibrating 
body. 

Time. The duration of an event or phe- 
nomenon. Reaction T., that required 
for the conduction of a sensory impulse to 
the center, combined with that of the du- 
ration of the perception, of the direction 
of attention (apperception), of the volun- 
tary impulse, and of the return of motor 
impulse to the muscles with their conse- 
quent activity. The Reaction-T. varies 
according to the part and sense, etc., stimu- 
lated. For shock on hand it is 12 seconds ; 
on forehead, 13; on toe, 17; sudden noise, 
13 ; vision of electric spark, 15 ; sound, 
16; taste of sugar and acids, 16; of salt, 
15 ; of quinine, 23. See, also, Dilemma. 

Tin. Stannum. Sn = li8; quantiva- 
lence II, IV. A silver-white metal, the thin 
foil of which is sometimes used to protect 
pharmaceutical preparations. Should be 
free from lead. T. Chloride, stannous 
chloride, a disinfectant. T. Pulvis, tin 
powder, formerly used as an anthelmintic. 
All unof. 



TINCTURE 



440 



TONIC 



Tinc'ture, or 

Tinctu'ra {tingo, to tinge). A tincture. 
In pharmacy, an alcoholic solution of the 
medicinal principles of a drug, and, except- 
ing the tincture of iodine, of non-volatile 
bases. The strength of tinctures varies 
from T 4 7 per cent, to 65 per cent, of the 
active principles of the drug. There are 
72 official tinctures. 

Tin / ea {tinea, a moth-worm). A generic 
term used of a class of skin diseases caused 
by the presence of filamentous fungi. T. 
Abestina. See Seborrhea. T. Ami- 
antacea. See Seborrhea. T. Decal- 
vans. See Alopecia Areata. T. Lupi- 
nosa. See Favus. T. Tarsi. See 
Blepharitis. T. Trycophytina, Ring- 
worm. A parasitic, circular, inflamed spot, 
which becomes scaly and spreads periph- 
erally, clearing up in the centre, and thus 
forming the ring-shaped condition which 
is its well-known characteristic. On the 
head it is known as T. Tonsurans ; on the 
body, T. Circinata; on the beard, T. 
JBarbcz, etc. All forms are contagious, 
and due to the development of the " try- 
cophyton" fungus. A similar but very 
severe form, occurring in the Polynesian 
Islands, is known as T. Imbricata. T. 
Vera. See Favus. T. Versicolor, 
Pityriasis Versicolor ; Chloasma ; Mycosis 
Microspora. A disease of the skin char- 
acterized by patches of brown color ; con- 
fined mainly to the trunk. Due to the 
development of fungous microspores. 

Tin / nitus (tinnio, to tinkle). Any tink- 
ling or ringing sound. T. Aurium, the 
subjective ringing or hissing sound heard 
in the ears in various affections of the 
tympanum and internal ear. T., Tele- 
phone. See Telephone -Tinnitus. 

Tire-Balle (Fr.). An instrument for ex- 
tracting bullets from a part. 

Tire -Fond (Fr.). An instrument for pene- 
trating a cavity or tissue, transfixing and 
withdrawing foreign bodies. 

TFsane (rrrtGav^, barley-water). Any 
decoction or beverage having slight cura- 
tive or restorative qualities. 

Tis / sue (Fr. tissu). Any web-like struc- 
ture. Applied generally to the organic 
elements of a part or organ. T., Ani- 
mal. See Animal Tissue. T., Cel- 
lular, texture composed of rounded (or 
dodecahedral) cells. T., Fibro-cellular, 
tissue in the form of long fibres. T., 
Tubular or Vascular, tissue in the form 
of long cylindrical tubes. T., Vegeta- 
ble, a term used to distinguish the web- 



like substance which composes vegetable 
structure. 

Titilla / tion {titillo, to tickle). The act of 
tickling. 

Tituba / tion [titubo, to stagger). The stag- 
gering gait and incoordination of motion 
accompanying certain diseases of the spine. 

Tobac/co. See Tabacum. 

Tobin's Tubes. A method of ventilation 
of rooms by the introduction of air through 
tubes placed in the walls. 

TocoFogy (tokoc, childbirth, ?u)yog, a 
treatise). A treatise on the science of 
obstetrics. 

Toe. A finger or digit of the foot. 

ToFerance (tolero, to bear). The capacity 
of a patient to withstand certain drugs or 
certain doses of drugs without injurious 
consequences. 

ToFerant. Withstanding the action of a 
medicine without injury. 

ToTu. See Tolutan. 

Toma / to. The ripe fruit of the common 
tomato, Ly coper sicum esculentum. Claimed 
to be useful in canker of the mouth, nurse's 
sore mouth, etc. Unof. 

Tomen'tose {tomentum, a lock of wool). 
Woolly. Covered with down. 

TomerFtum (Lat.). A lock of wool. T. 
Cerebri, the plexus of small blood vessels 
inside of the pia mater and penetrating 
the cortex of the brain. When detached 
they have a fanciful resemblance to a lock 
of wool. 

Tomes, Fibers of. See Fibers of Tomes. 

Tomoma / nia (refivcd, to cut, fiavia, mad- 
ness). A term used to denote an excessive 
desire or habit on the part of a surgeon to 
use the knife or to perform unnecessary 
operations. 

Tone (rovoc, from reivo, to stretch). The 
normal activity, strength and excitability 
of the various organs and functions as ob- 
served in a state of health. Also, a sound. 

Ton / ga. A drug obtained in the Fejee 
Islands, consisting of a mixture of barks, 
roots and leaves. Of reputed service in 
neuralgia. Dose of the proprietary fid. 
ext. TTLxxx— g]. Unof. 

Tongue (Sax.). The organ of the special 
sense of taste and the principal organ, after 
the larynx, of speech. T., Taste-bulbs 
of. See Taste-bulbs. 

Tongue-tie. A congenital shortening of 
the frsenum of the tongue, preventing its 
mobility. 

Ton'ic (rovor, tone). A medicine or agent 
which promotes nutrition and gives tone 
to the system. T. Spasm, in pathology, 



TONICITY 



441 



TOURNIQUET 



the continued rigid contraction of mus- 
cular tissue observed in such affections as 
tetanus. 

Tonicity (rovog). The quality of muscu- 
lar tissue when in a condition of excita- 
tion. 

TononVeter. See Tension, Intraocular. 

Ton'sil {tonsilla). The tonsils are two 
glandular organs on each side of the fauces, 
between the anterior and posterior pillars 
of the soft palate. T. of Cerebellum, 
an elevation on either side of the great 
median fissure projecting into the fourth 
ventricle. T., Pharyngeal, a mass of 
lymphoid tissue between the Eustachian 
tubes in the pharynx. 

Tonsillitis {tonsilla, itis). Inflammation 
of the tonsils. 

TonsilTotome {tonsilla, tejivu, to cut). 
An instrument for abscission of the tonsils. 
Called, also, Tonsil Guillotine. 

Ton / sure {tendo, to clip). The shaving 
or removal of the hair from any part. 

To'nus (rovog, tone). The quality of ten- 
sion or tonicity of an organ or part. 

Tooth. See Teeth. 

Tootb/ache. Any pain in or about one or 
more teeth. It may be purely neuralgic ; 
it may arise from caries, or it may be due 
to alveolar abscess. 

To'phi. PI. of Tophus. 

Tophus (ro(j)oc, a stone). The hard, con- 
cretionary matter that forms on the surface 
of joints affected with gout. Also, con- 
cretionary matter in the kidneys. Also, 
the tartar of the teeth. 

Top / ical [roTTog, a place). Pertaining to 
the external situation of an organ or part 
of the body, or to symptomatic localization. 
T. Remedy, one applied locally. 

Topographical (tokos, ypafyo, to write). 
Pertaining to the relief features of a 
locality. T. Anatomy, the study of the 
comparative locality of the various organs 
and parts of the body as determined by 
external landmarks. 

Topography (tokoq, ypa<pu). A descrip- 
tion of an area or country with reference to 
its relief features. In anatomy, applied to 
the regions of the body, and especially of 
the brain. See Localization and Center. 

Tor / cular Heropb/ili (the wine press of 
Herophilus). A cavity before the internal 
occipital protuberance, at which meet sev- 
eral sinuses of the dura mater. 

Tor / ic. See Periscopic. 

TormentilTa. The root of Potentilla tor- 
mentilla. A mild tonic and astringent. 
Dose of fid. ext. tt\x-xl. Unof. 



Tormi / na {tormen, a racking pain). Any 
griping pain in the bowels. 

Tor / pid (torpeo, to be numb). Affected 
with torpor. 

Torpor (Lat., numbness). A condition of 
abnormal inactivity, numbness, or deficient 
sensation. 

Torrefica / tion. See Roasting. 

Tor / rid (torreo, to parch). Hot. Burning. 
T. Zone, the zone of climate lying be- 
tween the isotherms of 70 F., north and 
south. 

Tor / sion (torqueo, to twist). A twisting. 
Applied especially to the treatment of 
severed arteries to stop haemorrhage. 

TorticoFlis {torqueo, collum, neck). A 
congenital or acquired contraction of one 
or more of the cervical muscles, usually of 
one side, resulting in an abnormal position 
of the head. 

Toru'la (Lat.). A family of cryptogamous 
plants now generally embraced among the 
saccharomycetes. 

To'rus (Lat.). A bulging or elevation of 
a part. 

Touch (Fr. toucher). In obstetrics, a di- 
gital or manual examination of the female 
genital organs and adjacent parts for diag- 
nostic or therapeutic purposes. T., Ab- 
dominal, application of the hands to the 
abdomen for the diagnosis of pregnancy. 
Called, also, Palpation. Ballottement. 
See Ballottement. T., Rectal, examina- 
tion made by the finger in the rectum. 
T., Vaginal, is made with the index 
finger, or sometimes with the first two 
fingers inserted into the vagina. T., 
Vesical, examination through the bladder, 
the urethra having been dilated to admit 
the finger. 

Touch-corpuscles. See Tactile. 

Tour de Maitre (Fr. "the master's expe- 
dient"). A manceuver in passing the 
catheter with a fat person, the instrument 
entering at first with the handle obliquely 
across the left thigh and as the point enters 
the bulb, the handle is swept around to- 
ward the abdomen. 

Tourniquet (Fr. tourner, to turn). An 
instrument for compression of an artery 
above the point of haemorrhage, in injuries, 
amputations, etc. T., Esmarch's, the 
limb is first wound with an elastic bandage 
from below upward and then surrrounded 
with a band at the highest point. T., 
Horse-shoe, shaped like a horseshoe, to 
compress (by a screw) only two points, 
and thus permit venous return. T., Pro- 
visional, one applied loosely that may be 



TOXEMIA 



442 



TRANSFORMATION 



tightened at once upoa the recurrence of 
haemorrhage. T., Signorini's. See 
Horseshoe T. T., Skey's, also a modifi- 
cation of the same. T., Spanish Wind- 
lass, a knotted bandage or handkerchief 
twisted by a stick. T., Torcular, same as 
the last. 

Toxae'mia (to^lkov, a poison, ai/ia, the 
blood). A condition of contamination or 
poisoning of the blood. 

Toxana; / mia (toS-ikov, anaemia). Anaemic 
abnormalism of the blood produced by 
various gases and mineral poisons. 

Toxicohae / mia, See Toxcemia. 

Toxicoder / ma (to^ikov, depfia, the skin). 
Disease of the skin due to poisonous sub- 
stances. 

ToxicoFogy (to^lkov, "hoyog, a treatise). 
A treatise on the nature and effects of 
poisons. 

Toxico / ses (to^ckov). A class of diseases 
embracing those caused by the reception 
of poisons into the system. 

ToxiFerous {ro^LKov,fero, to bear). Carry- 
ing or conveying poison. 

Tox / in. See Tetanus. 

Toyn'bee's Experiment. The rarefac- 
tion of the air of the middle-ear by swal- 
lowing, with coincident closure of the 
mouth and nares. 

Trabec / ulae (Lat., pi., a small beam). 
Used of fibrous septa, and also of the 
medullary or commissural cerebral fibers. 
Also, the fleshy parts of the cardiac colum- 
nae carneae. 

Tra'chea (rpaxeta). The windpipe. A 
cartilaginous and membranous cylindrical 
tube extending from the lower part of the 
larynx to its division into the two bronchi. 

Trachelis / mus (rpaxv?<og, a neck or 
throat). Convulsive contraction of mus- 
cles of the neck. 

TracheTo- (rpaxv^og). A Greek word 
used as a prefix to denote connection with 
or relation to the neck or throat. T. -mas- 
toid, pertaining conjointly to the throat and 
the mastoid process. Applied, also, to a 
muscle. 

Trachelorrhaphy (rpax^og, padq, a su- 
ture). The operation for the repair of lac- 
eration of the cervix of the uterus by suture 
of the torn edges. Called, also, Emmet's 
Operation. 

Tra / cheo- (rpa^em). A Greek word used 
as a prefix to denote connection with or 
relation to the trachea or windpipe. 

Tracheocele (rpax^ia, ktjatj, tumor). 
Hernia of the lining membrane of the 
trachea. 



Tracheostenosis (rpaxeta, orevucng, a 
contraction). Contraction of the trachea. 

Tracheotomy (Tpaxeta, re/Livo, to cut). 
Incision of the trachea. 

Tracho / ma (rpaxvg, rough). Granular 
conjunctivitis, a contagious disease of the 
eyelids that may in severe cases extend to 
the globe of the eye. It is at first charac- 
terized by sago-like elevations of the pal- 
pebral conjunctiva, and later by fibrous and 
cicatricial tissue that by friction produces 
pannus. The disease is due to a specific 
diplococcus. 

Tract (tract us). A tract or course. T., 
Optic, the course of the optic nerve about 
the crus cerebri. 

Trac / tion (traho, to draw). The act of 
drawing or pulling. 

Trac / tus (Lat.). See Tract. 

Trag / acanth, or 

Tragacan / tha. The exudation of several 
species of Astragalus , found in Asia Minor. 
A natural mixture of gum arabic and 
bassorin. A demulcent employed mainly 
as a vehicle for resins and insoluble pow- 
ders. T. Mucilage, tragacanth 6, gly- 
cerine 18, water to ioo parts. Dose ^ j, 
ad libitum. 

Trag / icus (rpayog, a goat). Pertaining to 
the tragus. 

Tra'gus (rpayog). The small prominence 
of cartilage projecting over the meatus of 
the external ear. 

Trailing Arbu / tus. Ground Laurel, 
May Flower. The leaves of Epigea re- 
pens. Diuretic and astringent. Thera- 
peutic effects much like those of Uva ursi. 
Indicated in irritation of the urinary organs. 
Dose of fld. ext. gss-j. Unof. 

Trait (Fr. trait). Any natural character- 
istic or feature that is peculiar to an organ 
or an individual. 

Trance (transitus, a passing or passage). 
A popular name for a form of catalepsy. 

Trans- (trans, across). A Latin preposi- 
tion used as a prefix to denote across. 

Transcendental (trans, scando,\.o climb). 
Beyond the bounds of experience. T. 
Anatomy, philosophical anatomy. 

Transference (trans, fero, to bear). Sup- 
posed telepathic communication of thought 
or the clairvoyant vision of events taking 
place at a wide distance. 

Transfix / (trans, figo, to fix). To pierce. 

Transforation (trans, foro, to pierce). 
See Perforation. 

Transformation (trans, formo, to form 1 ). 
The change of an organ or part into one 
that is different in appearance or fact. The 



TRANSFUSION 



443 



TRIANGLES 



formation of an organ or tissue beyond its 
natural or normal limits. 

Transfusion (trans, fundo, to pour). The 
transfer of blood or other liquid into the 
veins. Arterial T., the transfusion of 
defibrinated blood into an artery. T., 
Direct, or Immediate, when the blood 
passes directly from another's vein. T., 
Indirect, or Mediate, when it is first 
drawn in a vessel. 

Translu / cid (trans, luceo, to shine). Per- 
mitting a partial transmission of light ; semi- 
transparent. 

Transmigration [trans, migro, to 
wander). The passage of cells or par- 
ticles through a membranous septum, as, 
e.g., the white corpuscles of the blood in 
inflammation. 

Transmission [trans, mitto, to send). In 
pathology, the communication or transfer 
of a disease or its contagium from one 
person or place to another. 

Transparent [trans, pareo, to appear). 
Having the property of permitting the 
passage of light-rays without material ob- 
struction. 

Transpiration (trans, spiro, to breathe). 
The emission of any vapor or volatile 
matter through the pores of the skin. Ap- 
plied also to sweat or the passage of liquids. 

Transplantation (trans, planto, to plant). 
The operation of grafting. See Graft. 
T. of Cornea. See Keratoplasty. 

Transposition [trans, pono, to place). 
In surgery, a plastic operation in which the 
tissue is transferred from its normal posi- 
tion to some other part, final removal being 
delayed until after adhesion takes place. 
Also the abnormal position of organs, as 
the teeth. 

Transudation (trans, sudo, to sweat). 
The oozing of any fluid through the pores 
of the skin in an unaltered condition. 

Trans verse / (trans, verto, to turn). Across 
as distinguished from longitudinal. Ap- 
plied to anything directed crosswise or 
placed athwart. 

Transver / sus. See Muscle- Table. 

Trapezium (Lat). In anatomy, the first 
bone of the second row of carpal bones. 

Trapezius. See Muscle-Table. 

Trapezoid (trapezium, etdoc, like). One 
of the bones of the wrist. 

Trapp's Formula. See Christison's For- 
mula. 

Traube-Hering Curves. Pulse curves 
showing that the varying activity of the 
vasomotor center suffices to produce undu- 
lations in the blood-pressure tracing. 



Trau'ma (rpav/ia, a wound). A wound. 

Traumatic (rpavfia). Pertaining to a 
wound or injury. 

Traumat / icine. A io per cent, solution 
of gutta percha in chloroform. Used 
locally in superficial wounds and skin 
affections. Unof. 

Traumatism (rpavfia). The condition 
of one suffering from injury. The systemic 
condition following trauma. 

Tre / acle. See Theriaca. 

Tread. See Cicatricula. 

Treatment. The methods employed in 
effecting the cure of disease. 

Tree of Heaven. See Ailanthus. 

Trehalose. A complex carbohydrate or 
crystallizable sugar derived from ergot, and 
also from the trehala insect cocoons. 

Tre / matode (rp-rj/ia, a pore). The de- 
scriptive name of an order of entozoa, in- 
cluding worms parasitic upon the liver and 
intestinal tract. 

Tre / mens. See Delirium. 

Tre / mor (tremo, to shake). An involun- 
tary trembling or agitation of the body, or 
some part of it. 

Tremulous Iris. See Iris. 

Trepan 7 . See Trephine. 

Trephine 7 (rpsTrco, to turn). An instru- 
ment for excising a circular piece of bone, 
usually from the skull. 

Trepidation (trepido, to tremble). A 
rhythmical movement of the foot in cer- 
tain paraplegic diseases, and in epilepsy. 

Treppe. See Summation. 

Tri- (rpeic, or tres, three). A numeral 
used as a prefix to denote three, or triple. 

Tri / ad. See Quantivalence. 

Tri'al Case. A box of lenses for testing 
and estimating the refraction of the eye, 
containing biconvex, biconcave, cylindrical, 
prismatic and other lenses of the most used 
powers. 

Tri'al Frame. A spectacle frame into 
which the trial lenses may be slipped in 
estimating ametropia. 

Tri'al Lens'es. Lenses used in testing 
and estimating the refraction of the eye. 
See Spectacle- Lenses. 

Triam / ine. See Amine. 

Triangles. Certain spaces, specialized 
for surgical purposes, bounded upon three 
sides by arteries, muscles, etc. T. of 
Hesselbach, at the lower part of the ab- 
dominal wall, bounded by the epigastric 
artery, rectus muscle and Poupart's liga- 
ment. T., Carotid, Inferior, median 
line, sterno-mastoid, ant. belly omo-hyoid. 
T., Carotid, Superior, sterno-mastoid, 



TRIANGULAR 



444 



TRIMETHYLAMINE 



ant. belly omohyoid, post, belly digastric. 
T., Neck, Anterior, median line sterno- 
mastoid, border of jaw and line from angle 
of jaw to mastoid process. T., Neck, 
Posterior, sterno-mastoid, trapezius, clavi- 
cle. T., Occipital, sterno-mastoid, trape- 
zius, omo-hyoid. T., Scarpa's, sartorius, 
adductor longus, Poupart's ligament. T., 
Submaxillary, lower jaw and mastoid 
process, the two bellies of the digastric. 
T., Subclavian, post, belly omo-hyoid, 
clavicle, sterno-mastoid. 

Triangular. Pertaining to figures with 
three sides, and applied to a number of 
such shaped organs or parts of the body. 

Triangularis. See Muscle- Table. 

TriatonVic (tri, three, atomus, an atom). 
In chemistry, applied to a molecule or a 
radical that requires three monad atoms to 
saturate it. See Quantivalence. 

Tribadism (rpij3o). to rub). Unnatural 
sexual usage of the clitoris between two 
women. 

Triba / sic [tri, basis, a base). In chem- 
istry, an acid having three hydrogen atoms 
replaceable by basic atoms. 

Triceps [tri, capio, to take). Applied to 
certain muscles that have three origins. 
See Muscle-Table. 

Trichau / xis. See Hirsuties. 

Trichiasis (dpi!;, a hair). Abnormal di- 
rection or position of the eyelashes, so that 
they produce irritation by friction upon the 
globe. See, also, Distichiasis. 

Trichina Spiralis. See Pork. 

Trichini'asis {trichina). The condition 
of one infested by trichina spiralis. 

Trichis / mus (dpi!;). In surgery, a 
scarcely perceptible fracture ; also, a capil- 
lary fissure or crack. 

Trichocar'dia (dpi!;, napSia, heart). A 
peculiar condition of the inflamed peri- 
cardium roughened by pseudo-membranous 
elevations. 

Trichoceph / alus (dpi!; , Kztyakr}, the head). 
A worm popularly known as threadworm 
parasitic upon the intestinal tract. 

Trichoglos / sia (dpi!;, yXuaaa, the tongue). 
Having the appearance of hair on the 
tongue. The filaments are formed by the 
thickening of the sheaths of the papillae. 

Tricb/oid (Opt!;, etdog, resemblance). Re- 
sembling hair. 

TrichoFogy (Opt!;, loyog, a treatise). A 
treatise on the hair, its nature and diseases. 

Trichomato / sis (dpi!;). A parasitic affec- 
tion of the hair characterized by a matted 
condition and coherence, due to fungoid 
growths. 



Trichomy / sis Nodo / sa. A peculiar con- 
dition, generally nodose in character, 
affecting the hairs of the axilla and scrotum, 
and due to the growth and encapsulation 
in the cortical layers of the shaft of a small 
rod- shaped bacterium. 

Trichono / sis, or 

Trichono / sos (dpi!;, voaog, disease). Dis- 
ease of the hair. 

Trichopathy (dpi^^adoq, suffering). Any 
disease or morbid ailment of the hair. 

Trichophyton (dpi!;, (pvrov, a plant). Any 
vegetable organism parasitic upon or affect- 
ing the hair. 

Trichorrex / is Nodo / sa (dpi!j, prjyvvfii, to 
burst forth, nodus, a swelling). A swelling 
and bursting of the hair. Probably iden- 
tical with Fragilitas Crinum. Due to de- 
fective nutrition. 

Tricho / sis (dpi!-). A class of diseases 
including morbid affections of the hair. 

Tricor'nis (tri, cornu, a horn). Having 
three processes or prominences. A descrip- 
tive name applied to the lateral ventricles 
of the brain. 

Tricuspid. See Valve. 

Trienceph / alus (rpeic, three, evuefyalog, 
the brain). A foetal monster without 
smell, hearing or sight. 

TriethyFamine. A ptomaine obtained 
from haddock left to putrefy in an open 
vessel for five days in summer. As a free 
base, has an oily character and ammoniacal 
odor. Is but slightly soluble in water; 
boils at 8c. -8q.5 o . But slightly toxic. 

Trifacial. See Trigeminus. 

TrifoTium Compound. A syrup con- 
taining in each fluid ^ the active prin- 
ciples of red clover gr. 32, stillingia, bur- 
dock, poke, berberis aquefolium and cascara 
amarga aa gr. 16, prickly-ash bark 4, 
potassium iodide gr. 8. Recommended in 
syphilis. Dose 3J-ij. Unof. 

Trigeminus (tri, gemini, double). The 
descriptive name of the fifth pair of nerves 
which divide each into three branches. 

Trigo'ne of Bladder. See Trigonum 
Vesica?. 

Trigo / num Vesicae (yovia, a comer). 
The triangular surface of the bladder im- 
mediately behind the urethral orifice. 

Tri'labe (jpeig, ^aju/3avo), to grasp). An 
instrument with three prongs for withdraw- 
ing small calculi through the urethral pas- 
sage. A lithotrite. 

Trimethyl'amine. A ptomaine occurring 
in animal and vegetable tissues. Has been 
obtained from leaves of Chenopodium, 
human urine, etc. Non-poisonous. 



TRIMETHYLENE-DIAMINE 



445 



TRUNCUS 



Trimethylene- diamine. A ptomaine 
obtained, with other toxic bases, from the 
culture of the comma-bacillus on beef- broth. 
Causes violent convulsions and muscle- 
tremor. 

Trior 7 chid (rpeig, three, opxig, a testicle). 
Having three testicles. 

Tripier's Amputation. In surgery, the 
horizontal section through the os calcis, 
leaving the upper part of this bone together 
with the astragalus. 

Triple Phos / phate. Ammonio-magnesic 
phosphate, a urinary precipitate when am- 
monia is set free by the decomposition of 
urea. 

Triplet (tres, three, plica, a fold). Three- 
fold. A series of three. In the plural, 
three offspring at one birth. 

Triplo / pia (rptrrloog, triple, cji}> } the eye). 
A form of polyopia, in which an object is 
seen as three. 

Trip / olith, or 

Trip / olite. A substance composed of lime, 
silicon and oxide of iron, sometimes used 
in dressings and bandages instead of plas- 
ter-of- Paris. 

Trip 7 sis (rpc(3o, to rub). Same as Trit- 
uration. 

Tris / mus (rpifa, to gnash). Spasm of 
the muscles of mastication, the condition 
commonly called lockjaw, a tetanic con- 
dition of the muscles of mastication. T., 
Traumatic, that resulting from some 
wound or injury. See, also, Tic Doulou- 
reux. 

Trisplancb/nic (rpei.g, three, cizlayxvov, 
the viscera). The descriptive name of 
the sympathetic nerve, from the fact that 
it is connected with the viscera of the three 
largest cavities of the body. 

Trit / icum. Couch-grass. The rhizome of 
T repens deprived of its rootlets. Demul- 
cent, emollient and feebly diuretic. A 
popular drink in light fevers. Efficacious 
in cystitis. Dose gj-^j in decoction; 
of the fid. ext, jj-§j, diluted. 

Trituration (tritus, a rubbing). The 
process of reducing a solid substance to a 
powdered state by grinding or rubbing. 
In pharmacy, a class of powders having 
sugar of milk as their diluent in the pro- 
portion of ten parts of the substance to 
90 of the sugar. There is but one official 
trituration. 

Tro'car (Fr., trois-quarts , from its triangu- 
lar point). An instrument used in para- 
centesis, or tapping a cavity, as in hydro- 
cele. It consists of a perforator and a 
metal tube. 



Trochanter (rpoxog, a wheel or pulley). 
The shoulders of the thigh bone. The 
major and minor processes at the ex- 
tremity of the femur which receive the 
flexor and extensor muscles of the thigh. 

Tro / che, or 

Trochis / cus (rpoxioKog, a little wheel). A 
troche, pastile, tablet or lozenge. In phar- 
macy, a small flattened cake prepared from 
a mass of sugar and mucilage as an excipi- 
ent, with a prescribed medicinal substance. 
There are 16 official trochisci. 

Trocb/lea [rpoxog). A part or process 
having the nature of a pulley. T. of 
Humerus, an articulation at the ex- 
tremity of the humerus over which a band 
of cartilage passes. 

Trochlea 7 ris (rpoxog). Pertaining to the 
trochlea. Also, applied to the superior 
oblique muscle of the eye. 

Trom / mer's Test. A test for the pres- 
ence of grape sugar or glucose. The liquid 
to be tested is filtered, and to the filtrate a 
solution of ammonio-cupric tartrate is added. 
If glucose be present the copper is precipi- 
tated in the form of a bright orange-red 
basic cuprous oxide. Boiling facilitates the 
precipitation, which is sometimes stubborn. 

Tropb/ic (rpo(f>7], nourishment). Pertain- 
ing to the functions concerned in nutrition, 
digestion and assimilation. T. Centers, 
those regulating the nutrition of nerves, or 
through them, of organs. 

Trophoneurosis [rpo^rj, vevpov, a nerve). 
Atrophic processes due to injury or per- 
verted action of the nerves or nerve centers. 

Trophop / athy (rpotyrj, rradog, disease). A 
nutritional disorder. 

Troph / oplasts (rpotyrj, nlaaacS). The 
granular bodies of the protoplast, their 
function being nutritional. 

Trop / ical Chloro'sis. See Anchylosto- 
miasis. 

TropTcal Fruit Lax'ative. See Senna. 

Trousseau's Spots. Red spots of the 
skin following pressure. 

Trousseau's Symptom. Spasm or tetany 
from pressure upon a nerve. 

True (A. S., trowe). The opposite of 
false. Organs functionally active or per- 
fect. T. Ribs. See Ribs. 

Trum / pet Plant. Venus Fly-catcher, 
Huntsman's cup. The rhizome of Sar- 
racenia Jlava ; common in Southern U. S. 
Of high repute in cure of diarrhoea. Dose 
of fid. ext. n\v-xv. Unof. 

Trun / cated [truncus). Deprived of limbs 
or accessory parts. 

Trun / cus (Lat.). See Trunk. 



TRUNK 



446 



TUMOR 



Trunk. All of the body except the head 
and limbs. Applied, also, to the main 
stem or body of a nerve or vessel. 

Truss (Fr., trousse). An instrument for 
maintaining a part in proper position in 
hernia, and other malposition of organs. 

Trypsin. See Ferments. 

Tryptonae / mia. See Peptonemia. 

Tryp / tone. Pancreatic Peptone. 

Tu'bal [tubus, a pipe). Pertaining to the 
oviduct. 

Tube (tubus). Applied to certain pipe- 
like structures in the body, especially the 
oviducts, or Fallopian tubes. Used also of 
surgical instruments having a similar shape. 
T., Enterotomy, an instrument used in 
artificial anus to prevent protrusion of the 
gut. T., Eustachian, or Oto-pharyn- 
geal, extends from behind the soft palate 
to the tympanum. T., Fallopian. See 
Oviduct. T., Lithotomy or Perineal, 
a form of instrument used in operations 
for calculi, etc. T., Stomach, a flexible 
tube for washing out the stomach, passed 
down the oesophagus. 

Tube-casts. Microscopic casts of the 
renal tubules; indicative of kidney disease. 
Blood T.-c, composed of coagulated 
blood with corpuscles imbedded. They 
show that the hematuria originates in the 
secreting structure of the kidney. Epi- 
thelial T.-c, composed of plastic matter 
with imbedded cells, and denoting desqua- 
mative inflammation. Fatty T.-c, free 
fat globules in the coagulated matter, indi- 
cating fatty degeneration. Granular T.-c,. 
yellowish or opaque, mucoid or waxy. 
Hyaline T.-c, transparent, soft, delicate 
casts, called mucous casts ; or, well defined, 
brittle, transparent, waxy casts — the latter 
indicative of serious nephritis. 

Tu'ber (Lat.). The enlarged root of cer- 
tain plants; also, the generic name of 
plants with such a thickened root. Also 
used anatomically of any tuberosity or en- 
largement of a part. T. Cinereum, 
a prominence of the gray matter of the 
brain lying between the optic tracts and 
the corpora albicantia. 

Tu'bercle (tuberculuni). In anatomy, an 
eminence or small process of a bone serv- 
ing as the attachment of a muscle. In 
pathology, nodular masses of granular or 
caseated cells, of various sizes, constitut- 
ing the affection called tuberculosis. T., 
Lower's, a small projection on the right 
wall of the auricle of the heart. 

Tuber'cula Quadrigem'ini. See Cor- 
pora. 



Tubercular Disease of the Foot. A 

disease known as Fungus Foot. 

Tuberculosis (tuberculum). The infec- 
tious disease commonly called consump- 
tion or phthisis when the lungs are the seat 
of the deposits, due to a specific bacillus 
and characterized by the formation of tu- 
bercles in various parts of the body. 

Tuber'culum. See Tubercle. 

Tuber'culum Sebaceum. See Milium. 

Tuberosity [tuber, a swelling). In anat- 
omy, any protuberance of a bone or pro- 
cess. T. of Ischium, that part of the 
ischium on which the body rests when in 
a sitting posture. 

Tubo-ova / rian. Pertaining conjointly to 
the Fallopian tubes and the ovaries. 

Tu'bular (tubulus, a small tube). Having 
the form of a tubulus. T. Glands, the 
glands occurring in mucous membrane of 
the small intestines. T. Membrane. See 
Neurilemma. 

Tu / bule, or 

Tu'bulus (dim. of tubus, a tube, pi. tubuli). 
A small tube. In anatomy, any minute 
tube-shaped structure. T., Dental, the 
tubular structure of the teeth. T. of Fer- 
rein. See Pyramid. T. Lactiferi, the 
excretory ducts of the mammae, 15-20 in 
number. T. Seminiferi, the tubular 
threads, arranged in fasciculi, which com- 
pose the substance of the testicle. T. 
Uriniferi, the urinary tubes of the kid- 
neys. Beginning at the Malpighian cap- 
sules, each forms — 1st, a constricted neck; 
2d, a wide canal, called the proximal con- 
voluted tube ; 3d, a spiral tube, called the 
spiral tubule of Schachowa ; 4th, the nar- 
row, straight tube, called the descending 
limb of Henle's loop; 5th, again enters 
the cortical structure as the ascending limb 
of Henle's loop. 

Tu'bus {tubus). A tube. T. Proximus 
Convolutus. See Tubulus (Uriniferi). 

Tuft, Malpighian. See Malpighian 
Bodies. 

Tumefaction (tumeo, to swell, facio, to 
make). A swelling or enlargement of a 
part arising from any cause. 

Tumescent (tumesco, to become swollen). 
Swelling or enlargement due to absorption 
of moisture. 

Tu / mor (tumeo). An abnormal enlarge- 
ment of a part from any cause, but usually 
from a morbid growth. T., Floating, 
abdominal tumors that are movable or 
escape from the grasp, as a floating kid- 
ney, etc. T., Malignant, comprise Car- 
cinomata and Epitheliomata. They are 



TUMULTUS SERMONIS 



447 



TYMPANUM 



also classed as homologous or heterolo- 
gous, solitary or multiple, prifnary or 
secondary, etc. T., Non- malignant, 
comprise most cysts, and solid tumors. T., 
Phantom, usually in hysterical patients, 
consisting of a muscular contraction, an 



accumulation of flatus, etc., that disappears 
under an anaesthetic and during sleep. 
T., Semi-malignant or Recurrent, 
comprise Sarcomata, Myeloids, Fibroids. 
Hamilton's classification of tumors is ap- 
pended : — 



TABLE OF CLASSIFIED TUMORS. 





• A. 


Simple Histoid : — 








Fibroma, Molluseum fibrosum, Neuroma] 


Mesoblastic and 






(fibrous), Painful Subcutaneous Tuber- 


- of fibrous-tissue 


r> 


B. 


cle, J 


type. 


.benign, ••••«••••. ■ 


Compound Histoid : — 








Blood-angioma, Aneurism, Lymph-angi-1 
oma, j 


Mesoblastic. 






Neuroma (true), 


Epiblastic. 




' C. 


Sarcomata : — 
Round-cell, Giant-cell (Myeloid), Gli- ' 




Malignant, 




oma, Alveolar Sarcoma, Angeio-sar- 
coma, Malignant Epulis, Melanotic 






■ Mesoblastic. 






Sarcoma, Cylindroma, Lympho-sar- 








coma, Psammoma (?), 




Usually Benign, 


D 


Epitheliomata: — 








Papilloma, Adenoma, ) 


Epiblastic, Hypo- 


Benign, 


E. 


Cutaneous Horns, > 


blastic and Me- 


Malignant, 


Carcinoma ) 


soblastic (?). 




Due to MicroSrganisms : — 






Tubercle, Lupus, Gumma (?), Condy- 








loma (?). 






F. 


Anomalous Tumors : — 




Malignant and Benign, . . . 




Cysts, Polypi. 





TumuFtus Sermo / nis. See Aphasia. 

Tu / nica (L., a cloak). An enveloping or 
covering membrane. T. Adventitia. See 
Artery. T. Albuginea, the fibrous cover- 
ing of the testis. Applied also to a ten- 
dinous membrane of the sclerotic coat and 
to the stroma of the ovary. T. Intima. 
See Artery. T. Media. See Artery. 
T. Mucosa, the mucous membrane of a 
part. T. Ruyschiana, a name given to 
the internal layer of the choroid coat of the 
eye, consisting of a plexus of capillary ves- 
sels. T. Vaginalis, a name given to the 
serous coverings of the testis, and also to 
the membranous sac (capsule of Tenon) 
enveloping the eye. T. Vasculosa, the 
vascular layer of the testis, called also the 
pia mater of the testis. 

Tun / nel-anas / mia. See Anchylostomi- 
asis. 

Tupelo. See Tent. 

Turbinated Bones (turba, a top). A 
name given to the inferior bones, one on 
each side of the outer wall of the nasal 
fossae. 

Turges / cence (turgesco, to become 
swelled). The swelling or enlargement 
of an organ or part from any cause what- 
soever. 

Turgid (turgidus). Swollen. 

Turkey Corn. See Corydalis. 



Turmeric. The rhizome of Cucurma 
longa. Aromatic and stimulant. The 
coloring matter is used as a test for soluble 
salts of boron. Dose of fid. ext. TT\xv-3J. 
Unof. 

Turning. See Version. 

Turpentine. See Terebinthina. 

Tus / sis (tussis). A cough. 

Tutam / ina Oc / uli (tutamen, a safeguard, 
oculus, the eye). The appendages of the 
eyes — the lids, brows, lashes, etc. 

Twin Leaf. The rhizome and rootlets of 
Jeffersonia diphylla. Diuretic, alterative, 
and antispasmodic ; in large doses emetic. 
Dose of fid. ext. nvxx-^j. Unof. 

Tylo / ma. See Callositas. 

Tylo / sis {rvlog, a callosity). A form of 
blepharitis in which the lid-edge is thick- 
ened and hardened. See, also, Callositas. 

Tym / panic Bone (rv/Lnravov, a drum). 
The thin roof or plate of bone separating 
the tympanic and cranial cavities. 

Tympanites (rvfnravov). The disease 
popularly known as " drum -belly." It 
consists of a distention of the abdominal 
walls with air or gases. 

TynVpanum (jvjnvavov). The middle 
ear. The irregular cavity within the 
petrous portion of the temporal bone com- 
municating with the pharynx through the 
Eustachian tube. 



TYPE 



448 



TYSON, GLANDS OF 



Type {rmrog, a stamp). Imprint. Charac- 
ter. A normal average example. In path- 
ology, the distinguishing features of a 
fever, disease, etc., whereby it is referred 
to its proper class. 

Typhlitis (rv(p?iog, the caecum, trig, in- 
flammation). Inflammation of the caecum. 

Typhoid Fe / ver (rix^oc, stupor). A con- 
tinued fever due to a specific virus, the 
bacillus typhosis, characterized by peculiar 
intestinal lesions, splenic enlargement, 
maculae of the skin, diarrhoea, prostration, 
etc. The morbid changes are chiefly in 
the lower part of the ileum and upper part 
of the colon, and consist in a necrotic in- 
flammatory infiltration of the follicular 
structures and neighboring parts, commonly 
called "Peyer's Patches," with a catarrhal 
inflammation of the rest of the mucous 
membrane. 

Ty / pho-Mala / rial. Applied to fevers 
exhibiting symptoms of both typhoid and 
malarial disorders. 

Typhoidette (Fr.). A mild or benign 
type of typhoid fever. 

Typhoma / nia (rvcpog, fiavia, madness). 
The lethargic state with accompanying 
delirium, observed in typhus. 

TyphotoxTne [rv(pog, to$-ckov, poison). A 
ptomaine discovered by Brieger, and be- 
lieved to be the special product of the 
Koch-Eberth typhoid-bacillus. It is iso- 
meric with the base C 7 H 17 N0 2 obtained 
from putrefying horseflesh, but is very dif- 
ferent in its properties, being strongly 
alkaline, while the other base possesses a 
slightly acid reaction ; and the physio- 
logical effects of each are also different. 
Typhotoxine produces lethargy, paralysis 
and death without convulsions, while the 
unnamed base produces strongly marked 



convulsive symptoms. After death from 
typhotoxine the heart is found to be con- 
tracted in systole. 

Ty / phous (ru^oc). Pertaining to or having 
the nature of typhus. 

Ty'phus Fe / ver (rvtyoQ). An epidemic, 
contagious, exanthematous fever due to a 
specific, but not isolated, infecting germ; 
characterized by a peculiar petechial erup- 
tion and depression of the vital powers ; 
without lesion. T., Walking, where the 
vital powers are not greatly reduced. 

TypTcal {tvtcoq, a stamp). Constituting 
a type or form for comparison. 

Ty / pus. See Type. 

Tyr ell's Fascia. The recto- vesical fascia. 

Tyreme / sis (rvpog, cheese, e/neatg, a vom- 
iting). The vomiting of caseous matter; 
an ailment common to nursing infants. 

Ty / rosin (rvpog). An amido-acid of un- 
known constitution, occurring in pancreatic 
digestion ; a decomposition product of pro- 
teids, etc. 

Tyro 7 sis. See Caseation. 

Tyrotox / icon (rvpog, to^ikov, poison). A 
ptomaine obtained by Vaughan from poi- 
sonous cheese, poisonous milk, poisonous 
ice-cream, etc. Chemically, it is very un- 
stable : it may disappear altogether in 
twenty-four hours from milk rich with the 
poison. It produces characteristic vertigo, 
nausea, vomiting, chills, rigors, severe 
pains in the epigastric region, dilatation 
of pupils, griping and purging, a sensation 
of numbness, or " pins and needles," espe- 
cially in the limbs, and marked prostration, 
or death. The symptoms may somewhat 
vary in different individuals. 

Ty / son, Glands of. The sebaceous glands 
secreting the smegma of the prepuce and 
of the labia pudendi. 



UFFELMAN'S SOLUTION 



449 



UNCINATE 



u 



Uffelman's Solution. To distinguish 
hydrochloric from lactic acid in suspected 
gastric contents : Add a few drops neutral 
ferric chloride solution to a 4 per cent, 
solution of carbolic acid. This is turned 
yellow by lactic, but not affected by hydro- 
chloric acid when diluted to the strength 
of gastric juice, 0.2 per cent. 

Ulaemorrhag'ia (ovAov, the gum, hcemor- 
rhagia). Haemorrhage or bleeding at the 
gums. 

Ul'cer {ulcus, a sore). Suppuration upon 
a free surface. An open wound that re- 
mains stagnant instead of healing, and 
may even invade adjacent tissues. An 
ulcer is distinguished from an abscess by 
the fact that the latter is within some 
cavity; and from sloughing or gangrene, 
which consists in the death of visible 
particles, while ulceration is "molecular 
death." According to the diathesis of the 
patient, ulcers are classed as gouty, scorbu- 
tic, senile, etc., and according to character, 
as corroding, hemorrhagic, rodent, etc. 
U., Anamite, a phagedenic sore of hot 
countries ; very obstinate to treatment. 
U., Endemic, more or less local as re- 
gards the countries in which they are 
found, as Aleppo boil, Penjdeh sore, etc. U., 
Indolent, that with indurated elevated 
edge, non-granulating floor, usually occur- 
ring on the leg. U., Jacob's, rodent 
ulcer. U., Weak, with exuberant and 
flabby granulations. 

Ulceration [ulcus). The process of the 
formation of an ulcer. 

Ulcerative Scrofuloderma. See My- 
cosis. 

Ul'cus. See Ulcer. U. Excedens. 
See Rodent Ulcer. U., Grave. See Fun- 
gus Foot. 

Ulet'ic (ovlov, gum). Pertaining to the 
gum. 

Ulex / ine. An alkaloid found in the seed 
of Ulex europcEus. Causes local anaesthe- 
sia. Unof. 

Ulig / inous {uligo, moisture). Pertaining 
to, or growing in a marshy soil. 

Uli'tis {ovlov, trig, inflammation) . Inflam- 
mation of the gums. 

UFmus. Elm, Slippery Elm. The inner 
bark of U. fulva. Contains a large per- 
centage of mucilage. Demulcent and 
slightly astringent. Valuable in diarrhoea, 
and an emollient in acute inflammations. 
29 



U. Mucilago, elm 6, boiling water 100, 
macerated for two hours and strained. 
Dose ad lib. 

Ul'na (Lat., a cubit). The large bone 
of the forearm. 

UFnar {ulna). Pertaining to the ulna. 

Ulna / ris (Lat.). Cubital. See Muscle- 
Table. 

Ulocarcino / ma {ovAov } carcinoma). Can- 
cer of the gums. 

Ulon / cus {ovAov, oynog, a tumor). A tumor 
or swelling of the gum. 

Ulorrha / gia {ovaov, pvyvvjui, to burst forth). 
Same as Ulorrhcea. 

Ulorrhoe / a {ovlov, pea), to flow). Bleeding 
at the gums. 

Ultimate {ultimus, super, of ultra, be- 
yond). Farthest, or most remote. U. 
Principle. See Principle. U. Analy- 
sis. See Analysis. 

-ulus. A Latin suffix denoting the di- 
minutive degree. 

Ultzmann's Test. For bile-pigment in 
the urine. Make a solution of I part caus- 
tic potash in 3 parts of water ; to this add 
2 parts (to 1 of the solution) of the sus- 
pected urine, shake and add hydrochloric 
acid to excess. If bile pigment be present, 
there will appear an emerald green color. 

Umbil'ical {umbilicus, the navel). Per- 
taining to the umbilicus. U. Cord. See 
Cord. U. Hernia. See Hernia. U. 
Region, the central region into which the 
abdomen is conveniently divided. U. 
Ring, the aperture, closed in the adult, 
through which the cord passed in foetal 
life. U. Vesicle, in embryology, a sphe- 
roidal sac appearing early in the foetus and 
disappearing about the seventh week after 
fecundation. It is situated between the 
chorion and the amnion. 

Umbil'icated {u??ibiliczis). Having a de- 
pression like the navel. 

UmbiLicus (Lat.). The navel. The round 
depressed cicatrix at the median line of the 
abdomen, marking the site of the aperture 
which, in foetal life, gave passage to the 
umbilical vessels. 

Un'cia (Lat.). An ounce. See Weights 
and Measures. 

Unciform Bone {uncus, a hook). The 
hook-shaped bone in the lower row of the 
bones of the carpus. 

Uncinate {uncus). Hooked. U. Con- 
volution, or Gyrus, the continuation of 



UNCIPRESSION 



450 



URACRATIA 



the superior occipital convolution or gyrus 
fornicatus, ending in a hook-like process 
near the end of the temporal lobe. 

Uncipres / sion, or 

Uncipres / sure [uncus). A method of 
arresting hemorrhage by the use of two 
hooks dug into the sides of the wound so as 
to compress the vessel. 

Unconsciousness. The state of being 
without sensibility and having abolished 
reflexes : a symptom of apoplexy, insola- 
tion, asphyxia, etc. 

Unc / tion [undid). The act of anointing. 
Also, an ointment. 

Un'dulated (dim. of un da, a wave). Pro- 
pagated in waves, wave -like. 

Un'dulatory [unda). Vibratory. Moving 
like waves. In physics, the undulatory 
theory of light presupposes the existence 
of an imponderable, tenuous medium 
called the ether, the undulations of which 
give rise to the phenomena of light, heat, 
and electricity. See Wave-length. 

Unfruit / fulness. Barrenness. Sterility. 

Un / gual [unguis, a claw). Pertaining to 
a nail of the hand or foot. Applied to 
nail-like structures, as the U. Bones. See 
Lachrymal Bones. 

Unguent, or 

Unguent/um. Anointment. In pharmacy, 
a soft, fatty mixture, usually of lard or of 
vaseline as an excipient, with a prescribed 
medicinal substance, intended for applica- 
tion, by inunction, to the skin. The melt- 
ing temperature of the ointment should 
be below that of the body. Simple un- 
guent consists of lard 80 and wax 20 
parts. There are 26 unguenta. 

Un'gues Adun / ci. See Onychogriphosis. 

Unguic / ulate [unguis). Having or re- 
sembling claws. 

Un / guis | Lat). The nail of the finger or 
toe. Also, the lachrymal bone which is 
shaped like a finger nail. 

Un'gulate [ungula, a hoof). Having 
hoofs; applied to certain orders of mam- 
malia. 

U 7 ni- [unus, one). A Latin prefix denot- 
ing one. 

Unicellular [unus, cellula, dim. of cella, 
a cell). Composed of or having but one 
cell. 

U / nicorn Root. See Aletris. 

U / nicorn U'terus. An uterus with but a 
single cornu. 

Unilateral [unus, latus, a side). Per- 
taining to or affecting but one side. 

Unilocular [unus, loculus, dim. of locus, 
a place). Having but one cell or cavity. 



Uniovular [unus, oculus). With but a 
single or Cyclopean eye. 
U'nion. See Healing. 
Unip / arous [unus, pario, to produce). 

Producing but one offspring at a time. 
UnipoTar (unus, polus, a pole). Applied 
to nerve-cells having but one process. 

U 'nit [unus). A single thing or value. The 
lowest integral value. Ampere. See Am- 
pere. Coulomb. See Coiclomb. U. of 
Current, a conductor one cm. long which, 
if bent into an arc of one cm. radius, 
will act with a force of one degree on a 
unit magnet pole at the center. Erg. See 
Unit of Work. Ergten, 10,000,000,000 
ergs. Farad. SeeEarad. Foot-pound, 
the work spent in raising one pound one 
foot, = 13,562,691 ergs. Horse-power, 
1,980,000 foot-pounds per hour, or, 550 
foot-pounds per second. Joule, 10,000.000 
ergs. U. Magnet Pole, a magnet having 
a strength of pole sufficient to repel a 
similar pole at a distance with a force of 
one degree. Megalerg, 1,000.000 ergs. 
Ohm. See Ohm. U. Photometric, the 
light emitted by one sq. cm. of melted pla- 
tinum at its sohdification-temperature. U. 
of Time, one second. Watt, 10 mega- 
lergs per second. U. of Work, the Erg, 
or the work done in raising I.9S1 gramme, 
= 1 Dyne, to the height of I centimeter. 
Volt. See Volt. See Metric System, and 
Weights and Measures. 

U / nitary [unus). Pertaining to or having 
the qualities of a unit. Also, pertaining 
to monsters having the organs of a single 
individual. 

Univalent [unus, valeo, to be able). An 
atom or radical molecule which can grasp 
but one monad atom. 

Universal. General. U. Joint, a ball- 
and-socket joint movable in any direction. 

University. A collection of colleges, 
each having a special curriculum of studies, 
under one academic government. 

Unorganized. Without organs, — but not 
necessarily lifeless. 

Unsoundness of Mind. Incapacity to 
govern one's affairs. 

U / pas (Malay). A name applied to several 
trees found in the East Indies containing 
a poisonous principle; probably identical 
with strychnia. Used as an arrow poison. 

Urachal [urachus). Pertaining to the 
urachus. 

U'rachus [ovpov, urine, ex<>>, to hold). A 
fibrous cord from the bladder to umbilicus, 
the upper part of the obliterated allantois. 

Uracra / tia. See Enuresis. 



UREMIA 



451 



URETHROTOMY 



Ur3e / mia (urea, ai/ia, blood). The combi- 
nation of symptoms due to the retention in 
the blood of the excrementitious substances 
normally excreted by the kidneys. 

Ura / lium. A combination of chloral hy- 
drate and urethan, discovered by Signor 
Poppi, of Bologna, in 1889. Said to be 
an excellent hypnotic. 

Uranis / coplasty (uraniscus, the palate, 
tt?mgou, to form). The plastic operation 
for the repair of cleft palate. 

Ura'nium. U = 120; quantivalence II. 
One of the rare metals. Neither the metal 
nor any of its salts are used in medicine. 
The oxide is employed to give a fluor- 
escent yellow to glass. 

Uranoplasty. The same as uranisco- 
plasty. 

Uranos / chisis. Cleft palate. 

Ura'rin. Same as Curarine, the active 
principle of Curare. 

U / rate. Combination of uric or lithic acids 
with a base. Present in normal urine. 
U. Test, heat upper part of a column of 
turbid urine ; if turbidity be due to urates 
it will clear up. Or, add potassium hy- 
drate and the sediment of urates will dis- 
solve. 

Urbanization (urbs, a city). A term de- 
vised to express the tendencies of modern 
societies to develop into cities at the ex- 
pense of the country population, with a 
consequent influence upon disease, the 
death-rate, etc. 

Ure'a (ovpov, urine), CO(NH 2 ) 2 . The 
chief solid constituent of urine, and princi- 
pal nitrogenous end-product of tissue meta- 
morphosis ; a carbamide, derived mainly 
from the decomposition of uric acid. U. 
Test, concentrate urine to syrupy con- 
sistence by evaporation, add nitric acid. 
The nitrate of urea will form a crystalline 
precipitate of rhombic plates. The quan- 
tity may be accurately estimated by Fow- 
ler's method, by that of Russel and West, 
by Liebig's volumetric method, or by Lyon's 
apparatus {Described in Holland' 's The 
Urine). See Hypobromite Method. 

Uream'eter [ovpov, fierpov, measure). An 
instrument for measuring the quantity of 
urea in urine. 

UrechPtis Suberec / ta. See Savana 
Flower. 

Urechy / sis (ovpov, exvaig, an effusion). 
Any effusion of urine into areolar tissue. 

Ure / do. See Urticaria. 

Urelco / sis (ovpov, eTuadcig, ulceration). 
Ulceration of the urethra or urinary organs. 

Ure / sis (cpvpov). Same as urination. 



-uret. In chemistry, a suffix formerly 
used to denote a binary compound of car- 
bon, sulphur, etc., with another element. 
In modern chemistry the suffix ide is used. 

Ure / ter (ovpeu, to urinate). The canal or 
tube conveying the urine from the kidney 
to the bladder. 

Ureteral/gia [ureter, alyog, a pain). Any 
pain in the ureters. 

Ureteric (ureter). Pertaining to the ure- 
ters. 

Ureteritis (ureter, itlc, inflammation). 
Inflammation of the ureters. 

Ure / terolith (ureter, lidog, stone). Cal- 
culus in the ureter. 

Ureterotomy (ureter, tojitj, cutting). In- 
cision of the ureter. 

Ure / than. Ethyl Carbamate. A recently 
discovered hypnotic and antipyretic. A 
decided antagonist to strychnine and other 
tetanizers. Has shown excellent results 
in convulsions and in tetanus. Dose.gr. 
xx-lx. Unof. 

Ure / thra (Lat.). The excretory canal of the 
bladder, extending from the neck of the 
bladder to the meatus urinarius. It is di- 
vided in the male into a prostatic portion, 
a membranous portion and a spongy por- 
tion. In the female it is about \y z inches 
in length. 

Urethral (urethra). Pertaining to the 
urethra. 

UrethraPgia (urethra, akyoq, pain). 
Pain in the urethra. 

Urethritis (urethra, itis, inflammation). 
Inflammation of the urethra. 

Urethrocele (urethra, Krfkq, a tumor). A 
pouch-like thickening of the wall of the 
urethra in females. 

Urethroplasty [urethra, 7rlaaao), to form). 
Plastic operation upon the urethra. 

Urethrorrha'gia (urethra, p^yvv/ui, to 
burst forth). Haemorrhage from the urethra. 

Urethrorrhce'a (urethra, peu, to flow). 
Any morbid discharge from the urethra. 

Urethroscope (urethra, gkotteo, to ex- 
amine). An instrument for examining the 
interior of the urethra. 

Ure / throspasm (urethra, anac fiog). 
Spasm of the urethra. 

Urethrostenosis (urethra, orevucng, a 
constriction). Stricture of the urethra. 

Urethrotomy (urethra, refiva, to cut). 
Incision of the urethra for stricture by an 
urethrotome, or other instrument. U., In- 
ternal, incision of urethral stricture by a 
blade entered through the natural urethra. 
U., External, by incision through the ex- 
ternal wall of the urethra. 



URIC ACID 



452 



ur : TOXY 



U'ric Acid. An acid found in the urine 
of man and the carnivora — rarely in the 
herbhrora — abundantly in the excrement of 
birds, reptiles and mollusks. Crystallizes 
in small, white, rhombic crystals, insoluble 
in alcohol and ether, soluble in 1900 parts 
of boiling water, and in hydrochloric acid, 
usually in combination with the 
metals of the alkaline group. Separated 
from urine by adding 10 per cent of hy- 
drochloric acid and allowing the crystals 
to settle for 48 hours, when they may be 
separated and weighed. Haycraft" s method 
is a more exact but extended process. 
ifnrexide Test. See Murexide. 

Uridrosis (ovpov, urine, idpuQ, sweat). 
Sudor Urinosus. A pathological condition 
characterized by the presence of urea in 
the sweat. Noticeable in cholera, uraemia, 
atrophy of the kidneys, and in some cases 
:: aruriiail;.- prciueef. liar.:: tresis. 

Urinae'mia (ovpov, aiua, blood). The ex- 
istertte :: urinary rr: iutts in the :.: : i. 

U'rinal (ovpov). A vessel for receiving 
trite 

U'rinary (ovpov). Pertaining to the urine. 
U. Organs, a general term : :ru: srtr me 
kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. 

Urina'tion (ovpov). The act of passing 
urine. Micturition. 

U'rine (ovpov). The secretion of the kid- 
neys, tie titter" ::::::: iutt :: me meta: :- 
lism of the proteids. 

Uriniferous (ovpov, fero, to bear). Car- 
rying or conveying urine. U. Tubules. 
See Tubulus. 

Urinol'ogy stience . Tne 

sciente :: me anaiysis anf. :::^:-::: sity 
mriiatrie :: urine. 

Urmtm eter (ovpov, perpov, a measure). 
A hydrometer for ascertaining the specific 
gravity of urine. 

U ::r.:us (ovpov). Having the nature of 



Uro- (ovpov). As a prefix, denotes con- 
nection with or relation to the urine, uric 
atii ;v an urate. 

Urobi'lin. A biliary pigment occurring in 
the urine of fevers and in bile. 

U 'rocele (ovpov, af/Ji, a tumor). A tume- 
faction of the scrotum, arising from the 
effusion of urine into its cavity or into the 
aretiar tissue. 

Uroch'eras (ovpov, xepac, sand). The 
sabulous matter deposited in standing 
•;-:.: 

D r::':.:ome (ovpov, £p6>iia). The chief 
coloring matter of the urine. Exposed to 
the air the watery solution oxidizes, form- 



ing Uroerythin. Uromelanin is a de- 
composition product. 
Urocyano / sis (ovpov, kvovoc, blue). 

Urine colored blue by the presence of in- 

dican. 
Urocyst/is (ovpov, Kvcrtg, a bladder The 

urinary ':1a; ier. 
Urodial'ysis (ovpov, dtaMcic. a cessation). 

The partial and temporary cessation of the 

secretion of urine by the kidneys concomi- 
tant with many acute diseases. 
Urodochium (ovpov, dexo/iai, to receive). 

An urinal. 
Urcede / ma (ovpov, oedema, a swelling). A 

tumefaction arising from the distention of 

a tissue or cavity by the escape of urine. 
Uro-er'ythin. See Urochrome. 
Urogenital (ovpov. ^enitjIL). Pertaining 

conjointly to tile urinary and genital organs. 

U. Sinus, the anterior part of the cloaca 

into which the Miillerian ducts open. 
Uroglau'cin (ovpov, ^/.aifcoc. green). A 

decomposition product of indican ; called, 

also, urocyanin, and indigotin. 
Uroha? / matin (ovpov, Jucmatin). Haema- 

tin in the urine. 
U'rolith (ovpov t liBog, a stone). An urinary 

calculus. 
Urolitb/ic (ovpov, ?u6oc). Pertaining to or 

having the nature of urinary calculus. 
Uromeranin. See Urochrome. 
Urom'elus (ovpa, tail, fieloc, limb). A 

class of symmelic monstrosities with a 

single hand or foot 
Urometer. S ee Urinometer. 
Uropla'nia (ovpov, •srXuvq, wandering). 

The abnormal appearance of urine in other 

than the urinary organs. 
Uropoe'sis (ovpov, ttoced, to make). The 

secretion of the urine by the kidneys 
Urty sam'rr.us .::::. ~r; .:;. sari. 

(Jrinary sand. 
Urorrha'gia (ovpov, pipfWfu, to burst forth). 

Excessive secretion and, discharge of urine. 
Urorrhoe / a [ovpov, pew, to flow ) . The ordi- 
nary normal flow of the urine. 
U r : r u b in (ovpov, rub us, red) . An urinary 

pigment 

CJiosche 'ocele. See Urocele. 
Uros'copy {ovpov, oko~£u, to examine). 

Examination and analysis of the urine. 
Uro ses (urine). In pathology, diseases 

of the urinary organs. 
Uroste'alith ovpov, crreap, fat, "/jBoc, 

stone). Fatty or saponaceous matters in 

calculi. 
Urotheobro'mine. See Pzraxanthine. 
U 'rotoxy (ovpov, toEikov) . A term invented 

by Bouchard to denote the standard of 



UROUS 



453 



UTERUS 



toxicity of urine necessary to kill a kilo- 
gramme of living substance. 

U / rous (ovpov). Having the nature of 
urine. In chemistry, applied to an acid 
derived from urine. 

Uroxan / thin. Indigogen. A pigmentary 
substance occurring normally in human 
urine. Its secretion is enormously increased 
in the first stage of cholera and certain 
affections of the liver. 

Urtica / ria (urtica, a nettle) . Nettle Rash ; 
Cnidosis ; Uredo. A transient eruption 
of the skin accompanied by inflammation 
and marked by the presence of rapidly 
formed and evanescent wheals. There are 
several varieties distinguished by various 
names. The following are noted by 
Crocker: U. acuta, U. chronica, U. papu- 
losa, and U. pigmentosa, in the last of 
which the main lesions are permanent and 
marked by the deposition of pigmentary 
matter. 

Urtica / tion {urtica). Flagellation with 
nettles, a method of treatment formerly 
employed in paralysis, and also to produce 
irritation. 

U / sage. Any common habit, custom or 
manner. 

Ustila / go May / dis. Corn Smut. A fun- 
gus parasitic upon maize or Indian corn. 
Zea Mays. Resembles nux vomica and 
ergot of rye combined, in medical proper- 
ties. Rarely employed. U., Ext. Fid., 
unof. Dose n\xv-^j. 

Us / tion {tiro, to burn). A burning. In 
chemistry, incineration. In surgery, 
cauterization. 

Us / tus (tiro). Calcined. Dehydrated by 
intense heat. 

U / terine (uterus). Pertaining to the uterus. 
U. Anteflexion, or Anteversion. See 
Uterus. U. Appendages, the ovaries 
and oviducts. U. Gestation, the period of 
time between conception and delivery. U. 
Inertia. See Uterus. U. Inversion. 
See Uterus. U. Involution. See Uterus. 
U. Milk, a fluid between the villi of the 
placenta in the cow. U. Pregnancy, 
normal pregnancy. U. Souffle, a vascu 
lar sound heard with the stethoscope, at 
the abdomen of a 5-6 months pregnant 
woman. 

Uteri'tis {uterus, itis, inflammation). In- 
flammation of the womb. 

U / tero- (uterus). A Latin word used as a 
prefix to denote connection with or relation 
to the womb. 

Utero-gesta / tion. The uterine period of 
gestation. 



Uterot / omy (uterus, re/ivo, to cut). In- 
cision into the uterus. 

Utero-ova / rian (uterus, ovarium). Per- 
taining conjointly to the uterus and the 
ovaries. 

U / terus (Lat). The womb, the organ 
of gestation and of parturition. U., An- 
teflexion of. See Anteflexion. U., 
Anteversion of. See Anteversion. U., 
Arbor Vitae of, branch-like elevations of 
the mucous membrane of the cervix. U. 
Bicornis, when, from arrested develop- 
ment, the upper part of the uterus is di- 
vided into two horns or compartments. 
U., Body of, that part above the isthmus. 
U., Cervix of, that part below the isthmus. 
U., Columns of, the ridges or elevations 
of the mucous membrane of the cervix 
from which extend the branches that with 
three columnar central axes are called the 
arbor vita?. U., Contraction of, the in- 
termittent contractile function of the uterus 
whereby the foetus is expelled. U. Cor- 
diformis, an arrested development in 
which the uterus is heart-shaped, or with 
a depression in the fundus. U., Corpus 
of. See Body. U. Duplex, a double 
uterus from an arrested development. U., 
Fundus of, the portion above a line 
drawn from one oviduct to the other. 
U., Hour-glass Contraction of, the 
formation of two distinct cavities of the 
body and neck, the narrowed internal os 
marking the boundary between them. U., 
Incarceration of, strangulation by pres- 
sure or constriction. U., Inertia of, de- 
ficiency of uterine contractions. U., In- 
version of, the organ is " upside-down, 
and wrong-side out." U., Involution 
of, the process whereby the uterus is re- 
duced to its normal size and weight after 
labor. U., Isthmus of, a slight depres- 
sion or constriction vipon the external sur- 
face. U., Neck of, same as cervix. U., 
One-horned, an arrestation of develop- 
ment resulting in a uterus composed of a 
single lateral half, usually with but one 
oviduct. Uteri, Os External, the ex- 
ternal mouth or opening into the vagina ; 
Internal, the internal anatomical limit 
between the body and cervix. Plicae 
Palmatae, the radiate branchings of the 
arbor vita? from the central axis. U., 
Procidentia of, protrusion of the uterus 
from the vulvar orifice. U., Prolapse 
of, falling of the uterus, but not protruding 
from the vulvar orifice. U., Retraction 
of, the constant property of the uterus that 
tends to keep the uterine walls in apposi- 



UTRICLE 



454 



VAGINA 



tion. U., Retroflexion of, a bending 
of the posterior uterine surface upon itself. 
U., Retroversion of, when the fundus 
is so posteriorly misplaced that the axis of 
the body forms an obtuse angle with the 
axis of the pelvic inlet. U., Souffle of. 
See Uterine. U. Unicornis. See U, 
One-homed 

U / tricle (dim. of titer, a small bag). Any 
minute cell or vesicle. Also, a depression, 
the sinus pocularis, between the ejaculatory 
ducts. Also, a cavity communicating with 
the semicircular canals of the ear. 

Utric/ular {utricle'). Relating to the utricle. 
Resembling a small bag or bottle. 

U'va Ur'si. Bearberry. The leaves of 
Arctostaphylos U. Contains gallic and 
tannic acids, arbutin (resolvable into hy- 
droquinone) and other extractives ; astrin- 
gent, tonic and diuretic. Formerly much 
employed in calculous disorders of the 
bladder. Dosegr.x-gj. U., Ext. Fid. 



Dose Tt\x-3J. Arbutin, the glucoside. 
Unof. Dose gr. iij-v. 

Uve / a (Lat., a grape, from the resemblance 
to its color). Also called the Uveal tract. 
The choroid membrane or vascular tunic 
as a whole, especially the iris and ciliary 
body. 

Uveitis. See Iritis. 

U / vula (Lat.). The conical membranous 
appendix hanging from the free edge of the 
palate. U. Cerebelli, a small lobule in 
that part of the cerebellum which forms the 
posterior boundary of the fourth ventricle. 
U., Vesical, a prominence in the orifice 
of the urethra. 

U / vular [uvula). Pertaining to the uvula. 

Uvulatomy. Excision of the uvula. 

Uvuli'tis [uvula, itis, inflammation). In- 
flammation of the uvula. 

Uvulopto / sis [uvula, tttuglq, falling). 
Relaxed and pendulous condition of the 
uvula. 



V. Abbreviation of Vision, or Acuity of 
Vision. 

Vaccina. Same as Vaccuiia. 

Vaccinal [vacca, a cow). Pertaining to 
vaccination or to vaccine. 

Vaccination [vacca). The inoculation 
of the body with the virus of a pustular 
disease of bovidce, called cow-pox, in order 
to protect from or modify the virulence of 
smallpox. V. Rash, a rash sometimes 
following vaccination ; usually transitory, 
but sometimes taking eczematous or ery- 
thematous forms. May also be syphilitic. 

Vac / cine [vacca). The lymph occurring 
within the eruptive vesicle of cow-pox. 
V. Virus, the same prepared for use in 
vaccination. V., Bovine, that derived 
from the vesicles of heifers. V., Human- 
ized, that from vesicles of man. 

VaccinelTa [vacca). The secondary erup- 
tion sometimes following cow-pox. 

VacchVia [vacca). Cow-pox. 

Vaccin'ium Crassifo / lium. A plant 
having therapeutic properties resembling 
those of uva ursi. Useful in catarrhal in- 



flammations of the urinary tract. Dose 
of the fid. ext. Tl\xxx-3J. Unof. 

Vacci / no-syph / ilis. Syphilis conveyed 
by vaccination. 

Vac / uole [vacuus, empty). A small space 
within cell-protoplasm, containing a clear 
fluid. 

Vac / uum (Lat.). A space from which 
the air has been exhausted. 

Vagi'na (Lat., a sheath). The musculo- 
membranous canal extending from the vul- 
val opening to the cervix uteri, the organ 
of copulation in the female, the excretory 
canal for uterine secretions, and a part of 
the birth canal. V., Bulbs of, two erec- 
tile organs upon the lateral and anterior 
parts of the vagina. V., Columns of, 
two longitudinal elevations of the mucous 
membrane, on the anterior and posterior 
wall. V., Cul-de-sacs of, four arches 
[anterior, posterior, right and left lateral), 
made by the junction of the vaginal walls 
with the uterus. V., Double, an anomaly 
of development consisting in a duplication 
of the canal. V., Fornix of, the combined 



VAGINAL 



455 



VARIATION 



cul-de-sacs. V., Rugae of, transverse 
elevations of the mucous membrane branch- 
ing from the columns. 

Vaginal {vagina). Pertaining to the 
vagina. 

Vag / inate {vagina). Sheathed. 

Vaginismus {vagina). Pain, spasm and 
hyperesthesia of the vagina and surround- 
ing parts. 

Vaginitis {vagina, ids, inflammation). 
Inflammation of the walls of the vagina. 

Vag'ino- {vagina). A Latin word used 
as a prefix to denote connection with or 
relation to the vagina. 

Vaginotomy {vagina, rofirj, section). In- 
cision of the vagina. 

Vag'itus {vago, to cry). The cry of an 
infant. V. Uterinus, the cry of a child 
in utero. 

Vagotomy (vagus, TOfirj, section). Sec- 
tion of the vagus. 

Va / gus {vago, to wander). See Nerve ', 
Pneumogastric. 

Va / lence. See Quantivalence. 

Valeria / na. Valerian. The rhizome and 
rootlets of V. officinalis. Properties due 
to a volatile oil which yields several deri- 
vatives. Antispasmodic and gently stimu- 
lant to nervous system and organs of cir- 
culation. In full doses increases heart 
action, producing exhilaration; in toxic 
doses, diarrhoea, vomiting, reduced sensi- 
bility and mental disturbance. Excellent 
in hysteria, convulsion due to worms, the 
coma of typhus fever, and whooping- 
cough. V., Abstr. Dose gr. v-xx. V., 
Ext. Fid. Dose tt\x-xxx. V., Tinct., 
20 percent. Dose gss-ij. V., Tinct. 
Ammoniat., valerian 20, arom. spt. ammo- 
nia to 100 parts. Dose gss-ij. V., Ol., 
the volatile oil. Dose TT\,ij-v. See, also, 
Ammonium, Zinc, Iron, and Quinine. 

Valetudinarian {valetudo, health). An 
invalid. 

VaFgus. See Talipes. 

Vallecula (dim. of vallis, valley). A 
small depression, — a name applied to sev- 
eral slight furrows or pits of the body. V. 
Cerebelli. See Valley of Cerebellum. 

Valleix's Points. See Points Douloureux. 

Val'let's Mass. See Ferrum. 

Val'ley of Cerebellum. The depression 
dividing the lateral hemispheres of the 
cerebellum. 

Valsalva's Experiment. Ventilation of 
the middle ear by an expiratory effort, the 
mouth and nose being closed. 

ValsaFva, Si'nus of. See Sinus. 

Val'va. See Valve. 



Valve {valvcr, folding doors). A mem- 
brane or lid so affixed to a tube or canal 
that it opens to permit free passage one 
way, but closes to intercept passage in the 
opposite direction. A name used chiefly 
to designate the valves of the heart. V. 
of Bauhin, the ileo-csecal valve at the 
back part of the large intestine. V., 
Coronary, protects the orifice of the 
coronary sinus and prevents regurgitation 
during contraction of auricle. V., Eusta- 
chian, between the inferior vena cava 
and right auricle. V. of Hasner, an 
imperfect valve at the inferior meatus of 
the nose. V. of Kerkring. See Duo- 
denum. V., Mitral, the valve opening 
from the left auricle to the left ventricle. 
V., Semilunar, the three valves guarding 
the orifice of the pulmonary artery ; also 
the three valves around the orifice of the 
aorta. V. of Thebesius, the coronary 
valve or fold of the membrane of the auricle 
which protects the coronary sinus. V., 
Tricuspid, opens from right auricle to 
right ventricle. V. of Vieussens, a thin 
leaf of medullary substance between the 
processes which extend from the cerebellum 
to the testes of the brain. 

Val'vula (dim. oivalvd). A small valve; 
a valvule. Valvulae Conniventes (or 
valves of Kerkring). See Duodenum. 

VanilTa. The fruit of V. planifolia, an 
orchid found in tropical America. Odor 
due to a methyl-ether, vanillin. An aro- 
matic stimulant, sometimes employed in 
hysteria and low fevers. Employed chiefly 
as a flavor. V. Tinct., 10 per cent. 
Dose as desired. 

Vanillism. The symptoms, among the 
workmen in vanilla factories, due to the 
action of the volatile principles of vanilla. 

Van Swieten's Solution. Corrosive sub- 
limate I part, water 1 000 parts. 

Va'por (Lat.). The gaseous form of a 
substance which at ordinary temperatures 
is a liquid. 

Vaporization {vapor). The process by 
which volatile matters are separated from 
fixed substances by means of heat. The 
conversion of a solid or liquid into a 
vapor. 

Variation (vario, to change). The change 
or mutation which a part, an organ, an 
individual, or a class, suffers under the modi- 
fying influences of climate, food, habits of 
life and environment. It may take the 
form of an arrested development, a specific 
development, or a general development of 
any or all organs of the body. 



VARICELLA 



456 



VASO-MOTOR 



Varicella (dim. of variola, smallpox). 
A specific, infectious disease of children, 
popularly known as chicken-pox. It has 
an incubation period of eight days, and is 
rarely preceded by a premonitory stage 
of slight fever and roseolous rash. It is 
characterized by an eruption of glabrous, 
transparent vesicles, which appear in suc- 
cessive crops on different parts of the body, 
bursting the third to the fifth day from 
their appearance, finally leaving small, 
punctured scabs. Slight febrile symptoms. 

Var'iciform [varix, a swollen vein, for?na, 
a form). Having the form of a varix or 
swelled vein. 

Varicocele (varix, Krfki], a tumor). Dila- 
tation of the veins of the scrotum or of the 
spermatic cord. 

Varicose {varix). Applied to swollen, 
knotted and tortuous veins. V. Aneu- 
rism. See Aneurism. 

Variety [varietas, change). In classifi- 
cation, a subdivision of a species. 

Variola [varius, variegated, spotted). 
Smallpox. A specific infectious disease 
ushered in with severe febrile symptoms, 
which, in the course of two or three days, 
is followed by a papular eruption spread- 
ing over all parts of the body. During 
the succeeding two weeks the eruption 
passes through periods of vesiculation, 
pustulation, and incrustation. The falling 
off of the latter produces the well-known 
pock-marks or pitted appearance on the 
skin. The period of incubation is about 
thirteen days. A secondary fever usually 
sets in during the pustular stage. V., 
Discrete, a form in which the pustules 
preserve their distinct individuality. V., 
Confluent, a severer form, in which the 
pustules spread and run together. V., 
Malignant, often called black smallpox 
and hemorrhagic smallpox. Its distin- 
guishing feature is haemorrhage into the 
skin. It is invariably fatal. V., Mitigated, 
or Modified. See Varioloid. 

Variolate (variola). Having small pus- 
tules like those of variola. 

Variolation, or 

Varioliza / tion. The inoculation of small- 
pox. 

Varioloid [variola, eidoq, resemblance). 
The slight form of the disease variola or 
smallpox as modified by vaccination or in- 
oculation. It is chiefly important from the 
possibility that the patient may become a 
source of infection for others. 

Variolous (variola). Pertaining to or 
having the nature of variola. 



Va'rix (varus, crooked). A venous dila- 
tation. 

VaroTii, Pons. See Pons. 

Va / rus. See Acne and Talipes. 

Vas (Lat., a vessel, pi. vasa). A vessel. 
A generic term for the tubules or canal- 
like structures for the conduction of liquids, 
secretions, etc., through the body or from 
one organ to another ; used particularly of 
vessels carrying blood. V. Aberrans. 
See Vasculum Aberrans. V. Aberrantia, 
sometimes connect the brachial or axillary 
arteries with one of the arteries of the 
forearm. V. Afferentia, the branches 
of a lymphatic or lacteal vessel previous 
to entering a gland. V. Brevia, gastric 
branches of the splenic artery. V. De- 
ferens, the excretory duct of the testis, 
the continuation of the epididymis. V. 
Efferentia, the terminal ducts of the rete 
testis ; applied also to the efferent vessel 
of a lymphatic gland. V. Intestini 
Tenuis, small vessels arising from the 
superior mesenteric artery and distributed 
to the jejunum and ileum. V. Recta, the 
tubules of the rete testis. V. Vasorum, 
the vessels supplying the arteries and veins 
with blood, — i. e., the vessels supplying 
the vessels themselves. V. Vorticosae. 
See Vena. 

Vas / cular (vasculum, a little vessel). Per- 
taining to vessels. V. System, the ve- 
nous and arterial system. 

Vascularization (vasculum). The for- 
mation and extension of vascular capil- 
laries. 

Vas'culum (Lat.). A small vessel. V. 
Aberrans, a tube extending from the 
lower part of the epididymis into the cord. 

Vas / eline. See Petrolatum. 

Vas / o- (vasa). A Latin word used as 
a prefix to denote connection with the 
vessels. 

Vaso-constricfor. See Vaso-motor. 

Vaso-dila / tor. Pertaining to the positive 
dilating motility of the non- striped muscles 
of the vascular system. A nervous mech- 
anism, with center and efferent nerves, 
probably exists. 

Vaso-hyperton'ic. See Vaso-motor. 

Vaso- inhibitory. Pertaining to the 
function of dilatation of the vessels. 

Vaso-mo / tor. Pertaining to the motility 
of the non-striped muscles of the arterial 
system. V. Center. See Center. Sub- 
ordinate centres are distributed throughout 
the spinal axis. V. Nerves, the nerves 
passing to the blood vessels ; stimulation 
causing contraction, narrowing of the 



VASTUS 



457 



VENTER 



lumen, and consequent increase of blood 
pressure. Paralysis of the center produces 
the opposite effects. 

Vastus. Set Muscle-Table. 

Vater's Corpuscles. Tactile end-organs 
lying in the subcutaneous tissue. Called, 
also, Pacini's Corpuscles. 

Vec / tis (veho, to carry). An instrument 
similar to the single blade of a forceps used 
in expediting the delivery of the head in 
labor. 

Vegetable (vegeo, to grow). A plant, 
or pertaining to plant life. V. Albumin. 
See Phytalbumose. V. Economy, the 
systematic arrangement of the parts and 
organs of plants. V. Mercury. See 
Manaca and Anchieta salutaris. 

Vegetable Pro / teids. See Proteids. 

Vegetarian. One who eschews flesh of 
every kind and subsists only on vegetable 
food. 

Vegetation {vegeo, to grow). Morbid 
or fungous growths, such as abnormal 
granulations, excrescences, warts, etc. V., 
Adenoid, morbid growths in the naso- 
pharyngeal cavity. 

Vegetative (vegeo). Having the power 
of growth, like a vegetable ; applied to cer- 
tain morbid tumors. 

Veg / eto- (vegeo). A Latin word used as 
a prefix to denote connection with or rela- 
tion to the vegetable kingdom. 

Ve / hicle (veho, to carry). Anything which 
carries or conveys. In pharmacy, any ex- 
cipient or substance serving as a medium 
of administration. 

Veil. See Velum. 

Vein \vena). The veins are tube-like ves- 
sels that gather the blood from the lungs 
and peripheral organs of the body and 
convey it to the auricles of the heart. 
They are divided into three systems or 
groups : the Pulmonary, Systemic and 
Portal, the latter being an appendage of 
the systemic, its capillaries ramifying in 
the liver. Vena Cava Inferior, is formed 
by the junction of the two Common Iliac 
veins, and empties into the right auricle of 
the heart. It receives Lumbar, Right 
Spermatic, Renal, Suprarenal, Phrenic and 
Hepatic branches. Vena Cava Supe- 
rior, formed by the union of the innomi- 
nate veins, conveys the blood from the 
upper half of the body to the right auricle. 
Venae Comites, veins that accompany 
arteries in their course. V., Emissary, 
small veins through the cranial foramina, 
connecting the sinuses with external veins. 
V., Jugular, the two large venous trunks, 



the internal and external, from the head, 
neck and face, emptying into the sub- 
clavian. V., Portal, or Vena Arteri- 
osa, the trunk uniting the superior and 
inferior mesenteric, splenic and gastric 
veins, and carrying the blood from the di- 
gestive viscera to the liver. V., Pulmo- 
nary, the only veins carrying arterial blood, 
beginning in the pulmonary capillaries and 
emptying into the left auricle. V., Vor- 
ticosas, the venous network and trunks of 
the choroid coat of the eye. 

Vein 7 -brooch. An instrument for com- 
pressing veins, in varicose vein. 

Vein'-stone. See Phlebolite. 

Velamen / tous. Veil-like. 

Vela'men Vul'vae. See Apron. 

Vel'larine. See Hydrocotyle. 

Vellica / tion (vellico, to twitch). The 
spasmodic twitching of muscular fiber as 
observed in tic. 

Velpeau's Band'age. See Bandage. 

VeTum (veto, to hide). Used of several 
curtain- or veil-like structures. V. Inter- 
positum, avascular triangular membrane, 
extending in a curved direction across the 
floor of the fourth ventricle. V., Poste- 
rior Medullary, the commissure of the 
flocculus of the cerebellum. V. Pendu- 
lum Palati, the soft palate. 

Ve / na (vena). A vein. See Vein. 

Ve'nae (pi. of vena). Veins. See Vein. 
V. Galeni, the two trunks formed by the 
union of the vein of the corpus striatum 
and that of the choroid ; empty into the 
straight sinus. V. Thebesii, the small 
veins by which blood is transmitted from 
the walls of the heart to the right auricle. 

Venena / tion (venenum, a poison). The 
condition of one affected by the venom of 
a poisonous insect or reptile. 

Vene / real ( Venus, the goddess of love). 
Pertaining to the sexual passion. V. 
Diseases, gonorrhoea, syphilis and chan- 
cre. V. Sore. See Chancre. V. Wart. 
See Verruca. 

Ven / ery (venus). Sexual intercourse. 

Venesection. See Blood-letting. 

Ven'om (venenum). The poison secreted 
by certain reptiles and insects, as the rattle- 
snake, the scorpion, etc. 

Ve / nous (vena). Pertaining to a vein. 
V. Hum, the murmur or rushing sound 
observed in the auscultation of a vein. V. 
Naevus. See Navus Vascularis. 

Ven / ter (venter, belly). Used of struc- 
tures having a belly-like appearance. V. 
of Ilium, the iliac fossa. V. of Kidney, 
the pelvis of the kidney. 



VENTILATION 



453 



VERNAL 



Ventila'tion [zenti/o, to fan). The pas- 
sage or act of passing currents of fresh air 
through buildings, vessels, dwelling apart- 
ments, mining shafts, etc., to replace foul or 
vitiated air. In hospitals the fundamental 
principle of ventilation observed is that each 
adult person confined in a space of iooo 
cubic feet requires 3000 cubic feet of fresh air 
per hour in order to prevent the proportion 
of carbon dioxide in the room from rising 
above yf^ per cent. This estimate is based 
on the fact that each adult expires, on the 
average, T 6 ¥ of a cubic foot of carbon dioxide 
per horn. 

Ven / tral {venter, the belly or abdominal 
cavity). Pertaining to the belly. 

Ven / tricle (dim, of venter). Applied to 
certain structures or parts having a bellied 
appearance. V. of Arantius, a cul-de- 
sac in the medulla. V. of Brain, the 
third, fourth, fifth and two lateral : V., 
Third, between the optic thalami extend- 
ing to the base of the brain ; V., Fourth, 
the space between the medulla and pons 
in front, and the cerebellum; V., Fifth, 
the cavity between the lamina of the septum 
lucidum; V., Lateral, formed by the upper 
part of the general ventricular space in the 
interior of the brain, V, of Cerebellum, 
the fourth ventricle. V. of Corpus Callo- 
sum, space between the labium cerebri 
and corpus callosum. V. of Larynx, a 
depression between the true and false vocal 
cords. V., Left, of Heart, that at the 
posterior and left side of the heart, and 
which, through the aorta, forces the blood 
over the general system. V., Right, of 
Heart, that forcing the blood through the 
pulmonary artery to the lungs. 

Ven'tricose {venter). Swelled or dis- 
tended like a belly. 

Ventric / ulus. See Ventricle. 

Ventriloquism {venter, loquor, to speak). 
Peculiar vocal utterance without the usual 
modifications of the resonance organs, so 
that the voice seems to come from a closed 
space or distance. 

Ven'trose {venter). Having a belly, or a 
swelling like a belly. 

Ventrot / omy. The operation of surgical 
incision of the abdominal cavity. 

Ven / ula (dim. of vena, a vein). A little 
vein. 

Ve'nus Flycatcher. See Trumpet Plant. 

Vera'trum Vir'ide. American Hellebore. 
The rhizome and rootlets of the plant con- 
tain jervine, veratrine and other alkaloids. 
A powerful depressant of the heart and 
paralyzant of the spinal cord. Action 



similar to that of aconite, but regarded as 
inferior. Highly esteemed in puerperal 
fevers, pneumonia and aneurism. V. Al- 
bum, the white hellebore; properties simi- 
lar to those of V. Viride. V. Ext. Fid. 
Dose TT\j-iv. V. Ol., veratrine 2, oleic 
acid 98 parts. V. Tinct., 50 per cent. 
Dose rrijj-x. V. Ung., veratrine 4, alco- 
hol 6, benzoinated lard 90 parts. Vera- 
trine, the alkaloid, prepared from seeds 
of Cevadilla or Asagrcea. Dose gr. j -f . 

Verbas / cum. Mullein. The leaves of 
V. thaspus, or common mullein. Emol- 
lient, demulcent and slightly anodyne. A 
popular domestic remedy in phthisis and 
other pulmonary affections, being palliative 
to the cough. Useful in diarrhoea and in- 
flammations of the urinary tract. 

Ver / det [Fr.). A fungous disease of maize 
due to the parasite Ustilago segetum, Uredo 
carbo or Sporisorium maidis, on the grains. 
It was erroneously believed to cause Pel- 



Ver'juice {verd, green, jus, juice). The 
expressed juice of unripe fruits. 

VermicelTi 1 It., little worms K An Italian 
paste consisting mainly of flour, cheese 
and egg, rolled into small worm-like cylin- 
ders. It is a favorite ingredient of soups. 

Ver'micide {vermis, a worm, cado, to kill). 
A medicine or agent that kills intestinal 
worms. 

Vermicular (dim. of vermis). Worm- 
shaped or with worm-like motion. 

Vermic / ulate {vermis). Resembling or 
shaped like a worm. 

Vermicula / tion {vermis). The peculiar 
motion of certain tubular organs, such as 
the oesophagus and intestines, consisting 
in the progressive contraction of successive 
parts of the tube. 

Ver / miform {vermis, for?na, a form). 
Having a shape like a worm. V. Ap- 
pendage, a worm-shaped tube at the 
lower back part of the caecum. V. Pro- 
cess, two worm-shaped medullary projec- 
tions connecting the two hemispheres of 
the cerebellum. 

Ver'mifuge {vermis, fugo, to flee). A 
medicine or agent that expels intestinal 
worms. 

Vermina / tion {vermis). The condition 
of one affected with worms. 

Vernacular {vernaculus, native). The 
language or dialect of one's own country. 

Ver'nal {vernalis). Pertaining to the 
spring. V. Conjunctivitis, a conjuncti- 
val inflammation or congestion, occurring 
chiefly in the young, and recurring each 



VERNIER 



459 



VESICULA 



spring or summer, and disappearing with 
frost. 

Vernier. In physics, a contrivance attached 
to various instruments of precision for the 
estimation of minute fractions of any unit 
of distance. 

Ver'nine. A leucomame-base found in 
young vetch, clover, ergot, etc. ; yields 
guanine on heating with hydrochloric acid. 
Its discovery showed another well-defined 
source of guanine beside the nucleins. 

Ver'nix Caseo / sa. " Cheesy Varnish." 
A sebaceous deposit covering the surface 
of the foetus. 

Verno / nine. The active principle of the 
root of Vemonia nigritiana, an African 
plant. Properties similar to digitalin, though 
its poisonous properties are much less. 

Verru / ca (Lat.). A wart. A small papillary 
growth on the skin, variable in size, shape 
and consistency. V. Condyloma Acu- 
minata, venereal warts. Most frequent 
in the glans penis, the prepuce, or labia 
and vagina. According to Van Harlingen, 
never a manifestation of syphilitic taint. 
V. Digitate, with soft, flexible shaft and 
horny cap. V. Filiform, small and with 
pointed end. V. Plana, flat and slightly 
elevated. See Dissection Wounds. 

Verru / ga Perua'na. Peruvian Wart. A 
specific, endemic, inoculable disease, geo- 
graphically confined to the narrow gorges 
of the Peruvian Andes, consisting of soft, 
vascular tumors of connective tissue, which 
finally crack or break at the surface. Fol- 
lowed by severe haemorrhages and pro- 
found anaemia. 

Version [verto, to turn). An obstetric 
operation whereby one end of the fcetal 
ovoid is made to replace the other. V., 
Cephalic, turning the foetus so as to bring 
the head to present. V. External, effected 
by external manipulation. V. Internal, 
by entering the hand within the uterus. V., 
Pelvic, turning the foetus so as to bring 
about a breech presentation. V., Podalic, 
bringing down one or both feet. V., Spon- 
taneous, the process whereby a transverse 
position is, without external influence, 
changed into a longitudinal one, or by 
which a normal position is changed. 

Ver / tebra [verto). The vertebrae are the 
33 bones forming the spine or vertebral 
column, divided into 7 cervical, 12 dorsal, 
5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccygeal. V. Den- 
tata, the axis, or second cervical. V. 
Prominens, the 7th cervical. Vertebral 
Column, the spine, a designation of the 
whole of the vertebrae. 



Vertebra / ta {vertebra, a back-bone). In 
zoology, a great division of the animal 
kingdom, including all animals having a 
spinal column. 

Vertex (Lat.). The superior region of the 
skull. 

Vertical {vertex, a polar axis). Pertain- 
ing to the vertex. In a direction the op- 
posite of horizontal. V. Diameter of 
Cranium, a line from the basion to the 
bregma. 

Vertiginous [vertigo). Affected with 
vertigo. 

Vertigo [verto, to turn). Giddiness, dizzi- 
ness. The sensation of a lack of equi- 
librium. It may be due to pathological 
conditions of the ears (Auditory V.), the 
eyes (Ocular V.), the brain (Cerebral V.), 
the blood, etc. V., Aural, Labyrinthine 
V., or Meniere's Disease. V., Essen- 
tial, when no abnormalism of the body 
exists to account for it. V., Objective, 
when objects seem to the patient to move. 
V., Subjective, when the patient himself 
seems to move. 

Verumonta / num [verus, true, mons, a 
mountain). The caput gallinaginis, a 
longitudinal ridge in the floor of the canal 
of the male urethra. 

Vesica (Lat.). The bladder. 

Vesical {vesica, a bladder). Pertaining to 
or having the nature of a bladder. 

Ves / icant. See Blister. 

Vesicatory {vesica). A medicine or agent 
that, applied to the skin, produces a blister. 

Ves / icle (Lat., dim. of vesica). See, also, 
Paptrfe. A small blister or bladder-like 
papule. V., Blastodermic. See Blasto- 
derm. V., Germinal. See Macula and 
Zona Pellucida. V., Graafian, the ovi- 
sacs of the ovary containing the ova. 
V. of Purkinje. See Macula. V., 
Seminal, the lobulated pouches of mem- 
brane between the base of the bladder and 
the rectum, that serve as reservoirs for the 
semen. 

Ves / ico- [vesica). A Latin word used as 
a prefix to denote relation to or connection 
with the bladder. 

Ves / ico-rec / tal [vesica, rectum). Per- 
taining conjointly to the bladder and the 
rectum. 

Ves / ico-vag / inal. Pertaining conjointly 
to the bladder and vagina. 

Vesic / ula (dim. of vesica, a bladder). A 
vesicle or papule containing lymph. Ap- 
plied, also, to a number of pouches or 
bladder-like bodies. V. Graafianae, the 
vesicles in the outer layer and stroma of 



VESICULAR 



460 



VINUM 



the ovary, each of which contains an ovum. 
V. Nabothi, the small glandular bodies 
within the mouth of the uterus. V. Pros- 
tatica,the depression or cul-de-sac, called, 
also, the sinus poadaris, which traverses 
the prostate gland beneath its middle lobe. 
It is the male homologue of the uterus, 
developed from the Mullerian ducts. V. 
Seminales, the two lobulated, membra- 
nous pouches between the base of the 
bladder and the rectum. They constitute 
reservoirs for the semen. V. Serosa, the 
false amnion. See Amnion. 

Vesic / ular (vesicula). Pertaining to or 
having vesicles. 

VesiculiFerous [vesicula, fero, to bear). 
Bearing or having vesicles. 

Vespa'jus [yespa, a wasp's nest). A fol- 
licular and suppurative inflammation of the 
hairy part of the scalp. 

Ves / sel (vas). Any tube or canal through 
which the fluids, especially the blood, of 
the body circulate. See Vas. 

Vestibule (vestibuluni, a porch). A porch 
or threshold. V. of Ear, the oval cavity 
of the internal ear which forms the entrance 
to the cochlea. V. of Vulva. See Bulbi 
Vestibuli. 

VestuVulum (Lat.). The vestibule or 
cavity of the internal ear. It is situated 
behind the cochlea and in front of the 
semicircular canals. 

Ve / ta. See Marea. 

Veterinary (veterinarius) . Pertaining to 
animals. V. Medicine, the art and science 
of medicine as applied to the domestic 
animals. 

Viability [yiabilis). Ability to live ; ap- 
plied to the condition of a child at time of 
birth. 

Viable [yiabilis). A child born in a con- 
dition of development which will permit 
of its living. 

Vi'al. A small glass bottle. 

Vi / and (Fr., viande). Food; Sustenance. 

Vibi / ces [yibex, a wheal). See Purpura. 

Vi'bratile (yibro, to shake). Capable of 
vibrating. 

Vibration {yibro). A swinging back and 
forth like the cord of a musical instrument. 
An oscillation. 

Vi'bratives. See Consonants. 

Vib / rio. According to Ehrenberg a genus 
of microorganisms, now classed mostly 
among the Bacilli, the remainder as Spirilli. 
V. Butyrique. See Bacillus bidyricus. 
V. Proteus. See Spirillum Finckleri. 
V. Rugula. See Spirillum rugida. V. 
Septicus. See Bacillus septicus. V. 



Serpens. See Spirillum serpens. V. 
Undula. See Spirillum undula. 

Vibris / sae [yibro, to shake). The stiff 
hairs within the nostrils. 

Viburnum. Black Haw. The bark of 
V. prunifolium. Contains a resin, viburnic 
acid, identical with valerianic acid and 
other extractives. Astringent and anti- 
spasmodic, with decided nervine proper- 
ties. Useful in the nervous diseases of 
pregnancy. Dose of the fid. ext. £ss-ij. 
V. Opulus. " Cranberry tree," " Crane- 
bark," is an efficient remedy in uterine and 
abdominal pains. 

Vica / rious (vice, in the place of). Taking 
the place of another; applied to the as- 
sumption of the functions of one organ by 
another. V. Menstruation. SeeMe?i- 
struation. 

Vice (Fr.). Defect, fault, or deformity. 
V. of Conformation, defect of struc- 
ture, organs or parts being either absent or 
imperfect. 

Vid'ian Nerve. The union of the great 
petrosal and carotid nerves entering 
Meckel's ganglion. 

Vienna Paste. See Potassium. 

Vieussens, Valve of. See Valve. 

VilTate's Solution. A solution con- 
sisting of copper sulphate 15, zinc sulphate 
15, liq. plumbi subacetas 30, vinegar 200. 
Used as a local injection in caries. 

Villi. Plural of Villus. The villi are 
small projections of the mucous membrane 
of the small intestine, giving it a velvety 
appearance. They are the chief organs of 
the absorption of fatty emulsion. Applied 
to fine hair-like processes in other parts. 

VilTous (villus, hair). Pertaining to or 
having the nature of villi. Having a pile 
like that of velvet. 

Vil'lus (villus). See Villi. 

VhVcula Accesso / ria Ten / dinum. The 
slender, tendinous filaments which connect 
the phalanges to their tendons. 

Vin / egar. See Acetum. V. Wood. See 
Acid, Acetic. 

Vi / nous (vinum, wine). Having the 
nature or flavor of wine. 

Vi / num (Lat.). Wine. The fermented juice 
of fruits, especially that of grapes. White 
wines are made from the pulp ; red wines 
from pulp and skins, the latter yielding the 
coloring matter. Each should contain 
10-12 per cent, of alcohol. V. Album 
Fortius, is made from V. alb. by fortify- 
ing the latter until it contains 20-25 per 
cent, of alcohol. Sweet wines, such as 
Burgundy, Tokay, Muscatel, Angelica, 



VIOLA TRICOLOR 



461 



VITAL 



etc., seldom exceed 6-7 per cent, of alco- 
hol unless fortified. Light red wines, such 
as claret, contain normally about 5 per 
cent. Sparkling wines, such as cham- 
pagne, derive their quality from carbon 
dioxide, being bottled before fermentation. 
They contain 10-12 per cent, of alcohol. 
V. Aromaticum, consists of strong white 
wine 94 per cent., with I per cent, each of 
lavender, origanum, peppermint, rosemary, 
sage and wormwood. V. Portense, Port 
Wine, is fortified with 25-30 per cent., and 
V. Xericum, Sherry Wine, until it con- 
tains about 25 per cent, of alcohol. There 
are 14 official vini, of which II are medi- 
cated. 

Vio / la Tricolor. Pansy. A wild flower 
sometimes known as heart' s-ease pansy. 
Contains an alkaloid, violin, with emeto- 
cathartic properties. Mucilaginous and 
expectorant. Dose gr. x-gj. 

Violation (yiolo, to ravish). Coitus with- 
out force, but by deception. 

Vi / olet {viola). The most refrangible rays 
of the visible spectrum. 

Virgin (virgo). A woman who has never 
had sexual connection with a man. 

Virgina / le Claus / trum. The hymen. 

Virginia Snake-root. See Seipentaria. 

Virile {vir, a man). Pertaining to mature 
manhood. V. Member, the penis. 

Viril'ity (vir). The condition of mature 
manhood. 

Virulence {virus, a poison). Malignity, 
noxiousness. 

Virulent {virus). Having the nature of 
a poison. See Virus. 

Vi'rus (Lat.). A poison which causes a 
morbid process or disease ; any pathogenic 
microbe. It was formerly applied to the spe- 
cific contagium of an infectious disease, es- 
pecially to that of cow-pox. V., Attenu- 
ated, virus deprived of some of its patho- 
genic quality by culture and modification 
by animal-inoculation experiments, so that 
inoculated in another person or animal it 
preserves the same against attack or the 
usual violence of the disease. 

Vis (Lat.). Force or energy. V. Con- 
servatrix, the healing power of nature. 
V. Formativa, the energy of nature as 
manifest in the formation of new tissue 
to replace that which has been destroyed. 
V. a Fronte, energy exerted from before. 
V. Inertiae, that force by virtue of which 
a body at rest remains at rest ; or, if in 
motion, continues in motion. V. Medi- 
catrix. Same as V. Conservatrix. V. 
Vitse, vital force. 



Vis / cera (pi. of viscus). A name some- 
what loosely applied to the contents of the 
abdomen. 

Vis / ceral {viscera). Pertaining to the 
viscera. V. Arches and Clefts, four 
slit-like openings with intermediate thick- 
enings of the lateral wall of the cervical 
region of the embryo. They persist in 
fishes. 

Vis / cid. Same as Viscous. 

Viscidity. Same as Viscosity. 

Vis / cin {viscum, bird-lime). Bird-lime. 
A mucilaginous extraction of the mistletoe, 
Viscum Jlavescens, Gentiana lutea, and 
other plants. 

Vis / cose {viscum). A gummy secretion 
or product of the micrococcus viscosus. 

Viscos / ity [viscum). The property of 
glutinousness, ropiness, or tenacity. 

Vis / cous. Glutinous, ropy, sticky. Also, 
pertaining to a viscus or internal organ. 

Vis / cum. Mistletoe. The leaves and 
stems of V. album, European, and V. 

Jlavescens, the American species. Contains 
a mucilage, viscin, bird-lime, and various 
other extractives. In large doses produces 
vomiting and purging. The American 
plant has alleged properties similar to those 
of digitalis. Dose gr. x- zj, in decoction. 
Unof. 

Vis / cus (Lat., pi. viscera). Any organ 
of the thorax or abdominal cavity, as the 
lungs, liver, etc. See, also, Visceral. 

Visibility {video, to see). Capability of 
being seen. 

Vis'ion {video, visum). Sight. Acuity 
(or acuteness) of V. See Acuteness. V., 
Binocular. See Binocular. V., Double. 
See Diplopia. V., Field of. See Field. 
V., Direct, the image is formed at the 
macula. V., Indirect, upon the outlying 
portion of the retina. V. for Form, the 
acuteness of V. with white light. V. 
for Color, pertains to the chromatic 
sense. V., Peripheral, when the image 
is not formed at the macula. V., Triple. 
See Triplopia. 

Vis / ual. Pertaining to vision. V. Acute- 
ness or Acuity. See Acuteness. V. 
Angle. See Angle. V. Axis. See 
Axis. V. Field. See Field. V. Pur- 
ple, a substance in the retina reacting to 
light in a peculiar manner, and thought to 
be intimately connected with vision. See 
Rhodopsin. 

Vi'sus {video). Vision. 

Vi'ta (Lat.). Life. 

Vi'tal {vita). Pertaining to life. V. Capa- 
city, the volume of air that can be ex- 



VITALISM 



462 



VOLUNTARY 



pelled after a full inspiration. V. Princi- 
ple, the energizing principle on which in- 
dividual life depends. V. Statistics, 
the statistics of vital facts, the science of 
numbers as applied to the life-history of com- 
munities and nations. See Appendix B. 

Vitalism. The theory that life is a special 
force different from all other forces. 

Vitality {vita). The vital force or princi- 
ple of life ; also, the condition of having 
life. 

Vitalize {vita). To endow with life. 

Vi / tals (vita). Vulgar for the organs es- 
sential to life. 

VitelTin. A native proteid of the globu- 
lin class, the chief proteid of the yolk of 

e gg- 

Vitelline (vitellus). Pertaining to the 
vitellus, the yolk of an egg. V. Mem- 
brane. See Zona Pellucida. 

Vitel'lus. Yolk of egg. The yolk of the 
egg of the common barnyard fowl, Gal- 
lus domesticus. A viscid, orange-colored 
liquid containing oil, cholesterin, vitellin, 
and albumin. Nutritive and bland. Used 
mainly to emulsionize oils and camphors. 
Glyconin, glyceritum vitelli, " glycerite of 
yolk of egg," consists of the yolk 45, gly- 
cerine 55 parts, rubbed together. In anat- 
omy, that part of the ovum containing the 
germinal vesicle. See, also, Zona Pellu- 
cida. 

Vitiation (vitio, to corrupt). The con- 
tamination of any substance, especially of 
the air. 

Vitiligo. See Leucoderma. 

Vit / reous {vitrum, glass). Glass -like, 
hyaline. V., Artificial. See Eviscera- 
tion. V. Degeneration, disease of the 
intima of arteries. V. Humor, or Body. 
The transparent, jelly-like substance filling 
that portion of the globe of the eye pos- 
terior to the lens, called the Vitreous 
Chamber. V. Tables, the dense osseous 
laminae on the inner and outer surfaces 
of the cranial bones. 

Vit / riol {vitrum). In chemistry, a term 
formerly used to designate any substance 
having a glassy fracture or appearance. 
V., Blue, copper sulphate or " blue stone," 
CuS0 4 . V., Green, ferrous sulphate or 
" copperas," Fe S0 4 . V., Oil of, sulphuric 
acid, H 2 S0 4 . V., White, zinc sulphate, 
ZnS0 4 . 

Vitus' Dance, St. See Chorea. 

Viviparous (vivus, alive, pario, to bring 
forth). In zoology, applied to the young 
of animals which are brought forth alive. 

Vivipa / tion (vivus, pario). In embry- 



ology, that form of generation in which the 
ovum, expelled from the ovary, clings to 
the maternal organ and derives its nourish- 
ment directly from the mother until birth. 

Vivisection {vivus, seco, to cut). The 
dissection of an animal, or experimentation 
upon it, while still alive, for scientific pur- 
poses. 

Vo'cal {vox, the voice). Pertaining to the 
voice or its organs. V. Cords, a name 
given to certain membranes of the larynx 
by which the sounds of the voice are pro- 
duced. They consist of superior or false 
cords and inferior or true cords. The 
latter are thin bands of elastic tissue reach- 
ing from the wings of the thyroid to the 
arytenoid cartilage. 

Voice. The sound produced by the vibra- 
tion of the vocal cords and modified by the 
resonance organs. 

Vo / lar (vola, the palm). Pertaining to the 
palm of the hand. 

Vola / tic {volatwn, from, volo, to fly). Fly- 
ing, momentary. 

Volatile (volo). Capable of, or prone to 
volatilization. 

Volatilization (volatuni). The change 
of a solid or liquid to a gaseous form by- 
heat. 

Volition (volo, to be willing). The will 
or determination to act. 

VolselTa (vello, to pluck). A forceps for 
removing foreign bodies from the throat. 

Volt. The unit of electro-motive force, or 
the force sufficient to cause a current of 
one ampere to flow against a resistance of 
one ohm. The following is the voltage 
of several popular cells: Smee 0.65, Bun- 
sen 1.90; Daniell 1.05 ; Callaudo.6o; Le- 
clanche 1.50. V. -ampere, the amount of 
pressure developed by a current of one 
ampere having an electro-motive force of 
one volt. Its mechanical equivalent is 
about 44.2 foot-pounds per minute. It is 
sometimes called a Watt. 

Volta / ic (Volta, an Italian scientist). Per- 
taining to galvanic or battery currents. V. 
Alternatives, in electro-therapeutics, cur- 
rent-reversals. 

Voltameter (volt, a unit of electro- motive 
force, fierpov, a measure). An instrument 
for ascertaining the electro-motive force of 
a current in volts. 

VoFume. In physics, the space which a 
substance fills. Cubic dimension. 

Volumetric Analysis. See Analysis. 

Voluntary (voluntarius). Pertaining to 
or under the control of the will. V. 
Muscle, striped muscle. 



VOLVULUS 



463 



WASH 



Vol 7 vulus {yolvo, to roll). A twisting of 
the bowel upon itself. An old name was 
Ileac Passion. 

Vo / mer (Lat., a plowshare). The thin 
plate of bone which separates the nostrils. 

Vom / ica (vomo, to vomit). A collection of 
pus in the lungs or adjacent organs that may- 
discharge through the bronchi and mouth. 

VonVit [vomo). To expel from the stom- 
ach by vomiting. 

Vom'iting {vomo). The forcible, convul- 
sive ejection of the contents of the stomach, 
duodenum, or intestines through the mouth. 
V. of Blood. See Hccmatemesis. V., 
Stercoraceous, the ejection of faecal 
matter in emesis. 

Vomito-ni / gro (vomo,niger, black). Black 
vomit. A name for yellow fever. 

VomTtory [vomo). Any agent or sub- 
stance that induces emesis. Also, a vessel 
to receive the ejecta. 

Vom/itus [vomo). Vomited matters. V. 
Cruentus, bloody vomit. 

Vora / cious {voro, to devour). Having an 
insatiable appetite or desire for food. See, 
also, Bulimia. 



Vorac'ity {voro). Greediness or rapa- 
ciousness for food. 

Vortex (Lat., a whirl). A name applied 
to the spiral arrangement of the fibres of 
the walls of the heart. 

Vow / els. The chief sounds of the voice, 
formed by the vibrations of the vocal cords 
unmodified by the resonance organs. 

Vox. See Voice. 

Vul'gar {vulgaris). Common. Popular. 

Vulnerary {vulnus, a wound). In thera- 
peutics, any remedy or agent useful in 
healing wounds. 

VuFva {yolvo y to roll up). Same as 
pudendum, though not, strictly speaking, 
including the mons veneris. V., Garrulity 
of, vaginal flatus. 

Vulvis / mus. See Vaginismus. 

Vulvitis. Inflammation of the vulva. 

VuFvo- [vulva). A Latin prefix denoting 
connection with or relation to the vulva. 

Vulvo - vag / inal. Pertaining conjointly 
to the vulva and the vagina. V. Glands, 
the small glands situated one on each side 
of the vulva near the vagina. 



W 



Wachendorf's Membrane. The foetal 
membrane of the pupil of the eye. It 
atrophies about the seventh month. 

Wagner and Meissner's Corpuscles. 
Tactile end-organs lying in the papillae of 
the skin. 

Wagner's Spot. See Macula. 

Wahoo. See Euonymus. 

Waist/coat, Straight. See Jacket. 

Wale. See Wheal. 

Wallerian Law of Degeneration. 
From experiments Waller showed that the 
trophic center of the anterior roots of spinal 
nerves lies in the multipolar nerve cells of 
the anterior horn of gray matter, while that 
of the posterior root lies in the ganglion 
placed upon it. Generalized, the law pre- 
dicates that the course of the impulses in a 
nerve may be ascertained by tracing the 
course of the subsequent degeneration. 

Wall' -eye. A vulgarism used to express 
the appearance of leucoma of the cornea, 
or of eyes with a light-colored iris. 



Wall Pepper. See Sedum Acre. 

Warburg's Tincture. Consists of aloes 
fb j, rad. rhei ; sem. angelica? ; confec. Da- 
mocratis aa ^iv; rad. helenii; croci 
sativi ; sem. fcenuculi ; cretae prep, aa % ij ; 
rad. gentianae; rad. zeodariae; pip. cubebae; 
myrrh elect. ; camphorae ; bolet. laricis ; 
aa ^j. Digest with proof spt. ^500, and 
add quinia disulph. ^ x. Filter. Dose 

.fij- 

Ward -carriage. An apparatus for hospi- 
tal-service mounted upon wheels, and 
containing a reservoir of water, and other 
materials, instruments, etc., used in surgi- 
cal operations and dressings. 

Wardrop's Operation. Ligature of the 
artery beyond an aneurism. 

Warm-blooded. Used of animals that 
maintain an uniform temperature, whatever 
the changes of temperature in the sur- 
rounding medium. 

Wart. See Verruca. 

Wash. See Lotion. 



WASHING 



464 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



Washing. The mechanical operation of 
separating soluble from insoluble matter. 

Wasting. See Atrophy. 

Wa'ter. See Aqua. W.-bed, a rubber 
mattress containing water ; used to pre- 
vent the formation of bed-sores. W. on 
Brain. See Hydrocephalus. W. -brash. 
See Pyrosis. W. of Crystallization, 
the water employed in giving molecular 
structure to the crystals of chemical salts, 
to which their physical qualities are due. 
W.-cure. See Hydropathy. W., Dis- 
tilled. See Aqua. W., Florida, a per- 
fume consisting of oleum bergamii §iv, 
comp. tinct. benzoini ^ ij, alcohol Oj. W., 
Hard, natural waters containing soluble 
calcium salts, distinguished by their curd- 
ling action on soap. W. Hemlock. See 
Cowbane. W., Mineral. See Mineral 
Water. W., Rice. See Oryza. W., 
Soda. See Soda Water. 

Watt. In electro-mechanics, one volt- 
ampere. See Volt. 

Wave-Lengths and Frequencies of 
Light. The ethereal wave-lengths, to- 
gether with their frequencies, of the visible 
portion of the spectrum are given in the 
following table. The average vibrational 
frequency of white light has been estimated 
at 554 millions of millions per second. 

TABLE OF THE WAVE-LENGTH 

AND FREQUENCY OF LIGHT. 

(FROM DANIELL.) 



Line A, 

Center of red, . . 

Line B, ..... 

Line C, 

Center of orange- 
red, 

Center of orange, 

Line D\ . . . . 

Line D 2 , . . . . 

Center of orange- 
yellow, . . . . 

Center of yellow, 

Center of green, 

Line E, 

Line b, 

Center of blue- 
green, 

Center of cyan- 
blue, 

Line F, 

Center of blue, . 

Center of violet- 
blue 

Line G, 

Center of puce- 
violet, 

Line H\ . . . . 

Line H 2 



Frequencies— Lengths 
per sec in Cm. 



395,000,000,000,000 



437. 300,000,000,000 
457,700,000,000,000 



508,905,810,000,000 
510,604,000,000,000 



570,000,000,000,000! 



617,900,000,000,000 



697,300,000,000,000 



756,900,000,000,000 
763,600,000,000,000 



.00007604 
.00007000 
. 00006867 
.00006562 

.00006208 
.00005972 
.00005895 
.000058S9 

.00005879 
.00005808 
.00005271 
.00005269 

. cc : 151S5 

.000050S2 

.00004960 
.00004S61 
.00004732 

.00004383 
.00004307 

.00004059 
.00003968 
.00003933 



Wax. See Cera and Cerumen. 

Wax'y Degeneration. See Degenera- 
tion. 

Weal. See Wheal. 

Wean. To cease to give suck to off- 
spring at a period when the latter is capa- 
ble of taking substantial food from external 
sources. 

Weber's Experiment. A tuning-fork on 
the vertex is heard more distinctly with 
the closed ear. W.'s Law. SeeFechners 
Law. W.'s Paradox. When so loaded 
that it cannot contract, a muscle may elon- 
gate. 

Wei de Meyer's Catarrh Remedy. A 
proprietary remedy composed mainly of 
sodium carbonate. 

Weigert's Method. Hardening and stain- 
ing medullated nerve-fibers, and so tracing 
their course. 

Weights and Measures. The U. S. 
standard unit of weight is the Troy 
pound; it was copied in 1 82 7, from the 
imperial troy pound of England, for the use 
of the U. S. Mint, and there deposited. 
It is standard in air, at 62 Fah., the 
barometer at 30 inches. 

troy weight. 
Grains. 
24 = 1 dwt. 
480 = 20 = 1 oz. 

5760 = 240 = 12 = 1 lb. = 22.816 cu. in. of dis- 
tilled water at 62 Fahr. 

avoirdupois weight. 
Drachms. 

16 = ioz. = 437.5 grains troy. 
256 = 16 = 1 lb. = 1.2153 lb. troy. 
6400 = 400 = 25 = 1 quarter. 
25600 = 1600 = 100 =4=1 cwt. 
512000 = 32000 = 2000 = 80 = 20 = 1 ton. 

apothecaries weight. 
Grains. 

20 = 1 scruple. 



60: 

480 = 24 

5760 = 288 



1 drachm. 
8 = 1 oz. 
96 = 12 = 1 lb. 



apothecaries measure. 
60 min. = 1 fluid-drachm. 

8 fluid-drachms = 1 fluid-ounce. 
16 fluid-ounces = 1 pint. 

8 pints = 1 gall. 

45 drops, or a common teaspoonful, make 
about 1 fluid-drachm ; 2 tablespoonfuls about 
1 fluid-ounce: a wineglassful about 1% fluid- 
ounces ; and a teacupful about 4 fluid-ounces. 

LIQUID, OR WINE MEASURE. 

Gill = 7.2187 cu. in. 

4 = 1 pint = 28.875 cu. in. 

8 = 2 = 1 quart = 55.75 cu. in. 
32 = 8 = 4 = 1 gallon. 
2010 = 404 = 252 = 63 = 1 hogshead. 
4032 = 1008 = 504 = 126 = 2 = 1 pipe. 
8064 = 2 ° l6 = IooS = 252 = 4 = 2 = 1 tun. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 465 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



The Standard Unit of Liquid Meas- 
ure adopted by the U. S. Government is 
the Winchester Wine Gallon, which 
contains 231 cubic inches, and holds 8.339 
lbs. Avoir, of distilled water, at its maxi- 
mum density weighed in air, the barome- 
ter being at 30 inches. 

The Imperial Gallon adopted by 
Great Britain contains 277,274 cubic 
inches, and equals 1.20032 U. S. gallons. 

The Standard Unit of the U. S. and. 
British linear measure is the yard. It 
was intended to be exactly the same for 
both countries, but in reality the U. S. yard 
exceeds the British standard by .00087 
inch. The actual standard of length of 
the U. S. is a brass scale 82 inches long 
prepared for the Coast Survey and deposited 
in the office of Weights and Measures at 
the U. S. Treasury Dept., Washington. 
The yard is between the 27th and the 63d 
inch of this scale. The temperature at 
which this scale is designed to be standard, 
and at which it is used in the U. S. Coast 
Survey, is 62 Fahrenheit. 

LONG MEASURE. 

Inches. 
12= 1 ft. 

36= 3 = 1 yd. 

72= 6=2 = 

198= 16.5= 55 = 

7920= 660 = 220 =1 

63360=5280 =1760 =£ 



SQUARE MEASURE. 

Inches. 

144= 1 foot. 
1296= 9 =1 yard. 
39204= 272.25= 30.25= 1 perch. 
1568160=10890 =1210 = 40=1 rood. 
6272640=43560 =4840 =160=4=1 acre. 

An acre is 69.5701 yards square; or, 208.710321 
feet square. 

A township is 6 miles sqr. = 36 sections. 
A section "1 " rt = 640 acres. 
% " " y 2 " " = 160 " 

1-16 " " % " " = 40 " 

SOLID MEASURE. 

Cu. in. 

1728 = 1 cu. foot. 
46656 = 27 = 1 cu. yard. 

DRY MEASURE. 

Pint = 33 6 cu. in. 

2= 1 quart = 67.2 cu. in. 

8 = 4 = 1 gallon = 268.8 cu. in. 
16 = 8 = 2 = 1 peck = 537.6 cu. in. 
64 = 32 = 8 = 4= 1 bushel. 

The standard U. S. bushel is the 
Winchester bushel, which is, in the 
cylinder form, 18^ in. diameter and 8 
in. deep, and contains 2150 42-100 cub. 
inches. 



1 fath. 

2.75 = 1 pch. 

o =40 =1 fur. 

k> =320 =8 =1 m. 



The English Impe- f 2218.192 cu. in. 
rial bushel ( 1.03152 U. S. bush. 

(8 Imperial bushels. 
The Eng. quarter =< 8% (nearly) U. S. bu. 

^10.2694 cubic feet. 



Milligramme 

Centigramme 

Decigramme 

Gramme 

Decagramme 

Hectogramme 

Kilogramme 

Myriogramme 

Quintal 

Tonneau 



METRIC, OR FRENCH WEIGHTS. 

Gramme. Troy Gr. 
.001 = .01543 



= 1. 

= 10. 

= 100. 

= 1000. 

= IOOOO. 

= IOOOOO. 
= IO000OO. 



.01 = .15433 . . ^ 

.1 = 1.5433 Avoir. Oz. 
= I5433I6 = .03528 = 
= -3528 = 
— 3-52758 = 
= 35-2758 = 



Avoir. Lb. 
.0022047 
.022047 
.2204737 
2.204737 
22 04737 
220.4737 
2204.737 



METRIC, OR FRENCH DRY AND LIQUID MEASURE. 



Lit. 



U. S. Cu. In. 



Milliliter 


= 


.001 = .061 


Centiliter 


= 


.01 


= .61 


Deciliter 


= 


.1 


= 6.1 


Liter 


= 


1. 


= 61.02 


Decaliter 
Hectoliter 


= 


10. 
100. 


= 610.16 
U. S. Cu. I 

= 3-531 


Kiloliter 


= 


IOCO. 


= 35-31 


Myrialiter 


= 


IOOOO. 


= 353-1 


30 









Liquid 

Dry 

Liquid 

Dry 

Liquid 

Dry 

Liquid 
I Dry 
f Liquid 

*• /Liquid 
tDry 
f Liquid 
I Dry 

( Liquid 2641.4 
\ Dry 283.7 



U. S. 
.00845 giU- 
.0018 pint. 



.0845 
.018 
•845 
.18 
2.113 



gill. 

pint. 

gill = 2113 pints. 

pint. 

pints = 1.057 quarts. 



1.8 pt. = .908 qts. 
2641 gallons. 
9.08 qts. = 1. 135 p. 



26.414 

2.837 

264.141 

28.374 



gallons, 
bushels, 
gallons, 
bushels, 
gallons, 
bushels. 



• "35 P- 
.284 b. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 466 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



METRIC, OR FRENCH CUBIC OR SOLID MEASURE. 



Cu. Meters. U. S. Cu. In. 



Cub. Centimeter = 

Cub. Decimeter = 

Centistere = 

Decistere = 

Stere = 

Decastere = 

Hectostere = 



.0001 
.001 



.0610165 
61.0165 U. 
610.165 = 
6101.65 = 



S. Cu. Ft. 

.353105 
3-53io5 
35-3105 
353- 105 



= 3531-05 



U. S. Cu. Yd. 

- .13078 
= 1-3078 
= 13.078 
= 130.78 



METRIC. OR FRENCH LINEAL MEASURE. 



Millimeter* = 
Centimeterf = 
Decimeter = 
Meter = 

Decameter = 
Hectometer = 
Kilometer = 
Myriameter 



Meter. 
.001 = 



.1 
1. 

10. 
100. 
1000. 

IOOOO. 



U. S. In. 

•03937 = 

•3937 = 

3-937 = 

39-3685 = 



Ft. 

.00328 
.03280 

.32807 : 
3.2807 
32.807 
328.07 
3280.7 
32807. 



Yd. 

.10936 
1.0936 

10.936 Mile. 

109.36 = .0621347 
1093.6 = .6213466 
10936. = 6.213466 



Sq. Centimeter 

Sq. Decimeter 

Centiare 

Are 

Hectare 

Sq. Kilometer 

Sq. Myriameter 38.607 



* Nearly the 1-25 part of an inch. f Full y& inch. 

METRIC, OR FRENCH SQUARE MEASURE. 

Sq. Meter. U. S. Sq. In. 

.01 = .155 Sq. Ft. Sq. Yd. 

.1 = 15.5 = .10763= .01196 

= 1. = 1549.88 = 10.763 = 1. 196 = 

= 10. = 154988. = 1076.3 = 119. 6 

= 100. = 107630. = 1 1959. 

.38607 Sq. Mile. 



Acre. 



2 

247 
24708 



00025 

0247 

47 



The following table of approximate and 
exact equivalents of the metric and com- 
mon weights and measures may prove ser- 
viceable. 

LENGTH. 

Approximate Accurate 
Unit of Measurement. Equivalent. Equivalent. 

1 inch, 2% cubic centime- 

icenti meter ( x hv ters 2.539 

meter), 0.4 inch 0.393 

1 yard, 1 meter, 0.914 

1 meter (39.37 inches), 1 yard 1.093 

1 foot, 30 centimeters, . . 30.479 

1 kilometer (1000 me- 
tres), %mile, 0.621 

1 mile, 1% kilometer, . . 1.609 

SURFACE. 

1 hectare (10,000 sq. 

meters), 2% acres, 2.471 

1 acre § hectare, .... 0.404 



WEIGHT. 

i gramme, 15K grains, . . . 

1 grain, 0.064 gramme, . . 

1 kilogramme (1000 

grammes), 2.\ lbs. avoirdupois, 

1 pound,.avoirdupois, % kilogramme, . . 
1 ounce, avoirdupois, 

437/^ grains 28% grammes, . . 

1 ounce, Troy or 

apothecary (480 

grains), 31 grammes, . . . 



15-432 
0.064 



2.204 
o-453 

28.349 



31-103 



BULK. \ 

i cubic centimeter, . 0.06 cubic inch, . . 0.061 
1 cubic inch, 16% cubic centime- 
ters, ...... 16.386 

1 liter (1000 cubic cen- 1 U. S. standard 

timeters), quart 0.946 

1 United States quart, 1 liter, 1.057 

1 fluid ounce, .... 29% cubic centi- 
meters, ...... 29.570 



COMPARISON OF U. S. AND FOREIGN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 



Weights. 



Name. U.S. ibs.Av. 

Austria, Pfund = 1.235 

Bremen, " = 1.099 

Buenos Ayres, Libra =1.0127 

China Catty = 1-3333 

Cuba, Libra = 1.0119 

Denmark, Pund = 1.1025 

England, Pound = 1. 

France, Kilo = 2.0246 

Hamburg, Pfund = 1.0683 

Japan, Monme =3.858 

Mexico, Libra = 1.0119 

Norway and Sweden, . . Skalpund = .937 

Papal States, Libbra = .7475 

Portugal, Libra = 1.0119 

Russia, Fuat = 1.097 

Turkey, Oke = 2.834 



Liquid Measures. 



Euner 

Stubchen 

Frasco 

Arroba 

Pott 

Imp. gallon 

Liter 

Ohm 

Masa 

Frasco 

Kamea 

Barile (w'e) 

Almude 

Vedro 



U. S. gals. 

= 14-95 
= .851 

= .627 

= 4.1 

= -255 
= 1.2003 

= .2642 
= 38.278 

— -459 

— -4 
= .662 
= 15-412 
= 4.422 
= 3 249 



Dry Measures. 



Name. 

Nutze 

Scheffel 

Fanega 

Sei 

Fanega 

Fonda 

Imp. bushel 

Hectoliter 

Fass 

Fanega 

Rubblio 
Alqueire 
Chetviert 
Kilo 



U. S. bush. 

= 1-745 
= 2.103 
= 3-894 
= 3-472 
= 3-124 
= 3-948 
= 1-0315 
= 2.838 
= 1.56 

= 1-547 

= .836 
■*■ -393 
= 5-956 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



467 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



Comparative Scales, showing the exact equivalent of ordinary weights and measures 
in those of the Metric System, and vice versa. 



CENTIGRADE 


FAHRENHEIT 


SCALE 


s^ALE 


- 


Z — 107 










4i°— = 


=— 106 






JZ. 


^-105° 










ArP " 


— icu° 


40 -- _ 




— 




-E 


^-103° 



3 8°-5 



37°— 



36°- 



— Tor>0 



E— 97 

E_ 9 5 c 



300 



FLUID 


CUBIO 


OUNCES 
O 


CENTIMETERS 
_ O 


I 


= 


2 


ET 


3 


— 100 


4 




5 




6 




7 


— 200 



9 — - 



13- 
14 
is 

1 pint = 16 



30- 
40- 
50- 
jfl.dr.=6o- 
70- 
80- 
90- 



300 



-400 



500 

CUBIC 

CENTIMETERS 



GRAINS DECIGRAMS 





2 


< 


3 

4 




5 

6 

7 




8 

9 

10 





11 




12 


! 


13 




14 


< 


IS 




16 




17 





18 




19 




20 






FLUID 
DRA CHMS 

o 



CUBIC 
CENTIMETERS 



_6 



1 fl. oz. 



CENTIMETERS 


INCHE 


O — 


_ c 


— 




— - 


— 


- 




I — 








~ 





— 


- 


E 








2 — — 




z 










3 


— 




3—= 






— 




-E 


2 


4—5 




z 








- 








5— E 




z 


s 


r 




6-5 


















~ 


7— E 



























DRACHMS.GRAMS 



iS = 8 



o — 

2 "~ 

5 Z 

6 Z 

8 L_ 



30 



The equivalent of fractions, whether large or small, may be found with great nicety by 
these scales. For instance, ^ grain = y% of the metric equivalent of 7 grains, and I-200 
grain = 1-4000 of the metric equivalent of 20 grains. This method is, of course, reversible. 



WEIL'S DISEASE 



468 



WRY-NECK 



Weil's Disease. An infectious febrile 
disorder somewhat resembling typhoid 
fever, accompanied by muscular pain, and 
grave disturbance of the digestive organs. 

Welt. See Wheal. 

Wen. See Sebaceous Cyst. 

Westphal's Symptom. Loss of the 
knee-jerk in tabes. 

Wet-nurse. See Nurse. 

Wet-pack. Wrapping a patient with a 
wet sheet covered with dry blankets. 

Weyl's Test (for kreatinin). Add to 
urine a few drops of a slightly brownish 
solution of nitro-prusside of soda, then 
weak caustic soda solution, producing a 
Burgundy-red color, which soon disappears. 
Heated with glacial acetic acid the color 
changes to green, and later to blue. 

Wharton's Duct. See Duct. 

Wharton's Jelly. See Cord. 

Wheal. A raised stripe or ridge on the 
skin. May be caused by a stroke or by 
acute superficial inflammation. W.Worm, 
the Acarus scabiei, or itch insect. 

Wheat. The seeds of Triticum hibernum. 

Wheel'house's Operation. The in- 
cision into the urethra through the perin- 
seum, for the treatment of stricture. 

Wheez / ing. The half-stertorous, sibilant 
sound occasionally observed in the breath- 
ing of persons affected with croup, asthma 
or coryza. 

Whey. The liquid part of milk separat- 
ing from the curd in coagulation. 

Whis / ky. See Spiritus. W. Nose. See 
Acne Rosacea. 

White. In chromatics, the color-effect 
produced by a mixture of the primary 
colors. W. Leg. See Phlegmasia Alba 
Dolens. W. Matter. See Brain. W. 
Oak Bark. See Quercus alba. W. Pre- 
cipitate. See Precipitate. W. Sub- 
stance of Schwann. See Schwann. 
W. Swelling. See Hyd?'arthrosis. W. 
Vervain. The root of Verbena urtici- 

folia. Of reputed value in malarial fevers. 
Dose of Ad. ext. rr\xx-xl. Unof. 

Whites. See Leucorrhcea. 

Whitlow. See Panaris, 

Whoop / ing Cough. See Pertussis. 

Whore / house Tea. See Tepopote. 

Wild (A. S.). Not domesticated. W. 
Bergamot. The herb Monarda fistulosa. 
In large doses a powerful diaphoretic. A 
reputed antiperiodic. Dose of the fid. ext. 
TT^xv-gj. W. Cherry. See Prunus 
Vi7-ginia. W. Liquorice. See Abrus. 
W. Yam. See Dioscorea. 



Willis, Circle of. See Circle. 

Willow. See Salix. 

Winckel's Disease. An epidemic dis- 
ease of children, characterized by cyanosis, 
jaundice and hsemoglobinuria. 

Wind'pipe. See Trachea. 

Wine. See Vinum. 

Winslow, Fora / men of. See Foramen. 

Win / tergreen. See Gaidtheria. 

Wirsung, Duct of. The pancreatic duct. 

Wis'dom Teeth. See Teeth. 

Witch Ha'zel. See I/amamelis. 

Withering. The shriveling or atrophy of 
an organ. 

Wolffian Bodies and Ducts. See Re- 
productive Organs. 

Womb. See Uterus. 

Wood Oil. See Gurjun Balsam. 

Wools, Holmgren's. A collection of 
colored wools used in the detection and 
estimation of subnormal color-perception. 

Wool-sorter's Disease. Wool-sorters 
are liable to blood-poisoning from various 
causes, especially to the disease anthrax. 

Woora / ra. See Curare. 

Word-blindness. See Aphasia. 

Word-deafness. See Aphasia. 

Wormian Bones. A name given to the 
supernumerary bones of the skull, which 
are frequently formed owing to the abor- 
tion or imperfect ossification of the tabular 
bones. 

Worm Tea. See Spigelia. 

Worm / wood. See AbsintJmm. 

Wound (Sax., vund). A break or divi- 
sion of continuity of the soft parts caused 
by mechanical violence. W., Contused, 
produced by a blunt body. W., Gun- 
shot, caused by a projectile. W., Incised, 
from a cutting instrument. W., Lacer- 
ated, the tissues are torn. W., Poisoned, 
toxic materials are carried into the wound, 
as in Dissection W., etc. W., Punctured, 
made by a pointed instrument. 

Wreath. See Karyokinesis. 

Wrisberg. See Cartilage. 

Wrisberg, Nerves of. The nerves sup- 
plying the skin of the arm, branching from 
the second and third dorsal nerves. 

Wrist-drop. A paralysis of the extensor 
muscles of the hand accompanying lead- 
poisoning. 

Wrist-joint. The articulations of the car- 
pal with the metacarpal bones. 

Writer's Cramp. See Paralysis. 

Writer's Palsy. See Paralysis. 

Wry-neck. See Torticolllis. 



XANTHELASMA 



XIPHOID APPENDIX 



X 



Xanthelas / ma (gavdog, eTiaa/ua, a lamina). 
Spots of yellowish discoloration of the skin 
of the face, especially about the eyes. 

Xan'thic (tjavdog). Yellow; applied to 
the yellow color of the urine. 

Xanthine (gavdog). A leucomaiine found 
in nearly all the tissues and liquids of the 
animal economy, and also in many plants ; 
also, in minute quantities as a normal con- 
stituent of urine. It is formed at the same 
time with adenine, guanine and hypoxan- 
thine, in the decomposition of nuclein by 
dilute acids. Guanine is convertible into 
it; and xanthine is thought to be one step 
lower as an intermediate product of nuclein 
decomposition, and nearer the uric acid 
limit of oxidation. It probably is oxidized 
in the body as fast as formed. It is non- 
poisonous and a muscle-stimulant, espe- 
cially of the heart. 

Xan / tho- (gavdog). A Greek word used 
as a prefix to denote yellow or yellowness. 

Xantho-creat / inine. The most abundant 
of muscle-leucomames, so called from the 
sulphur-yellow color of its crystals, and its 
resemblance to creatinine. It appears in 
the physiologically active muscle at the same 
time with creatinine, constituting sometimes 
one-tenth of the creatinine present. It has 
been found by Monari in the aqueous ex- 
tracts of the muscles of a tired dog, and in 
the urine of soldiers fatigued by marching. 
In large doses it is decidedly poisonous, 
producing depression, somnolence, extreme 
fatigue, frequent defecation, and vomiting. 

Xanthoderma (tjavdog, deppia, the skin). 
Yellowness of the skin. 

Xanthodont / ous (gavdog, oSovg, a tooth). 
Yellow discoloration of the teeth. 

Xanthokyan'opy (£javdog,Kvavog, blue, wi/>, 
eye). Red-green blindness with undimin- 
ished spectrum. 

Xantho / ma (gavdog). Xanthelasma; 
Vitiligoidea ; Molluscum Cholesterique ; 
Fibroma Lipomatodes. Soft, fibro-fatty, 
neoplastic growths occurring in the shape 
of yellowish plates or tubercles in the 
corium. Not a common disease. Occur- 
ring in the eyelids, the most frequent seat 
of the disease, it is called X. Palpebrarum ; 
in the form of plates, X. Planum ; in the 
shape of tubercles, X. Ttiberosujn, etc. X. 
Diabeticorum. A rare disease bearing 
some external resemblance to xanthoma, 
but differing widely in pathology. Marked 



by firm and solid lesions. A symptomatic 
accompaniment of diabetes. 

Xanthopathy [^avdog, irabog, a suffering). 
Yellowness of the skin from morbid con- 
ditions. 

Xan / thophane. See Chromophanes. 

Xan'thophyll (tjavdog, tyvXkov, a leaf). 
The yellow coloring matter in leaves and 
petals. 

Xanthoproteic Reaction. The deep 
orange color obtained by the addition of 
ammonia to the yellow reaction of proteids 
heated with strong nitric acid. 

Xanthopsia (tjavdog, yellow, oiptg, vision). 
The yellow vision sometimes accompany- 
ing jaundice. 

Xanthosis (gavdog). The yellow pig- 
mentation sometimes observed in cancer. 

Xanthrox'ylum. Prickly Ash. The bark 
of,X. fraxineum and X. carolinianum. 
A stimulant, aromatic, bitter sialagogue 
and emmenagogue. Of repute in chronic 
rheumatism and "biliousness." Dose gr. 
x-xxx. X. Decoctum, unof., ^j-Oij. 
Dose gj-ij. X. Ext. Fid. Dose ijss-j. 

Xenogen / esis. See Heterogenesis. 

Xenomenia. See Menstruation, Vica- 
rious. 

Xera / sia (Zypog, dry). A disease of the 
hair marked by cessation of growth and 
excessive dryness. 

Xeroderma. See Ichthyosis. X. Pig- 
mentosum. See Atrophoderma. 

Xero / ma. See Xerophthalmia. 

Xeropb/agy {j-rjpog, <payeiv, to eat). The 
use of dry or desiccated aliment. 

Xerophthalmia {^rjpog, dry, otyda'kpiog , 
eye). A dry and thickened condition of 
the conjunctiva, due to chronic conjunc- 
tivitis or diseases of the lachrymal appa- 
ratus. 

Xerosis of the Conjunctiva. See Xer- 
ophthalmia. 

Xerosto / ma (typog, arofta, a mouth). 
Aptyalism, or dry mouth. 

Xiphister / num (Zrfog, a sword, sternum). 
The metasternum or ensiform cartilage. 
See Xiphoid. 

Xiphicos / tal Lig / ament. A ligament ex- 
tending from the xiphoid bone to the car- 
tilage of the eighth rib. 

Xiphoid Appen'dix or Process {gityog). 
The third piece or ensiform process of the 
sternum. It is cartilaginous in youth and 
osseous in mature age. 



XlPh 



470 



Y-SHAPED CARTILAGE 



Xiphop'agus ($100$, -a} etc, united). A 
mooomphalic monstrosity united by the 
xiphoid cartilages or epigastrium. The 
Siamese twins were an example. 

X ;■"'.:- \ i', wood). A Greek word 
used as a prefix to denote connection with 
or relation to wood. 

XyToid (gv/ov, tudoc, resemblance). Re- 
sembling or having the nature of wood. 

Xy'.z.i in . A nitrocellulose tissue 



formed by the action of nitric acid on potato 

starch. 
Xy'lol. Dimethyl benzine. A volatile 

hydrocarbon somewhat resembling benzol. 

It has proved serviceable in smallpox. 
Xyphod ';.— us zipoc, didv/uoc, double). 

A sysomic monstrosity with united pelvic 

and thoracic cavities, two legs and with an 

occasional rudimentary third leg. 



Yam. The esculent root of several species 
of Dioscorea, commonly known as the 
sweet potato. 

Y a r row. See Achillea. 

Y a v a -skin. Same as Elephantiasis. 
Yawn'ing. See Pandiculation. 
Yaws. See Frambmsia. 

Yeas:. The plant Saccharomyces cere- 
msuz, an alga. It is best known as a fer- 
ment thriving in saccharine solutions, 
breaking up the sugar molecule into car- 
bon dioxide and alcohol. In domestic 
economy, it is used in leavening bread, the 
pcrzsity c: -he '.szztr z-tizzz iue :: ±e es- 
caping carbon dioxide. It is also the 
essential principle in alcoholic fermenta- 
tion. In medicine, it has proved of value 

£i SZ 2lZZ~J.ZS.~1C— ~C fiul Z..zZ~ zzzz Z~ 1Z 

internal remedy in putrid fevers. 
Yelk. Popularly, the "yellow 7 " of a hen's 

e^g. Ezzz~zr-~-~.zz-Z-.~ly. ihe :::::e: :i ■:: the 
tzz ■'■■lz:z. he ?.z±!zzz± zztzzzzr2.zt. Y.. 
Formative, zzt z.zzzr.zzz-z. tread 
ponds to the contents of the mammalian 

Z--ZZZ. Y.. Yellow, the yz-1: ■ ~ass :er- 
zrsly heated.. Y.. White, the l.zzzzz:zz\z5 
vrhhe ::' the es:r. 



Yel'low. A compound color of the spec- 
trum. Y. Dock. See Rumex. Y. Fever. 
SeeFeaier. Y. Jasmine. See Gehemium. 
Y. Nightshade. See Savana Floater. 
Y.-spot. See Macula httea. Y. Wash. 
A lotion consisting of hydrarg. oxychloride 
gr. ij, liquor calcis 5J. 

Yer'ba(Sp.). An herb. Y. Mansa. The 
root of Armnopsis calif arnica. Stimulant, 
astringent and tonic. Employed in Cali- 
zzrzzz aiti J-JT.ZZZ-. ::: zzzlz:::! iiscriers. 
Dose of fid. ext. TT^xv-^j. Unof. Y. 
Reuma. The herb, Frankenia grandi- 
foUa, common in California. Astringent. 
Of high repute in catarrhal affections of 
the urinary tract. Dose of fid. ext. tt^x-xx. 
tmo£ Y.Santa. See Ericdi.z 

Y- Ligament. The nio-femcral ligament. 

Yolk. See Yelk, and Mtellum. 

Young- Helmholtz Theory. See Color- 
:zkzz:::k. 

Youth. The period between childhood 
and maturity. 

Y-shaped Cartilage. A cartilage that 
unites the three elements of the pelvis. 






ZEA MAYS 



471 



ZOOCHEMIA 



Ze / a Mays. Maize, Indian Corn. The 
stigmata of maize or "corn silk." Active 
principle thought to be an organic (mai- 
zenic) acid. A mild diuretic, used with 
success in incontinence of urine and rheu- 
matism. Dose of the fld. ext. gj-ij. All 
unof. 

Zelotyp / ia (Z,ift.oQ, zeal, tvttto, to strike). 
A monomaniacal belief that one is per- 
secuted by others. 

.Ze'ro. Any character denoting absence of 
quantity. In physics, the point from which 
thermometers are graduated. 

Zinc, or 

Zin / cum (Lat. gen. zinci). Zn = 64.9; 
quantivalence II. One of the metallic 
elements, having a lustre like that of lead. 
Represented in medicine by several of its 
salts, all of which are more or less poison- 
ous. In small doses, tonic and astringent. 
In larger quantities, strong emetics. Em- 
ployed mainly as lotions in conjunctivitis, 
various catarrhs and certain skin diseases. 
Z. Acetas. Dose, internally, gr. j^-ij ; 
as lotion, gr. ij to ^j of water. Z. Car- 
bonas Precipitat., dusted over wounds as 
a protection. Z. Chloridum, tonic and 
escharotic. Dose, internally, gtt. iv-viij 
of a jf ss to S| iij solution, in spt. ether ; as 
a colly rium, gr. j-ij to ^j of water. Z. 
Chloridum, Liq., ^ to 1 per cent, in 
strength. Z. Iodidum. Dose gr. ss-ij. 
Z. Oxidum. Dose gr. j-x. Z. Oxidum 
Ung., 20 per cent, in benzoinated lard. 
Z. Sulphas. Dose, as tonic and astrin- 
gent, gr. yo— ij ; as emetic, gr. x— xxx. Z. 
Valerianas. Dose gr. T V-ij- See, also, 
Allen 's Test. 

Zin'giber. Ginger. The rhizome of Z. 
officinale. Properties due to an oleo-resin. 
A stimulant and carminative. Excellent 
to relieve flatulence, to correct the griping 
of purgatives, and as a flavoring adjuvant. 
Z., Fid. Ext. Dose rr^x- 3 ss. Z. Oleo- 
resina, extracted by ether. Dose Vt\^-ij. 
Z., Syr., 2 per cent, of the tinct. in syrup. 
Z., Tinct., 20 per cent. Dose TT^x-^ij. 
Z. Troch., each contains gr. ij of the 
tinct., with tragacanth, sugar, etc. 

Zinn, Zonule of. See Zonule. 

Zoan'thropy ($uov, avdpoirog, a man). A 
form of monomania in which the person 
affected imagines himself transformed into 
an animal. 

Zo / etrope (^cjtj, life, Tpe-jru, to turn). An 



instrument that by revolution of a series 
of pictures before the eye gives them the 
appearance of a person or animal in mo- 
tion, the pictures successively representing 
single phases of a compound act. Called, 
also, a phanakistoscope. 

Zoiat/ria (&ov, larpeia, medical treat- 
ment). The art and science of veterinary 
surgery. 

Zoiat / rics. See Zoiatria. 

Zo / ism (^gjov). The condition and phe- 
nomena of animal life. 

Zollner's Lines. A device to illustrate 
false estimates of direction or parallelism, 
by intersecting lines crossing parallel lines 
at a certain angle. 

Zona (Lat.). A zone. A belt, zone, or 
girdle. A name given to certain spaces 
traversing the cortical envelope of the 
kidney, as Z. glonierosa, Z. fasciculata, 
Z. reticularis, etc. Z., Ophthalmic. See 
Herpes. Z. Pellucida, the thick, solid, 
elastic envelope of the ovum, correspond- 
ing to the cell- wall of a cell. Called the 
Vitelline membrane. It contains the Vitel- 
lus or yelk, corresponding to the cell con- 
tents of the cell; the Germinal Vesicle 
(corresponding to the nucleus of the cell), 
which last contains the Germinal Spot, cor- 
responding to the cell -nucleolus. Z., 
Vasculosa, the medullary substance of 
the Graafian vesicles. 

Zonaesthe / sia (zona, aLcdyjoig, sensation). 
Perverted feeling in which there is a sense 
as of a cincture, or halter, or constriction 
about a part ; also called, Strangalczsthesia. 

Zone (zona, a band). A band of the earth's 
surface between circles parallel to the equa- 
tor. Hepatic Z. See Hepatic. 

Zon / ula (dim. of zona). A little zone 
or belt. Z. Ciliaris, the thin, vascular 
layer connecting the margin of the retina 
with the circumference of the crystalline 
lens. 

Zonule, or Zon'ula, of Zinn. The sus- 
pensory ligament of the crystalline lens of 
the eye. 

Zon / ular Cataract. See Cataract. 

Zoo- (C,uov, an animal). A Greek word 
used as a prefix to denote connection with 
or relation to animal life. 

Zoobiol'ogy (C,uov, biology). Animal 
physiology. 

Zooche / mia (C,uov x v , ueia , chemistry). 
The chemistry of animal life and tissues. 



ZOOGENESIS 



472 



ZYMOTIC 



Zoogen / esis i£aov, yewau, to beget). The 
generation of animal forms. Animal 
breeding. 

Zooglce'a (Co>ov, animal, yXoiog, glue). A 
mass of microbes in a gelatinous or gluey- 
substance. 

Zoogon'ia (C,oov, yewau, to beget). Vivi- 
parous generation. 

Zoogonol'ogy {zo'ogonia, Aoyog, a treatise). 
A treatise on the origin and development 
of animal life. 

Zoog / onous (C«ov, yevvau). Viviparous, 
in contradistinction to oviparous. 

Zoog / raphy ((,uov, Qpayu, to write). A 
descriptive treatise on the distribution of 
animals. 

Zool'ogy {C,uov, loyog, a treatise). That 
branch of natural history treating of the 
form, the nature and the classification of 
animals. 

ZoononVia {C,uov, vojioq, a law). The 
principles or laws of animal life. 

Zoopb/agous ((uov, <payetv, to eat). Sub- 
sisting on animal life. 

Zo / 6phyte {C,uov, (pvrov, a plant). A form 
of marine animals externally resembling 
plants. 

Zoophytol'ogy {zoophyte, ?.oyog, a treatise). 
The study of zoophytes. 

Zoopsychology (£wov, psychology). The 
psychology of animal life. 

Zoospores {(,uov, ciropov, a seed). The 
detached spore or seed of an alga or 
zoophyte. 

Zootecb/nics [Z,uov, rexvrj, an art). The 
art of stock-raising, or care of animals. 

Zootomy (£uov, refivu, to cut). Dissec- 



tion of animals, in the study of compara- 
tive anatomy. 

Zos / ter, Herpes. See Herpes. 

Zygo / ma {C,vyujia, the cheek-bone). The 
arch in the bones of the face formed by the 
interarticulation of the temporal with the 
cheek-bones. 

Zygomatic {^vyufia). Pertaining to the 
zygoma or cheek-bone. 

Zygomat/icus. See Muscle-Table. 

Zy / lonite. See Celluloid. 

Zy / mase. See Microzyma. 

Zyme {(,vfj,rj, a ferment). The specific 
virus or cause, organic or not, of a zymotic 
disease. 

Zy / mine. See Zyme. 

Zy / mogen {C,v[ir), yevvau, to beget). The 
" mother-substance " in the pancreas which, 
taking up oxygen, forms trypsin. 

Zymol'ogy (^v/iij, loyog, a treatise). A 
treatise on the origin and nature of fer- 
mentation. Bacteriology. 

Zymol'ysis (gv/iij, Tivoig). Chemical 
changes produced by fermentative action. 

Zymo / ma {C,vuou, to ferment). Any fer- 
ment, fermented mixture or culture. 

ZymosinVeter {C,vfiuoLQ, fermentation, jue- 
rpov, measure). A device for measuring 
fermentative processes. 

Zymo / sis (£v/j.q). Fermentation. The 
condition of one affected by a zymotic dis- 
ease. 

Zymot/ic {(,vfirj). Pertaining to a ferment 
or a pathogenic microbe. Z. Diseases, 
those generally classed as epidemic, en- 
demic or contagious, now believed to be 
due to specific viruses. 



APPENDIX A, 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

By Judson DalAnd, m. d., 
Of Philadelphia, 

The writer has given considerable thought to the question of classification of mineral 
waters, and after a thorough study of those hitherto brought forward, is strongly of the 
opinion that the heading under which a spring is placed should indicate, as near as may 
be, the chief therapeutic action of that spring. 

While a purely chemical classification, such as the excellent one suggested by Dr. A. C. 
Peale, of the U. S. Geological Survey,* is scientifically more accurate, it is feared that 
the practical physician would be confused when he came to make his selection, by the 
large number of subdivisions necessitated by this plan of division. 

Though realizing fully the imperfection of the present classification, it has seemed that 
the needs of those consulting this work would be best subserved by its adoption. 

Occasionally a spring possesses the marked characteristics of more than one class. Such 
springs are entered under both groups. 

All analyses have been reduced to the U. S. gallon of 231 cubic inches, so as to simplify 
the comparative study of the value of the different waters, and for the sake of brevity, the 
principal ingredients are represented by their chemical formulae as follows : — 



Lithium bicarbonate, 


. Li(C0 3 ) 2 , 


Ferrum bicarbonate, 


. .Fe(HC0 3 ) 2 , 


Ammonium bicarbonate, 


. NH 4 HC0 3 , 


carbonate, . 


. . FeC0 3 , 


Sodium biborate, . . . 


. 2B 2 3 +ioH 2 0, 


sulphate, 


. .FeS0 4 , 


carbonate, . . 


. Na 2 C0 3 , 


oxide, . . . 


. . FeO, 


bicarbonate, 


. Na 2 HC0 3 , 


Calcium sulphate, . 


. . CaS0 4 , 


chloride, . . . 


. NaCl, 


bicarbonate, 


. .Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 , 


sulphate, . . . 


. Na 2 SO„ 


carbonate, . 


. . CaC0 3 , 


Magnesium carbonate, . 


. MgC0 3 , 


chloride, 


. . CaCl 2 , 


bicarbonate, 


• Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 , 


phosphate, 


. .Ca 3 (P0 4 ) 2 , 


chloride, . 


. MgCl 2 , 


H 2 S. Sulphuretted hydrogen gas, 


sulphate> . 


. MgSO,. 


C0 2 . Carbonic acid g 


as. 



I. DIURETIC WATERS. 
These springs owe their action chiefly to the increased quantity of water taken by 
patients, who thus flush out all the emunctories, especially stimulating the flow of urine. 



* In a paper read before the American Climatological Association. 
473 



474 



In practical medicine, waters of this class are used very extensively, and justly so. They 
are of undoubted value in many conditions. It is needless to dwell upon the great benefit 
to be derived from the increased use of ordinary, pure drinking water, as this is universally 
recognized, but in practice it is found that patients take these diuretic waters more willingly, 
in larger amounts and for a longer time than the ordinary drinking water, of which they 
soon become satiated. Ordinarily it is best to take a large tumbler of this water before 
breakfast, between meals and at bed-time, thus using two to three pints in the twenty-four 
hours. I may be permitted to mention a few of the ordinary conditions in which these 
waters produce their best results ; and as first in importance are the diatheses, lithaemic, 
gouty, rheumatic, oxalic, phosphatic and uric acid. Good results have also been obtained 
in renal calculus, acute and chronic congestion of the kidneys, acute nephritis and at times 
in the course of chronic Bright's disease and diabetes. As the use of pure water, in large 
amounts, produces an increase in the amount of bile and at the same time renders it more 
thin, as was proven several years ago by Bidder and Schmidt, these waters are used with 
excellent result in acute and chronic hepatic congestion, catarrhal inflammation of the 
mucous membrane "lining the biliary passages, known as catarrhal jaundice and gall stone, 
both during the attack and in the interval. 

I append a few analyses in full of typical springs belonging to this group, followed by 
a full list of springs of this class, with amount of each active ingredient in a U. S. gallon 
of 231 cubic inches : — 



SWEET SPRINGS, BEDFORD, PENNSYLVANIA. 
(Analyst, F. A. Genth.) 
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 
Carbonate of calcium, . . . . Q.522 grs. 

" magnesium, . . . 0.135 " 
Silicic acid, 0.654 " 



Free carbonic acid .66 cu. in. 
52-7° F. 



.311 « 

Temp. 



POLAND SPRING, SOUTH POLAND, MAINE. 
(Analyst, C. F. Chandler.) 
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 

Sulphate of potassa, 0.1562 grs. 

Chloride of sodium, 0.2636 " 

Carbonate of sodium, .... 0.1333 " 
" calcium, .... 1. 2287 " 

" magnesium, . . 0.5412 " 

Oxide of iron and alumina, traces. 

Silica, i- IJ 97 " 

Organic and volatile matter, . . 0.2332 " 



SUMMIT MINERAL SPRING, HARRISON, CUM- 
BERLAND COUNTY, MAINE. 

(Analyst, F. L. Bartlett.) 
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 
Carbonate of sodium and potas- 
sium, 1. 4019 grs. 

Chloride of sodium, 1 7 13 " 

Carbonate of calcium, 9904 " 

Carbonate of magnesium, . . .2476 " 
Oxide of iron and aluminium, distinct trace. 

Silicum, 9800 grs. 

Silicic acid (in solution). 

Organic and volatile matter, . . .2375 " 



Total, 3.6759 " 

BERKELEY SPRINGS, MORGAN COUNTY, 
WEST VIRGINIA. 
(Analyst, A. A. Hayes.) 
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 

Calcium carbonate, 5.000 grs. 

Sodium chloride, 896 " 

Calcium chloride, 208 " 

Magnesium sulphate, 360 " 

Calcium crenate, 3-640 " 

Ferrous crenate, 080 " 

" silicate, 640 " 

Loss, .064 " 



Temperature, 46 F. Total, . 4.0287 



Temperature, 74 F. Total, . 10.888 






475 

CAPON SPRINGS, HAMPSHIRE COUNTY, CRESSON MAGNESIA SPRING, CAMBRIA 

WEST VIRGINIA. COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. 

(Analyst, J. W. Mallet.) (Analyst, F. A. Genth.) 

OneU. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains— One U - S - g allon ( 2 3* cu - in -) contains— 

Sulphate of calcium, 477 grs. Sulphate of calcium, 0.109 grs. 

potassium, 136 " Chloride of magnesium, . . . 0.559 " 

Crenate of iron, 080 " " calcium, 1. 304 " 

Chloride of sodium, 240 " " sodium, 1.229 « 

Carbonate of calcium, .... 6.701 " Bicarbonate of iron, 0.017 « 

sodium 475 " " manganese, . . trace 

magnesium, . . . .160 " " magnesium, . . 0.414 " 

iron, 033 " " calcium, . . . 0.022 « 

Alumina, 014 " " sodium, . . . 1. 425 " 

Organic matter, 164 " " potassium, . . 0.206 " 

Phosphate of calcium, .... 0.004 " 

9-774 " Alumina, 0.008 " 

Carbonic acid, 6.898 " Silicic acid> a9H « 

Nitrogen, 2.962 " Nitrous acid, trace 

0x yg en > 1-416 " Carbonic acid, 0.663 " 

Temperature, 65. 50 F. 



6.874 



BEDFORD CHALYBEATE SPRING, BEDFORD 
COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. 

One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 

Sulphate of calcium, 2.741 grs. 

Phosphate of calcium, 033 " 

Carbonate of calcium, .... 8.885 " 
" magnesium, . . . 1. 201 " 

" iron, 44 2 " 

" manganese, . . . trace 

" sodium, 395 " 

" potassium, . . . .132 " 

Chloride of sodium, 120 " 

Silicic acid, 793 " 



14.942 " 
Carbonic acid, 12 cu. in. 



All Healing Spring, Catoosa County, Georgia. MgC0 3 7, CaS0 4 39. 

Alum Spring, Onslow County, North Carolina. 

Artesian Well, Winslow, Camden County, New Jersey. 

Ashley Springs, North Carolina. 

Augusta Springs, Augusta County, Virginia. See Stribling Springs. 

Bath or Berkeley Springs, Morgan County, Virginia. 74 F. 

Birchdale Spring, Concord, N. H. 

Black Barren Spring, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. 

Bryant's Springs, Lincoln County, Kentucky. Numbers I, II and III. 



476 

Buffalo Lithia Springs, Mecklenburg County, Virginia. CaS0 4 and Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 39, 

Li(C0 3 ) 2 2, H 2 S, 6.68 cubic inches. Temperature 6o° F. 
Capon Springs, Hampshire County, West Virginia. 65. 5 F. 
Chalk Creek Hot Springs, Chalk Creek, Colorado. 130 F. 
Chalybeate Spring, Bedford Springs, Bedford County, Pennsylvania. CaC0 3 9, CaS0 4 3, 

FeC0 3 trace, C0 2 21 cubic inches. 52.70 F. 
Chenowith Chalybeate Spring, Bedford County, Pennsylvania. 
Cherry Hill Phosphate Spring, Otsego County, New York. Ca 2 (P0 4 ) 2 14. 
Cherry Valley Phosphate Spring, Otsego County, New York. 
Clymerara Spring, Manor of Maryland, Maryland. 
Cola Springs, Browns Mills, New Jersey. 
Concord Spring, Concord, New Hampshire. 
Daggy Spring. See Greencastle. 
Dew Drop Spring. See Greencastle. 
Epsom Spring, in Wyandotte Cave, Indiana. MgS0 4 24. 
Estill Chalybeate Spring, Estill County, Kentucky. C0 2 41 cubic inches. 
Estill Red Sulphur Spring, Estill County, Kentucky. C0 2 40 H 2 S .56 cubic inches. 
Farmville Lithia Water, Farmville, Virginia. NaCl 5, NaS0 4 3, Li(C0 3 ) 2 3, Fe(C0 3 ) 2 I, 

K 2 A1 2 (S0 4 ) 4 2. 
Fayette Spring, Fayette County, Pennsylvania. 
Field Spring, Lincoln County, Kentucky. 

Florida Spring, Montgomery County, New York. (NaHC0 3 ) 2 22. 
Glen Alpine Springs, Burke County, North Carolina. 
Greencastle Daggy Spring. Ca C0 3 14. 
Greencastle Dew Drop Spring, Putnam County, Indiana. 
Grove Spring, Lincoln County, Kentucky. CaC0 3 10. 
Hawkin's Mineral Springs, Wayne County, Indiana. 
Healing Spring (New), Bath County, Virginia. Ca C0 3 
" " (Old) " " " Ca C0 3 

Hot Springs, Garland County, Arkansas. 93 to 105 F. 
Howard Well, Lincoln County, Kentucky. 
Hubbardston Well, Iona County, Michigan. CaC0 3 17. 
Jerusalem Mineral Spring, Cannan, New Hampshire. 
Jordan Chalybeate Spring, Rockbridge County, Virginia. Co 2 6. 
Kimberling Springs, Bland County, Virginia. 
Lebanon Spring, Columbia County, New York. 73 F. 

Leslie Spring, Ingham County, Michigan. CaC0 3 18. C0 2 12 cubic inches. 
Limestone Spring, Bedford Springs, Bedford County, Pennsylvania. 

cubic inches. 5 1. 8° F. 
McVittey's Saltillo Springs, Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania. Ca (HC0 3 ) 2 10. 
Magnesia Spring (Cresson Springs), Cambria County, Pennsylvania. 
Magnesia Spring. See Versailles Spring. 
Marion Artesian Well, Grant County, Indiana. 

Marranetta Mineral Spring, Harrisonburg, Virginia. CaC0 3 15, Mg C0 3 7. 50 F. 
Massanutten Spring, Rockingham County, Virginia. 59-7° F. 
Mineral Spring, ten feet from May's, Bedford County, Pennsylvania. 
Mineral Spring, at the Mound in Madison County, Indiana. 



CaC0 3 12. 




18, C0 2 5 cubic inches. 


88° F. 


18, C0 2 4 " 


85°F. 



477 

Minnequa Spring, Bradford County, Pennsylvania. 

Missioquoi Springs, Franklin County, Vermont. NaHC0 3 8. C0 2 ? 

Monitor Spring. See Versailles Spring. 

New Spring. See Healing Spring. 

Northport Mineral Spring, Northport, Maine. 

Nucleoli's Springs, Grayson County, North Carolina. 

Old Spring. See Healing Spring. 

Orkney Springs (Bear's Wallow Spring), Shenandoah County, Virginia. C0 2 5. 

Orkney Springs (Healing Spring), Shenandoah County, Virginia. C0 2 3. 

Ourry Spring. See Versailles Spring. 

Perry Springs, Pike County, Illinois. CaC0 3 14. 48 to 50 F. 

Pine Grove Mineral Spring, Dover, Stratford County, New Hampshire. 45 ° F. 

Plummer Bromine Arsenic Spring, Ashe County, North Carolina. 

Poland Mineral Spring, South Poland, Maine. 

Rawley Springs, Rockingham County, Virginia. 

Red Sulphur Spring. See Estill Springs. 

Red Sulphur Springs, Monroe County, West Virginia. 54 F. 

Rock Spring, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. 

Saltillo Spring. See McVittey's Spring. 

Santa Barbara Hot Sulphur Springs, near Santa Barbara, California. Na 2 C0 3 17. 112 

to 122° F. 
St. Helena White Sulphur Springs, No. 7, Napa County, California. CaCl + Na 2 S0 4 27. 

64.5 to 97 F. 
Stone Sulphur Spring, Lincoln County, Kentucky. 
Stremmel's Gettysburg Lithia Spring, Adams County, Pennsylvania. 
Stribling's Chalybeate Spring, Augusta County, Virginia. 
Stribling's Sulphur Spring, Augusta County, Virginia. 
Sweet Springs, Bedford, Pennsylvania. Temperature 52.7 F. 
Thompson's Springs, Ashe County, North Carolina. 
Underwood Spring, Falmouth Foreside, Maine. 
Van Cleuve's Mineral Spring, Crawfordsville, Indiana. CaC0 3 10. 
Versailles Magnesia Springs, Brown County, Illinois. C0 2 24 cubic inches. 58 F. 
Versailles Monitor Springs, Brown County, Illinois. 
Versailles Ourry Springs, Brown County, Illinois. 

Virginia Arsenic, Bromine and Lithia Spring, Roanoke, Virginia. CaC0 3 6, Mg SO 43. 
Warner Spring, Albion, Michigan. Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 17. 

White Cliff Mineral Springs, Monroe County, Tennessee. Three grains of Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 . 
Yellow Springs, Green County, Ohio. 5 2° F. 

II. IRON WATERS. 

These owe their virtues to the presence of iron, which usually exists in the form of the 
bicarbonate of the protoxide, held in solution by an excess of carbonic acid gas. The 
amount of carbon dioxide is often considerable, rendering the water decidedly acidulous. 
In many of our mineral springs, like those at Cresson, for instance, the iron exists as 
ferrous sulphate, with more or less feme sulphate from the oxidation of the former. 

The ordinary indications for the use of iron are well met by the use of the waters 
belonging to this class. 



478 

Those springs containing sulphate of magnesium and sodium, and alkalies, in addition 
to iron, such as those chalybeate springs, containing alum, give excellent results in chronic 
gastric or intestinal catarrhal inflammation, especially when associated with diarrhoea. 
Thorp's Spring, Texas, or the New Almaden Vichy, of California, should be of special 
sen-ice in chlorosis as well as in the ordinary anaemias. The following list comprises the 
most important members of this group, together with several examples where the analysis 
is given in detail : — 



CHURCHILL ALUM, VIRGINIA. 

One U. S. Gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 

Sulphate of magnesium, . . . 86.064 grs 

" " calcium, .... 88.832 " 

" " potassium, . . . 2.440 u 

" " ammonium, . . 0.640 " 

" " sodium, .... 1.944 " 

Chloride of sodium, 4.624 " 

Persulphate of the sesquioxide of 

iron, .... 51.264 " 

Bisulphate of the sesquioxide of 

iron, 83-35 2 " 

Sulphate of protoxide of iron, 24.184 " 

Persulphate of alumina, . . . 72.928 " 

Silica, 10.424 " 

Phosphoric acid, trace 

426.696 " 



Iron and Alum Waters. 

bath alum springs, bath county, va. 

(Analyst, A. A. Hayes.) 
One U.S. Gallon (231 cu.in.) contains — 
Chloride of sodium, 
Sulphate of calcium, .... 2.539 S rs - 

" " magnesium, 

" " potassium, 
Crenate of ammonium, 
Silicate of sodium, . . 
Protosulphate of iron, 

Alumina, 

Silica, 



1.282 
0.258 
1.776 

3i5o 

21.776 
12.293 



43.084 
Free carbonic acid, 8 cubic inches. 



CRESSON ALUM SPRINGS, CAMBRIA COUNTY, 
PENNA. 



One U. S. Gallon (231 cu. 


in.) contains — 


Sulphate 


of ferric oxide, 


. . 83.390 grs. 


« 


" aluminium, . 


. 21.205 " 


it 


" ferrous oxide, 


. 16.253 " 


" 


" magnesium, . 


. 27.699 " 


" 


" calcium, . . 


. 40.202 " 


« 


" lithium, . . 


. 0.047 " 


a 


" sodium, . . 


. 0.704 " 


" 


" potassium, . 


. 0.426 " 


Chloride of sodium, . . 


. 0.023 " 


Bicarbonate of iron, . . . 


. 3784 " 


u 


" manganese, 


trace 


<< 


" calcium, . . 




Phosphat 


e of calcium, 


. trace 


Silicic acid. 


. 1.868 " 









145-565 



479 

Simple Iron Water. 

sharon chalybeate spring, schoharie schuyler chalybeate spring, schuy- 

county, n. y. ler county, ill. 

One U. S. Gallon (231 cu. in.) contains— (Analyst, Dr. Blaney.) 

Sulphate of magnesium, . . . 20.56 grs. One U.S. Gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 

" " calcium, 16.27 " Grains. Grains. 

" " sodium, 12.35 " Sulphate of calcium, . . 73-93 6 73-986 

« « iron, 24.00 " " " magnesium, 2.984 2.982 

" " iron, . . . 69.960 69.959 

73-18 ' Alkaline sulphate, . . . 7.832 

Sulphuretted hydrogen, I cubic inch. (i phosphate> # § 7.836 

Temperature, 48° F. SiUca, 1-3" I.31S 

156.024 156.028 
Iron and Aperients, 
new almaden vichy, santa clara thorp's spring, hood county, texas. 

COUNTY, CALIFORNIA. ^ ^ g ^^ ^ cu [n) contains _ 

One U.S. Gallon (231 cu. in.) contains— Ferri carbonate, 40 grs. 

Sodium bicarbonate, 201 grs. Sodium sulphate, ....... 80 " 

" chloride, 33 " « carbonate, 100 " 

Calcium sulphate, "» <4 " 

" carbonate, J 

Magnesium sulphate, 12 " 

Ferri carbonate, 5 " 

325 " 
Free carbonic acid gas, 238 cu. in. 

Adirondack Spring, Whitehall, New York. CaC0 3 15, MgC0 3 13, FeC0 3 4, C0 2 54.15 

cubic inches. 5 2° F. 
Bath Alum Spring, Bath County, Va. No. I. Alum 9, CaFeO 14, C0 2 II cu. in. No. 2. 

FeO 21, Alum 12 C0 2 8 cu. in. 
Bedford Alum Springs, Bedford County, Virginia. FeS0 4 23^, MgS0 4 , 13, CaS0 4 19. 
Catter Spring. See Rock Enon Spring. 
Cave Spring, Bath County, Virginia. FeC0 3 2. 
Church Hill Alum Springs, Near Richmond, Va. Fe 2 (S0 4 ) 3 135, FeSO, 24, MgS0 4 86, 

CaSO, 89, A1 2 (S0 4 ) 3 73- 
Columbia Springs, Columbia County, N. Y. NaCl 84, CaS0 4 65, MgCl 2 31, CaCl 3 22, 

FeCl 3 y/2, H 2 S 4.48 cubic inches. 
Congress Spring, Santa Clara Co., California. NaC0 3 123, NaCl 118, FeC0 3 13. 
Crab Orchard Acid Spring, Genesee County, New York. H 2 S0 4 83, CaS0 4 40, FeS0 4 14. 
Cresson Springs, Cambria County, Pennsylvania. 

Iron Spring. FeS0 4 and Fe(HC0 3 ) 2 29, CaS0 4 49, MgS0 4 23. 

Alum Spring. FeS0 4 and Fe(HC0 3 ) 2 53, CaS0 4 40, MgS0 4 28, and A1 2 (S0 4 ) 3 21 
grains. 
Fauquier White Sulphur Springs, Fauquier County, West Virginia. FeS0 4 2. 55 F. 
Geyser Spa Spring, Sonoma County, California. NaHC0 3 23, Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 10, FeC0 3 4. 
Iron Ute Manitou Spring, Colorado. CaC0 3 70, Na 2 C0 3 70, FeC0 3 7, C0 2 ?. 44 F. 



480 

Jordan Rockbridge Alum, Rockbridge County, Virginia. FeS0 4 1 8^ C0 2 6 cu. in. 
Kittanning Mineral Spring, Armstrong County, Pennsylvania. FeS0 4 24^, MgS0 4 27, 

CaS0 4 65. 
Linwood Spring, Linwood, Iowa. FeC0 3 27, XaCl 93, NaHC0 3 40, MgCl 2 23. 
Manitou Spring. See Iron Ute. 

Xapa Soda Spring, Napa County, California. FeC0 3 16, MgC0 3 52. 68° F. 
Napa Soda Spring, Xapa County, California. MgC0 3 26, XaHC0 3 13, Fe 2 (C0 3 ) 3 8. 

68° F. 
New Almaden Vichy, Santa Clara County, California. NaHC0 3 201, XaCl 33, CaS0 4 

and Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 73, MgS0 4 12, FeC0 3 5, C0 2 238 cubic inches. 
Xew London Alum Springs, Campbell County, Virginia. FeS0 4 23^, MgS0 4 13, 

CaS0 4 19. 
Oak Orchard Spring, Genesee County, X. V. H 2 S0 4 133, FeS0 4 33, CaS0 4 13. 
Ocean Spring, Jackson County, Mississippi. FeO 5, XaCl 48. 
Ojo Caliente Spring, Ojo Caliente, Xew Mexico. Xa^Og 115, XaCl 32, FeC0 3 6. 

ioo° F. 
Owasso, Chalybeate, Owasso, Shiawassee County, Michigan. FeC0 3 12, MgC0 3 II. 
Pacific Congress Spring, ten miles S. W. Santa Clara, California. FeC0 3 14, XaCl and 

Na^COg 242. 50 F. 
Pacific Congress Spring, near Santa Clara, California. XaCl 119, XagCOg 123, FeC0 3 

14. 5o°F. 
Ranch Spring, Estes Park, Colorado. Fe(HC0 3 ) 2 2. 5 8° F. 
Richfield Iron Spring, Otsego County, Xew Vork. CaS0 4 and Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 1 7, Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 

12, FeO 5, CO, 16. 4 6°F. 
River Spring, Estes Park, Colorado. Fe(HC0 3 ) 2 4. 58 F. 
Rockbridge Alum Spring, Rockbridge County, Virginia. FeS0 4 5, Alumina 1 8. 
Rock Enon Spring, Frederick County, Va. FeC0 3 14, MgSO i 13. 
Saline Chalybeate Spring, Schuyler County, Illinois. Fe 2 (S0 4 ) 3 70, CaS0 4 74. 
Schuyler County Springs, Schuyler County, Illinois. CaS0 4 74, FeS0 4 70. 
Sharon Chalybeate Spring, Schoharie County, Xew York. FeS0 4 24, MgS0 4 21. 48 F. 
Sparta Artesian Well, Sparta, Monroe County, Wisconsin. FeC0 3 9 grains. 
Stribling Springs, Augusta County, Virginia. KgAL^SOJ^ 1 6, FeS0 2 9, CaS0 4 12. 
Stryker's Mineral Water, Stryker, Ohio. K 2 SO i 185, MgCl 2 1 19, XaCl 232, FeC0 3 10. 
Tar Spring, Crawford County, Indiana. FeC0 3 4, CaC0 3 21. 
Thorp's Spring, Hood County, Texas. FeC0 3 40, Xa 2 S 2 3 80, Xa 2 C0 3 100. 
Variety Springs, Augusta County, Virginia. FeS0 4 5 (XH 4 ) 2 S0 4 12, CaS0 4 13. 

III. CARBOXIC ACID WATERS. 

These owe their chief virtue to the presence of carbonic acid gas, though many of them 
contain alkalies and alkaline earths in sufficient quantity to give them a special action. 

Though springs of this class are very numerous, it is remarkable to observe how fre- 
quently information as to the exact amount of free carbonic gas is wanting, and that has 
been noted where the analysis, as regards the mineral constituents, has been conducted 
with great care and accuracy. Then, too, it would appear, in many instances, the water 
is sent some distance for analysis, so that considerable escapes and the water at the spring 
actually contains a larger quantity of the gas than is shown by the analysis. Many springs 
containing free carbonic acid gas also contain such large quantities of active inorganic 



481 



substances as to compel us to classify them under some one of the other groups. The 
waters belonging to this class are peculiarly agreeable both to the palate and to the eye. 
Their bright, sparkling appearance constantly tempts one to their use, and thus patients 
receive large quantities of water almost without effort. Fever patients find these waters 
very agreeable, and the addition of this gas acts as a sedative to the gastro-mucous mem- 
brane, and when taken cold and in sips relieves nausea and tends to check vomiting. This 
water when added to milk is admirably received by some patients with irritable stomach, 
and occasionally milk will be accepted in this form when it is absolutely refused in its pure 
state. Another very popular use to which these waters are put is in diluting wines. 

Wherever a water surcharged with the gas is indicated, these springs are of especial 
value, particularly those containing a moderate amount of the alkalies. The following 
analyses are offered as examples of this group, to which belong the well-known Apollinaris, 
Giesshiibel and Vichy springs : — ■ 



SWEET SPRINGS, WEST VIRGINIA. 
(Analyst, W. B. Rogers.) 
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 

Chloride of sodium, 0.136 grs 

" " magnesium. . . . 0.312 " 

" " calcium, 0.144 " 

Sulphate of sodium, 6.344 " 

" " magnesium, . . . 10.392 " 

" " calcium, 13.168 " 

Carbonate of sodium, .... " 

" " calcium, .... 30.556 " 
" " magnesium, . . . 0.824 " 

Oxide of iron, 0.144 " 

Silicic acid, 0.021 li 

Iodine, trace 

Earthy phosphates, trace 



Free carbonic acid, 



62.041 
cubic inches. 



GIESSHUBLER (NEAR CARLSBAD), BOHEMIA 

One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains— 

Sodium carbonate, 56.768 grs 

Calcium " 12.672 

Magnesium" 2.720 

Ferrous " ...... 0.032 

Potassium " 5.248 

" sulphate, J -776 

" chloride, 3.008 

Silica, 5- 2 4§ 

Aluminse, 0136 

^936 



CLYSMIC NATURAL SPRING WATER, WAU- 
KESHA, WISCONSIN. 
(Analyst, Rathbene.) 
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 

Chloride of sodium, 1. 170 grs. 

Sulphate of potassa, 0.456 " 

Sulphate of soda, 0.560 " 

Bicarbonate of lime, 16.044 " 

Bicarbonate of magnesia, . .13.563 " 

Bicarbonate of iron, 0.038 " 

Bicarbonate of soda, .... 1. 261 " 

Phosphate of soda, 0.032 " 

Silica, 0.722 " 

Organic matter, 1.616 " 

Alumina, trace 

Carbonic acid (?) 35-462 

SUMMIT SODA SPRINGS, ALPINE COUNTY, 
CALIFORNIA. 

One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 
Bicarbonate of calcium, .... 43.20 grs. 
Carbonate of magnesium, . . . 4.20 " 
" " sodium, .... 9.50 " 

Chloride " " 26.22 '• 

Oxide of iron, 1.75 " 

Silica, 2.06 " 

Alumina, 1.75 " 

Potassium, trace 



Carbonic acid, 



88.68 
:86.35 cubic inches. 



APOLLINARIS SPRING, NEUENAHR 
(Analyst, Mohr.)_ 
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in 



RHENISH PRUSSIA. 



contains- 



31 



Chloride of sodium, 20.79 

Sulphate of soda, 1 2. 2 

Carbonate of soda, 55-°7 

" " lime, 14.6 

" " magnesia 2 3-93 

Oxide of iron, 0.22 

Silicic acid, 1.08 

. 127.89 
Carbonic acid, 376 cubic inches. 



4S2 

Bladon Sulphur Spring, Choctaw County, Alabama. C0 2 86 cubic inches, and H,S 

1.30 cubic inches. 
Bladon Vichy Spring, Choctaw County, Alabama. CO, no cubic inches. 
Blue Lick Springs, Maysville, Kentucky. XaCl 8, MgCl 76, CaSO i 59, C0 2 46 cubic 

inches, H 2 S 6 cubic inches. 
Clarendon Gaseous Spring, Rutland County-, Vermont. C0 2 46.16 cubic inches. 50 F. 
Clysmic Spring, Waukesha, Wisconsin. Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 14, Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 16, CO, amount not 

given. 
Saratoga Vichy Springs, Saratoga County, Xew York. Nad 128, Xa,C0 3 82, Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 

95, MgC0 3 41, CO, 3.83 cubic inches. 
Su mmi t Soda Springs, Alpine County, California. NaCl 26, Cai v HC0 3 ), 43, C0 2 186.35 

cubic inches. 
Sweet Chalybeate Spring, Alleghany Count}-, West Virginia. CaS0 4 ^, CO, 104 cubic 

inches. 75 z F. 
Sweet Springs, Monroe County, West Virginia. CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 43, CO, 85. S6 cubic 

inches. 74 F. 

IV. PURGATIVE WATERS. 

These waters depend for their action largely upon sulphate of sodium and magnesium 
and associated salts held in solution. An examination of the analyses of the springs thus 
classified shows that chloride of sodium, carbonates of the alkalies and alkaline earths 
with free carbonic acid are very frequently associated. 

Some of these springs contain so small an amount of salts that their action is but mildly 
laxative, while others are actively purgative. 

When a gentle saline laxative is indicated these waters often give better results than the 
same amount of Epsom or Glaubers salts dissolved in pure water, and are therefore of 
greater service. 

In congestion of the liver, chronic gastric catarrh, with atony, jaundice, lithaemia. gout, 
and in the obese, the regular use of a water of this class, properly selected and adminis- 
tered, yields excellent results. 

Most of the Saratoga waters are purgative and are more agreeable than many others, 
from the large quantity of free carbonic acid gas present. Analyses in full are given of 
Congress, Hathom and Seltzer, as examples of these important and valuable springs. 

Following the typical examples here given will be found analyses of Carlsbad, Hunyadi 
Janos, Friedrichshall and Ofner Rakozy. 

CRAB ORCHARD SPRINGS, LINCOLN COUNTY, KY. 

(Analyst, Prof. A. Peters.) 
One U. S. gallon (231 cubic inches) contains — 
Carbonate of magnesium, 7.640 grs. Sulphate of magnesium, . 205.280 grs. 
" " iron, . . . trace " " calcium, . . 10.792 " 

" " calcium, . 53.1 84 w Silica, 3.264 " 

Chloride of sodium, . . 17,728 " Less and moisture, . . . 34.584 " 
Sulphate of potassium, . 9.912 " 401.454 " 

" " sodium, . . 59.072 " 
Carbonate of calcium, magnesium, iron and silica. 






483 



PAGASSA HOT SPRINGS, 25 MILES FROM HEADWATERS OF SAN JUAN RIVER, COL. 

(Analyst, Prof. O. Loew.) 
One U. S. gallon (231 cubic inches) contains — 

No. 1. 



Carbonate of sodium, 
" " lithium, 

" " calcium. 



Grains. 
2-745 
O.415 

34-456 
2.832 



" magnesium, . . . 

Sulphate of potassium, 4.164 

" " sodium, 129.449 

Chloride sodium, 17.082 

Silicic acid, 3-3 2 9 

Organic matter trace 



Temperature from 101 to 140 F. 



194.472 



No. 2. 

Grains. 

1-945 
trace 

34-748 

2.289 

4.076 

128.597 

17.146 

3-043 

trace 

191.844 



No. 3. 
Grains. 

trace 

3I-834 
2.149 
3.872 
130.769 
18.227 
3-230 
trace 

190.181 



No. 4. 
Grains. 



34.298 
2.127 
4.146 
131. 160 
17.409 
2.230 
trace 



•370 



LOUISVILLE, OR DUPONT'S ARTESIAN WELL, LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY. 

One U. S. gallon (231 cubic inches) contains — 



Carbonate of sodium, . 
" " magnesium 

" " iron, . . 

" " calcium, 

Chloride of potassium, 
" sodium, 
" magnesium, 
" aluminum, 
" calcium, 
" lithium, 
Sulphate of potassium, 
Carbonic acid, 6.16 



I.896 grs. 

I.632 " 

0.256 " 

4.160 " 

4.224 " 

621.520 " 

14.776 " 

I.208 " 

65.728 " 

0.104 " 

3.224 " 

cubic inches. 



Sulphate of sodium, . 
" " magnesium, 
" " aluminum, 
" " calcium, . 

Phosphate of sodium, . 

Iodide of magnesium, 

Bromide of magnesium, 

Silica, 

Organic matter, . . . 

Loss, 



Nitrogen, 1.36 cubic inches. 



Sulphuretted hydrogen, 



72.296 grs. 

77-336 " 

01.800 " 

29.432 " 

1-544 " 

•352 •< 

.464 " 

.888 " 

.712 " 

8.120 " 



911.672 " 
2.00 cubic inches. 



SARATOGA SPRINGS, SARATOGA COUNTY, N. 
(Analyst, C. F. Chandler.) 
One U. S. gallon (231 cubic inches) contains — 



Congress. 
Grains. 

Carbonate of sodium, ...... 7-472 

" " magnesium 75.152 

" " iron, 0.248 

" " calcium, * 99.992 

" " lithium, 2.992 

" " strontium, trace 

" " barium, 0.760 

Chloride of potassium, 8.048 

" " sodium, 400.440 

Sulphate of potassium, 0.888 

Phosphate of sodium 0.016 

Iodide of " 0.138 

Bromide of " 8.552 

Fluoride of calcium, trace 

Biborate of sodium, trace 

Alumina, trace 

Silicon, O.840 

Organic matter, trace 



Carbonic acid gas, 



602.636 
. 362.00 cu. 



Hathorn. 
Grains. 

2.976 
IO4.756 

O.808 
118.520 

trace 
I.424 
9-592 
509.960 
trace 
0.008 
0.200 
1.556 
trace 

0.128 
1.256 
trace 

750.992 
376.00 cu. 



Seltzer. 

Grains. 

20.416 

23.904 

I.240 

62432 

O.568 

trace 

trace 

1.336 

134.288 

o.552 

trace 

0.032 

0.632 

trace 

trace 

0.376 

2.560 

trace 

248.33 6 
320.00 cu. in. 



484 

Alburgh Springs, Grand Isle County, Vermont, 15 grains of Na 2 S0 4 and K 2 S0 4 . 

Avon New Bath, Livingston County, New York, CaC0 3 27, Na 2 S0 4 and NaCl 44. 50 F. 

Ballston Springs, Saratoga County, New York — 

Ballston Artesian Lithia Well. NaCl 750, CaC0 3 165, MgC0 3 107, Li 2 C0 3 6, C0 2 

426 cubic inches. 5 2° F. 
Franklin Artesian Well. NaCl 659, Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 202, Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 178, NaHC0 3 94, 

KC1 34, LiHC0 3 7, C0 2 460 cubic inches. 52 F. 
Sans Souci. NaCl 144, CaC0 3 43, Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 39, FeC0 3 6. 
United States. NaCl 425, CaC0 3 29, C0 2 244 cubic inches. 50 F. 
Washington Lithia Well. NaCl 645, Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 158, CaHC0 3 178, LLHCO II, 
Fe(HC0 3 ) 2 2, C0 2 338 cubic inches. 49 F. 
Bedford Springs, Bedford County, Pennsylvania — 

Anderson magnesia. CaS0 4 1 00, MgS0 4 40. 5 7. 2° F. 
Anderson magnesia. Iron CaS0 4 90, MgS0 4 39, FeC0 3 trace. 57. 2° F. 
Bedford Sulphur. CaS0 4 73, MgS0 4 33, H 2 S trace, C0 2 6 cubic inches. 62.6 F. 
Beer Springs, Oregon, MgS0 4 48, MgC0 3 12, CaC0 3 15, NaCl 9. 
Benham's Carburetted Saline Spring, Crawford County, Indiana. NaCl 4850, CaC0 3 640, 

MgC0 3 173, MgS0 4 84, Na 2 S0 4 21, FeC0 3 9. 
Bryant's Mineral Well, Lincoln County, Kentucky. MgS0 4 53, CaS0 4 56. 
Buttenvorth Springs, Kent County, Michigan. CaSC^ 75, MgCL 2 42. 54 F. 
Charleston Artesian Well, Charleston, South Carolina. Na^C^ 52, MgS0 4 12. 87 F. 
Cherry Valley Bath House Spring, Otsego County, New York. CaS0 4 85, MgC0 3 and 

MgS0 4 42, Na 2 S0 4 11. 
Cooper's Artesian Well, Hinds County, Mississippi. MgSO i 23, NajSO^ 12, CaS0 4 42. 

5o°F. 
Crab Orchard, Foley's Spring, Lincoln County, Kentucky, 
Crab Orchard, Sowder's Spring, Lincoln County, Kentucky. MgS0 4 173, CaSOi 91, 

NaCl 57, C0 2 ?. 
Crab Orchard Springs, Lincoln County, Kentucky. MgS0 4 205, Na,S0 4 59. 
Crab Orchard Salts. Contain in 100 grains MgS0 4 63. 
Eaton's White Sulphur Spring, Crawford County, Indiana. NaCl 121, MgS0 4 42, MgC0 3 

16, CaC0 3 46. 59° F. 
Estill Spring. See Irvine Spring. 
Foley's Spring. See Crab Orchard Springs. 
Fruit Port Artesian Well, Ottawa County, Michigan. NaCl 464, CaCL in, MgCl 47, 

N^SO^ 46, FeC0 3 5.44 grains. 48 F. 
Glenn Springs, Spartanburgh County, South Carolina. MgS0 4 96, Na,S0 4 40, H 2 S 24 

cubic inches. 
Greenville Spring. See Harrodsburg Springs. 
Harrodsburg Springs, Mercer County Kentucky — 

Greenville Spring. MgS0 4 129, CaSOi &8, MgC0 3 23. 
Saloon Spring. MgS0 4 223, CaS0 4 82, Fe(HC0 3 ) 2 4. 
Hartford Sulphur Spring, Crawford County, Indiana. NaCl 59, MgS0 4 and Na 2 S0 4 20, 

CaC0 3 20. 
Hot Springs, Canon City, Colorado. Na 2 S0 4 166, Na^Og 155, Ca,C0 3 66. 102 F. 
Hot Sulphur Springs, Middle Park, ninety miles from Denver, Colorado. Na. 2 S0 4 25, 
Na2C0 3 22. Temperature no° to 117 F. 



485 

Idaho Warm Springs, Clear Creek County, Colorado. Na 2 C0 3 31, Na 2 S0 4 29. 106 F. 
Indian Spring, Butts County, Georgia. MgS0 4 572, CaS0 4 57, K 2 S0 4 27. 63 F. 
Irvine Spring, Estill County, Kentucky. MgS0 4 263, CaS0 4 and CaC0 3 62. 
Le Roy Springs, Le Roy Station on the Northern Pacific Railroad, Wyoming. Na 2 S0 4 

117, NaCl 270, MgC0 3 51, CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 100. 
Louisville, or Du Pont's Artesian Well, Louisville, Kentucky. NaCl 622, MgS0 4 JJ, 

Na 2 S0 4 72. 
Midland Spring, Midland County, Michigan. K 2 S0 4 68, Na 2 S0 4 18. 47 F. 
Mineral Spring, in dry wash leading from Detrital Valley (Forty-mile Desert) to the Colo- 
rado River, Arizona. NaCl 232, MgS0 4 101, CaS0 4 76, Na 2 S0 4 30. 
Pagosa Hot Springs, twenty-five miles from the headwater of the San Juan River, 
Colorado — 

No. 1. Na 2 S0 4 129. No. 3. Na 2 S0 4 131. 

No. 2. Na 2 S0 4 129. No. 4. Na 2 S0 4 131. 

Porter's Sulpho- Chalybeate Spring, Denver, Colorado. Na 2 S0 4 27, CaC0 3 10. 
Rhea Springs, Rhea County, Tennessee. 70 grains of CaS0 4 . 
Saloon Spring. See Harrodsburg Springs. 
Saratoga Springs, Saratoga County, New York — ■ 

Champion. Ca(F£C0 3 ) 2 227, NaCl 702, Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 194, C0 2 462. 49 F. 
Columbian. NaCl 267, CaC0 3 68, MgC0 3 28, FeCo 3 6, Co 2 272 cubic inches. 
Congress. NaCl 400, CaC0 3 100, MgCGy 75, NaBr 9, Li 2 C0 3 3, C0 2 392 cubic 

inches. 52 F. 
Crystal. NaCl 336, CaC0 3 71, MgC0 3 45, Li 2 C0 3 3, C0 2 312 cubic inches. 50 F. 
Empire. NaCl 507, CaC0 3 76, MgCo 3 25, C0 2 344 cubic inches. 
Eureka. NaCl 117, CaC0 3 41, MgC0 3 29, FeC0 3 3, C0 2 232 cubic inches. 
Excelsior. NaCl 371, CaCO s 77, MgC0 3 32, FeC0 3 3, NaC0 3 15. 
Geyser. NaCl 562, CaC0 3 118, MgC0 3 83, Na 2 C0 3 49, Li 2 C0 3 4, C0 2 456 cubic 

inches. 46 F. 
Glacier. NaCl 702, CaC0 3 158, MgC0 3 115, Li 2 C0 3 6, KC1 40, C0 2 465.44 cubic inches. 
Hamilton. NaCl 299, CaC0 3 98, MgC0 3 39, FeC0 3 5, Na 2 C0 3 34, C0 2 320. 
Hathorn. NaCl 510, CaC0 3 n8, MgC0 3 105, C0 2 376 cubic inches. 
High Rock. NaCl 390, CaC0 3 92, MgC0 3 33, C0 2 408 cubic inches. 52 F. 
Pavilion. NaCl 460, CaC0 3 83, MgC0 3 45, Li 2 C0 3 6, C0 2 328 cubic inches. 
Putnam Spring.' NaCl 214, Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 68, Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 51, C0 2 348 cubic inches. 

51 F. 
Red Spring. NaCl 70, CaC0 3 59, MgC0 3 21. 

Saratoga Alum. NaCl 565, CaC0 3 57, MgC0 3 20, C0 2 212 cubic inches. 
Seltzer. NaCl 134, CaC0 3 62, MgC0 3 24, C0 2 320 cubic inches. 50 F. 
Star. NaCl 398, CaC0 3 86, MgC0 3 37, C0 2 400 cubic inches. 52 F. 
Triton Spring. NaCl 238, CaC0 3 91, MgC0 3 42, Li 2 C0 3 3 grains, C0 2 360 cubic 

inches. 6o° F. 
United States. NaCl 142, CaC0 3 65, MgC0 3 43, Li 2 C0 3 3, C0 2 240 cubic inches. 
Union. NaCl 458, CaC0 3 67, MgC0 3 65, C0 2 384.96 cubic inches. 48 F. 
Vichy. See Alkaline Waters. 

Walton or Iodine. NaCl 187, MgC0 3 75, CaC0 3 26, C0 2 330 cubic inches. 
Washington Spring. NaCl 183, Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 84, Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 66, C0 2 364 cubic inches. 
45° F. 



486 

Seltzer Spring, Boulder County, Colorado. Na,S0 4 ioS, Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 43. Temperature, 40 F. 

Seltzer, Springdale, Colorado. Na,S0 4 230, Ca,C0 3 85, FeC0 3 S. 

Spring Lake Well, Ottawa County, Michigan. NaCl 406, CaCL 2 1 13, Na^O^ 47. MgCl 

36. 52° F. 
Sowder's Spring. See Crab Orchard Springs. 

Warm Spring, at edge of Salt Lake City, Utah. MgS0 4 60, NaCl 234. 
Warren Springs, Warren Count}-, North Carolina. CaCl II, CaSO i and CaC0 3 and 

CaCL 2 10, MgS0 4 8. 
White Creek Springs, twelve miles from Nashville, Tennessee. 55 grains of CaC0 3 and 

CaS0 4 . 

V. ALKALINE WATERS. 

These owe their alkalinity to the preponderance of carbonate and bicarbonate of sodium, 
and also, though in small quantities, the carbonate of potassium, lithium, calcium and 
magnesium. These waters are frequently surcharged with carbonic acid gas, which 
enhances their therapeutic value very considerably, as it renders them more palatable and 
converts the alkaline taste, so unpleasant to many, into an agreeable acidity. These 
springs may be cold or hot, and may contain lime, salt or iron in varying amount 

Typical examples of this class, that is, springs containing sodium carbonate or bicarbo- 
nate with free carbonic acid gas, are, unfortunately, less numerous than we would wish, in 
view of their enormous importance in so many chronic diseases. Most of our alkaline 
springs contain other mineral substances which render them less valuable in the treatment 
of disease. The conditions in which these waters produce their best effects are the follow- 
ing : Chronic gastric catarrh, especially with hyperacidity, and catarrhal inflammation of 
mucous membrane of the biliary passages. Good results have also been obtained in acute 
catarrhal nephritis, and not a few observers have seen diabetics improve under its use. 
In acute cystitis and urethritis springs of this class do good by diluting the urine and 
diminishing its acidity, and so alleviate suffering and hasten recovery ; at times brilliant 
results are obtained in certain diathetic conditions, such as lithaemia, gout and chronic 
rheumatism. From this brief summary it is evident that these waters constitute a most 
important addition to our means of combating disease. 

Our country is so rich in mineral waters, it is in the highest degree probable that 
numerous springs belonging to this class are in existence and only need analysis to make 
known their value. It is to be hoped that before long many additions will be made to 
our meagre list of springs belonging to this group. 

The following analyses are examples of this class, and I would particularly call atten- 
tion to that of Vichy, in France, as a type of an alkaline water : — 

SARATOGA VICHY SPRING, SARATOGA CO., N. Y. 

Contains in one U. S. gallon of 231 cubic inches — 

Chloride of sodium, 128. 6S9 

" " potassium, 14113 

Bromide of sodium, 0.990 

Iodide of sodium, trace. 

Fluoride of calcium, trace. 

Bicarbonate of lithia, 1.760 

" " soda, 82.S73 

" " magnesia, .... 41.503 
269.928 



487 

269.928 

Bicarbonate of lime, 95 .5 22 

" " strontia, trace. 

" " baryta, 0.593 

" " iron, 0.052 

Sulphate of potassa, trace. 

Phosphate of soda, trace. 

Alumina, °-473 

Silica, 0.758 

Organic matter, trace. 

Total, 367.326 
Carbonic acid gas in one gallon, 383.071 cubic inches. 
Temperature 50 F. 



VICHY GRANDE GRILLE AND HOPITAL 

SPRINGS. 

(Analyst, Mossier.) 

One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains 



OJO CALIENTE SPRING, OJO CALIENTE, NEW 
MEXICO. 
(Analyst, O. C. Marsh.) 
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — ■ 



Grande-Grille. 


Hopital. 


Sodium carbonate, . 








115 019 grs 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Lithium " 








0.123 " 


Carbonate of soda, . . 259.03 


254-75 


Calcium " 








2-435 " 


" " lime, . . 12.23 


18.62 


Magnesium " 








1.273 " 


" " magnesia, 2.28 


2.05 


Iron " 








. 59IO " 


" " iron, . . 0.60 


2-73 


Potassium sulphate, 








3.019 « 


Chloride of Sodium, . 23.94 


8.36 


Sodium " 








. 7-942 " 


Sulphate of soda, . . 42.33 


47-65 
334.16 


" chloride, 
Silica, 








32.209 " 


340.41 


. 0.123 " 


Free carbonic acid 90-100 cu 


. in. 


168.053 « 




Carbonic acid undetermined. 






Temperature ioo° I 











Adams Springs, Lake County, California. MgC0 3 99, Na 2 C0 3 57, CaC0 3 29,C0 2 300 

cubic inches. 
Borax Springs. See Hot Borate Springs. 

California Seltzer Springs, Mendocino County, Cal. CaC0 3 67, MgC0 3 43, Na 2 C0 3 35. 
Carlisle, near Pueblo, Colorado. 6o° F. 
Clinton Spring, Cliff Street, New York City. NaCl 58, MgC0 3 35, CaC0 3 30, C0 2 68^ 

cubic inches. 
Congress Spring, Santa Clara County, California. Na 2 C0 3 123, NaCl 1 18, FeC0 3 13. 
Hot Borate Springs, Borax Lake, Lake County, California. NH 4 HC0 3 108, 103, NaCl 

85, NaHC0 3 77. 
Indian Spring, Martin County, Indiana. NaCl 39, CaC0 3 4- CaS0 4 53, MgC0 3 -f MgS0 4 

49. 53° F. 
Iron Duke, Canon City, Colorado. Na 2 C0 3 156, NaCl 170. 
Olympian Springs, Bath County, Kentucky. NaCl 166, MgCl 2 55. 
Richfield Sulphur Spring, Otsego County, New York. CaS0 4 and Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 92, 

MgS0 4 and Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 39, NaCl 21, H 2 S 4 cubic inches. 48 F. 
Saratoga Vichy Springs, Saratoga County, New York. NaCl 128, Na 2 HC0 3 82, 

CaHC0 3 95, C0 2 383 cubic inches. 



488 

Sharon Magnesia Spring, Schoharie County, New York. CaS0 4 76, MgS0 4 -j- Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 

53, H 2 S 3.3 cubic inches. 48 F. 
Snowden Mineral Spring, Valley of Yoncalla, two miles south of Drain's Station, Oregon. 

MgCli45, NaCl 173, CaCl 2 115. 
St. Louis Magnetic Spring, St. Louis, Gratiot County, Michigan. NaHC0 3 86, Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 

56, CaS0 4 54. 50 F. 
Vichy Springs. See New Almaden Springs. 
West Baden Springs, Orange County, Indiana. NaCl 78, CaC0 3 41, MgC0 3 39, MgS0 4 

36, MgCl 2 11. 
WQhoit Springs, Clackamas County, Oregon. MgC0 3 85, 1Ssl 2 C0 3 88, NaCl 201, FeO 6, 

C0 2 338.41 cubic inches. 
Wilson's Saline Chalybeate, Lexington, Fayette County, Kentucky. CaCl 2 33, MgCl 2 18, 

MgC0 3 15, FeC0 3 2)4, C0 2 33 cubic inches. 

VI. SALINE WATERS. 

These waters are solutions of common salt, containing, also, small quantities of the chlorides 
of the alkalies and alkaline earths, and occasionally minute traces of iodine and bromine. 
It is plain that the effects produced by these springs are due to chloride of sodium and the 
increased amount of water consumed. This salt, when taken into the stomach, dissolves 
albumin and starches; promotes the digestion and absorption of food; supplies the intes- 
tines with chyme rich in albumin and starches ; enters the blood, which carries it to all 
the tissues of the body, after supplying its own needs. 

In solutions of suitable strength it produces an agreeable effect on mucous membranes, 
favoring free and healthy secretion. It is quickly absorbed, but when taken highly con- 
centrated acts as an irritant and produces emesis and diarrhoea. The therapeutic dose 
is from one to five drachms daily. 

The usefulness of these waters is very restricted, and is indicated by what has been 
said as to its physiological action. Good results may be expected in certain dyspepsias, 
with defective gastric secretion and sluggishness of the bowels, as well as chronic inflam- 
matory exudations which are being absorbed slowly or not at all. When rapid absorption 
is necessary the water should be given hot, and in certain cases of dyspepsia these results 
are best obtained by its administration early in the morning, before breakfast. 

When it is desired to administer these waters, in ordinary cases, preference should be 
given to those springs charged with carbonic acid, as this gas greatly increases the palata- 
bility of this class of waters. 

These waters, as well as the alkaline*earths, when carbonated, are especially valuable in 
many acute affections attended with fever, particularly when nourishment is taken in small 
amounts, as they supply the body with mineral substances absolutely needed. The proper 
supply of salines in disease is too often overlooked. 

The following analyses are good examples of these waters : — 

HALLECK SPRING, ONEIDA COUNTY, NEW YORK. 
(Analyst, Prof. Noyes.) 
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 

Chloride of sodium, 624.00 grs. 

" calcium, .... 104.00 " 

il magnesium, . . . 32.00 " 

Sulphate of calcium, .... 40.00 " 

800.00 " 



489 



AKESION SPRING, SALINE COUNTY, MISSOURI. 



(Analyst, C. P. W 
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 

Chloride of sodium, . 
" potassium, 

" lithium, . 

" magnesium, 

" calcium, . 

Bromide of magnesium, 

Nitrate of magnesium, 
" ammonium, 

Sulphide of sodium, . 

Sulphate of calcium, . 
" barium, . 

Phosphate of calcium, 

Carbonate of calcium, 

" iron, (ferrous 

" manganese, 

" alumina, . 

Organic matter, .... 



lliams.) 

756. 

28. 

o. 

87. 

74- 
o. 
o. 
o. 

2. 

57- 

o. 

o. 
40. 

o. 

o. 

o. 

o. 



114 grs. 

594 " 

294 " 

313 " 

791 « 

131 « 

178 " 

172 " 

609 " 

934 " 

150 " 

243 " 

251 " 

267 « 

199 « 

167 " 

513 " 



1049.920 " 



SALT SPRING, NEAR ALBA, BRADFORD 
COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. 

(Analyst, Genth.) 

One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains- 



Chloride of sodium, . . 


. . 4693.608 gn 


" iron, . . . 


. . trace 


" calcium, 


. . 780.224 " 


" magnesium, 


. 110.960 " 


Bicarbonate of iron, . . 


• 5,256 " 


" calcium, 


1.752 " 


Silicic acid, 


2.950 " 


Bromine not determined. 






5594-750 " 



WIESBADEN, THE KOCHBRUNNEN, NASSAU, 
GERMANY. 

One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 

Chloride of sodium, 419.92 grs. 

" potassium, .... 8.96 " 

" lithium, 0.08 " 

" calcium, .... 28.88 " 

" magnesium, . . . 12.48 " 

Bromide of magnesium, ... 0.16 " 

Sulphate of lime, 5.52 " 

Carbonate of lime, 25.68 " 

" protoxide of iron, 0.32 " 



Temperature, 15 6° F. 
cubic inches. 



502.00 " 
Carbonic acid, 52 



Akesion Spring, Brownville, Saline County, Missouri. NaCl 756, MgCl 2 87, CaCl 2 , 

CaS0 4 and CaC0 3 173. 
Albany Artesian Well, Ferry Street, Albany, New York. NaCl 504, FeC0 3 8, MgC0 3 

16, Na 2 C0 3 40, C0 2 224 cubic inches. 51 to 52 F. 
Ballston Condo Dentonean, Saratoga County, New York. NaCl 480, CaC0 3 123, MgC0 3 

93, C0 2 357 cubic inches. 
Ballston Spa, Saratoga County, New York. NaCl 144, CaC0 3 43, Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 39. 
Bangor's Company's Well, Bangor, Michigan. NaCl 159, MgCl 09, CaS0 4 56, CaCl. 
Black Sulphur Spring, Bath County, Kentucky. 58 grains NaCl. 



490 

Blue Lick Springs (Lower), Nicholas County, Kentucky. NaCl 516, CaS0 4 41, MgCl 2 

40, CaC0 3 23, C0 2 98, H 2 S 17. 
Blue Lick Springs (Upper), Nicholas County, Kentucky. NaCl 516, CaS0 4 144, MgCl 2 

37, CaC0 3 25, C0 2 48 cubic inches, H 2 S 8 cubic inches. 
Borland Well, Wood County, West Virginia. NaCl 240, NaHC0 3 1 12, Na 2 S0 4 38. 
Boulder Spring Water, Colorado. NaCl 514, CajCOg 125, MgC0 3 100, Na 2 S0 4 62, C0 2 . 
Bryant's Spring, No. 4, Lincoln County, Kentucky. Na 2 S0 4 12, NaCl 54. 
Canon City Mineral Springs, Canon City, Fremont County, Colorado. 

Aqua Vida. NaCl 121, Na 2 C0 3 73, MgC0 3 18. 

Big Ute. NaCl 132, CaC0 3 43, MgC0 3 15. 

Congress. NaCl 38, MgC0 3 18. 

Iron Duke. NaCl 80, NajCOg 74, MgC0 3 15. 

Little Ute. NaCl 114, Na 2 C0 3 74, MgC0 3 14. 
Condo Dentonean Springs. See Ballston Springs. 

Des Chutes Hot Springs, Wasco County, Oregon. N^COg and NaCl 55. 143 to 145 F. 
East Clarion Salt Spring, Elk County, Pennsylvania. NaCl 337, CaCl 2 52, MgCl 2 15. 
East Saginaw Company's Well, Michigan. NaCl 103, MgCl 2 58, CaCl 2 14, CaS0 4 92. 
Halleck's Spring, Oneida County, New York. NaCl 624, CaCl 2 104, MgCl 2 32, CaS0 4 40. 
Highgate Springs, Franklin County, Vermont. NaCl 23, Na 2 C0 3 14. 
Iola Mineral Well, Kansas. NaCl 782, Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 49, Mg(HC0 3 ) 21, KC1 14. 
Kanawha Saline Spring, Kanawha Valley, West Virginia. NaCl 240, Na^COg 1 1 2, 

Na^SO^ 38. 
La Fayette Artesian Well, Tippecanoe County, Indiana. NaCl 325, MgC0 3 and MgCl 2 

59, CaS0 4 56. 55 F. 
Lansing Spring, Lansing, Ingham County, Michigan. NaCl 267, Na^Og 65, CaC0 3 62, 

C0 2 198 cubic inches. 53. 5 F. 
Liberty Hot Springs, or Wagon wheel Gap Springs, Morrison, 12 miles from Denver, 

Colorado. 
No. 1. Na 2 C0 3 41, NaCl 17. Temperature 150 F. 
No. 2. Na^jCOg 84, NaCl 19. Temperature 140 F. 
Livingston Artesian Well, Livingston, Sumter County, Alabama. NaCl 295 grains. 68° F. 
Lodi Artesian Well, Wabash County, Indiana. NaCl 502, CaCl 2 and CaS0 4 104, MgCL, 54. 
Lower Blue Lick Springs. See Blue Lick Springs. 
Lubec Spring, Lubec Bay, Maine. NaCl 90, MgCl 2 60, NaS0 4 25. 
Mineral Spring, Walnut Hill, Fayette County, Kentucky. NaCl 234, MgCl 2 19. 
Mineral Water, Paint Lick, Madison County, Kentucky. NaCl 27, Na 2 C0 3 16. 
Ott's Well, Crawford County, Indiana. NaCl 3781, CaC0 3 323, MgC0 2 86, FeC0 3 12, 

MgS0 4 and Na 2 S0 4 58. 
Parnassus Springs, 12 miles southward of Pueblo, Colorado. 
No. 1. Na 2 C0 3 74, NaCl 60. Temperature 66° F. 
No. 2. Na^COg 69, NaCl 61. Temperature 72.5 F. 
No. 3. Na2C0 3 43, NaCl 31. Temperature 59 F. 
Salina Spring (Mr. Peterson), near Tarentum, Pennsylvania. NaCl 1 927, CaCl 2 501, 

MgCl 2 126, MgC0 3 80, CaC0 3 161. 
Salina Wells, Syracuse, New York. NaCl 90, MgCl 2 7, CaCl 2 14, CaS0 4 36. 
Salt Spring, near Alba, Bradford County, Pennsylvania. NaCl 4694, CaCl 2 780, MgCl 2 

iii,Fe(HC0 3 ) 25 . 



491 

Salt Sulphur, Bath County, Kentucky. NaCl 1 66, MgCl 55. 

Salt Water, near Conemaugh, near Saltzburg, Indiana County, Pennsylvania. NaCl 41 65. 

CaCl 2 918, MgCl 2 232. 
Sheboygan Well, Sheboygan, Wisconsin. 307 grains of NaCl. 50 F. 
Siloam Springs, Garfield County, Colorado. NaCl 1137, Ca 2 S0 4 78. 103 F. 
South Park Springs, Colorado. NaCl 198, Na 2 C0 3 156. 
South Park Sulphur Springs, South Park, Colorado. NaCl 97, Na 2 C0 3 77. 
Steamboat Springs, Colorado. NaCl 240. 

St. Louis Artesian Well, St. Louis, Missouri. NaCl 347, MgCl 2 34, CaCl 2 27, C0 2 6, H 2 S 24. 
Sweet Springs, Saline County, Missouri. NaCl 90, MgCl 2 22. 
Syracuse Salt Wells, New York. NaCl 94, MgCl 2 85, CaCl 2 49, CaS0 4 32. 
Tarentum Salt Well. See Salina Springs. 
Terre Haute Spring, Clay County, Indiana. NaCl 316 grains. 
Thomas Well's Brine, Fountain County, Indiana. NaCl 4573, CaCl 2 215, CaC0 3 107, 

MgCl 2 53. 
Upper Blue Lick Springs. See Blue Lick Springs. 

Verona Spring, Oneida County, New York, NaCl 720, CaS0 4 60, CaCl 2 and MgCl 2 68. 
Wagonwheel Gap Springs. See Liberty Hot Springs. 
Waterloo Well, Waterloo, Wisconsin. NaCl and NaN0 3 60. 
Williams Mineral Well, Woodford County, Kentucky. NaCl 137, MgCl 2 16. 
Yampa Spring, Glenwood, Colorado. 

VII. CALCAREOUS WATERS. 

The efficacy of these waters depends upon the presence of the sulphate and carbonate 
of calcium and other alkaline earths. They are generally produced as follows : The excess 
of carbonic acid in the water, resulting from the decomposition of the carbonate by means 
of sulphuric acid (this acid is produced by the addition of iron pyrites), acts upon the 
sulphates and carbonates of the alkaline earths to dissolve them. 

Most of the lime in these fountains exists in the form of a sulphate, which is popu- 
larly known as gypsum. It is this salt that gives these waters the property called 
hardness, i. e., that peculiar reaction to soap and the special effect upon the palate. 

These springs have been used in cystitis and diabetes, but with doubtful results. 
Occasionally diuresis may be excited and in rachitic children favorable results may be 
obtained, though the constipating effect would be antagonized. It should be remembered 
that 10 grains of sulphate of lime to the gallon tends to retard digestion and causes con- 
stipation, and consequently they are often contra-indicated. In general, it may be said 
that springs of this class are of doubtful utility, except when they contain other more 
active mineral substances. 

I append a few examples of this class of water : — 

CATOOSA SPRINGS, CATOOSA COUNTY, GEORGIA. NO. I ALL-HEALING SPRING. 
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 

Calcium sulphate, 39.000 grs. 

Magnesium sulphate, . . . . | (t 

" carbonate, . . . j 34 ' 
Carbonic acid, 4.422 " 

77.422 



492 

TATE EPSOM SPRINGS, GRANGER COUNTY, TENNESSEE. 
(Analyst, T. S. Anterelle.) 
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 

Sulphate of calcium, 160.66 grs. 

" magnesium, . . . 31.97 " 

" sodium, 8.50 " 

" potassium, .... 1. 54 " 

Chloride of sodium, 40.27 " 

" iron, 2.92 " 

" manganese, ... 0.69 " 

Iodide of sodium, trace 

Phosphate of calcium, .... 1.14 " 
Carbonate of calcium, . . . . 21.56 " 

Silica, 2.70 " 

Nitric acid, 0.02 " 



271.97 « 
Temperature 55 F. 

Alleghany Springs, Montgomery County, Virginia. CaS0 4 96, MgS0 4 42. 53 F. 

Aurora Saline Springs, Aurora, Oregon. CaCl 474, NaCl 356. 

Beauty Spring. See Capon Springs. 

Beloit Iodo-magnesian Springs, Beloit, Wis. Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 15, Mg(HCO H ) 2 12. 48 F. 

Bishop's Well, New Brunswick, New Jersey. CaS0 4 149, MgS0 4 31. 

Blue Ridge Spring, Botetourt County, Virginia. CaS0 4 100, MgS0 4 48. 

Bordin's Well, Eaton Rapids, Michigan. CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 85 grains. 

Butterworth Spring, Grand Rapids, Mich. CaS0 4 75, MgCl 41. 

Capon Springs (Beauty Spring), Hampshire Co., W. Va. CaC0 3 66, C0 2 68 cubic inches. 

6o° F. 
Capon Springs (Main Spring), Hampshire Co , W. Va. CaC0 3 66, C0 2 68 cubic inches. 

6o° F. 
Carlisle Spring, on Arkansas River, twenty miles above Pueblo, Colorado. CaC0 3 22, 

MgC0 3 11. 65 °F. 
Catoosa Springs, Catoosa County, Georgia. 

All-Healing. CaS0 4 39, MgS0 4 and MgC0 3 34. 

Alum. CaS0 4 41, MgS0 4 and MgC0 3 36, Al 1. 

Black Sulphur. CaS0 4 41, MgS0 4 and MgC0 3 36. 

Buffalo. CaS0 4 45, MgS0 4 and MgC0 3 42. 

Chalybeate. CaS0 4 42, MgS0 4 and MgC0 3 35, FeC0 3 trace. 

Congress. CaS0 4 39, MgS0 4 and MgC0 3 34. 

Cosmetic. CaS0 4 42, MgS0 4 and MgC0 3 36. 

Magnesia. CaS0 4 42, MgS0 4 and MgC0 3 36. 

Red Sweet. CaS0 4 44, MgS0 4 and MgC0 3 3S. 

White Sulphur. CaS0 4 45, MgS0 4 and MgC0 3 40. 
Cave Spring. See Chittenango Spring. 
Chalybeate Spring, Estill County, Kentucky. CaS0 4 17, CaC0 3 9, MgS0 4 10, FeC0 3 2, 

C0 3 32 cubic inches. 
Cherry Valley North Spring, Otsego County, New York. CaS0 4 150, MgC0 3 10. 



493 

Chittenango Cave Spring, Madison County, New York. CaS0 4 106, MgC0 3 14, C0 2 25.6 

cubic inches, H 2 S 3.2 cubic inches. 49 F. 
Chittenango Magnesia Spring, Madison County, New York. CaS0 4 81, MgC0 3 13, C0 2 

36 cubic inches. 49 F. 
Chittenango White Sulphur Spring, Madison Co., N. Y. CaS0 4 80, C0 2 36 cubic inches. 
Clifton Springs, Ontario County, New York. CaS0 4 and CaC0 3 79, MgS0 4 and MgC0 3 30. 
Colorado or Manitou Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado. 

Iron Ute. CaC0 3 33, Na 2 C0 3 33, MgC0 3 8. 43.3 F. 

Little Chief. CaC0 3 42, Na 2 S0 4 29, NaCl 27. 43 F. 

Manitou. CaC0 3 62, Na 2 C0 3 26, MgC0 3 12. 56 F. 

Navajoe. CaC0 3 72, Na 2 C0 3 70, MgC0 3 19. 50.2 F. 

Shoshone. CaC0 3 61, Na 2 C0 3 50. 48.5 F. 

Ute Soda. CaC0 3 22, Na 2 C0 3 13. 
Eaton Rapids Well, Eaton Rapids in Eaton County, Michigan. 

Bordine Well. CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 , 85 grains. 

Frost Well. CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 , 42 grains. 

Mosher Well. CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 , 65 grains. 

Shaw Well. CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 , 69 grains. 

Stirling Well. CaS0 4 , 46 grains. 
East Clarion Spring, Elk County, Pennsylvania, NaCl 337, CaCl 2 52, MgCl 2 15, BaCl 2 1^. 
Frost Well. CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 , 42 grains. 
Gettysburg Katalysine Spring, Adams County, Pennsylvania. Ca(HC0 3 ) 9 16, MgS0 4 7. 

57° F. 
Greenbrier White Sulphur. See White Sulphur Spring. 

Guilford Spring, Guilford Centre, Windham County, Vermont. 15.18 grains CaC0 3 . 
Holston Springs, Scott County, Virginia. CaS0 4 20, MgS0 4 13. 68.5 F. 
Liberty Hot or Wagonwheel Gap Springs, Morrison, twelve miles from Denver, Colorado, 

No. 2. CaC0 3 18. 
Magnesia Springs. See Chittenango Spring. 
Main Spring. See Capon Springs. 

Manitou Springs, Manitou, Colorado. CaC0 3 135. 5 6° F. 
M'Carthy's Spring, Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania. 95 grains of CaS0 4 and Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 , 

42 grains MgS0 4 . 
Mineral Park Bitter Spring, Arizona. CaS0 4 69, MgS0 4 38. 
Montvale Spring, Blount County, Tennessee. 75 grains of CaS0 4 . 6o° F. 
Mosher Well, Eaton Rapids, Michigan. CaC0 3 and Ca S0 4 , 65 grains. 
Newburg Springs, Orange County, Vermont. 17.60 grains CaC0 3 . 
Red Sulphur, Estill County, Kentucky. CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 22, C0 2 , 40 cubic inches, 

H 2 S, .56 cubic inches. 
Richfield Magnesia Spring, Otsego County, N. Y. CaS0 4 and Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 55, MgS0 4 

and Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 23, C0 2 , 5 cubic inches. 53 F. 
Saltillo Springs. See M'Vittey's and M'Carthy's Springs. 
Shaw Well, Eaton Rapids, Michigan. CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 , 69 grains. 
Sterling Well, Eaton Rapids, Michigan. CaS0 4 , 46 grains. 
Tate Epsom Springs, Granger County, Tennessee. CaS0 4 , 161 grains. 55 F. 
Warm Spring, Bath County, Virginia. CaS0 4 15. 98? F. 
Warren Springs (cold sulphur), Warren County, North Carolina. CaS0 4 31. 



494 

Waukesha Springs, Waukesha County, Wisconsin. 

Arcadian Spring. Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 16, Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 II. 

Bethesda Spring. Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 17. 6o° F. 

Fountain Spring. Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 14. 

Glenn Mineral Spring. Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 16. 

Hygeia Spring. Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 17. 

Silurian Spring. 

Waukesha Mineral Rock Spring. Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 10. 
White Sulphur Spring. See Chittenango Spring. 
White Sulphur Springs, Greenbrier County, West Va. CaS0 4 74, MgS0 4 19, H 2 S 1.54 

to 3.03 cubic inches. 62 F. 
Yellow Sulphur Springs, Montgomery County, Virginia. CaS0 4 63, MgS0 4 21. 55 F. 

VIII. SULPHURETTED AND HOT SPRINGS. 

These springs owe their properties to the presence of sulphuretted hydrogen and heat. 
The sulphurets of sodium and potassium are often present. Sulphuretted hydrogen, next 
to carbonic acid, occurs more frequently in mineral springs than any other gas. 

It frequently issues from the earth in the neighborhood of some active volcanoes, and is 
probably evolved through the decomposition of the sulphurets by hot water. When this 
gas is brought in contact with the air it is readily changed, the hydrogen combining with 
the oxygen and the sulphur is precipitated, giving to the water a milky appearance. 

This gas is irrespirable, and quickly produces death if inhaled in considerable quantities, 
and when employed for its local effect upon the respiratory mucous membrane must be 
largely diluted with air. The first symptom of its poisonous action is a small, feeble 
pulse, with excessive weakness, and later pulse and respiration may both fail, with un- 
consciousness, followed by profuse perspiration. 

Internally, in moderate quantities, peristalsis and perspiration are both augmented. 
When the gas is locally applied to mucous membranes, it produces stimulation of secretion. 
A sulphur spring of moderate strength contains not less than 12 cu. in. of sulphuretted 
hydrogen in the gallon, though many springs contain so small an amount that therapeuti- 
cally they are inert, and the good effects observed are due to the influence of the increased 
use of water, change of scene and climate, cessation of work, regular meals, good hygiene 
and hope, all of which contribute strongly to restore health at all springs, especially the 
Diuretic Springs. 

Many of these waters are hot, though some are cold. A few contain an excess of car- 
bonic acid, and any member of the other classes may be charged with sulphuretted hydro- 
gen on an increase of temperature, and consequently many of these springs are also classi- 
fied under other heads. 

Frequently these springs are used as baths, and with good results, especially in chronic 
skin affections, as eczema, rheumatism" and gout. 

Internally, they have been used for chronic mucous membrane inflammation, especially 
of bronchial tubes and upper respiratory tract, and also in hepatic congestion and catarrhal 
phthisis. The simple hot springs are largely used as baths, and are of unquestionable 
value in certain cases of litheemia, chronic rheumatism and gout, as well as in dysmenor- 
rhcea, syphilis and psoriasis, pityriasis and eczema. Given as a douche, good effects have 
been observed in neuralgias, paralyses and enlarged joints with contractured muscles or 
tendons. The principal hot springs are found in Virginia, Colorado and New Mexico. 



495 



The following analyses are types of sulphuretted and hot springs : — 



ALPENA SPRINGS, ALPENA COUNTY, 

MICHIGAN. 

(Analyst, Prof. S. P. Duffield.) 



One U. S. 


gallon (231 cu. 


in.) contains — 


Carbonate ol 


potassium, . 


. trace 


(< 


sodium, . . 


. 10.912 grs 


" 


magnesium, 


. 37.28S « 


« 


iron, . . . 


. I.360 " 


" 


calcium, . . . 


. 38- 2 96 " 


Chloride of sodium, . . . 


. 68.256 " 


Sulphate of calcium, . . . 


. 30.056 tl 


Alumina and silica, . . . 


. 3.088 " 



189.256 " 
Sulphuretted hydrogen, . . . 35.36 cu. in. 

Carbonic acid, 8.40 " 

Nitrogen, 0.24 " 



SHARON WHITE SULPHUR SPRING, SCHO- 
HARIE COUNTY, NEW YORK. 

One U. S. Gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 

Bicarbonate of magnesium, . . 24.00 grs. 

Sulphate of " . . 34.00 " 

" calcium, . . . . 85.40 " 

Hydrosulphate of calcium and 

magnesium, 3.00 " 

Chloride of sodium and magne- 
sium, 2.70 " 



149.10 " 
Sulphuretted hydrogen, 20.5 cu. in. 
Temperature, 48 F. 



HAGERS SPRING, HAGERS COUNTY, 
TENNESSEE. 

One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — ■ 

Sulphate of calcium and hydro- 
chlorate of sodium, .... 38.00 grs. 

Sulphuretted hydrogen, . . . 51.52 cu. in. 

Carbonic acid, 6.72 " 



HOT SPRINGS. 



LAS VEGAS HOT SPRINGS, LAS VEGAS, 

NEW MEXICO. 

(Analyst, Prof. F. V. Hayden, U. S. Geologist.) 

One U. S. Gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 

No. 1. No. 2. No 3. 
Grains. Grains. Grains. 

Carbonate of sodium, 1.72 1.17 5.00 

" calcium ^ 

" magne- > 1.08 
sium, J 
Sulphate of sodium, 14.] 
Chloride of sodium, 
Potassium, 
Lithium, . 
Silicic acid, 
Iodine, 
Bromine, 



10.63 



•43 



14.12 


1543 


16.21 


27.26 


24-37 


27-37 


trace. 


trace. 


trace. 


trace. 


trace. 


trace. 


1.04 


trace. 


2-51 


trace. 


trace. 


trace. 


trace. 


trace. 


trace. 


45.22 


51.60 


62.49 



HOT SPRINGS, GARLAND COUNTY, 
ARKANSAS. 

One U. S. Gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 
Carbonate of magnesium, . . .0.128 grs. 

" " calcium, 3-9°8 " 

Chloride of sodium, 0.008 " 

Sulphate " potassium, .... 0.232 " 

" " sodium, 0.376 ■' 

" " calcium 0.112 " 

Sesquioxide of iron, 0.104 " 

Iodine and bromine, trace " 

Silicate calcium, 0.464 " 

Silica, 1.864 " 

Alumina, 0.448 " 

Organic matter, 0.064 " 



7.768 



Temperature,. . 130 F. 123 F. 123 F. Temperature, 93-1 50 F. 



496 

HOT SPRINGS, BATH COUNTY, VA. 

(Analyst, Wm. B. Rogers.) 

One U. S. Gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 

Sulphate of magnesium, . . . 3.534 grs. 

" " calcium, .... 3.007 " 

" " sodium, 3-I48 " 

Chloride of magnesium, . . . 0.242 " 

Carbonate of calcium, .... 16.200 " 

" " magnesia, . . . 3.058 " 

" " iron, 0.221 " 

Silica, 0.103 " 

29.513 « 
Temperature, 100-106 F. 

SULPHURETTED AND THERMAL WATERS. 
Alpena Well, Alpena County, Michigan. NaCl 68, MgC0 3 37, CaC0 3 38, H 2 S 35 cubic 

inches. 52 F. 
Arkansas Hot Springs. See Hot Springs of Arkansas. 

Arrowhead Springs, San Bernardino, California. H 2 S .644 grain, NaS0 4 42. 
Auburn Spring, 4 miles west of Auburn, New York. CaS0 4 120, MgS0 4 26, H 2 S 12 

cubic inches. 
Avon Lower Spring, Livingston County, New York. CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 87, MgS0 4 50, 

H 2 S 10 cubic inches. 45 ° to 47 ° F. 
Avon Sylvan Spring, Livingston County, New York. NaCl 97, CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 107, 

and MgCl 2 and MgC0 3 and MgS0 4 91, H 2 S 20.64 cubic inches. 
Avon Upper Spring, Livingston County, New York. CaS0 4 84, Na 2 S0 4 and NaCl 34, 

MgS0 4 10, H 2 S 12 cubic inches. 51 F. 
Bath Spring, Steamboat Springs, Colorado. 103 F. 
Blount Springs, Blount County, Alabama. H 2 S 30.67 cubic inches. 
Calistoga Hot Sulphuretted Spring, at the terminus of the Napa branch of the Pacific 

Railroad. NaCl 22, H 2 S 10 cubic inches. 97 F. 
Castilian Spring, Sumner County, Tennessee. 52 cubic inches H 2 S. 
Chalk Creek Hot Springs, Chalk Creek, Colorado. 130 F. 
Chittenango White Sulphur Spring, Madison County, New York. CaS0 4 115, MgC0 3 12, 

H 2 S 12.8 cubic inches, C0 2 18.4 cubic inches. 49 F. 
Delaware Sulphur Spring, Delaware County, Ohio. H 2 S 96 cubic inches. 
Des Chutes Hot Springs, Wasco County, Oregon. Na2C0 3 and NaCl 55. 143-145 F. 
French Lick Springs, Orange County, Indiana. NaCl 141, CaS0 4 61, Na 2 S0 4 23, 

MgS0 4 18, H 2 S 25^ cubic inches. 
Gardner Magnesia Spring. See Sharon Spring. 

Gentlemen's Pleasure Bath. See Hot Springs, Bath County, Virginia. 78 F. 
Hager's Spring, Hagers County, Tennessee. H 2 S 52 cubic inches. 
Healing Springs, Bath County, Virginia. CaC0 3 18, C0 2 5. 88° F. 
Hot Springs, Bath County, Virginia — 

1. Ladies' Boiler Bath, no F. 

2. Ladies' Sulphur Bath. 102 F. 

3. Gentlemen's Pleasure Bath. 78 F. 



497 

Hot Springs, Canon City, Fremont County, Colorado. CaC0 3 32, MgC0 3 12, NaCl 18. 

Temp. 95-102 F. 
Hot Springs, Garland County, Arkansas. 93-105 F, 
Hot Sulphur Springs, Middle Park, 90 miles from Denver, Colorado. Na 2 S0 4 25, 

Na 2 C0 3 22. Temp. 110-117 F. 
Idaho Warm Spring Clear Creek County, California. Na 2 C0 3 31, Na 2 S0 4 29. 106 F. 
Jordan's White Sulphur, Frederick County, Virginia. H 2 S 2 cubic inches. 57 F. 
Ladies' Boiler Bath. See Hot Springs, Bath County, Virginia. no° F. 
Ladies' Sulphur Bath. See Hot Springs, Bath County, Virginia. 102 F. 
Liberty Hot Springs, Morrison, 12 miles from Denver, Colorado. Temp. 140-150. 
Main Spring. See Paso Robles Springs. 
Massena Springs, St. Lawrence County, New York. NaCl 80, CaS0 4 61, MgCl 2 30, H 2 S 

5 cubic inches. 
Middle Park Springs, Colorado — 

1. Bath Spring, Na 2 S0 4 51, Na 2 C0 3 46, NaCl 26. 117 F. 

2. Red Sulphur, Na 2 C0 3 120, NaCl 30, CaC0 3 20. 109.5 F. 

3. Saline, Na 2 C0 3 103, Na 2 S0 4 18. 91° F. 
Mud Spring. See Paso Robles Springs. 

Ojo Caliente Spring, Ojo Caliente, New Mexico, Na 2 C0 3 115, NaCl 32, F. C0 3 6, C0 2 ? 

Temp. 100 F. 
Orkney Springs, Shenandoah County, Virginia. H 2 S 4.88 cubic inches. 59. 7 F. 
Pagosa Hot Springs, 20 miles from headwater of San Juan River, Colorado — 

No. 1. Na 2 S0 4 129. No. 2. Na 2 S0 4 129. 

No. 3. Na 2 S0 4 131. No. 4." Na 2 S0 4 131. 

Paroquet Springs, Bullitt County, Kentucky. NaCl 310, MgCl 2 48, H 2 S 30 cubic inches. 
Paso Robles Hot Sulphur Springs, San Luis, Obispo County, California — 

1. Main Spring, NaCl and Na 2 C0 3 49, C0 2 47. 1 1 2° F. 

2. Mud Spring, NaCl and Na 2 C0 3 108, C0 2 79. 122 F. 
Pluto's Well. See French Lick Springs. 

Proserpine Spring. See French Lick Spring. 

Rochester or Longmuir's Sulphur Well, Rochester, New York. Na 2 S0 4 56, NaCl 52, 

H 2 S 17.26 cubic inches. 52 F. 
Salt Lake Hot Spring, Utah. Temp. ? 
Salt Sulphur Springs, Monroe County, West Virginia. CaS0 4 68, CaC0 3 33, MgS0 4 and 

Na 2 S0 4 44, H 2 S 19.12 cubic inches. 65.5 F. 
Sharon Gardner Magnesia Spring, Schoharie County, New York. CaS0 4 93)4, MgS0 4 

20, H 2 S 6 cubic inches. 48 F. 
Sharon Red Spring, Schoharie County, New York. CaS0 4 and CaC0 3 186, MgS0 4 19, 

H 2 S 10.5 cubic inches. 48 F. 
Sharon White Sulphur Springs, Schoharie County, New York. CaS0 4 85, MgS0 4 34, 

Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 24, H 2 S 20.5 cubic inches. 48 F. 
Siloam Springs, Bath Springs, Colorado, NaCl 1100. 103 F. 
St. Helena, White Sulphur, Napa County, California. 

No. 2. NaCl 22, H 2 S 6.15 cubic inches. 64^° to 97 F. 
No. 6. NaCl 23, Na 2 S0 4 11, H 2 S 4.25 cubic inches. 64^° to 97 F. 
Unnamed Springs, Glenwood, Colorado, NaCl 2200. 124.2 F. 
Wagonwheel Gap Springs. See Liberty Hot Springs. 
32 



498 

Yampa Springs, Glenwood, Colorado, NaCl 2244. 124.2 F. 

Ypsilanti Mineral Spring, Ypsilanti, Michigan. NaCl 832, CaS0 4 180, MgS0 4 68, MgCl 2 
58, Mg 2 Br 4, H 2 S 21 cubic inches. 58 F. 

UNANALYZED THERMAL SPRINGS. 
Bear River Hot Springs, near Bear River, Utah. 134 F. 

Cabello Springs, five and a half miles from Fort McRae, New Mexico. 136 F. 
Canon Creek Springs, Colorado. Temperature, 136 to 15 8° F. 
Genoa Hot Springs, Washoe County, Nevada. 
Heartsell's Hot Sulphur Spring, South Park, Colorado. 
Hine's Hot Springs, Lyons County, Nevada. 
Hot and Cold Springs in Animas Valley, Colorado. 
Hot Springs, near Boise City, Idaho. I96 F. 
Hot Springs, near Idaho City, Idaho. 
Hot Springs, near Pyramid Lake, Nevada. 208 F. 
Hot Spring, near Utah Central Railroad, Utah. 175 F. 
Hot Sulphuretted Spring, on Gila River, Arizona. 

Jemez Spring, in San Diego Canon, fifty miles west of Santa Fe, New Mexico. 140 F. 
Lake Tahoe Hot Springs, on border of Lake Tahoe, California. 
Malhuer River Springs, Baker County, Oregon. 193 F. 

Monroe Hot Springs, Castle Creek, sixty miles south of Prescott, Arizona. 150 F. 
Ouray Mineral Springs, Ouray, Colorado. Temperature, 120 to 134 F. 
Ouray Mineral Spring in Uncomphagre Park, Colorado. 120 to 140 F. 
Ouray Spring, Uncomphagre Park, 9 miles northwest of Ouray, Colorado. Temperature, 

140 F. 
Platte Springs, near Fort Steele, Wyoming. 115 F. 
Puncha Springs, 60 miles west of Canon City, Colorado. 120 F. 
San Bernardino Hot Springs, San Bernardino County, California. 
South Arkansas Mineral or Poncho Hot Springs, Lake County, Colorado. 120 F. 
Thermal Springs in Arizona. 

Warm Springs, II miles from Ogden City, Utah. 129 F. 
Warm Sulphur Springs, Elko, Elko County, Nevada. 

UNANALYZED SPRINGS. 
The following list of more than 300 unanalyzed springs shows clearly how much work 
yet remains before we shall possess a full knowledge of our wealth of mineral waters. It is t 
highly probable that many of these springs are of great value, and only await chemical 
analysis to demonstrate their usefulness. When this is accomplished the medical profession 
will be quick to recognize their worth and make use of them in combating disease. 

Abenquis Springs, Walpole, Cheshire County, New Hampshire. 
Addison Mineral Spring, Addison Point, Washington County, Maine. 
Alagone Spring, Western Springs, Cook County, Illinois. 
Alkaline Spring, Yazoo County, Mississippi. 62 F. 
Allen's Springs, Lake County, California, 
Alum Spring, Lafayette County, Mississippi. 
Alum Spring, Lewis County, Kentucky. 
Alum Spring, Madison County, Mississippi. 



499 

Alum Spring, Marion County, Mississippi. 

Alum Spring, Marshall County, Mississippi. 

Alum Spring, Pike County, Mississippi. 

Amherst Spring, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire. 

Anchosa Spring, Anchosa Creek, near Quitman, Mississippi. 

Aqua Caliente, or Warner's Ranch Springs, San Diego County, California. 

Azule Mineral Spring, San Jose, Santa Clara County, California. 

Armstrong Spring, eight miles west of Searcy, Arkansas. 

Aspinock Mineral Springs, Windham County, Connecticut. 

Auburn Mineral Spring, Auburn, Androscoggin County, Maine. 

Bailey Springs, Lauderdale County, Alabama. 7 2° to 8o° F. 

Bartlett Springs, Lake County California. 

Bath Chalybeate Spring, Bristol, Pennsylvania. 

Bedford Spring, Trimble County, Kentucky. 

Beersheba Springs, Grundy County, Tennessee. 

Bellbrook Magnesic Springs, Bellbrook, Greene County, Ohio. 

Belle Cheney Springs, Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana. 

Belmont Lithia Springs, New White House Station, New Kent County, Virginia. 

Berkshire Soda Springs, near Great Barrington, Massachusetts. 

Big Bone Springs, Boone County, Kentucky. 

Big Lick, Gallatin County, Kentucky. 

Birchdale Medical Springs, Bradford, Merrimack County, New Hampshire. 

Black Earth Mineral Spring, Black Earth, Dane County, Wisconsin. 

Black Sulphur Springs in Alabama. 

Black Sulphur Springs, Van Buren County, Arkansas. 

Blossburg Spring, Tioga County, Pennsylvania. 

Blue Spring, near New Amsterdam, Harrison County, Indiana. 

Bogard's Springs, Bogards Valley, Indiana. 

Box Mountain Sulphur, west of Todd's Gap, Kentucky. 63 F. 

Bozrah Mineral Spring, New London County, Connecticut. 

Bradford Spring, Merrimac County, New Hampshire. 

Brandywine Spring, Claiborne County, Mississippi. 

Brunswick Springs, Brunswick, Essex County, Vermont. 

Buenoventer Springs, Kentucky. 

Burdell's Well, Caldwell County, Texas. 

Burner's or Seven Springs, Shenandoah County, Virginia. 

Burning Spring, Washington County, Alabama. 

Byron Acid Spring, Genesee County, New York. 

Catalytic Springs, one-half mile from Catalytic, Georgia. 

Caledonia Spring, Franklin County, Pennsylvania. 

Campbellsville Sulphur Water. 

Campo Chalybeate Spring, California. 

Carlisle Springs, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. 

Carroll White Sulphur Springs, Alleghany County, Maryland. 48 F. 

Cascado Spring, Michigan. 

Castalian Mineral Water, Olancha, Ingo County, California. 

Castilian Springs, Holmes County, Mississippi. 



500 

Castle Rock Spring, near base of Mt. Shasta, California. 

Cayner's Sulphur Springs, Botetourt County, Virginia. 

Cemlian Springs, Kentucky. 

Chameleon Springs, Edmonson County, Kentucky. 

Chalybeate Spring, Rochester, Fulton County, Indiana. 

Chalybeate Springs, in Van Buren County, Arkansas. 

Chalybeate and Saline Springs are found in Putnam, Warren, Jackson, Clarke, Floyd, and 

Scott Counties, Indiana. 
Chalybeate Springs south of Williamsport, Indiana. 
Chalybeate Spring at Leacher's Court House, Kentucky. 
Chalybeate Springs abundant in Perry County, Kentucky. 
Chalybeate Springs in Pulaski County, Kentucky. 

Chalybeate Springs, several on Rockcastle River, Kentucky. • 

Chalybeate Spring, Webster County, Kentucky. 
Chalybeate Springs, Whitley County, Kentucky. 
Chalybeate Springs, Clark County, Mississippi. 
Chalybeate Spring, near Enterprise, Mississippi. 64.4 F. 
Chalybeate Springs, Itawamba County, Mississippi. 
Chalybeate Spring, near Warren's Mill, on Mackay's Creek, Mississippi. 
Chalybeate Spring, Winston County, Mississippi. 
Chalybeate Spring, Yallabusha County, Mississippi. 75-2° F. 
Chalybeate Spring in Amherst, New Hampshire. 

Chalybeate Spring, four miles from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Temperature, 54° F. 
Chappaqua Spring, Rensselaer County, New York. 
Chase City Mineral Water, Chase City, Mecklenburgh County, Virginia. 
Cheltenham Spring, St. Louis County, Missouri. 
Chick's Springs, Greenville District, South Carolina. 
Choteau Spring, Cooper County, Missouri. 

Chrystal Mineral Spring, Stoneham, Middlesex County, Massachusetts. 
Clear Creek Sulphur Spring, Kentucky. 
Cold Sulphur Springs, Rockbridge County, Virginia. 
Coleman's Well, Jackson County, Mississippi. 
Colfax Springs, Colfax, Jasper County, Iowa. 
Columbia Springs, Marion County, Mississippi. 

Commonwealth Mineral Spring, Waltham, Middlesex County, Massachusetts. 
Corydon Artesian Well, Harrison County, Indiana. 

Corydon Saline Sulphur Well, half a mile east of Corydon, Harrison County, Indiana. 
Cotton Wood Hot Springs, ninety miles west of Colorado Springs, Colorado. 
Crabtree Sour Wells, Sulphur, Hopkins County, Texas. 
Crittenden Springs, Crittenden County, Kentucky. 
Crystal Spring, Napa County, California. 
Cullum Springs, Bladen Springs, Choctaw County, Alabama. 
Curdwell's Springs, Caldwell County, Texas. 
Daggar's Spring, Botetourt County, Virginia. 
Da Gonia Springs, Warwick County, Indiana. 
De Soto Spring, De Soto Parish, Louisiana. 
Doubling Gap Springs, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. 



501 

Dovepark Springs, Dovepark, Clark County, Arkansas. 

Drennon Spring, Henry County, Kentucky. 

Dryden Springs, Tompkins County, New York. 

Dunbar's Mineral Springs, College Springs, Page County, Iowa. 

Eggleton's Springs, Giles County, Virginia. 

Electro-magnesic Springs (Fountain Park), Woodstock, Champaign County, Ohio. 

Elk Spring, Pike County, Missouri. 

Elkmont Springs, Giles County, Tennessee. 5 8° F. 

Elko Warm Spring, Idaho. 

Elgin Springs, Addison County, Vermont. 

Englewood Spring, Minneapolis, Hennepin County, Minnesota. 

Ephrata Spring, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. 

Epsom Spring, Trimble County, Kentucky. 

Esculapia Springs, Lewis County, Kentucky. 

Eureka Springs, Eureka Springs, Carroll County, Arkansas. 

Excelsior Spring, Syracuse, New York. 

Everett Crystal Spring, Everett, Middlesex County, Massachusetts. 

Fairchilds Potash Sulphur Springs, Potash Sulphur, Garland County, Arkansas. 

Fauquier White Sulphur Springs, Fauquier County, Virginia. 

Fergusen's Chalybeate Spring, on southwest quarter of section 21, township II, range 6. 

Flint's Springs, St. Joseph County, Michigan. 

Fox Spring, Fleming County, Kentucky. 

Frankfort Springs, Beaver County, Pennsylvania. 

Franklin Spring, at head of Well's Creek, Mississippi. 64° F. 

Garnet Springs, near Toccoa Falls, Georgia. 

Garrett Spring, one and a half miles from Spartanburg, South Carolina. 

Geron's Spring, in Northern Alabama. 

Geuda Springs, Geuda Springs, Sumner County, Kansas. 

Geyser Springs, Sonoma County, California. 

Gihon Mineral Spring, Delavan, Walworth County, Wisconsin. 

Glen Flora Mineral Springs, Waukegan, Lake County, Illinois. 

Gower's Spring, Gainesville, Georgia. 

Grand Ledge Spring, Eaton County, Michigan. 

Grayson Springs, Grayson County, Kentucky. 

Grayson Sulphur Springs, Carroll County, Virginia. 

Green Spring, Green Spring, Seneca County, Ohio. 

Green's Spring, Jefferson County, Illinois. 

Greenwood Spring, Monroe County, Mississippi. 

R. B. Grigsby's White Sulphur Mineral Water, Nelson County, Kentucky. 

Harbon Springs,, twenty miles from Calistoga, California. 

Hardinsville Sulphur Spring, Franklin County, Kentucky. 

Hartford Cold Spring, Hartford, Oxford County, Maine. 

Healing Springs, Washington County, Alabama. 

Highland Rock Spring, Hartford County, Connecticut. 

Highland Tonica Spring, Hartford County, Connecticut. 

Holly Spring, Woonsocket, Providence County, Rhode Island. 

Hopkinton Springs, Middlesex County, Massachusetts. 



502 

Horn's Mineral Spring, Lebanon, Wilson County, Tennessee. 

Horeb Mineral Spring, Waukesha, Waukesha County, Wisconsin. 

Howard's Springs, California. 

Howell Mineral Water, Hardin County, Kentucky. 

Huguenot Springs, Powhatan County, Virginia. 

Hurricane Spring, Tullahoma, Coffee County, Tennessee. 

Hyson's Iron Mountain Spring, Marshall, Harrison County, Texas. 

Irondale Springs, Raccomy, Preston County, West Virginia. 

Iron Lake Spring, near Silverton Pass, Colorado. 

Irvin Sulphur Springs, Kentucky. 

Jackson Springs, Clarke County, Alabama. 

Johnson's Wells, near Meridianville, Alabama. 

Jones' White Sulphur and Chalybeate Springs, eleven miles from Warrenton, North 

Carolina. 
Kansas Artesian Mineral Wells, Manhattan, Riley County, Kansas. 
Kellum Sulphur, Grimes County, Texas. 

King's Mineral Springs, Muddy Fork, Clark County, Indiana. 
Kirk Spring, Lewis County, Kentucky. 
Kittrell's Springs, Granville County, North Carolina. 
Knightstown Spring, Henry County, Indiana. 
Lampasas Springs, Lampasas, Lampasas County, Texas. 
Lauderdale Spring, Mississippi. 
Lane's Spring, Stanislaus County, California. 
Lava Springs in Grand Canon of Colorado, Arizona. 
Leinster Poison Springs, Statesville, Iredell Comity, North Carolina. 
Lee's Springs, twenty miles northeast from Knoxville, Tennessee. 
Lena-pi Magnesic Springs, Delaware, Delaware County, Ohio. 
Limestone Springs, twenty-one miles from Spartansburg, South Carolina. 
Little Geyser Springs, Lononia County, California. 
Litton's Seltzer Spring, Litton's Station, Sonoma County, California. 
Liverpool Well, New York. 
Lower Soda Springs, Linn County, Oregon. 
Low's Well, Saratoga County, New York. 
Lunenburg Spring, Lunenburg, Essex County, Vermont. 
Magnesia Spring, Tallulah Falls, Georgia. 
Mammoth Spring, Fulton County, Arkansas. 6o° F. 
Mammoth Well, Nelson County, Kentucky. 
Manasquan Spring, Point Pleasant, Ocean County, New Jersey. 
Massie's or Red Sulphur Spring, Chillicothe, Georgia. 54.5 F. 
McCallister's Soda Springs, 35 miles east of Jacksonville, Jackson County, Oregon. 
Mershon or WTiite Sulphur Spring, Georgia. 55° F. 
Middleton Springs, Middleton, Rutland County, Vt. 

Milford or Ponemah Springs, Milford, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire. 
Miller's Mineral Spring, Knox County, Kentucky. 
Mineral Springs in Toccoa, Georgia. 
Mineral Springs, ten in number, at Waha, Idaho. 
Mineral Springs, Pike County, Illinois. 



503 

Mineral Springs, Washington County, Illinois. 

Mineral Springs at Cowpens Furnace, near Pacolet, South Carolina. 

Mineral Springs at the base of Henry's Knob, South Carolina. 

Mineral Spring near Parson's Mountains, Abbeville, South Carolina. 

Mineral Spring on the Soluda, near Pinson's Ford, South Carolina. 

Mineral Springs near Bingham City, Utah. 

Mineral Water, two miles from Dowlingsville, Grant County, Kentucky. 

Mineral Wells, Mineral Wells, Palo Pinto County, Texas. 

Mineral Wells, Parkersburg, Wood County, West Virginia. 

Mississippi Springs, Hinds County, Mississippi. 

Missisquoi Springs, viz. : Central, Missisquoi, Vermont, and Sheldon, are in Franklin 

County, Vermont. 
Monagaw Sulphuretted Springs, St. Clair County, Missouri. 
Montgomery White Sulphur Springs, Montgomery County, Virginia. 
Mooresville Mineral Spring, Mooresville, Livingstone County, Missouri. 
Morrison Springs, Morrison, twelve miles from Denver, Colorado. 
Moultonborough Mineral Springs, Moultonborough, Carroll County, New Hampshire. 
Mountain Valley Springs, io miles north of Hot Springs, Arkansas. 
Mt. Clemens Spring, Macombe County, Michigan. 
New Point Comfort Springs, Blue Lick, Clark County, Indiana. 
Ochu Mineral Springs, Providence, Providence County, Rhode Island. 
Oliver Springs, Daviess County, Kentucky. 
Oliver Springs, Anderson County, Tennessee. 
Ottumwa Mineral Springs, Ottumwa, Wapello County, Iowa. 
Oxford Mineral Spring, New Haven County, Connecticut. 
Panacea Springs, Panacea Springs, Halifax County, North Carolina. 
Parkersburg Mineral Wells, Wood County, Virginia. 
Pearson Springs, California. 

Perry County Springs, II miles from Carlisle, Pennsylvania. 72 F. 
Piedmont Sulphur Springs, 10 miles north-northeast of Navasota, Texas. 
Ponce de Leon Spring, Fulton County, Georgia. 

Powhatan Lithia, and Alum Springs, Ballsville, Powhatan County, Virginia. 
Pulaski Alum Springs, Pulaski County, Virginia. 
Quitman Red Sulphur, near Quitman, Missouri. 
Randolph Mineral Springs, Randolph, Randolph County, Missouri. 
Reed's Mineral Spring, Washington County, New York. 
Reuben Jesse's Mineral Water, Woodford County, Kentucky. 
Rockbridge Baths, Rockbridge County, Virginia. 
Rockingham Springs, Rockingham, Rockingham County, Virginia. 
Rinnah Wells Spring, Andalusia, Rock Island County, Illinois. 
Roanoke Red Sulphur Springs, Roanoke County, Virginia. 
Robinson's Spring, 20 miles from Nashville, Tennessee. 
Rob's Chalybeate Spring, McCracken County, Kentucky. 
Rochester Spring, 12 miles from Harrodville, Boyle County, Kentucky. 
Roper's Wells, Butler County, Alabama. 
Russell Chalybeate Spring, Kentucky. 
Russell Sulphur Spring, Kentucky. 



504 

Riiger Springs, Mercer County, Missouri. 
Saline Chalybeate, Colfax, Jasper County, Iowa. 
Salt Springs at Geddes, New York. 
Salt Springs, Lincoln, Nebraska. 

Scarborough Mineral Spring, Scarborough, Cumberland County, Maine. 
Schooley's Mountain Spring, Morris County, New Jersey. 50 F. 
Searcy Springs, White County, Arkansas. 
Sebra Springs, Kentucky. 
Seigler Springs, Lake County, California. 

Seven Springs, Seven Springs, "Wayne County, North Carolina (ditto for Virginia, Wash- 
ington County). 
Shannondale Springs, Jefferson County, Virginia. 
Sheathil Rock Spring, Waukesha County, Wisconsin. 
Shenandoah Alum Springs, Shenandoah County, Virginia. 
Shelby Springs, Shelby County, Alabama. 
Shocco Springs, Warren County, North Carolina. 
Siloam Springs, Siloam Springs, Benton County, Arkansas. 
Skaggs Springs, California. 

Slatersville Magnesic Spring, Slatersville, Tompkins County, New York. 
Social Hill Mineral Water, Kentucky. 
Sour Lake Springs, Sour Lake, Hardin County, Texas. 
Springdale Seltzer Springs, Boulder County, Colorado. 
St. Croix Mineral Spring, East Farmingham, Polk County, Wisconsin. 
Steamboat Springs, 10 miles from Carson City, Washoe County Nevada. 
Stone Spring, Lincoln County, Kentucky. 
Stoveall's Spring, Marion County, Mississippi. 
Sudduth or Mud Spring, Kentucky. 

Sulphuretted Chalybeate Spring, half mile northeast of Pittsfield, New Hampshire. 
Sulphuretted Springs are found in Jasper, Lawrence and Pike Counties, Indiana. 
Sulphur Spring, Tallulah Falls, Georgia. 
Sulphur Spring, I y z miles east of Zoar, Georgia. 
Sulphur Spring, southwest center of section 15, Illinois. 
Sulphur Spring, Allen County, Kansas. 
Sulphur Spring, Lmion County, Kentucky. 
Sulphur Spring, in Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana. 
Sulphur Spring, near Covington, Louisiana. 
Sulphur Spring, near Enterprise, Mississippi. 
Sulphur Springs, St. Clair County, Alabama. 
Sulphur Springs, near Philadelphia, Mississippi. 
Swayne's Mammoth Springs, Henry County, Tennessee. 
Sweeney's Chalybeate Spring, Kentucky. 
Syracuse Salt Well, Syracuse, New York. 
Talladega Spring, Talladega County, Alabama. 
Tea Spring, Bath County, Kentucky. 
Texas Sour Springs, Luling, Caldwell County, Texas. 
Thermal Spring, near Fort Laramie, Nebraska. 74 F. 
Thompson's Bromine Arsenic Springs, Seven Mile Ford, Smyth County, Virginia. 



505 

Tipton Well, Jackson County, Mississippi. 

Tolenas Soda Springs, near Suisun City, Solano County, California. 

Topek Mineral Wells, Topek, Shawnee County, Kansas. 

Trinity Springs, Martin County, Indiana. 57 F. 

Tuscan or Lick Springs, near Red Bluff, Tehama County, California. 

Unity Springs, Newport, Sullivan County, New Hampshire. 

Valhermoso Springs, 18 miles from Huntsville, Alabama. 

Victor Spring, Genesee County, New York. 

Volcano Springs, Lander County, Nevada. 

Wallawhatoola Alum Springs, Millboro Depot, Bath County, Virginia. 

Warren White Sulphur Springs, Warren County, North Carolina. 

Washington Bell's Sulphur Water, Marion County, Kentucky. 

Weldon Spring, St. Alban's, Franklin County, Vermont. 

West Baden Springs, West Baden, Orange County, Indiana. 

Western Saratoga, Union County, Illinois. 

White Rock Mineral Spring, Waukesha, Waukesha County, Wisconsin. 

White Sulphur Springs, Sulphur Springs, De Kalb County, Alabama. 

White Sulphur Mineral Water, Marion County, Kentucky. 

White Sulphur, 6 miles east of Gower Springs, Georgia. 

White Sulphur Spring, Catawba County, North Carolina. 

White Sulphur Spring, Neshoba County, Mississippi. 

White Sulphur Spring of San Juan Capitraus, 40 miles north of San Diego, California. 

White Sulphur Springs, Breckenridge County, Kentucky. 

White Sulphur Springs, Greene County, New York. 

White Sulphur Springs, Ohio County, Kentucky. 

White Sulphur Wells, Metcalf County, Kentucky. 

Wilbur Springs, near Colusa, California. 

Williamstown Springs, Anderson County, South Carolina. 

Wilson's Springs, Spartanburg District, South Carolina. 

Winchester Springs, Franklin County, Tennessee. 

Wolf Trap Lithia Springs, Wolf Trap, Halifax County, Virginia. 

Wooley's Springs, Limestone County, Alabama. 

Wootan Wells, Wootan Wells, Robertson County, Texas. 

Wyandotte Spring, Wayne County, Michigan. 

Yates Mineral Spring, Boyle County, Kentucky. 

Yellow Spring, Chester County, Pennsylvania. 

Yelvington Spring, Daviess County, Kentucky. 

Ypsilanti Mineral Spring, Washtenaw County, Michigan. 

York Springs, Adams County, Pennsylvania. 

Zonian Springs, near Elgin, Kane County, Illinois. 

In preparing this article, the following works have been freely consulted : " Report on 
Mineral Springs," by Committee of American Medical Association, 1 880; Dr. William 
Pepper, Reporter; Moorman and Walton's "Mineral Springs of the United States;" 
Peale's " Mineral Waters," 1887, Braun's " Curative Effects of Baths and Waters," 1875; 
U. S. Dispensatory, 1884; " Mineral Springs of Colorado," by Charles Denison, M.D., and 
Thesis on Mineral Springs of the United States, 1882, by Judson Daland, m.d. 



APPENDIX B, 



VITAL STATISTICS.* 

I. POPULATION:— 

POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. 













Thousands Omitted. 




1800. 


1820. 


1840. 


i860. 


1870. 


1880. 


New York . . 
Pennsylvania 

Ohio 

Illinois .... 
Missouri . . . 
Indiana . . . 
Massachusetts 
Kentucky . . 
Michigan . . 

Iowa 

Texas .... 
Tennessee . . 
Georgia . . . 
Virginia . . . 
North Carolina 
Wisconsin . . 
Alabama . . . 
Mississippi . 
New Jersey . 
Kansas . . . 
South Carolina. 
Louisiana . . 
Maryland . . 
California . . 
Arkansas . . 
Minnesota . . 
Maine .... 
Connecticut . 
West Virginia 
Nebraska . . 
New Hampshir 
Vermont . . . 
Rhode Island . 
Delaware . . 
Florida . . . 
Colorado . . 
Oregon . . . 

Utah 

Dakota . . . 
Territories . . 


e 








5S9 
602 

45 

'6 

423 
221 

'106 
163 
880 

478 

9 

211 

346 
342 

152 
, 251 

'184 
154 
69 
64 

13 


i,372 

1,048. 

58i 

55 

67 

147 

523 

564 

9 

423 

34i 

1,065 

639 

'128 

75 

277 

503 
153 

407 

H 

298 
275 

244 
236 
83 
73 

33 


2,429 
1,724 
i,5i9 

476 
084 
686 
738 
780 
212 
43 

829 

691 

1,240 

753 

3i 

59i 

376 
373 

594 
352 
470 

' 98 

502 
310 

"285 

292 
109 
78 

54 

50 


3,881 

2,906 

2,340 

1,712 

1,182 

1.350 

1,231 

1,156 

749 

67 s 

604 

1,110 

1,057 

i,596 

993 

776 

964 

791 

672 

107 

704 

708 

687 

380 

435 

172 

628 

460 

29 
326 
315 
175 
112 
140 
34 
52 
40 
5 
189 


4.383 

3,522 

2,665 

2,540 

1,721 

1,681 

i,457 

1,321 

1,184 

i,i94 

819 

i,259 

1,184 

1,225 

1,071 

i,055 

997 

82S ' 

906 

364 

706 

727 

781 

560 

484 

440 

627 

537 

442 

123 

3i8 

331 

217 

125 

188 

40 

9' 

87 

14 

344 


5,083 

4,283 

3,198 

3,078 

2,168 

i,978 

i,783 

1,649 

1,637 

1,625 

i,592 

1,542 

1,542 

i,5i3 

1,399 

i,3i5 

1,263 

1,132 

1,131 

996 

996 

940 

935 

865 

803 

781 

649 

623 

618 

452 

347 

332 

277 

147 

269 

194 

175 

144 

135 
567 


The Union . 










5,3oS 


9-633 


17,069 


31,443 


38,558 


50,156 



*Note. — These Tables, from the works of Newsholme and Mulhall, may be found suggestive 
as to certain results, tendencies and relations of modern societies and medical science. 

506 



507 



INCREASE OF POPULATION IN UNITED STATES. 









Total 




Natural. 


Immigration. 


Per Cent 


1831-40 . . . 


.... 28.02 


4-65 


32.67 


1841-50 . . . 


.... 26.19 


.968 


35.87 


1851-60 . . . 


.... 24.20 


u.38 


35-58 


1861-70 . . . 


.... 15-38 


7-25 


22.63 


1871-80 . . . 


.... 22.78 


7.29 


30.07 



POPULATION OF THE CIVILIZED WORLD. 



U. Kingdom 
France . . . 
Germany . . 
Russia .. . . 
Austria . . . 
Italy . . . . 
Spain . . . . 
Portugal . . 
Belgium . . 
Holland . . 
Denmark . . 
Sweden . . . 
Norway . . . 
Switzerland 
Greece . . . 
Servia . . . 
Roumania . 
Turkey . . . 

Europe . . 
U. States . . 
S. America . 
British India 
Canada . . . 
Australia . . 
Cape Colony 

Total . 



1800. 



i5.57o 

27,720 

22,330 

38,140 

21,230 

13,380 

10,440 

3,080 

2,960 

2,280 

900 

2,330 

880 

1,820 



9,200 



172,260 

5>3'° 

20,000 

70,000 

470 

10 

40 



268,090 



Thousands Omitted. 



1820. 



20,710 
30.380 
26,040 
44,220 
23,620 
15.790 
11,680 

3,210 

3,280 

2,510 

1,040 

2,580 

1,010 

2,040 

10,300 V 



198,410 

9,640 

22,000 

83,000 

840 

90 



314,060 



26,540 
34,102 
30,590 
54,080 
28,170 
18,610 
11,820 
3.490 
4,020 
3,130 
1,290 
3,210 
1,280 
2,310 
1,020 

12,490 



236,150 

17,070 

23,50° 

98,500 

1.730 

410 

270 



377,630 



i860. 



28,730 

37,290 

36,410 

65,730 

32,240 

21,820 

15,560 

4,030 

4,690 

3,620 

1,580 

3,870 

1,590 

2,530 

1,310 

1,240 

4,390 

10,230 



275,860 

3L440 

24,800 

143,300 

3,360 

1,330 

420 



480,510 



34,650 

37,430 

45,260 

84,440 

37,830 

28,910 

16,290 

4,35o 

5,48o 

4,060 

1,960 

4,610 

1,950 

2,810 

1,690 

1,920 

5,330 

8,310 



312,990 

50,410 

25,600 

191,400 

4,34o 

2,880 

1,030 



588,550 



II. BIRTHS 



BIRTH RATE PER 1000 INHABITANTS. 



United Kingdom 
France . . 
Germany . . . 
Austria .... 
Hungary .... 
Holland .... 
Belgium .... 
Denmark . . . 
Sweden .... 

Italy 

Spain 

Australia . . . 



1861-70. 



33-4 
26.5 
39-8 
39-9 
42.2 
34-6 
31.2 
31.2 
32.1 
37-5 
37-2 
39-o 



1871-80. 



34-3 
25-6 
39-8 
39-9 
43-o 
36.2 
32.2 
31-2 
30-3 
36.9 
37-2 
36.0 



33-8 
26.1 
39-8 
39-9 
42.6 
35-4 
31-7 
31.2 
31.2 
37-2 
37-2 
37-5 



508 
NUMBERS IN ALL COUNTRIES. 





Daily. 


One Year. 


Excess Over 
Deaths. 


England 

Scotland 

Ireland 

United Kingdom . . . 

France 

Germany 

Russia 

Austria 

Italy 


2,441 
342 

353 


880,520 
124,652 
128,010 


352,460 
48,850 
25,055 


3,136 

2,561 

4,750 

8,525 

2,328 

2,910 

1,620 

407 

391 

471 

171 

380 

* 158 

236 

195 

495 


1,133,182 

936,000 

1,736,000 

3,116,000 

1,486,000 

1,064,000 

592,000 

150,000 

144 000 

172,000 

62,500 

139,000 

58,000 

86,000 

72,000 

180,000 


426,365 

97,000 

592,000 

779, oco 

324,000 

228,000 

115,000 

30,000 

49,000 

48,600 

24,000 

62,000 

29,000 

20,500 

17,000 

40,000 


Portugal 

Holland 

Belgium 

Denmark 

Sweden 

Norway 

Switzerland 

Greece 

Roumania 

Europe 

United States 

Canada 

Australia 

Total 


30,734 

5,750 

384 

301 


11,126,682 
2,100,000 

140,000 
109,000 


2,881,465 

950,000 
60,000 
66,000 


37,169 


13,475,682 


3,957,465 



BIRTHS ACCORDING TO MONTHS (100 PAR). 




France. 


Germany, i Spain, j Italy. 


January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August ...... 

September 

October 

November 

December 


105 
in 
109 
106 
99 
95 
96 
96 
97 
95 
97 
95 


103 
105 
I0 3 
100 
97 
95 
96 
98 
106 
100 
100 
99 


114 
108 
112 
102 
100 
89 
88 
9i 
98 

ICO 

97 
100 


107 
114 
no 
106 
95 
89 
9i 
93 
100 
98 
98 
97 



BIRTHS TO EACH MARRIAGE. 





1861-70. 


1871-80. 


Difference. 


England 

Scotland 


3-98 
4-5i 
4-95 
4.18 
3-09 
3-95 
4.09 
364 
4-27 


4.16 
4-43 
5 46 
4-33 
2.98 
4.21 
4-34 
3-55 
4.01 


+ 0.18 

— 0.08 
+ 0.51 
+ 0.15 

— O.l 1 
+ 0.26 
+ 0.25 

— 0.09 

— 0.26 


United Kingdom 




Holland 


Denmark 

Sweden 



509 
RATIO OF SEXES, BASTARDY, ETC. 





Per iooo Births. 


Male. Female. 


Illegitimate. 


Stillborn. 


England 

Scotland 

Ireland 

United Kingdom . . . 

France 

Germany 

Russia 

Austria 

Italy 


5ii 

5i5 
512 
5i3 
5H 
508 
516 
5i7 
516 
5i5 
5i3 
5H 
5i3 
512 
5i4 
512 
5i9 
521 
5^3 


489 
486 
485 
488 
4S7 
486 
492 
484 
483 
484 
485 
487 
486 
487 
488 
486 
488 
481 
479 
487 


45 
89 
23 
47 
76 
84 
31 
129 
68 
55 
56 
35 
70 
112 
102 
85 
46 
16 

52 


46 
41 

25 

31 

43 
45 
30 
29 
35 
44 




Portugal 

Holland 

Belgium 

Denmark 

Sweden 

Norway 

Switzerland 

Greece 

Roumania 

Europe 



III. DURATION OF LIFE:— 



EXPECTATION OF LIFE (MEAN AFTER-LIFETIME) ACCORDING 
VARIOUS LIFE TABLES AT SUCCESSIVE AGES. 



TO 





De Moi- 
vre's 
Hypo- 
thesis. 


North- 
ampton 


Car- 
lisle 


Eng- 
lish 
Life 


Eng- 
lish 

Life 


English Life 


New English 
Life Table 


Years 

OF 


Table. 


Table. 


Table, 
No. 1. 


Table, 
No. 2. 






(Ogle;. . 


Age. 


















Persons. 


Males. 


Females. 


Males. 


Females. 





43- 


25.2 


38.7 


41. 1 




39-91 


41.85 


41-35 


44.62 


5 


40.5 


40.8 


5i-3 


50.0 




49-71 


50-33 


50.87 


53-o8 


10 


38 


39 8 


48.8 


47.2 


47-5 


47.05 


47.67 


47.60 


49.76 


15 


35-5 


36.5 


45-° 


43-6 


43 4 


43.18 


43-90 


43 41 


45-63 


20 


33 


33-4 


4i-5 


40.3 


40.0 


39-48 


40.29 


39-4Q 


41.66 


25 


30.5 


30.9 


37-9 


37-o 


36.6 


36.12 


37-04 


35-68 


37-98 


30 


28 


28.3 


34-3 


33-6 


33-i 


32.76 


33-8i 


32.10 


34-41 


35 


25-5 


25-7 


31.0 


30-4 


29.8 


29.40 


30 59 


28.64 


30-90 


40 


23 


23-1 


27.6 


27.1 


26.5 


26.06 


27-34 


25-30 


27.46 


45 


20.5 


20.5 


24-5 


23.8 


23.1 


22.76 


24.06 


22.07 


24.06 


50 


18 


18.0 


21. 1 


20.6 


19.9 


19-54 


20.75 


18.93 


20.68 


55 


15 5 


15-6 


17.6 


17.1 


16.7 


16.45 


17-43 


15-95 


17-33 


60 


13 


132 


14-3 


14.0 


13.6 


13-53 


14-34 


13-14 


14.24 


65 


105 


10.9 


11. 8 


11. 1 


10.9 


10.82 


11.51 


10.55 


11.42 


70 


8 


8.6 


9.2 


8-7 


8.6 


8.45 


9.02 


8.27 


8-95 


75 


5-5 


6,5 


7.0 


6.7 


6.6 


6.49 


6-93 


6-34 


6.87 


80 


3 


4.8 


5-5 


5-i 


5-o 


4-93 


5-26 


4-79 


5.20 


85 


0.5 


3-4 


4.1 


3-7 


3-7 


3-73 


3-98 


3-56 


3.88 


90 




2.4 


3-3 


2.7 




2.84 


3-oi 


2.66 


2.90 


95 




0.8 


3-5 


2.1 




2.17 


2.29 


2.01 


2.17 


100 






2.3 






1.68 


1.76 


1.61 


1.62 



510 



MEAN AGE AT DEATH OF MALES AND FEMALES WHO DIED FROM 
CERTAIN DISEASES IN THE 25 YEARS, 1848-72. (Great Britain.) 



Causes of Death. 



Mean Age at Death. 



Males. 



Females. 



Mean. 



All Causes, 



fr, 



Whooping Couc 

Measles, 

Croup, 

Diphtheria (1859-72), . . 
Scarlet Fever (1859-72), 

Smallpox 

Diarrhoea, " 

Typhus, 

Cholera, 

Erysipelas, 

Rheumatism, 

Influenza, 

Carbuncle, 



1-7 
2.5 
3-i 

7-7 
5-2 

13-2 

11.8 
26.6 

30.4 
35-7 
39 8 
42.8 
59-2 



30.8 



1.8 



3-2 

8.1 
5-6 
10.6 
14.9 
25-4 
32.4 
32-8 
41.4 
48.8 
57-9 



29-5 



1.8 

2.7 

3-2 

7-9 
54 
11.9 
1.3-4 
26.0 
31-4 
34-3 
40.6 
45-8 
58.6 



MEAN AGE AT DEATH OF PERSONS DYING FROM CERTAIN DISEASES, 

1848-72; ALSO PROPORTION TO DEATHS FROM ALL CAUSES, 

AND RATES OF MORTALITY. (Great Britain.) 



Cause of Death. 


Mean 
Age at 
Death, 

1848-72. 


Deaths to 1,000,000 

Deaths from all Causes 

Deduced from 


• 
Annual Rate of Mor- 
tality to 1,000,000 
Living of all Ages De- 
duced FROM 


Life Table. 


Registered 
Deaths. 


Life Table. 


Registered 
Deaths. 


Whooping Cough, . . . 

Measles, 

Scarlet Fever and Diph- 
theria, 

Smallpox, 


1.8 
2.7 

5-8 
11.9 
26.0 
31-7 


15,161 
12,865 

34,966 
6,521 

38,107 
6,921 


23,145 
19,134 

48,247 

8,535 
40,170 

7,364 


37i 
3i5 

856 
160 
933 
169 


521 

437 

1,046 
204 
918 
168 


Childbirth, etc., ..... 



The probability that a live-born child will die of any of these 25 diseases is as follows 



Smallpox, 006521 

Measles, 012865 

Scarlet Fever, 030021 

Diphtheria, 004945 

Whooping Cough, 015161 

Typhus, 038107 

Diarrhoea and Dysentery, 034366 

Cholera, 006155 

Other Zymotic Diseases, 027478 

Cancer, 021311 

Scrofula and Tabes, 014106 

Phthisis, .114417 

Hydrocephalus, 011252 



Diseases of Brain, 121859 

Diseases of Heart and Dropsy 076660 

Diseases of Lungs 149585 

Diseases of Lungs and Phthisis, . . . .264002 
Diseases of Stomach and Liver, . . . .052497 

Diseases of Kidneys, 014910 

Diseases of Generative Organs, 003062 

Diseases of Joints 003395 

Diseases of Skin 002512 

Childbirth and Metria, 006921 

Suicide 003479 

Other Violent Deaths, 030052 

Other Causes, 198363 



511 

IV. DEATHS :— 

DEATH-RATES PER iooo LIVING IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES. 



Countries. 



England and Wales : 

Scotland, 

Ireland, 

Denmark, 

Norway, ...*'• 

Sweden, 

Austria 

Hungary, 

Switzerland 

German Empire, . . 
Netherlands, . . . 

Belgium, 

France, 

Italy, 



Mean Annual 
Death-rate in 
the 20 years, 

l86l-80. 



21.9 
21.9 

17.5 (17 years) 
19.7 

16.9 (10 years) 
19.2 

3i-i 

38.7 (15 years) 

23.6 (11 years) 
26.9 (.9 years) 
24.7 

22.8 
23.6 
30.0 (18 years) 



18.9 
19-3 

18.3 
16.8 
17.7 
30.6 
35-6 
22.4 
25-5 

21-5 

20.9 
22.0 

27.6 



1882. 



19.6 
19-3 

17.4 
19-3 
16.4 
17.4 
30.8 
36.6 
21.9 

25-7 
20.7 
20.2 
22.2 
27 5 



1883. 



19-5 
20.1 
19.2 
18.4 
17.1 

17-3 
30.1 
32 6 
20.3 
25-9 
21.8 
20.8 
22.2 
27-5 



1884. 



19-5 
19.4 
17.6 

18.4 

16.4 

17-5 
29.2 

314 
20.1 
26 o 
22.2 
20.9 
22.2 
26.7 



1885. 



19.0 
19.1 
18.4 

17.9 
16.5 
17.8 
29.9 



21. 1 

25-7 
21.0 
20.1 
21.9 



19-3 
186 
17.9 
18.2 
16. 1 
16.6 
29.4 
32.2 
20.4 
26.2 
21.8 
21. 1 
22.5 
28.3 



1887. 



18.8 
18.7 
18.3 
18.3 



28.9 



24 2 
19.7 
193 
20.0 
27 7 



DEATH RATE OF CITIES (1878-80) PER 1000 INHABITANTS. 



Alexandria, 






34-2 


Dublin, . 








27.1 


New York , . . 


. 26.2 


Amsterdam, 






23-7 


Edinburgh, 






20.2 


Nottingham, . 


. 22.4 


Baltimore, . 






2 1. 1 


Geneva, . . 






21.2 


Oldham, . . . 


. 22.8 


Belfast, . . . 






23.2 


Glasgow, . 








25-3 


Palermo, . . . 


• 28.5 


Berlin, . . . 






27.6 


Hamburg, 








24-5 


Paris, .... 


. 28.6 


Birmingham. 






19.8 


Havana, . 








45-7 


Philadelphia, 


. 20.3 


Bombay, 






33-7 


Hull,. . . 








23.8 


Portsmouth, . 


• 19-7 


Bordeaux, . 






267 


Leeds, . . 








21.6 


Quebec, . . . 


. 22.9 


Boston, . . 






23.5 


Leicester, 








21.8 


Rio Janeiro, . 


• 39-4 


Bradford, . 






21. 1 


Leipsic, . 








26.1 


Rome 


. 26.8 


Breslau, . . 






32.5 


Liverpool, 








26.7 


Rotterdam, . 


• 23.3 


Brighton, . 






19.0 


London, . 








21. 1 


Rouen, .... 


• 31-3 


Bristol, . . 






19.6 


Lvons, . . 








24.7 


St. Louis, . . 


• 19-3 


Brooklyn, . 






25.6 


Madras, . 








38.8 


St. Petersburg, 


• 51-4 


Brussels, . . 






23-9 


Madrid, . 








37-4 


San Francisco, 


. 18 1 


Bucharest, . 






24-5 


Manchester 








25-5 


Sheffield, . . 


. 21.6 


Buda-Pesth, 






35-2 


Marseilles, 








28.0 


Stockholm, . 


• 24.7 


Buenos Ayres 






3<>- 1 


Mexico, . 








3°-9 


Sunderland, . 


. 20.9 


Calcutta, . 






3I.-I 


Milan, . . 








30 6 


Turin, .... 


. 25.6 


Chicago, . . 






27.2 


Montreal, 








37-2 


Valparaiso, . 


. 64.6 


Christiania, 






18.8 


Munich, . 








32.8 


Venice, . . . 


. 22.7 


Copenhagen, 






22.1 


Naples, . 








33-1 


Vera Cruz, 


• 70-5 


Cork, . . . 






26.1 


Newcastle, 








21.8 


Vienna, . . 


. 29.0 


Dresden, . . 






• 25.4 


New Orleai 


s 






22.7 


Zurich, . . . 


. 25.6 



INFANT MORTALITY 



PERCENTAGE WHO DIE UNDER 

Norway, 17 

Ireland, 17 

Denmark, .... 20 
Scotland, 20 



Sweden, 22 



England 26 

Belgium, 27 

France, 31 

Prussia 32 

Holland, ...... 33 



YEARS. 

Austria, ..... 36 

Spain, 36 

Russia, 38 

Italy 39 

Liverpool, 46 



512 



V. SICKNESS :- 



PROBABLE SICK POPULATION. 



England 

Scotland 

Ireland 

United Kingdom . 

France 

Germany 

Austria 

Italy 

Spain 

Belgium 

Holland 

Denmark 

Sweden and Norway 

Switzerland 

Greece 

United States . . . . 
Australia 

Total 



Thousands Omitted. 



Sick. Invalids. Total 



984 
i45 
180 



1,309 

1,682 

2,288 

2,360 

1,672 

990 

242 

190 

76 

214 

126 

62 

i,978 

75 



13,264 



492 
72 
90 



654 

841 

1,144 

1,180 

836 

495 

121 

95 

38 

107 

63 



6,631 



1,476 
217 
270 



1,963 

2,523 

3,432 

3,540 

2,508 

1,485 

363 

285 

114 

321 

189 

93 

2,967 



19,895 



Percentage 
of Pop. 



5-7 
5-7 
5-3 



5-6 
6.7 

7.6 
94 
8-9 
8-9 
6.6 
7-i 
5-7 
4-9 
6.7 
5-8 
5-5 



7-5 



AVERAGE DURATION IN WEEKS OF ATTACKS OF SICKNESS. 

NEISON, FROM THE RETURNS OF THE SCOTCH FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. 



Age. 


Total Number of 
Attacks, including 

those ending in 

Recovery and those 

ending in Death. 


Total Amount of 
Sickness, including 

that ending in 
Recovery and that 

ending in Death. 


Average Duration 
of each attack of 
Total Sickness, in- 
cluding that ending 
in Recovery and that 
ending in Death. 


10-15 
15-20 
20-25 
25-30 
30-35 
35-40 
40-45 
45-50 
50-55 
55-6o 
60-65 
65-70 
70-75 
75-80 
80-85 
85-90 
90-95 


12 

117 
637 
985 

1074 
872 
758 
519 
537 
491 
350 
135 
116 
29 
19 

1 


39.428 
749-571 
2830.285 
5483.000 
5014.143 
4524.714 
4158.714 
3445-714 
6634.285 
7171.571 
9102.286 
59347H 
8867.999 
4588.857 
4027.000 

353-000 


3.286 

6.407 

4-443 

5-566 

4.668 

5.188 

5.486 

6.639 

12-354 

14.608 

26.004 

43.960 

76.448 

158.236 

211.947 

353-ooo 


All Ages. 
10-95 


6652 


72,925.281 


10.959 



The statistics for the United Kingdom show that the average strength of the army at 
home during 1886 was 92,601. The average number of daily sick was 4360.31, the aver- 
age sick-time to each soldier 17.18 days per annum, and the average duration of each case 



513 

of sickness 20.38 days. The following table shows the chief causes of the 78,089 admis- 
sions into hospital in the United Kingdom during 1886; also the number constantly sick 
and the number dying during the year in proportion to 1000 of the troops. 



Disease or Injury. 



Admissions 
into Hospital 

DURING 1886. 



Ratio per iooo. 



Constantly 
Sick. 



Deaths. 



Smallpox 

Other Eruptive Fevers, 

Enteric Fever, 

Other Continued Fevers, 

Dysentery, 

Malarial Fevers, 

SvDhilisl Primary ' 

b>phllls t Secondary, 

Gonorrhoea, 

Alcoholism, 

Rheumatism, 

Tubercular Diseases, 

Diseases of the Nervous System, . 

" Eye, 

" Circulatory System, 
" Respiratory '' 
" Digestive " 

" Generative " 
" Skin 

Other Diseases, 

Injuries, 

General Total, 



145 
842 

87 

562 

8,236 

3,097 

10,632 

308 

3,709 

362 

924 

1,281 

835 

7,323 

9,233 

4,814 

8,450 

7,662 

8,978 



.02 
.46 
.09 

.06 



.07 

.04 

1.17 



•53 
1.83 

•49 
.04 

•5i 



78,089 



47.08 



VI. INFLUENCE OF OCCUPATION, AND DENSITY OF POPULA- 
TION, SANITATION, ETC., UPON THE DEATH-RATE :— 



DEATH-RATES IN TOWN AND COUNTRY DISTRICTS OF ENGLAND, 

1851-86. 



Year. 


Persons to 
a Square 
Mile in 
England 

and Wales. 


Annual Deaths 
to iooo Persons Living in 


Deaths in 
Town Dis- 
tricts to IOO 

Deaths in 
Country Dis- 
tricts, in 
Equal Num- 
bers Living. 


England 

and 
Wales. 


Town 
Districts. 


Country 
Districts. 


1851-60, 

1861-70, 

1871-80, 

1881, 

1882, 

1883, 

1884, 

1885, 

1886, 


325 
365 

4i5 
447 
454 
460 
466 
473 
479 


22.2 
22.5 
21.4 
18.9 
19.6 
19-5 
19-5 
19.0 
19-3 


24.7 
24.8 
23.1 
20.1 
20.9 
20.5 
20.6 
19.7 
20.0 


19.9 

19.7 
19.0 
16.9 
17-3 
17.9 
17.7 
17.8 
18.0 


124 
126 
122 
119 
121 
115 
117 
in 
in 



514 

The ill effects of increased aggregation of population are much greater in the earlier 
years of life. This is clearly shown by the following figures : — 



Persons to a square mile, . 
Death-rate at all ages, . . . 
Death-rate under five, . . 


166 

16.94 
37.80 


186 
19.18 

47-53 


379 
21.90 
63.06 


1. 718 
24.81 
82.10 


4,499 
28.02 
94.04 


12,357 
32.96 
111.90 


65,823 
38.67 
139-52 



GROUPS OF DISTRICTS ARRANGED ACCORDING TO DENSITY AND 
DEATH-RATES, 1871-80. 



Annual Death-rate 
per 1000. 



Num- 
ber OF 

Dis- 
tricts. 



Ten Years, 1871-80. 



Mean Pop- 
ulation. 



Deaths. 



Mean 
Annual 
Death- 
rate per 
1000. 



Mean 
Density 
(Acres 

to A 
Person). 



Persons 
to A 

Square 
Mile. 



Cols, ...... 

14 and under 15, 

15 " 16, 

16 " 17, 

17 " 18, 

18 " 19, 

19 " 20, 

20 " 21, 

21 " 22, 

22 " 23, 

23 " 24, 

24 " 25, 

25 " 26, 

26 " 27, 

27 " 34, 



3i 

62 

102 

129 

95 

50 

46 

42 

30 

27 

14 

5 

6 



171,244 

503,594 

1,379,250 

2,166,690 

2,787,836 

2,308,721 

2,450,483 

2,551,807 

2,692,101 

2,666,484 

2,088,340 

1,375,652 

350,681 

850,906 



24,804 
78,57o 
229,301 
380,980 
516,671 
449,736 
503,702 
549,573 
607,008 
627,660 
509,661 
35i,3i8 
92,062 
257,247 



14.48 
15.60 
16.63 
17.58 
18.53 
19.48 
20.56 
21.54 
22.55 
23-54 
24.41 
25-54 
26.36 
30.23 



2-53 
3.20 
2.48 
3-04 
3-30 
2-94 
1.40 
o.95 
0-49 
o.35 
0.30 
0.23 
0.22 
0.10 



253 

200 

258 

211 

194 

217 

458 

677 

1,301 

1,819 

2,166 

2,819 

2,944 

6,144 



Aberdeen, Scotland, which has 13.6 per cent, of its population living in one room, has 
the lowest death-rate of eight great Scotch towns, the death-rate rising pari passu with 
the diminution in size of the average house, until we come to Glasgow with 24.7 per cent, 
of its population living in one room, and the highest death-rate. In comparing the twenty- 
four districts into which Glasgow is divided, the same general relation is demonstrated. 
The population of Glasgow in 1885 was 543,295, the number of deaths 13,439. The 
distribution of population and deaths in the inhabited houses according to their size was as 
follows : — - 



Size of House. 


Population. 


Deaths. 


Percentage of 


Population. 


Deaths. 




134,728 
243,691 
86,956 
32,742 
38,647 
6,531 


3,636 
6,325 
1,747 
581 
434 
427 
289 


24.7 

44-7 

16.0 

6.1 

7-i 

1.4 


27.0 
47.0 
13.0 
4-3 
3-3 
32 
2.2 




Three " 


Four " 


Five " and upward, . " " " 

Institutions, 

Untraced, 


Whole City 


545,295 


13,439 


100.0 


100.0 





515 

In the following table the rates per 100,000 inhabitants from certain classes of disease 
are shown : — 





One and Two- 
room Houses. 


Three and 

Four-room 

Houses. 


Five Rooms 
and upward. 




478 
985 

480 
32 

799 


246 

689 

235 

11 

764 


114 
328 
91 
590 


Acute Diseases of the Lungs (including 
Consumption), 

Nervous Diseases and Diseases of 
Nutrition in children, 

Accidents and Syphilis in children, . . 

Miscellaneous Unclassified Diseases, . 


All Causes, 


2774 


1945 


1123 





Taking the average amount (in excess of outside air) of carbonic acid, organic matter 
and microorganisms, respectively, in the atmosphere of houses of four or more rooms as 
unity, then in one- and two-room houses the relative amount (Dundee) was as follows : — 





Houses of 
Four Rooms 
and upward. 


Two-room 
Houses. 


One-room 
Houses. 


Cubic Space per person, 

Carbonic Acid, 




0.13 

i:l 

3-1 

5-5 


o.ii 
2.0 
4.4 
6.7 
6.9 
3-o 


Organic Matter, 

Microorganisms, total, 







COMPARATIVE MORTALITY OF MALES IN CERTAIN DUST-INHALING 

OCCUPATIONS FROM PHTHISIS AND DISEASES OF 

THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 





Comparative 
Mortality Fig- 
ure (1880-1-2), 
that of all 
Males being 
1000. 


Phthisis. 


Diseases of 
Respira- 
tory 
Organs. 


The Two 
Together. 




891 
820 
958 
969 
1032 
1088 
1122 
1309 
1667 
1742 
1839 


126 
204 
212 

252 
257 
272 
308 
37i 
433 
473 
690 


202 
i33 
186 
201 

205 
271 
274 
3S9 
350 
645 
458 


328 
337 
398 
453 
462 
543 
582 
760 
783 
1118 
1 148 


Carpenter, Joiner, 

Baker, Confectioner, 

Mason, Builder, Bricklayer, . . . 

Wool Manufacture, 

Cotton Manufacture, 


Cutler, 




Earthenware Manufacture, . . . 
Cornish Miner, 








108 


90 


198 





516 



DEATH-RATES OF MALES. 25-6; YEARS OF AGE, IN DIFFERENT OCCU- 
PATIONS. IN 1860-1-1871, AND IN 1880-2; AND THEIR COM- 
PARATIVE MORTALITY FIGURES IN 1SS0-2. 



Occupation. 



Mean Annual Death-rates 
per 1000 Living. 



:S6:-:-:5-:. 



Years of Age. 



5 --:■ -:- --:■ 



AZ Males 

'J- : :':■;::: 
Malts :£ = 



Districts, 



Gardener Z _r;tryman, . . . . 

Farmer, G-rarier 

Laborer in Agricultural Counties, 



Fisht 
la-: 
Z::> 
Zarr: 
Z ra: 
:-r::: 
::al 
lis: 



ieacaer 



War eh.: :serr_a:: 
man, ... 

:::;: :v Miners in 



:r Architect, 



Ziaer 
milder 



_ ; m m ; 
7:':a:: 

_ a-" -- 
?rir:er 
Wool. A 
Z:.:::: 

Fhvsii: 
Za : v :: 
Er::he 

ziass : 

PlarrAt 
:a:ler. 
I ir.tr 

Za~er 

Za::r 
Brewei 

: Z-. ; 

I-:-.::" 
Irrr.kee 
M-~er 

FZema 
Ea-ht 

'-~-V-Y_. 



5erv:;e 



nfacture (West Riding) 
iacture (Hancas fa . r t 
General Practitioner 



Saw, Tool-maker 
Waterman, . 



Wa:;h~ar 
h dure 



-.66 



:: 1_ 

s •- 

------ 



9.50 

:: -i 



--: ■- 
•* 75 

13-19 
13-19 
:: _ : 
:: i: 

:- 99 
1 ' 94 

15.11 
19.26 
15 94 
'-- S3 

: : . :: 

:: ' 1- 
--- 2 
11.94 
20.09 
if 15 



17-54 

-- :- 

-1 5: 
17.15 

«5 :- 

21.36 
21.36 
22.97 

-- : : 



27.90 

24.90 



10.43 


-- ■:" 


10.39 


22.30 


:: 73 


22.91 


-.: -- 


29x0 


9-32 


26.65 


10.72 


26.39 


'-- -3 


27.16 


:: :- 


:: : = 


14 '-: 


-.\ \\ 


13 :: 


21. j6 


13.92 


23-50 


::.:: 


-~ \- 


13-02 


29-58 



-- -: ; 
37 »5 
* 3- 
29.32 

34-« 

\- 74 

:: -; 

:--' 
30.10 
---: K 

35 !« 

.: 1- 
34 M 

42 }t 

_: --- 

*i -; 

:- ■: 
•: :_ 

*2 -; 



Years of Age. 



:1Z:-:-: 



25-45- 



10.16 

9-7i 
32 -; 



24.63 
36.20 

19-74 



4.64 
5-52 
6.09 

7-13 
6.41 
8.00 

• :- 

■ S3 
' :- 

- --- 
5 S3 

' -'- 
" K 
9.26 

' 97 

9-31 
8-39 
9.C4 

8-4.O 

8 -: 
.-■-: 
9-29 

10.48 
11.14 
10.5S 
IO.73 
II. 12 
9-71 

9 99 
:: f- 
10.77 
12.16 
11.21 
11.07 
11.71 
:: 5a 

- 5 
13 7* 
13 -- 
13.90 

15-59 
«3 73 

1S.02 
:- :- 
1529 
13 -: 
: • " 
20.26 
20.62 
22.63 



COMPARA 
T1VE 

Mortality 

FlGURE 
I 880-I-2 



Years of 
Age. 



15 93 

16.19 
16-53 
17.68 
18.98 
19.16 
-'- "- 

21 74 

20-57 

-: -- : 

20.96 

*3 ** 

25.II 
:-- :- 
22.64 
?5 J" 

-I 36 
25-07 
:-- :- 
26.62 
26.12 
-: 55 
-: -- 
-—-'- 
-\ --- 
25.16 
2647 
26.60 
27.50 
-.- — 
zf :: 

s« -; 

29.0S 

r- --- 
32 49 
34-42 

31 »3 

32 39 

33 25 

34 -:" 
36 8(3 
-- 54 
33 SE 

45 - 

55-69 
gouSfe 

55 ;- 



25-65- 



root 

218a 

::_ 



556 
599 
BSi 

701 
719 
77i 
797 
820 
S25 
842 



891 
896 
903 
911 
921 
921 
948 
.-:" 
95* 
969 

996 
1000 
1015 
1051 
1071 
1032 

raffl 

1122 

"5» 

1170 
1190 
1202 
1273 
1275 
1505 
1314 
1327 
1361 
:_:: 
1519 
1529 
«5fi5 
:::'- 
:-_: 
: ; -: 
: ; -^ 
;::: 
2205 



517 

EFFECT OF SANITARY WORKS ON THE GENERAL DEATH-RATE AND 
ON THE MORTALITY FROM TYPHOID FEVER AND PHTHISIS. 



Towns. 



Banbury, . . 
Cardiff, . . . 
Croydon, . . 
Dover, . . . 

Ely, 

Leicester, . . 
Macclesfield, 
Merthyr, . . 
Newport, . . 
Rugby, . . . 
Salisbury, . . 
Warwick, 



Death-rate 

before 

Construction 

of Works. 



23 4 
33-2 
237 
22.6 

23-9 
26.4 
29.8 
33-2 
31.8 
19. 1 
27-5 
22.7 



Death-rate 

after 

Construction 

of Works. 



20.5 
22.6 
18.6 
20.9 
20.5 
25.2 
23-7 
26.2 
21.6 
18.6 
21.9 
21.0 



Reduction of 
Typhoid 
per Cent. 



Reduction of 
Phthisis 
per Cent. 







Mean Annual 




Period of Years. 


Death-rate per 
1000 Living. 




Ten Years, 1862-71 


22.6 


Public Health Act, 1872— 








Four Years, 1872-75 


21.8 


Public Health Act, 1875 — 








Five Years, 1876-80 


20.79 




Five Years, 1881-85 


19.30 




1886 


19.28 




1887 


18.79 




1888 


7-83 



VIII. DISEASES :— 

There appears to be a definite connection between the number of good vaccination cica- 
trices and the degree of protection from severe smallpox. This is shown in the preceding 
table, and even more strikingly in the following table from Mr. Marson's well-known 
figures, which give " the result of his observations, made during twenty-five years, in 
nearly 6000 cases of post-vaccinal smallpox " in the London Smallpox Hospital. 



Cases of Smallpox, Classified According to the 
Vaccination Marks. 



Unvaccinated, 

(1) Stated to have been vaccinated, but having no cicatrix, 

(2) Having one vaccine cicatrix, 

(3) Having two vaccine cicatrices, 

(4) Having three vaccine cicatrices, 

(5) Having four or more vaccine cicatrices, 



Number of Deaths 
Per Cent, in Each 
Class Respectively. 



35% 
21% 

4/s 

iH 

3/ 






• 



.-_. ..I'-Ser 

S~i."bri. . . 

' . - I..- rr 

- . _ • tr. Fever . . . 

_ , ;>r.^herl£._ 

V. ri:>:c:r_5 _ : . r: ... 

7-. -.— ' I ■' - 

------ , r:^iU: .■ 

.-£e— >er=_ rt~e: i.:. : 
__ .>tirt: :_' _ r_ : : nr. 
_ _i_rrr_ :ei_ I .= eu -e= 

i.:. : e: 

: : ._ ■ 5 

Hvdr:.:T . - : . 

:.::: . -:^::_.^r I :~- 

_ ezsej 

Difapgraes of Ners«B 1 ! 

BT = :t~ "irj ~lz i_~ z 

_ :5e£.se= :: _:rr'__.i-i:i~ 
— ;-i_;t: :: • .r.-z .ri'. : ~ 

I : ea= -i : :' I _ ; : 
I _selsel ::' 7: :_- 



: ; : : - 



_ ■ ; 
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: r-: : 

7 : 



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: 



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- 

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52 
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: 533 I ■-.' 
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: 7.-7777- 



77 77 7 77.77 

77 7777 7777- .7 

















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catartly afined, _ i ifi&r 


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519 

A DIGEST OF 10,403 CASES OF SMALLPOX TREATED BY DR. GAYTON 
IN THE METROPOLITAN SMALLPOX HOSPITALS, LONDON:— 



Ages. 


Vaccinated. 
Good Marks. 


Vaccinated. 
Imperfect Marks. 


"Vaccinated," 
but no Evidence 
of Vaccination. 


Not 
Vaccinated. 


Years. 


Cases 


X 

H 
< 
W 

Q 


h 
Z 

w 
u 

ft! 
W 
(X, 


Cases. 


X 

h 
< 
K 
Q 


h 
Z 

w 
u 

a 
w 


Cases. 


c/j 
X 

h 
< 
W 

Q 


h 
z 

w 
u 

a 

w 


Cases. 


X 

< 

W 

Q 


H 

Z 

w 
u 

01 
W 
Ph 


0-2 
2-5 
5-10 
10-15 
15-20 
20-25 
25-30 
30-40 
40-50 
50 + 


4 

57 

206 

439 

606 

389 

189 

147 

29 

19 




2 
5 
12 
n 
12 
14 
4 
2 






I 
I 

2 

3 
6 
10 

14 
11 


32 

150 

532 

939 

1037 

843 
529 
526 
186 
80 


3 
18 
27 
32 
66 
100 
80 
78 
33 
18 


9 
12 

5 

3 

2 

13 
15 
15 
18 

22j^ 


22 
96 
207 
214 
205 
167 
116 
i37 
85 
46 


9 
38 
40 
42 
39 
56 
35 
49 
24 
20 


41 
40 
19 

20 
19 

34 
30 
36 
28 
43 


276 
401 
5io 
317 
204 
174 
105 
103 
49 
30 


181 
202 
180 
74 
86 
83 
56 
42 
21 
13 


66 
50 

35 
23 
42 
48 
53 
41 
43 
43 


All Ages. 


2085 


62 


3 


4854 


455 


9 


1295 


352 


27 


2169 


938 


43 



DISTRIBUTION OF DECREASED MORTALITY ACCORDING TO CAUSE. 
In the following table the mortality of 1871-80, from certain denned causes, is con- 
trasted with that of the preceding decennium. The contrast would have been more 
striking had the years of the present decennium been taken instead. 

ANNUAL DEATHS PER MILLION LIVING IN TWO DECENNIA — (ENGLAND). 



Cause of Death. 



1861-70. 



1871-80. 



Annual 

Increase or 

Decrease in 

1871-80. 



Smallpox, 

Measles 

Scarlet Fever, 

Diphtheria, 

Whooping Cough, 

Fever 

Diarrhceal Diseases, 

Cancer, 

Phthisis, 

Hydrocephalus, 

Other Tubercular Diseases 

Diseases of the Nervous System, 

" Circulatory System and Dropsy, 

" Respiratory System, 

" Digestive System, 

" Urinary System, 

Puerperal Fever, Childbirth, 

Violence 

All Other and Unstated Causes, 

All Causes, 

Balance of Decrease, 



163 

440 

972 

185 

527 

885 

1,076 

387 

2,475 

347 

437 

2,785 

1,349 

3,364 

981 

298 

165 

765 

4,8i5 



236 

37 i 

716 

121 

512 

484 

935 

473 

2,116 

317 

445 

2,770 

1,477 

3,76o 

978 

392 

167 

733 

4,262 



22,416 



21,272 



+ 73 

— 62 

— 256 

-64 

— 15 

— 401 

— 141 
+ 86 

— 359 

— 30 
+ 8 

— 15 
+ 128 
+ 396 

— 3 

+ 94 

+ 2 

— 32 

— 553 



POTTER'S HANDBOOK. 

Materia Medica, Pharmacy 

AND THERAPEUTICS. 

SECOND EDITION. REVISED. 766 PAGES. OCTAVO. 

With Thumb Index. Cloth, $4.00 ; Leather, $5.00. 



A Handbook of Materia Medica, Pharmacy and Therapeutics 

— including the Physiological Action of Drugs, Special Therapeutics 

of Diseases, Official and Extemporaneous Pharmacy, etc. By Saml. 

O. L. Potter, m.a., m.d., Professor of the Practice of Medicine in 

Cooper Medical College, San Francisco ; Late A. A. Surgeon, U. S. 

Army, Author of "Speech and its Defects," and the "Quiz-Com- 

pends" of Anatomy and Materia Medica, etc. 

Dr. Potter has become well-known by his Compends of Anatomy, and of Materia 
Medica, both of which have reached four editions. In this book, more elaborate in its 
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The Appendix contains many tables, formulae and much collateral material. 

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